CN116640676A - 生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌及其构建方法和应用 - Google Patents
生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌及其构建方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供生产ω‑7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌,将CeFAT5替代酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H‑GAL1内源的OLE1,提高酿酒酵母中延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的表达量。本发明还提供其制备方法和应用。本发明的酿酒酵母工程菌在生产ω‑7游离脂肪酸时,游离异油酸的含量由2.66mg/g DCW提高到9.64mg/g DCW,占总脂肪酸的比例由1.64%提高到4.96%,实现了低含量油酸,高含量游离异油酸菌株的构建,为后续生产相关高附加值化学产品和保健产品提供了研究基础。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物工程技术领域,具体涉及生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌及其构建方法和应用。
背景技术
ω-7脂肪酸是一种单一不饱和脂肪酸,主要包括C16:1ω-7(棕榈油酸)和C18:1ω-7(异油酸),在医药、化妆品、生产工业产品等领域有着广泛的应用价值。比如,ω-7脂肪酸在人体内的代谢水平可作为人类健康和Ⅱ型糖尿病的标记物,异油酸可以调节群体感应来治疗金黄色葡萄糖球菌的疾病和调节生物柴油的性质,因为富含异油酸的生物柴油比富含油酸的生物柴油具有更好的冷流动特性。在动植物体内,ω-7脂肪酸主要包括棕榈油酸和异油酸,但是棕榈油酸的含量要远远高于异油酸的含量。由于通过化学方法从动植物中提取ω-7脂肪酸受到原料来源的限制,比如对耕地的需求、气候季节等都会对原料的供应产生影响。因此,通过微生物生产异油酸是一种可持续的生产方式,可以克服原料供应带来的影响。
目前,在微生物体内研究较多的是棕榈油酸,但是对异油酸的研究报道较少。在微生物中,异油酸可在ELOVL5型长链脂肪酸延长酶的作用下由棕榈油酸延伸而来。最近也有报道在△11-去饱和酶的作用下催化硬脂酸生成异油酸,但是由于△11-去饱和酶的底物偏好性较差,也会对软脂酸具有一定的催化作用产生C16:1ω-5,引入了新的脂肪酸成分,为后续的检测和分离增加了难度。因此,通过长链脂肪酸延长酶延伸棕榈油酸生产异油酸避免了新的脂肪酸成分出现,能够简化生产工艺和降低后续的生产成本。在酵母中,油酸是本身存在的一种不饱和脂肪酸,可维持细胞的正常生长,它是在△9-去饱和酶的作用下催化硬脂酸而生成的。由于油酸和异油酸中双键位置的不同,是同分异构体,其物理、化学性质也不同,如果二者同时存在,会对后续的分离带来一定的难度。因此,本文旨在提供一种以葡萄糖为底物,在酿酒酵母中产低含量油酸,高含量游离异油酸菌株的构建方法,提供一种绿色可持续的廉价生产游离异油酸的方式。
发明内容
为了解决现有技术中存在的问题,本发明提供了生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌,本发明还提供其构建方法和应用。该酿酒酵母能够以葡萄糖为底物,产低含量油酸,同时产高含量游离异油酸,提供了一种绿色可持续的廉价生产游离异油酸的方式。
酿酒酵母本身含有软脂酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸和油酸等脂肪酸,不含有异油酸(ω-7脂肪酸)。由于油酸(ω-9脂肪酸)和异油酸(ω-7脂肪酸)二者是同分异构体,化学性质比较相似,难以通过化学的方法分离。当用于医药、化妆品或者保健品中时,不仅使工艺流程更加复杂,而且提高了生产成本,不利于进一步的开发使用。为此,本发明的研究重点是,在酿酒酵母中合成异油酸(ω-7脂肪酸)的同时,降低油酸的含量和比例。
本发明提供生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌,将CeFAT5替代酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1内源的OLE1,提高酿酒酵母中延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的表达量;
所述酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建方法为:
(1)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-HIS3和HIS3基因片段电转入酿酒酵母YJZ45中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H;
(2)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-OLE1P和GAL1启动子片段电转入酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1。
作为优选,所述rELO1基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.1;和/或
所述CeFAT5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.2。
作为优选,所述细胞色素b5基因为酵母内源的细胞色素b5基因ScCYB5或来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5;
作为优选,所述CeCYB5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.3。
作为优选,在提高细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5表达量的同时,提高酿酒酵母内源折叠酶CAR2的表达量。
本发明提供生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌的构建方法,首先将CeFAT5基因整合在菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的基因组XI-2位点上,获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5;然后将含有延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的质粒转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中,得到酿酒酵母工程菌;
所述菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建方法为:
(1)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-HIS3和HIS3基因片段电转入酿酒酵母YJZ45中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H;
(2)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-OLE1P和GAL1启动子片段电转入酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1。
作为优选,所述rELO1基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.1;和/或
所述CeFAT5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.2。
作为优选,所述细胞色素b5基因为酵母内源的细胞色素b5基因ScCYB5或来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5;
作为优选,所述含有延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的质粒为质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1或质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1;
作为更优选,所述CeCYB5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.3。
作为优选,在将含有延长酶基因rELO1和来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5的质粒转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中的同时,转入含有酿酒酵母内源折叠酶CAR2基因的质粒;
作为优选,将质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中。
本发明提供上述的酿酒酵母工程菌在发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸中的应用;作为优选,所述发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸为提高异油酸的含量,降低油酸的含量。
本发明提供一种发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的方法,将上述的酿酒酵母工程菌接种于SC-HIS营养缺陷型液体培养基中,于26~30℃,180~250rpm的条件下培养。
本发明首次构建了以葡萄糖为底物,利用酿酒酵母合成低含量油酸,高含量游离异油酸的合成途径,如图1所示。
图1为酿酒酵母中游离异油酸的合成途径。
为了降低酿酒酵母中油酸的含量,本发明首先采用对软脂酸辅酶A具有偏好性的△9-去饱和酶CeFAT5替代酵母内源的△9-去饱和酶OLE1,然后表达酵母内源的细胞色素b5基因ScCYB5和来源于小鼠的延长酶基因rELO1,油酸的比例由原来的23.63%降低到1.17%,而且也检测到2.66mg/g DCW的异油酸,占总游离脂肪酸的比例为1.64%。
由于细胞色素b5是影响△9-去饱和酶活性的关键因素,而且提高△9-去饱和酶的活性能够增强细胞的生长状态和提高棕榈油酸的含量,为生成异油酸提供更为充足的前体物。因此,我们进一步表达了来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5。在生成的菌株中异油酸的含量达到了6.70mg/g DCW,是表达ScCYB5菌株中的2.52倍,占总脂肪酸的比例由1.64%提高到3.89%。
为了进一步提高酵母中异油酸的含量和比例,通过过表达酿酒酵母内源CAR2、PDI1和SRP54折叠酶,我们发现在表达PDI1和SRP54的酿酒酵母菌株中,不能提高棕榈油酸和异油酸的含量和比例,而表达CAR2的酿酒酵母中棕榈油酸和异油酸的含量和比例均有一定程度的提升。最终获得的菌株中,游离异油酸的含量由6.70mg/g DCW提高到9.64mg/gDCW,占总脂肪酸的比例由3.89%提高到4.96%,实现了低含量油酸,高含量游离异油酸菌株的构建,为后续生产相关高附加值化学产品和保健产品提供了研究基础。
附图说明
附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解,并且构成说明书的一部分,与本发明的实施例一起用于解释本发明,并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中:
图1为酿酒酵母中游离异油酸的合成途径。
图2为质粒pSH的图谱。
图3为质粒pCas-OLE1p的图谱。
图4为质粒pCas-HIS3的图谱。
图5为质粒pSH-rELO1的图谱。
图6为质粒pSH-CeFAT5的图谱。
图7为质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1的图谱。
图8为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1的图谱。
图9为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2的图谱。
图10为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1的图谱。
图11为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54的图谱。
图12为酿酒酵母W1和W2中游离脂肪酸产量。
图13为酿酒酵母W2和W3中游离脂肪酸产量。
图14为酿酒酵母W3和W4中游离脂肪酸产量。
图15为酿酒酵母W4、W5、W6和W7中游离脂肪酸产量。
图16为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
图17为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
图18为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
图19为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
具体实施方式
以下的实施例便于更好地理解本发明,但并不限定本发明。下述实施例中的实验方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。下述实施例中所用的试验材料,如无特殊说明,均购自常规生化试剂公司。
实施例1
1实验材料
1.1菌株、质粒和引物
大肠杆菌(E.coli DH5α)用于质粒的扩增过程,构建的质粒如表1所示;酿酒酵母出发菌株为YJZ45菌株,用于基因的表达和途径的构建,构建的酵母菌株如表2所示;构建质粒过程中用到的引物如表3所示。所用外源基因均由北京擎科生物科技有限公司进行密码子优化,将外源的核苷酸序列优化为酿酒酵母偏好性的核苷酸序列。
表1实验所用质粒
表2实验所用菌株
表1和表2中涉及的质粒和菌株的来源:
质粒pCas9和pST.URA:参考文献[1]ZHANG Y,WANG J,WANG Z,et al.A gRNA-tRNAarray for CRISPR-Cas9 based rapid multiplexed genome editing in Saccharomycescerevisiae[J].Nat Commun,2019,10(1):1053.
质粒pCas-XI-2:参考文献[2]ZHANG Y,SU M,QIN N,et al.Expressing acytosolic pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to increase free fatty acidproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J].Microb Cell Fact,2020,19(1):226.
菌株YJZ45:参考文献[3]ZHOU Y J,BUIJS N A,ZHU Z,et al.Production offatty acid-derived oleochemicals andbiofuels by synthetic yeast cellfactories[J].Nat Commun,2016,7:11709.
表3构建质粒所用引物
1.2培养基及培养条件
LBA培养基(用于质粒构建和扩增过程,配方为1%胰蛋白胨,0.5%酵母提取物,1%氯化钠,氨苄青霉素100ug/mL)、SC-HIS营养缺陷型培养基(培养基配方如文献Ding W,Meng Q,Dong G,Qi N,Zhao H,Shi S.Metabolic engineering ofthreonine catabolismenables Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce propionate under aerobicconditions.Biotechnol J.2022,17(3):e2100579所述)。121℃,20min高压蒸汽灭菌,室温保存。
当培养菌株YJZ45H-GAL1和YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5的种子液时,为了使菌液快速生长,我们采用半乳糖为碳源。在摇瓶中发酵时,采用葡萄糖为碳源。
2实验方法
2.1质粒构建
扩增基因片段使用Primer STAR超保真DNA聚合酶(Takara),扩增体系及程序如表4和表5所示、载体酶切体系如表6所示:
表4 Primer STAR超保真DNA聚合酶反应体系
表5Primer STAR超保真DNA聚合酶反应程序
表6载体酶切体系
2.1.1pSH质粒的构建:以质粒pESC-HIS为载体,用EcoRI和BamHI进行双酶切,胶回收,获得载体片段。以质粒pLplA为模板,以PGK1-F和PGK1-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收,获得片段PGK1。以质粒pLpd为模板,以TEF1-F和TEF1-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收,获得片段TEF1。然后将载体pESC-HIS片段同时与PGK1和TEF1片段同源连接、大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pSH,其中质粒图谱示意图如图2所示。
图2为质粒pSH的图谱。
2.1.2pCas-OLE1p质粒的构建:以质粒pST.URA为模板,以GAL1-1F和GAL1-1R为引物进行PCR扩增,得到含有OLE1p的gRNA序列的片段,然后以质粒pCas9为载体,采用Golden-Gate方法连接,大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pCas-OLE1p,其中质粒图谱示意图如图3所示。
图3为质粒pCas-OLE1p的图谱。
2.1.3pCas-HIS3质粒的构建:以质粒pST.URA为模板,以HIS3-1F和HIS3-1R为引物进行PCR扩增,得到含有HIS3的gRNA序列的片段,然后以质粒pCas9为载体,采用Golden-Gate方法连接,大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pCas-HIS3,其中质粒图谱示意图如图4所示。
图4为质粒pCas-HIS3的图谱。
2.1.4质粒pSH-rELO1的构建:以密码子优化后的合成基因rELO1为模板(基因序列详见附表),以rELO1-F和rELO1-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收。以质粒pSH为载体,用BamHI和SalI进行双酶切,胶回收,获得载体片段。最后将rELO1基因的片段和载体片段同源连接、大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pSH-rELO1,其中质粒图谱示意图如图5所示。
图5为质粒pSH-rELO1的图谱。
密码子优化后的合成基因rELO1的核苷酸序列如下(序列表中SEQ ID No.1):
2.1.5质粒pSH-CeFAT5的构建:以密码子优化后的合成基因CeFAT5为模板(基因序列详见附表),以CeFAT5-F和CeFAT5-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收。以质粒pSH为载体,用BamHI和SalI进行双酶切,胶回收,获得载体片段。最后将CeFAT5基因的片段分别和载体片段同源连接、大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pSH-CeFAT5,其中质粒图谱示意图如图6所示。
图6为质粒pSH-CeFAT5的图谱。
密码子优化后的合成基因CeFAT5的核苷酸序列如下(序列表中SEQ ID No.2):
2.1.6质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1和pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1的构建:分别以酿酒酵母YJZ45H基因组和密码子优化后的合成基因CeCYB5(基因序列如下)为模板,以ScCYB5-F和ScCYB5-R、CeCYB5-F和CeCYB5-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收后获得ScCYB5和CeCYB5基因的片段。然后以质粒pSH-rELO1为载体,用EcoRI和SpeI进行双酶切,胶回收,获得载体片段。最后将ScCYB5和CeCYB5基因分别和载体片段同源连接、大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1和pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1并测序验证,其中质粒图谱示意图分别如图7和图8所示。
图7为质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1的图谱。
图8为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1的图谱。
密码子优化后的合成基因CeCYB5的核苷酸序列如下(序列表中SEQ ID No.3):
2.1.7质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2、质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1和质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54的构建:以质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1为载体,用FseI进行单酶切,胶回收,获得载体片段。然后以TDH-RPS-F和TDH-RPS-R为引物,分别以质粒pUC57-CAR2、pUC57-PDI1和pUC57-SPR54为模板进行PCR扩增,胶回收后获得3种基因的片段。最后将获得的载体片段分别和3种基因片段同源连接、大肠杆菌转化、质粒提取,获得质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2、pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1和pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54,其中质粒图谱示意图分别如图9、图10和图11所示。
图9为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2的图谱。
图10为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1的图谱。
图11为质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54的图谱。
2.2整合菌株的构建
(1)菌株YJZ45H的构建:以质粒pSH为模板,以HIS3-Donor-F和HIS3-Donor-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收后获得的片段作为DNA供体。然后将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-HIS3和DNA供体通过电转的方法转入酿酒酵母YJZ45中,用引物HIS3-CK-F和HIS3-CK-R验证转化子是否正确,丢失质粒后获得菌株YJZ45H。
(2)菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建:首先以质粒pESC-HIS为模板,以GAL1-Donor-F和GAL1-Donor-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收后获得GAL1启动子片段,作为DNA供体。然后将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-OLE1p和DNA供体通过电转的方法转入酿酒酵母YJZ45H中,用引物GAL1-CK-F和GAL1-CK-R验证转化子是否正确,丢失质粒后获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1。
GAL1是诱导性启动子,将菌株YJZ45H中的OLE1基因的启动子替换为半乳糖诱导的启动子GAL1,成功获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1,当用于转化或者培养种子液时,采用半乳糖为碳源,可使菌株正常生长,避免了实验过程中额外添加不饱和脂肪酸(C16:1ω-7或C18:1ω-9),不仅减少了实验成本,而且简化了实验流程。
(3)菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5的构建:首先以质粒pSH-CeFAT5为模板,以XI-2-donor-F和XI-2-donor-R为引物进行PCR扩增,胶回收后获得的基因片段作为DNA供体。然后将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-XI-2和DNA供体通过电转的方法转入酿酒酵母YJZ45H-GAL1中,从而将CeFAT5基因整合在菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的基因组XI-2位点上,用引物XI-2-CK-F和XI-2-CK-R验证转化子是否正确,丢失质粒后获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5。
2.3酿酒酵母化学转化
采用醋酸锂/聚乙二醇法(LiOAc/PEG)化学转化法将质粒转化进入酿酒酵母。酵母化学转化试剂和体系如表7所示。
表7酵母化转转化体系
2.4质粒转入酿酒酵母中
W1和W2菌株的构建:将质粒pSH和pSH-rELO1按照表7所示的体系分别加入菌株YJZ45H感受态中,于水浴42℃中热击30min,然后9000r/min,离心30s,弃上清,重悬菌体并涂于SC-HIS平板上,生长3天后,挑单克隆用于发酵。
W3-W7菌株的构建:将质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1、pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1、pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2、pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1和pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54分别转入YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5感受态中,于水浴42℃中热击30min,然后9000r/min,离心30s,弃上清,重悬菌体并涂于SC-HIS平板上,生长3天后,挑单克隆用于发酵。
2.5酿酒酵母发酵培养
挑取平板上基因型验证正确的单菌落进行划线富集培养后,接种于4mL的SC-HIS营养缺陷型液体培养基中,于26~30℃,180~250rpm的条件下过夜培养。次日按照初始OD600为0.2转接到100mL摇瓶中,于26~30℃,180~250rpm的条件下发酵培养72h。每个样设置三个平行,72h时收集菌体,测定脂肪酸的含量及细胞干重。
2.6GC-MS检测脂肪酸
为检测发酵液中游离脂肪酸的含量,首先需要将脂肪酸甲酯化,脂肪酸甲酯化具体步骤如下:
(1)取全细胞培养物400ul(细胞+上清液)置于玻璃小瓶中,然后加入20μL40%氢氧化四丁基铵(碱催化剂);
(2)立即加入400μL含200mM甲基碘作为甲基供体和50mg/L的C14:1作为内标的二氯甲烷溶液;
(3)使用涡旋混合器在最大转速下振荡30min,然后以5000×g离心3min以促进相分离;
(4)将100μL二氯甲烷层(下层)转移到带有内衬管的色谱小瓶中,然后置于通风橱中挥发至没有液体。将提取的甲酯产物重悬于100μL正己烷中,待GC-MS分析。
3实验结果
3.1从头合成游离异油酸途径的构建
由异油酸的合成途径可知(图1),在脂肪酸延长酶的作用下,棕榈油酸辅酶A可延伸为异油酸辅酶A,然后生成异油酸。因此,为了在酿酒酵母中构建从头合成游离异油酸的代谢途径,我们以高产游离脂肪酸的YJZ45H菌株为出发菌株,将含有脂肪酸延长酶基因的质粒pSH(对照)和pSH-rELO1通过化学转化的方法分别转入YJZ45H菌株中,获得W1和W2菌株。然后将构建的菌株分别在SC-HIS液体培养基中发酵培养,取72h发酵液进行甲酯化预处理。然后最后应用GC-MS对样品中的游离脂肪酸含量分析检测,检测结果如图12所示。
图12为酿酒酵母W1和W2中游离脂肪酸产量。*,代表没有检测到产物。
由图12可知,菌株W1(对照)中未检测到异油酸,菌株W2中检测到10.96mg/g DCW的异油酸,占总游离脂肪酸的比例分别为9.82%。同时我们发现,与对照菌株W1相比,菌株W2中的棕榈油酸有一定的下降,验证了菌株W2中产生的异油酸是在脂肪酸酶由棕榈油酸延伸而来。
另外,以上两种菌株中,油酸的含量基本一致,均在23.0%左右,由于油酸和异油酸是同分异构体,具有相似的物理和化学性质,如果菌株中同时存在以上两种脂肪酸,会影响后期的产品分离和进一步的反应。因此,我们尝试通过寻找一种对采用对软脂酸辅酶A具有偏好性的异源△-9去饱和酶替代酵母内源的△9-去饱和酶OLE1,达到降低酿酒酵母中油酸含量的目的。
3.2表达异源△-9去饱和酶,降低酵母中油酸的含量
为了使CeFAT5△9-去饱和酶能够稳定表达及方便后续的实验操作,我们将基因CeFAT5整合在菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的基因组XI-2位点上,获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5。质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1,然后转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中,获得产异油酸的菌株W3。将构建的菌株W3在SC-HIS液体培养基中发酵培养72h,取发酵液进行甲酯化预处理。最后应用GC-MS对样品中的游离脂肪酸含量分析检测,检测结果如图13所示。
图13为酿酒酵母W2和W3中游离脂肪酸产量。
由图13可知,在菌株W3中检测到异油酸含量为2.66mg/g DCW,占总游离脂肪酸的比例为1.64%;油酸的比例由原来的23.63%(对照)降低到1.17%。虽然在菌株W3中实现了油酸含量的降低,但是异油酸处于较低的比例,我们需要对合成途径中的关键影响因素进一步的优化,提高异油酸的比例。
3.3不同来源的细胞色素b5对异油酸含量的影响
为了提高酿酒酵母中异油酸的含量,我们尝试将与CeFAT5同一来源(Caenorhabditis elegans)的细胞色素b5(CeCYB5)在酵母中表达,验证异源细胞色素b5对酵母中异油酸含量的影响。我们将构建的质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中,获得菌株W4。然后将构建的菌株W4在SC-HIS液体培养基中发酵培养72h,取发酵液进行甲酯化预处理。最后应用GC-MS对样品中的游离脂肪酸含量分析检测,检测结果如图14所示。
图14为酿酒酵母W3和W4中游离脂肪酸产量。
由图14可知,与表达ScCYB5的菌株W3相比,表达CeCYB5的菌株W4中异油酸的含量由原来的2.66mg/g DCW提高到6.70mg/g DCW,是原来的2.52倍,占总脂肪酸的比例也由原来的1.64%提高到3.89%。同时,我们也发现菌株W4中表达CeCYB5对油酸没有产生影响,该脂肪酸的比例一直处于较为稳定的水平1.0%左右。以上结果表明,优化细胞色素b5是一种提高不饱和脂肪酸产量的良好策略。
3.4折叠酶对异油酸含量的影响
在酿酒酵母中,异源蛋白的合成开始于肽链易位进入内质网并进行折叠,然后转运至高尔基体中进行修饰,比如糖基化等,最后成熟的蛋白会通过囊泡被转运至胞外。在此过程中,未被折叠或者折叠错误的蛋白会被蛋白酶降解。在肽链易位过程需要信号肽识别颗粒(SRP),在酿酒酵母中,SRP主要由6个单元构成(SRP14、SRP21、SRP68、SRP72、SEC65、SRP54),其中SRP54是识别和结合新生肽链信号肽的关键部分。蛋白质在内质网的正确折叠是合成高保真蛋白的关键步骤,据报道,为了增强蛋白质的正确折叠能力,将内质网伴侣蛋白BiP(由CAR2基因编码)和二硫键异构酶PDI1过表达,提高了内切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的分泌量。
在我们合成异油酸的过程中发现,工程菌株的生物量要比初始菌株的低,可能异源△9-去饱和酶的表达量依然受到了限制。因此,我们尝试将与蛋白折叠过程中有关的CAR2、PDI1和SRP54关键酶在酿酒酵母中过表达,考察以上三种酶对合成脂肪酸的影响。
我们将质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2、pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-PDI1和pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-SPR54分别转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中,获得菌株W5、W6和W7。将构建的三种菌株在SC-HIS液体培养基中发酵培养72h,取发酵液进行甲酯化预处理。最后应用GC-MS对样品中的游离脂肪酸含量分析检测,检测结果如图15所示。
图15为酿酒酵母W4、W5、W6和W7中游离脂肪酸产量。
由图15可知,与对照菌株W4相比,在表达CAR2的菌株W5中,异油酸的含量由6.70mg/g DCW提高到9.64mg/g DCW,占总游离脂肪酸的比例也由3.89%提高到4.96%,异油酸的含量和比例得到了进一步的提高。在表达PDI1的菌株W6和表达SRP54的菌株W7中,异油酸的比例分别降低到2.91%和2.92%,可能是由于胞内棕榈油酸的含量降低导致的。同时以上结果也表明,在蛋白的复杂合成过程中,不同折叠酶对同一蛋白的作用也有一定差别。
总之,经过对细胞色素b5的优化和过表达折叠酶,提高了异源△9-去饱和酶CeFAT5的活性,促进了棕榈油酸的生成,使酿酒酵母中异油酸的比例由最初的1.64%提高到4.96%;油酸的比例由最初的23.63%降低到0.80%。最终获得的菌株W5也是目前报道的油酸含量最低,异油酸含量最高的菌株,为进一步对ω-7脂肪酸的利用提供了可靠的工程菌株。
4优化过程中的实验
由于酿酒酵母中只存在唯一的△9-去饱和酶,该酶不仅能催化软脂酸生成棕榈油酸,也能催化硬脂酸生成油酸,但是油酸并不是我们想要的目的产物。因此,找到一种对软脂酸有偏好性、对硬脂酸催化活性较低,而且在酵母中具有活性的△9-去饱和酶是本研究的技术难点。
4.1表达不同来源的△9-去饱和酶
据报道,来源于小鼠的△9-去饱和酶(mSCD3)和来源于秀丽隐杆线虫的△9-去饱和酶(CeFAT5)对软脂酸均具有很好的偏好性。因此,为了提高酵母中异油酸的含量,降低油酸的含量,改变酵母内部的脂肪酸比例,我们选择将mSCD3和CeFAT5分别在酿酒酵母中表达替代酵母内源的OLE1基因。
在酿酒酵母中,如果我们将OLE1基因缺失,那么酵母中就无法产不饱和脂肪酸棕榈油酸和油酸,在无外源添加不饱和脂肪酸的情况下酵母无法生长。为了方便后续的实验,将菌株YJZ45H中的OLE1基因的启动子替换为半乳糖诱导的启动子GAL1,成功获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1,当用于转化或者培养种子液时,采用半乳糖为碳源,可使菌株正常生长,避免了实验过程中额外添加不饱和脂肪酸,不仅减少了实验成本,而且简化了实验流程。
为了验证mSCD3和CeFAT5两种△9-去饱和酶的表达效果,能否使菌株YJZ45H-GAL1恢复生长,我们将构建的质粒pSH-mSCD3和pSH-CeFAT5分别转入菌株YJZ45H-GAL1中,涂含有半乳糖的SC-HIS平板,培养3天。将构建的菌株在SC-HIS液体培养基中过夜培养,然后在含有葡萄糖的SC-HIS平板上进行滴板实验,通过观察菌体的生长情况,来判断△9-去饱和酶在酵母中表达效果,滴板实验结果如图16所示。
图16为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。菌株W8中表达mSCD3基因;菌株W9中表达CeFAT5基因。
由图16可以看出,在表达mSCD3和CeFAT5两种菌株中均未发现明显的菌落,可能是因为表达的外源△9-去饱和酶mSCD3和CeFAT5在酵母细胞中表达效果较差,不能催化软脂酸生产棕榈油酸,不能维持细胞的正常生长。以上结果表明△9-去饱和酶mSCD3和CeFAT5并没有弥补酵母内源△9-去饱和酶OLE1的缺失,使酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1恢复生长。
4.2添加HA标签对△9-去饱和酶的影响
据报道,在油酸去饱和酶(FAD2)或ω-3亚油酸去饱和酶(FAD3)的N端添加HA标签并在酵母中表达后,其活性去饱和酶的活性提高到了原来的4倍,进而提高了细胞中不饱和脂肪酸的含量和比例。因此,我们在mSCD3和CeFAT5基因的N端添加HA标签,获得pSH-HA-mSCD3和pSH-HA-CeFAT5两种质粒。然后将以上两种质粒通过化学转化的方法分别转入菌株YJZ45H-GAL1中,涂含有半乳糖的SC-HIS平板,培养3天。将构建的菌株在SC-HIS液体培养基中过夜培养,然后在含有葡萄糖的SC-HIS平板上进行滴板实验,通过观察菌体的生长情况,来判断△9-去饱和酶在酵母中表达效果。滴板实验结果如图17所示。
图17为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
由图17可以明显看出,在mSCD3的N端添加HA标签的菌株没有菌落的产生,说明在mSCD3的N端添加HA标签并没有提高该△9-去饱和酶的活性,酵母细胞中无法产生棕榈油酸,不能维持细胞的正常生长;在CeFAT5的N端添加HA标签的菌菌株出现了明显的菌落,但是菌落并不大,说明在CeFAT5的N端添加HA标签能提高该△9-去饱和酶的活性,使酵母细胞可以产生一定量的棕榈油酸,但是由于酶的活性并不高,细胞的生长还是受到了一定的影响。以上结果表明,添加HA标签对△9去饱和酶活性的影响较小,不能弥补OLE1的缺失,使酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1恢复正常生长。
4.3添加引导肽对△9-去饱和酶的影响
与酵母OLE1相比,来源于小鼠的△9-去饱和酶N端缺少了27个氨基酸,可能会影响该酶的活性。当表达mSCD3时,将来源于酵母OLE1的N端27个氨基酸添加在其N端,可能该段序列能够正确引导去饱和酶的折叠,提高蛋白的可溶性。因此,我们将OLE1的N端27个氨基酸通过Linker(GGGGS)连接到mSCD3和CeFAT5的N端,获得pSH-27aa-mSCD3和pSH-27aa-CeFAT5两种质粒。然后将以上两种质粒通过化学转化的方法分别转入菌株YJZ45H-GAL1中,涂含有半乳糖的SC-HIS平板,培养3天。将构建的菌株在SC-HIS液体培养基中过夜培养,然后在含有葡萄糖的SC-HIS平板上进行滴板实验,通过观察菌体的生长情况,来判断△9-去饱和酶在酵母中表达效果,滴板实验结果如图18所示。
图18为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
由图18可以看出,两种菌株均无菌落产生。说明将OLE1的N端27个氨基酸添加到mSCD3和CeFAT5的N端不能提高其蛋白活性,酵母细胞中不能产生一定量的棕榈油脂肪酸,使酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1恢复正常生长。
4.4细胞色素b5对△9-去饱和酶功能的影响
脂肪酸的去饱和是一个好氧过程,在该过程中NADH依赖型细胞色素b5还原酶将电子传递给细胞色素b5,然后细胞色素b5将电子传递给去饱和酶,激活其活性。因此,我们尝试将酿酒酵母内源的细胞色素b5(ScCYB5)在菌株YJZ45H-GAL1中过表达,验证是否能够提高△9-去饱和酶mSCD3和CeFAT5的活性。我们将ScCYB5基因分别构建在质粒pSH-mSCD3和pSH-CeFAT5上,获得质粒pSH-mSCD3-ScCYB5和pSH-CeFAT5-ScCYB5。然后将以上两种质粒通过化学转化的方法分别转入菌株YJZ45H-GAL1中,涂含有半乳糖的SC-HIS平板,培养3天。将构建的菌株在SC-HIS液体培养基中过夜培养,然后在含有葡萄糖的SC-HIS平板上进行滴板实验,通过观察菌体的生长情况,来判断△9-去饱和酶在酵母中表达效果,滴板实验结果如图19所示。
图19为酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1表达不同优化后的△9-去饱和酶的滴板实验结果。
从图19可以看出,平板上菌株mSCD3-ScCYB5区域没有发现菌落,可能是因为细胞色素b5的含量增加并没有提高mSCD3去饱和酶的活性,使无法生成棕榈油酸并恢复细胞的正常生长;平板上菌株CeFAT5-ScCYB5区域有明显的菌落生长,而且菌落比菌株HA-CeFAT5有了显著的变大,说明在表达CeFAT5的菌株中过表达ScCYB5,使胞内细胞色素b5的含量增加,提高了电子的传递效率,进而增强去饱和酶的活性并催化软脂酸辅酶A生成棕榈油酸辅酶A,使酵母菌株恢复了正常生长。总之,在酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1共表达CeFAT5和ScCYB5,能够恢复细胞的正常生长。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌,其特征在于:将CeFAT5替代酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1内源的OLE1,提高酿酒酵母中延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的表达量;
所述酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建方法为:
(1)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-HIS3和HIS3基因片段电转入酿酒酵母YJZ45中,丢失质粒后获得菌株YJZ45H;
(2)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-OLE1P和GAL1启动子片段电转入酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的酿酒酵母工程菌,其特征在于:所述rELO1基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.1;和/或
所述CeFAT5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.2。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的酿酒酵母工程菌,其特征在于:所述细胞色素b5基因为酵母内源的细胞色素b5基因ScCYB5或来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5;
作为优选,所述CeCYB5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.3。
4.根据权利要求3所述的酿酒酵母工程菌,其特征在于:在提高细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5表达量的同时,提高酿酒酵母内源折叠酶CAR2的表达量。
5.生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的酿酒酵母工程菌的构建方法,其特征在于:首先将CeFAT5基因整合在菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的基因组XI-2位点上,获得菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5;然后将含有延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的质粒转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中,得到酿酒酵母工程菌;
所述菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建方法为:
(1)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-HIS3和HIS3基因片段电转入酿酒酵母YJZ45中,丢失质粒后获得菌株YJZ45H;
(2)酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1的构建:将含有Cas9蛋白基因的质粒pCas-OLE1P和GAL1启动子片段电转入酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H中,丢失质粒后获得酿酒酵母菌株YJZ45H-GAL1。
6.根据权利要求5所述的构建方法,其特征在于:所述rELO1基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.1;和/或
所述CeFAT5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.2。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的构建方法,其特征在于:所述细胞色素b5基因为酵母内源的细胞色素b5基因ScCYB5或来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5;作为优选,所述含有延长酶基因rELO1以及细胞色素b5基因的质粒为质粒pSH-ScCYB5-rELO1或质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1;
作为更优选,所述CeCYB5基因的核苷酸序列为序列表中SEQ ID No.3。
8.根据权利要求7所述的构建方法,其特征在于:在将含有延长酶基因rELO1和来源于Caenorhabditis elegans的细胞色素b5基因CeCYB5的质粒转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中的同时,转入含有酿酒酵母内源折叠酶CAR2基因的质粒;
作为优选,将质粒pSH-CeCYB5-rELO1-CAR2转入到菌株YJZ45H-GAL1-FAT5中。
9.权利要求1-4任一项所述的酿酒酵母工程菌在发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸中的应用;作为优选,所述发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸为提高异油酸的含量,降低油酸的含量。
10.一种发酵生产ω-7游离脂肪酸的方法,其特征在于:将权利要求1-4任一项所述的酿酒酵母工程菌接种于SC-HIS营养缺陷型液体培养基中,于26~30℃,180~250rpm的条件下培养。
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