CN116600822A - 萜类化合物在治疗或预防纤维化疾病中的用途 - Google Patents
萜类化合物在治疗或预防纤维化疾病中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116600822A CN116600822A CN202180059637.6A CN202180059637A CN116600822A CN 116600822 A CN116600822 A CN 116600822A CN 202180059637 A CN202180059637 A CN 202180059637A CN 116600822 A CN116600822 A CN 116600822A
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Abstract
本发明是关于一种预防或治疗纤维化病症的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用有效量的组合物;其中该组合物包含从樟芝或鱼针草中萃取的三萜化合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于源自樟芝(Antrodia camphorata)及鱼针草(又名防风草,Anisomeles indica)萃取物的植物性类萜化合物(terpenoids),特别是一种能缓解纤维化疾病的药用及膳食配方。
背景技术
对于越来越多的个体而言,纤维增生性疾病是令人困扰的问题,并且是许多持续性炎症疾病的常见病理后遗症,例如肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis)、进行性肾病(progressive kidney disease)、肝硬化(liver cirrhosis)、动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)及良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia)。
急性肾损伤后的肾脏修复会诱发纤维化,最终可能恶化为慢性肾病。首先,肾损伤活化多能先祖细胞(multipotent progenitor cells)以修复组织,然而,随着损伤持续引发肾纤维化,这些细胞产生功能失调并诱导纤维化修复。肾纤维化的发病机制是一个渐进的过程,最终导致末期肾功能衰竭,这是一种需要透析或肾移植的重大疾病。
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是有医疗迫切需求的慢性肝病主要形式。非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)是NAFLD的进行性变异,可导致纤维化、肝硬化及肝细胞癌。NAFLD及NASH成为医学界普遍关注的主题,尤其是因为世界人口中糖尿病及肥胖症的患病率增加。每个转氨酶(aminotransferase)水平异常患者的临床评估都应考虑到非酒精性脂肪肝及其谱是,尤其是肥胖或糖尿病患者。单纯NAFLD的预后通常是良性的,但如果存在纤维化、肝细胞空泡(hepatocellular ballooning)、炎症及马洛里小体(Mallory bodies),则有进展为肝硬化的风险。
自身免疫性肝炎(Autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)是一种慢性肝病,没有明确的病因,以肝细胞炎症为特征。严重的AIH可能会发展为肝硬化、肝细胞癌,甚至死亡。根据观察时间的长短,多达40%的自身免疫性肝炎患者会出现肝硬化。因此除了当前的抗炎及免疫抑制疗法,还可以再加上新兴的抗纤维化疗法,这些疗法可望将自身免疫性肝炎的治疗目标重新定位为预防、稳定及逆转肝纤维化。
动脉粥状硬化(atherosclerosis)是心血管疾病发展的主要原因的一,与血管纤维化有关。血管纤维化涉及细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白的积累,尤其是血管介质中的胶原蛋白(collagen)及纤连蛋白(fibronectin),并促成重塑结构及形成疤痕。血管壁缺乏弹性蛋白(elastin)或过多的胶原蛋白会导致血管纤维化及硬度增加。
在良性前列腺增生中,前列腺中胶原纤维的沉积是为了替代断裂的肌纤维,但会导致肌肉组织僵硬无力,使前列腺液沉积在腺管中。前列腺纤维化为老年男性膀胱出口梗阻的主要因素。
药用真菌樟芝(Antrodia camphorata)是一种著名的民间中药,已知具有多种生物活性,尤其是在体外癌细胞及体内动物模型中具有抗肿瘤作用。鉴于其含有多样化的生物活性化合物,它被认为是一种有效的替代植物治疗剂,或癌症治疗及免疫相关疾病的佐剂。迄今共分离、鉴定及阐释结构了225种化合物,包括了大分子(核酸、蛋白质及多糖)、小分子(苯类(benzenoids)、木脂素(lignans)、苯醌(benzoquinones)及马来酸(maleicacid)/琥珀酸(succinic acid)衍生物)、萜类(羊毛脂烷三萜(lanostane triterpenes)、麦角三萜(ergostane triterpenes)、二萜(diterpenes)、单萜(monoterpenes)及类固醇(steroids))、核苷酸(核碱基(nucleobase)及核苷(Nucleoside))、脂肪酸及脂肪酸酯。
累积的体外及体内实验显示,其具有抗糖尿病、抗高血脂、抗高血压、抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌、心血管疾病预防、免疫调节、保肝及神经保护等作用。然而,樟芝及其成分于治疗纤维化的功效则尚未被评估过。
鱼针草(Anisomeles indica)以“印度猫薄荷(Indian catmint)”的名为人熟知,是一种药用活性化合物的来源,具有多种药理作用。该植物传统上用作镇痛剂、抗炎剂及治疗皮肤问题。医学已证明的药理活性有抗氧化、抗菌、抗人类免疫缺乏病毒、抗幽门螺杆菌及抗癌活性等。进一步的研究揭示了各种植物性化学成分的存在,主要是三萜(triterpenes)、β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol)、豆甾醇(stigmasterol)、黄酮(flavones)、芹菜素(apigenin)及鱼针草内酯(ovatodiolides)等。
附图说明
图1描述了从樟芝萃取物中分离的antcin K、去氢硫色多孔菌酸/硫色多孔菌酸(dehydrosulphurenic acid/sulphurenic acid)、versisponic acid D及去氢齿孔酸(dehydroeburicoic acid)。
图2樟芝萃取物及化合物对AKI小鼠顺铂诱导的肾损伤的保护作用。为了分析樟芝萃取物及化合物的作用,从第一剂顺铂后3周开始,每天给予小鼠共7天,并在第4周时牺牲。(A)肾脏的形态变化;(B)血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)水平;(C)血清肌酐(serumcreatinine,CRE)水平。数据表示为平均值±SEM(n=5)。###表示与对照组样本相比,p<0.001。与顺铂组相比,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001。
图3樟芝萃取物及化合物对AKI小鼠顺铂诱导的肾损伤的保护作用。为了分析樟芝萃取物及化合物的作用,从第一剂顺铂后3周开始,每天给予小鼠共7天,并在4周时牺牲。肾脏以H&E染色。顺铂诱导后,准备好每组中的肾脏用于组织学评估。肾脏的代表性组织切片以H&E染色、放大倍数400倍。数据表示为平均值±SEM(n=5)。###表示与对照组样本相比p<0.001。与顺铂组相比,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001。管状细胞坏死用箭头标记;线条比例尺为50μm。
图4樟芝萃取物及化合物调节血清中的(A)TNF-α、(B)IL-1β、(C)IL-6(D)TGF-β及(E)白蛋白。TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、TGF-β及白蛋白的血清水平由市售ELISA试剂盒测定。数据表示为平均值±S.E.M.(n=5)。###表示与对照组样本相比p<0.001。与仅使用顺铂组相比,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001。
图5ARH005-EA (A)及ARH(B)对顺铂诱导的肾脏TWEAK、α-SMA、P53及P21信息表达的影响。在顺铂激发后,以西方墨点法分析肾匀浆中TWEAK、α-SMA、P53及P21蛋白表达的水平。
图6描绘了建立CCl4诱导纤维化模型的过程
图7描绘了(A)重量差,(B)肝脏重量,及(C)肝/体重比。
图8描绘了CCl4诱导的肝损伤后大鼠(A)AST,(B)ALT,及(C)AST/ALT的血清水平。
图9描绘了肝脏中的(A)炎症,(B)空泡化,(C)坏死,(D)纤维化,(E)总组织学评分。
图10肝脏的代表性组织切片以H&E进行染色。
图11描绘了建立Con A诱导急性肝炎模型的过程。
图12描绘了鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)对GOT、GPT及体重的影响。Con A诱导后24小时的(A)血清GOT及(B)血清GPT。(C)Con A诱导前后的体重。数据表示为平均值±SEM(n=9)。
图13鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)对肝损伤的影响。(A)(B)15mg/kg Con A(Veh)、(C)AR100-DS1及(D)地塞米松的肝脏组织病理学,以及(E)坏死的组织病理学评分。
图14描绘了建立动脉粥状硬化兔模型的过程。
图15描绘了兔子的初始及最终平均体重。描绘了兔子的初始及最终平均体重。及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图16描绘了每组兔子中W0组的间AST、ALT、BUN的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图17描绘了各组兔子中W0组的间TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图18描绘了每组兔子中W4组的间AST、ALT、BUN的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图19描绘了各组兔子中W4组的间TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图20描绘了每组兔子中W8组的间AST、ALT、BUN的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图21描绘了各组兔子中W8组的间TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图22描绘了每组兔子中W12组的间AST、ALT、BUN的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图23描绘了各组兔子中W12组的间TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C的变化,及*分别表示与对照组及HF组相比P<0.05。
图24描绘了12周研究后高胆固醇血症兔模型中主动脉硬化斑块病变的组织病理化学检查。
图25描绘了每组兔牺牲后冠状动脉切片的H&E染色。
图26描绘了每组兔牺牲后冠状动脉切片的H&E染色。N,neointima layer;M,medialayer。
图27描绘了血管狭窄的表现,表示为neointima layer与media layer面积的比值(N/M比)N,neointima layer;M,media layer。分别与HFD组相比,*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,***表示p<0.001。
图28描绘了12周研究后高胆固醇血症兔模型的心脏组织的组织病理化学检查。
图29描绘了12周研究后高胆固醇血症兔模型的肝脏外观。
图30描绘了12周研究后高胆固醇血症兔模型的肝组织病理化学检查。
图31描绘了动物的体重及肺重。
图32描绘了小鼠受博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化中肺的组织病理学变化。
图33描绘了小鼠受博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化中肺的Masson三色染色。
图34描绘了樟芝萃取物及化合物对博来霉素诱导的小鼠肺损伤中羟脯氨酸含量的影响。
图35描绘了BALF中樟芝萃取物及化合物调节了(A)TNF-α、(B)IL-1β、(C)IL-6、(D)TGF-β及(E)。
图36描绘了樟芝萃取物及化合物对BLM诱导的小鼠肺MPO活性的调节。
具体实施方式
为了便于阐述本发明,本发明的上述发明内容所表达的中心思想通过具体的例子表达。实施例中的各个项目是根据适合于说明的比例、尺寸、变形量或位移量来描绘,而不是按照上述实际元件的比例绘制。
术语“萜”(terpenes)是指一大类且多样的有机化合物,其基本结构遵循一个一般原则:以2-甲基丁烷残基(2-Methylbutane residues,通常也以异戊二烯单元(isopreneunits)或(C5)n称的)构成萜烯的碳骨架。目前文献中已知大约有30000种萜烯,根据2-甲基丁烷残基的数量,可将其区分为半(hemi-,C5)、单(mono-,C10)、sesqui-(C15)、双(di-,C20)、sester-(C25)、三(tri-,C30)及四(tetra-,C40)萜类化合物。
术语“受试者”、“个体”、“宿主”及“患者”在本说明书中可互换使用以指活的动物,包括人及非人动物。例如,受试者可以是具有能够响应抗原刺激以及通过细胞表面受体结合进行刺激及抑制信号转导的免疫细胞的生物体。受试者可以是哺乳动物。例如人类或非人类哺乳动物,例如狗、猫、猪、牛、绵羊、山羊、马、大鼠及小鼠。术语“受试者”并未排除在疾病方面完全正常或在所有方面都正常的个体。
术语“治疗”,可以施用于患有医学病症或最终可能获得该病症的受试者,以预防、治愈、延迟、降低病症或复发病症的一种或多种症状的严重程度,或延长受试者的存活时间。
术语“医疗有效量”是指可引发所需反应的主题化合物的量,该反应包括研究人员、兽医、医师或其他临床人员寻求的组织、是统、动物或人类的生物学或医学反应。
生化参数的测定根据制造商的操作说明书,使用比色试剂盒评估血清肌酐(creatinine)及血清尿素(urea)。前者生物标记的试剂盒购自HUMAN DiagnosticsWorldwide,Magdeburg,Germany,化学分析仪(Roche Diagnostics,Cobas Mira Plus,Rotkreuz,Switzerland)。
肾脏组织病理学将每只小鼠的左外侧肝叶前部固定在10%磷酸甲醛缓冲液中,以石蜡包埋,切成5μm切片,以苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,H&E)染色处理,在光学显微镜下进行组织学检查(Nikon,ECLIPSE,TS100,Tokyo,Japan)。使用数位相机(NIS-Elements D 2.30,SP4,Build 387)以400倍的原始放大率拍摄图像。
血清中的细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β血清中促炎细胞因子浓度(TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β)通过酵素结合免疫吸附分析法(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒(Biosource International Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA),依照制造商的操作说明书进行评估。
肾组织的西方墨点法分析裂解缓冲液由0.6% NP-40、150mM NaCl、10mM HEPES(pH 7.9)、1mM EDTA及0.5mM PMSF组成,在4℃下将肝组织均质化。均质化后的样品在4℃下以3000转/分钟(rpm)离心10分钟以获得上清液。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)标定上清液的总细胞蛋白量。蛋白质样品(50μg)使用标准方法,以变性10%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)进行解析,并转印到PVDF膜(Immobilon,Millipore,Bedford,MA,USA),以10%的脱脂牛奶阻隔。将PVDF膜与适当稀释的特定一抗在4℃下反应,用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次,然后在37℃下与辣根过氧化物酶偶联(horseradish peroxidase-conjugated)的二抗反应1小时。将PVDF膜洗涤3次,以ECL试剂(Thermo Scientific,Hudson,NH,USA)检测免疫反应蛋白,通过Image J软件(NIH,Bethesda,MD,USA)与对照组进行比较,量化胶片上的条带亮度并表示为相对强度。
统计分析从动物实验中获得的数据表示为平均值及平均值的标准误差(±S.E.M.)。t-test用于检查多个组的间或两个组的间的差异。统计显著性表示为*p<0.05、**p<0.01及***p<0.001。
实施例1樟芝萃取物的制备
100克樟芝子实体用甲醇回流6小时,收集萃取物并干燥的,共得到樟芝甲醇萃取物15克。
实施例2活性成分的制备:Antcin K、去氢硫色多孔菌酸(dehydrosulphurenicacid)/硫色多孔菌酸(sulphurenic acid)、Versisponic acid D及去氢齿孔酸(dehydroeburicoic acid)
樟芝甲醇萃取物以矽胶管柱层析法进一步分离,使用正己烷/乙酸乙酯/甲醇作为层析液,得到以下馏分(如图1所示):
AR101-DS1(RS-Antcin K)
AR101-DS2(去氢硫色多孔菌酸/硫色多孔菌酸)
AR101-DS3(Versisponic acid D)
AR101-DS4(去氢齿孔酸)
实施例3ARH003萃取物的制备
100克樟芝(皿培)用甲醇回流6小时,收集萃取物并干燥的,共得到樟芝ARH003萃取物15克。
实施例4ARH003-E萃取物的制备
200克樟芝(皿培)用乙醇回流6小时,收集萃取物并干燥的,共得到樟芝ARH003-E萃取物18克。
实施例5ARH004萃取物的制备
100克樟芝(木培)用甲醇回流6小时,收集萃取物并干燥的,共得到樟芝ARH004萃取物18克。
实施例6ARH005-EA萃取物的制备
100克樟芝(固体培养物)用乙酸乙酯回流6小时,收集萃取物并干燥的,共得到樟芝EA萃取物12克。
实施例7鱼针草萃取物的制备
鱼针草萃取物的制备流程如下:(1)取鱼针草乙醇萃取物加入矽胶填充管柱,以冲提液“正己烷/乙酸乙酯”、“正己烷/乙酸乙酯/甲醇”及“甲醇”进行梯度冲提,得到一鱼针草分离液;(2)用矽胶填充管柱进一步处理上述鱼针草分离液,以冲提液“二氯甲烷”“二氯甲烷/甲醇”“甲醇”进行梯度冲提,得到一分离的浓缩物;(3)将该分离的浓缩物以“正己烷/乙酸乙酯”溶剂共结晶,得到鱼针草微晶。
实施例8活性成分的制备:鱼针草内酯(ovatodiolide,AR100-DS1)
将200克鱼针草乙醇萃取物加入矽胶填充管柱(10x15 cm),以冲提液“正己烷/乙酸乙酯(比例为10:1、5:1、3:1、1:1)”、“正己烷/乙酸乙酯/甲醇(比例为6:4:1、3:2:1)”及“甲醇”进行梯度冲提,得到一初分离液140克。
取140克上述初分离液加入矽胶填充管柱(10x15 cm)进一步分离,以冲提液“二氯甲烷”、“二氯甲烷/甲醇(比例为10:1、5:1、7:3)”及“甲醇”进行梯度冲提,得到一分离的浓缩物。该分离的浓缩物进一步以溶剂“正己烷/乙酸乙酯”再结晶,得到一晶体。该晶体经核磁共振氢谱(H1-NMR)鉴定化学结构为鱼针草内酯的双萜化合物。经高效液相层析仪(HPLC)分析,将该晶体与鱼针草内酯标准品进行比对,确认为鱼针草内酯化合物。
鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)的代谢物:
+O,+Cysteine:m/z:466,M2,M3,M4
+Glutathione:m/z:636,M6,M7
+O:m/z:345,M8,M9
实施例9顺铂诱导的肾损伤小鼠模型
七至八周龄大的雄性C57BL/6小鼠取得自BioLASCO Taiwan Co.,Ltd.(Taipei,Taiwan,China)。实验前将动物圈养在压克力笼中,温度为22±1℃,相对湿度为55±5%,在12小时的暗光循环中持续至少2周,动物供自由采食及饮水。所有实验程序均按照相关部门的指导方针进行,经相关部门批准。
肾纤维化经由多次注射低剂量顺铂诱导。在第0、1及3周进行腹膜内注射顺铂(5mg/kg/每次注射;P4394,Sigma-Aldrich,St Louis,MO),共注射3次。小鼠在第一剂顺铂6周后牺牲(n=6)。为了分析样品的影响,从第一剂顺铂后4周开始,每天对小鼠进行腹腔注射样品,持续7天,并在4周时牺牲(n=6)。
实施例10樟芝萃取物及化合物减少顺铂诱导小鼠的肾功能障碍及组织病理学变化
肾脏的形态变化如图2A所示。CRE及BUN是肾功能的指标,图2B及2C显示,相比于对照组,注射顺铂3剂10mg/kg(在第0、1、3周)的小鼠显著增加了血清CRE及BUN水平(p<0.001),表示顺铂处理的小鼠产生肾毒性。与顺铂刺激组相比,经归一化的CRE及BUN证明了用1000mg/kg剂量的ARH005-EA及ARH003-E以及化合物AR101-DS4及AR100-DS1治疗的小鼠,以剂量依赖性发挥显著的肾脏保护作用(p<0.001)。
实施例11樟芝萃取物及化合物减轻经多次顺铂处理而诱导的肾功能障碍及肾损伤
分析组织病理学变化以确定樟芝萃取物及化合物是否影响顺铂刺激的小鼠肾功能衰竭。对照组肾组织完全正常,呈透明管状及肾小球结构,细胞核清晰正常。在顺铂刺激的小鼠中,肾脏具有严重的损伤,导致肾小管上皮受损、炎性细胞浸润、肾小管细胞肿胀、肾小管内管型(intratubular cast)形成及肾小管扩张。然而,施用1000mg/kg剂量的樟芝萃取物(AR005-EA)及化合物(AR100-DS1)显著改善了肾组织中的坏死及炎症浸润细胞(见图3)。
实施例12樟芝萃取物及化合物减轻顺铂诱导的促炎细胞因子及白蛋白的变化
血清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及TGF-β水平的评估以ELISA进行。与对照组相比,施用顺铂的肾损伤小鼠血清中的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平显著增加(分别为图4A-4E)。以1000mg/kg剂量的樟芝萃取物(AR005-EA)及化合物(AR100-DS1)治疗显著改善肾组织中的坏死及炎症浸润细胞,也降低NO、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6被顺铂激发后的产量。
实施例13抑制顺铂诱导的肾损伤的TWEAK、α-SMA、P53及P21蛋白表达
检视施用樟芝萃取物(ARH005-EA)及化合物(AR100-DS1)预处理对抑制顺铂诱导的TWEAK、α-SMA、P53及P21蛋白表达的效果。实验结果显示,先施用ARH005-EA及ARH,抑制了顺铂激发后肾组织中TWEAK、α-SMA、P53及P21的蛋白质表达(图5A及5B)。
实施例14四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的大鼠慢性肝纤维化
如图6所示,八周大的雄性SD大鼠每周施用0.4毫克/公斤的四氯化碳,持续8周。在第0、2、4、6及8周收集血液样本,第8周结束时牺牲动物进行组织病理学检查。图7A、7B、7C分别描绘了重量变化、肝脏重量及肝脏/体重比。空白组肝脏重量与载体组(Vehicle)无显著差异,然而空白组的肝脏/体重比明显小于载体组。50mg/kg AR100-DS1组的肝脏重量及肝脏/体重比显著大于载体及空白组。
实施例15血清肝酵素分析
评估临床生化水平,例如天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT),以确定对照组及实验组肝脏的酶活性(如图8A-8C所示)。空白组的AST、ALT及AST/ALT比值在实验过程中无明显变化。各试验组动物血清AST、ALT水平随着实验的进行而显著升高;然而与载体组相比,在第6周及第8周,50mg/kg AR100-DS1组中可以观察到较少的AST及ALT增加。
实施例16肝脏组织学评估
四氯化碳诱导8周后,载体组明显出现AST及ALT升高、AST/ALT比值降低、炎症、纤维化、空泡化及坏死等肝损伤。如图9A-9E及10所示,50mg/kg AR100-DS1组的肝脏表面光滑,无萎缩及硬化,肝脏重量及肝脏/体重比明显大于载体及空白组。整体而言,AR100-DS1证明具有部分修复四氯化碳诱导的肝损伤的潜力。
实施例17鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)对BALB/c小鼠中Con A蛋白(concanavalin A)诱发的急性肝炎的影响
静脉注射Con A蛋白是研究T细胞介导肝炎的广泛使用策略的一。Con A蛋白是一种凝集素(lectin),可以活化CD4+T细胞,产生细胞因子,并导致肝细胞损伤。地塞米松(Dexamethasone,Dex)是一种长效的合成皮质类固醇,用作抗炎及免疫抑制药物。在BALB/c小鼠中评估了鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)对血清谷氨酸-丙酮酸转氨酶(glutamic-pyruvictransaminase,GOT)、谷氨酸-草酰乙酸转氨酶(glutamic-oxaloacetic,GPT)、循环细胞因子及肝脏组织病理学对Con A所诱导的急性肝炎的影响。
Con A及Dex购自Sigma Aldrich(美国)。ProcartaPlexTM免疫分析试剂盒购自Corning Inc.(美国)。Fuji Dri-Chem Slide GOP/GPT血清测试套组购自Winning MedicalInc.(中国台湾)。
雄性BALB/c小鼠(7-9周龄)购自BioLASCO Taiwan Co.,Ltd或相关机构(中国台湾)。在整个实验过程中,每笼饲养五只动物,供自由采食及饮水。室温保持在23±2℃,交替进行12小时明暗循环。动物在实验前适应一周以将压力的影响降至最低。所有涉及动物及其护理的实验方案均由ITRI的相关部门批准(ITRI-IACUC-2018-041及ITRI-IACUC-2018-050;由AAALAC认可),并根据相关部门的规定进行。
Con A以3mg/mL的浓度溶于无热原(pyrogen free)食盐水中,并以15mg/kg或20mg/kg体重的剂量静脉注射以诱发肝炎。鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)及Dex在施用Con A的30分钟前、4小时后及8小时后口服给药。施用Con A的24小时后收集血液及肝脏组织(图11)。血清储存于-80℃直到取出分析。
为评估施用Con A后肝细胞损伤的程度,以Fuji Dri-Chem Slide套组测量血清GPT及GOT水平。同一组的血清汇集后用于细胞因子测定。依照制造商的说明书,以ProcartaPlexTM免疫测定试剂盒测量细胞因子水平。数据表示为平均值±SEM。t检定用于分析药物治疗组及载体组的间的差异。当p值小于0.05时,差异被认为具有统计学意义。50mg/kg的鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)显著降低了因Con A而增加的GPT水平(109±25对368±107U/L,p<0.05),并稍微改善了GOT的升高量(261±45对比410±56U/L)(图12)。
将肝组织固定在10%磷酸盐缓冲的甲醛中,包埋在石蜡中,并用苏木精及伊红(H&E)染色,以确认组织病变。由BioLASCO Taiwan Co.,Ltd.的兽医病理学家通过显微镜检查组织病变。所有微观病变严重程度分级是统的标准从0到4分级如下:0=无;1=单个细胞坏死;2=≤30%小叶坏死;3=≤60%小叶坏死;4=>60%小叶坏死。组织病理学分析显示鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)改善了肝坏死(评分0.2±0.2vs 1.4±0.2,p<0.05)(图13)。综合以上结果显示,鱼针草内酯(AR100-DS1)可降低血清GOP及GPT,并减轻Con A诱导的肝坏死。
实施例18樟芝萃取物及AR101-DS2预防动脉粥样硬化及肝纤维化的功效评价
实验模型
将2至3公斤的雄性纽西兰白兔单独关在笼子里,饲养在温度及湿度可控的房间里,明暗周期各为12小时。经过几天的适应后,动物被依次分配到六个喂养组:标准兔粮、含有0.5%胆固醇的标准兔粮、含有0.5%胆固醇及10mg/kg洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)的标准兔粮、含有0.5%胆固醇及1% ARH003的标准兔粮、含有0.5%胆固醇及1% ARH004的标准兔粮、含有0.5%胆固醇及10mg/kg AR101-DS2的标准兔粮。除标准兔粮组外,其余各组给予含0.5%胆固醇的标准兔粮4周(见图14-15)。每只兔子的每日喂食量为每天50克/公斤体重。在动物适应新环境后,进行8周的饮食。在12周研究的开始及结束时,通过肌肉注射Zoletil50(1mL/kg)(Virbac Ltd.,France)麻醉兔子,并采集血液样本。最后,在牺牲兔子后收集主动脉(从主动脉弓到髂动脉分叉处)及整个肝脏,用于进一步的组织病理学分析。
2至3公斤雄性纽西兰白兔(n=30)分为以下各组:
(ND)标准兔粮,n=5;
(HF)含0.5%胆固醇的标准兔粮,n=6;
(L)含0.5%胆固醇及10mg/kg洛伐他汀的标准兔粮,n=4;
(AR003)含0.5%胆固醇及1% ARH003的标准兔粮,n=5;
(AR004)含0.5%胆固醇及1% ARH004的标准兔粮,n=5;
(AR101-DS2)含0.5%胆固醇及10mg/kg AR101-DS2的标准兔粮,n=5;
每只兔子的每日喂食量为每天50克/公斤体重。
血液化学分析
动物在抽血前禁食过夜,血液从兔子的耳缘静脉收集到BD Vacutainer EDTA血液收集管中。在4℃下以3000rpm离心10分钟来分离血浆。图16-23描绘了血液化学参数变化的测量值,包括低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、胆固醇(Chol)、三酸甘油酯(triglycerides,TG)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)及谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)的血清水平。
主动脉硬化斑块染色(Aortic Fatty Streak Staining)
纵向打开主动脉以暴露内膜表面并用生理盐水轻轻冲洗(见图24-26)。将主动脉在2%(w/v)Sudan IV中培养,用数种浓度(100%、90%、80%、70%及60%)的乙醇冲洗1分钟,然后用纯水冲洗。图28中显示的照片是使用数位相机(Nikon D80,日本)拍摄的,并在Alpha Imager 2200文件是统(Alpha Innotech,美国)上进行量化。硬化斑块病变的进展以染色面积占总面积的百分比表示(图27)。
方法
1.水合细胞或组织:
i.使用带有冷冻切片或再水化组织切片的显微镜载玻片(参见石蜡包埋组织的切割切片中的步骤12)(Fischer等人,2008年),用酒精或醛基固定剂固定。
ii.用手搅拌将载玻片浸入H2O中30秒。在H2O中冲洗很重要;苏木精与盐及缓冲液一起沉淀。染色可以在免疫组织化学或杂交反应后用非荧光检测是统进行。
2.将载玻片浸入装有Mayer’s苏木精的Coplin染色缸中并搅拌30秒。
3.在H2O中冲洗载玻片1分钟。估计此时的染色强度,如有必要,重复步骤2及3。
4.用1%eosin Y溶液将载玻片染色10-30秒并搅拌。
5.用两次95%酒精及两次100%酒精使切片脱水,每次30秒。
6、Extract the alcohol with two changes of xylene。如果在塑胶培养皿中使用塑胶载玻片或染色,请勿使用二甲苯或基于二甲苯的封固剂,因为它们会溶解塑胶。如果在塑料培养皿中使用塑料载玻片或染色,请勿使用二甲苯或基于二甲苯的封固剂,因为它们会溶解塑料。
7.加入一两滴封固剂并盖上盖玻片。如果不能使用酒精,请使用甘油或其他水性封固剂封固盖玻片。
试剂
显微镜载玻片上感兴趣的细胞或组织(参见方法1.i)
Eosin Y(1%水溶液;EM诊断是统)
乙醇(95%,100%)
可以使用甲醇或Flex alcohols(Richard-Allan Scientific)代替乙醇(参见步骤5)。
Mayer的苏木精是最容易使用的,并且与大多数比色底物兼容。
Mounting medium(Canada Balsam,Sigma C1795)
如果不能使用酒精,请使用甘油或其他水性封固剂(参见步骤7)。
二甲苯(Xylene)
肝组织冷冻切片
兔肝组织(如图29所示)用生理盐水灌注并在10%(v/v)福马林中和溶液(J.T.Baker,Inc.,USA)中固定24小时,接着将组织包埋在Tissue Tek OCT Compound(#4583;Sakura Finetek Inc.,美国)中。将包埋的组织切成10μm厚的切片,并用Sudan IV及苏木精(Merck,美国)染色。简言的,将切片用纯水洗涤1分钟以去除OCT化合物,用50%(v/v)乙醇洗涤30秒,然后用2%(w/v)Sudan IV染色1小时。用50%(v/v)乙醇及纯水进一步洗涤2分钟后,切片用苏木精复染。图30中显示的照片是使用配备10倍放大物镜的显微镜获得的,并在Alpha Imager 2200文件是统(Alpha Innotech,美国)上进行量化。脂肪肝进展的表现以油滴面积占总肝组织(细胞)的百分比表示。
脂肪肝评分
0:low-to medium-power evaluation of parenchymal involvement<5%
1:5-33%
2:33-66%
3:>66%
位置
0:区域3,小叶中心
1:2区,中区
2:3区,口周
3:panacinar
纤维化评分
0:无
1:轻度窦周或门静脉周围
2:窦周及门静脉/门静脉周围
3:桥接纤维化
4:肝硬化
炎症评分
0:无病灶
1:轻度,每200个视野2个病灶
2:中等,每200个视野2-4个病灶
3:严重,每200个视野4个病灶
实施例19樟芝萃取物及化合物对博来霉素(bleomycin)诱导小鼠肺纤维化的保护作用
动物及处置
无特定病原体的雄性ICR小鼠(体重18-22g)购自BioLASCO Taiwan Co.,Ltd.(台北,中国台湾)。实验前将动物圈养在树脂玻璃笼中,恒温22±1℃,相对湿度55±5%,12小时暗光循环至少2周,动物供自由采食及饮水。所有实验程序均按照相关部门的指导方针进行,该协议经相关部门批准,用于控制及监督动物实验。
博来霉素(bleomycin,BLM)诱导的小鼠肺纤维化
小鼠按体重分为以下各组,每组5只:对照组、BLM组、BLM+DEX组(7.5mg/kg)、BLM+ACH剂量组(ARH003 ext.1.0g/kg)、BLM+ACM剂量组(ARH003 ext.0.5g/kg)、BLM+AH剂量组(AR101-DS1 50mg/kg)、BLM+AM剂量组(AR101-DS1 25mg/kg)、BLM+BH剂量组(AR101-DS250mg/kg)及BLM+BM剂量组(AR101-DS2 25mg/kg)BLM+CH剂量组(AR101-DS4 50mg/kg)及BLM+CM剂量组(AR101-DS4 25mg/kg)BLM+DH剂量组(AR100-DS1 50mg/kg)及BLM+DM剂量组(AR100-DS1 25mg/kg)BLM+EH剂量组(ARH013-RA1 50mg/kg)及BLM+EM剂量组(ARH013-RA125mg/kg)BLM。以单次7.5mg/kg体重气管内施用BLM在小鼠中建立肺纤维化(PF)。BLM损伤后21天每天灌胃不同剂量的样品,以DEX作为阳性对照。对照组及实验组使用相同的时间表及给药途径接受等体积的载体(0.9% NaCl)。
每天记录小鼠体重,在第21天使用过量的水合氯醛麻醉剂牺牲小鼠,采集血液用于ELISA分析,取出整个肺并称重。右肺用10%福马林固定、脱水、石蜡包埋。左肺用于测定羟脯胺酸(hydroxyproline)。肺比重计算公式如下:肺重/体重×100%
实验设计
雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为以下8组:
(n=6):
1.第一组:对照组;
2.第二组:小鼠接受单次腹腔注射BLM(7.5mg/kg)
3.第三组:单剂量(ACH,ARH003 ext.1.0g/kg)
4.第四组:单剂量(ACM,ARH003 ext.0.5g/kg)
5.第五组:纯化的AR101-DS1(50mg/kg)
6.第六组:纯化的AR101-DS1(25mg/kg)
7.第七组:纯化的AR101-DS2(50mg/kg)
8.第八组:纯化的AR101-DS2(25mg/kg)
7.第七组:纯化的AR101-DS4(50mg/kg)
8.第八组:纯化的AR101-DS4(25mg/kg)
7.第七组:纯化的AR100-DS1(50mg/kg)
8.第八组:纯化的AR100-DS1(25mg/kg)
7.第七组:纯化的ARH013-RA1(50mg/kg)
8.第八组:纯化的ARH013-RA1(25mg/kg)
BALF取样
在麻醉下,通过气管插管用0.7mL生理盐水进行四次BALF。在检查的每只小鼠中,回收了约2.5mL(90%)的BAL液(BALF)。BALF的上清液保存在-80℃备用。
肺组织病理学
每只小鼠的右肺前部固定在10%磷酸甲醛缓冲液中,石蜡包埋,切成5μm切片,然后用苏木精及伊红(H&E)染色处理,在光学显微镜下进行组织学检查(Nikon,ECLIPSE,TS100,日本东京)。使用数位相机(NIS-Elements D 2.30,SP4,Build 387)以400倍的原始放大率拍摄图像。
羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline)的测定
按照羟脯氨酸测定试剂盒(Biosource International Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)的说明在肺组织中分析羟脯氨酸的含量。将小鼠肺组织磨碎,用1ml 6mol/L氯化钾溶液匀浆,95℃水解5小时,调pH值至6.0-6.8。根据说明书,将相应的试剂加入反应体是中并充分混合,然后在60℃下培养15分钟。冷却后,以3500rpm离心10分钟后收集上清液。用分光光度计在550nm处测量样品上清液的吸光度值,并计算各组羟脯氨酸的含量。
血清中的TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β细胞因子
依照制造商的说明书,使用酵素结合免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)试剂盒(BiosourceInternational Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA)评估血清中促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6及IL-1β)的血清浓度。
髓过氧化物酶(Myeloperoxidase,MPO)检测
肺部的MPO活性是评估肺部炎症细胞浸润的可靠指标。将肺组织匀浆,并根据制造商的说明书用试剂盒检测MPO水平。
肺组织病理学分析
将右肺用石蜡包埋,10%福马林固定,加工成切片。切片用苏木精及伊红(H&E)染色或进行Masson’s三色染色。
统计分析
从动物实验中获得的数据表示为平均值及平均值的标准误差(±S.E.M.),t检验用于检查多个组的间或两个组的间的差异,统计显著性表示为*p<0.05、**p<0.01及***p<0.001。
在整个实验结束时,记录动物的体重及肺重。与对照动物相比,施用博来霉素(BLM)的动物的体重变化显著降低。与其他实验组相比,肺指数[(肺重/体重)×100]显示施用博来霉素的动物显著增加(下表及图31)。ACH、BH及DH的肺指数显著降低。
樟芝萃取物及化合物对博来霉素诱导肺纤维化的肺指数
实施例20樟芝萃取物及化合物减少BLM诱导的小鼠的肺功能障碍及组织病理学变化
评估小鼠的组织病理学肺变化,以探索樟芝萃取物及化合物的治疗效果。通过H&E染色观察到组织结构的炎症浸润及完整性(图32);肺组织的纤维化程度通过Masson染色进行(图33)。对照组表现出一些组织学现象,如肺泡壁薄,肺泡结构完整,肺泡间隔正常,肺间充质炎症细胞浸润较少BLM给药21天后,观察到肺泡水肿、隔膜宽度显著增加及炎症细胞浸润增加。与BLM组相比,樟芝萃取物及化合物的给药改善了肺组织中的炎症浸润及受损结构。
在BLM给药后21天后,Masson染色在肺组织及隔膜中广泛染成蓝色,显示BLM组的肺纤维化程度比正常组严重。樟芝萃取物及化合物治疗后,蓝色区域减少,纤维化程度减轻。在BLM诱导后21天,樟芝萃取物及化合物治疗后肺泡炎及纤维化的评分显著降低。上述结果表明,樟芝萃取物及化合物减轻了肺纤维化小鼠肺部的炎症及纤维化程度。
实施例21肺纤维化标记
羟脯氨酸(HP)含量是肺组织胶原沉积的重要指标。为了量化肺纤维化的程度,在每组中测量肺组织中的羟脯氨酸含量并显示在图34中。与对照组相比,BLM明显增加了HP含量(p<0.001)。樟芝萃取物(1.0g/kg)及AH、BH及DH显著降低肺的HP回升(p<0.001)。
实施例22樟芝萃取物及化合物提醒博来霉素诱导的促炎细胞因子的变化
以ELISA进行血清中促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及TGF-β水平的评估。与对照组相比,BLM治疗的肾损伤小鼠血清中的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β及IL-6水平显著增加(分别为图35A-35E)。以1.0g/kg的樟芝萃取物及化合物(BH及DH)治疗显著改善肺组织中的坏死及炎性浸润细胞,并改善了BLM诱导后TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及TGF-β的生成(p<0.001)。
实施例23樟芝萃取物及化合物对肺部MPO活性的影响
如图36所示,与对照组相比,响应BLM诱导的MPO水平显著增加(p<0.01)。相反地,樟芝萃取物AH、BH、DH及Dex与BLM组相比明显抑制MPO活性(p<0.001),其作用强于樟芝萃取物及化合物组(p<0.05)(图36)。
Claims (7)
1.一种预防或治疗纤维化病症的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用医疗有效量的一组合物;其中该组合物包含从鱼针草(Anisomelesindica)萃取的三萜类化合物(triterpenes)。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该三萜类化合物是经由将鱼针草的乙醇萃取物引入一正相层析管柱(normal phase chromatographycolumn),以己烷/乙酸乙酯/甲醇冲提,自一有机冲提液中获得。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中该有机冲提液是包含至少一种选自下式的化合物或其组合:
及
4.一种预防或治疗纤维化病症的方法,包括向有需要的受试者施用医疗有效量的一组合物,是包含选自下式的化合物或其组合:
及
5.如权利要求1或4所述的方法,其中该纤维化病症包括肝纤维化、肾纤维化、血管纤维化、肺纤维化及良性前列腺增生。
6.如权利要求1或4所述的方法,其中该组合物进一步减轻肾功能障碍及肾损伤。
7.如权利要求1或4所述的方法,其中该组合物进一步减轻非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liverdisease,NAFLD),及肝脏的炎症(inflammation)、空泡化(vacuolation)及坏死(necrosis)。
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