CN116600816A - 用于治疗cns感染的poh和瑞德西韦的组合 - Google Patents
用于治疗cns感染的poh和瑞德西韦的组合 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及使用单萜或倍半萜透化血脑屏障。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求美国临时申请第63/092,07号(于2020年10月16日提交)的优先权,该申请整体通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及使用单萜或倍半萜透化血脑屏障来递送药剂。
背景技术
血脑屏障(BBB)是脑的血液、间质液(IF)和脑脊液(CSF)之间的连续边界。它由一层内皮细胞(脑毛细血管内皮)组成,其作为阻止高分子量和低分子量血清成分进入脑组织的有效屏障。这些物质进入大脑和CSF受到限制是由于脑毛细血管内皮的独特结构。虽然在其他器官中,内皮细胞层的细胞之间具有贯穿该层的间隙和通道,但是在脑毛细血管内皮中缺乏这种通道,这在其细胞之间的解剖学紧密连接方面和在其他内皮中常见的胞饮泡的稀有性方面都是独特的。
在正常(健康)状态下,只有能够穿过BBB的物质才能进入大脑,这些物质往往是相对疏水的(脂质样的)。亲水的(可溶于水的)物质穿透BBB的效率要差得多,或者根本不能穿透。这种可溶于水的和穿透性差的物质涵盖从大到白蛋白的分子到小到钠离子的整个分子范围,以及化疗剂、药物、诊断成像化合物和具有潜在治疗用途的蛋白质。虽然一些治疗剂具有足够程度的脂溶性来穿透BBB,但是大多数药物(例如,青霉素)和其他治疗上有用的物质具有有限的脂溶性,因此不能很好地穿透BBB。许多潜在有用药物对血脑屏障的透过性差,这严重限制了脑组织和CSF疾病的治疗。因此,开发会“打开”BBB并允许已知能够有效治疗或诊断脑疾患但其本身不能穿过BBB的药物进入脑组织和CSF的产品和方法具有极其重要的临床意义。
恶性胶质瘤是中枢神经系统(CNS)癌症最常见的形式,目前被认为基本上无法治愈。在各种恶性胶质瘤中,间变性星形细胞瘤(III级)和多形性成胶质母细胞瘤(GBM;IV级)由于它们侵袭性生长且对目前可用的治疗方法有抗性,因此预后特别差。目前对恶性胶质瘤的护理标准由手术、电离辐射和化疗组成。尽管近年来医学有所进步,但在过去的50年里,恶性胶质瘤的预后仍未见明显改善。Wen et al.Malignant gliomas in adults.New England J Med.359:492-507,2008.Stupp et al.Radiotherapy plus concomitant andadjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma.New England J Med.352:987-996,2005.
恶性胶质瘤的不良预后的一个主要原因是难以将足够量的化疗剂递送到大脑。血脑屏障(BBB)限制了药物进入大脑。最终到达脑部的药物浓度通过肝脏首过代谢和尿液排泄进一步降低。因此,通常需要侵入性手术,诸如肿瘤切除、抗肿瘤药物的立体定向注射或用于药物的对流增强递送的导管的放置。
药物的鼻内递送提供了一种新的非侵入性疗法,以绕过血脑屏障并快速将药剂直接递送至CNS。鼻内递送的药物在几分钟内到达脑、脊髓和/或脑脊液(CSF)的实质组织。除了通过嗅束和三叉神经递送之外,动物研究表明,治疗药物还通过鼻脉管系统全身递送。Hashizume et al.New therapeutic approach for brain tumors:intranasal deliveryof telomerase inhibitor GRN163.Neuro-oncology 10:112-120,2008.Thorne etal.Delivery of insulin-like growth factor-1to the rat brain and spinal cordalong olfactory and trigeminal pathways following intranasaladministration.Neuroscience 127:481-496,2004。治疗剂的鼻内递送可以提供用于治疗其它类型癌症的全身性方法,所述其它类型癌症诸如肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、造血系统癌症和卵巢癌等。
尽管经过几十年的尝试,针对癌症的治愈性免疫疗法仍然很难实现,其根本基础是通过抗体或通过T细胞的抗原识别能力(经由T细胞受体)(Cousin-Frankel,Science(2013)342:1432)。在与正常细胞相比,肿瘤细胞中的靶抗原上调(例如,Her-2扩增的乳腺癌中的Her-2)的情况下,或者在肿瘤细胞表达可被抗体或抗体-毒素缀合物识别的抗原(例如,抗CD20的利妥昔单抗)的情况下,基于抗体的免疫疗法已被广泛用于对抗癌症(Baselgaetal.,Annals Oncology(2001)12:S35)。虽然使用基于抗体的免疫疗法的临床试验已经显示在有限数量的癌症类型中提高了患者存活率(通常当与标准化疗结合时),但是这些效果通常伴随着显著的安全性和有效性问题(Cousin-Frankel Cancer,Science(2013)342:1432)。
对抗癌症的有效T细胞疗法在临床上甚至更难实现(Schmitt et al.,Hum.GeneTher.(2009)20(11):1240)。对抗癌症的有效T细胞疗法依赖于对癌细胞上的抗原具有高亲和力结合的T细胞。嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR T细胞)广泛用于以高亲和力和特异性识别细胞上的抗原,并且不需要辅助识别分子(诸如HLA抗原)来“呈递”肽。CAR T细胞的T细胞受体与抗原结合重链和轻链“交换”,从而消除了对HLA辅助分子的需要。重组CAR T受体与信号转导结构域融合,导致在CAR T受体与靶抗原结合时T细胞活化。
紫苏醇(POH)是一种天然存在的单萜,被认为是抗多种癌症(包括CNS癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肺癌、黑色素瘤和结肠癌)的有效药剂。Gould,M.Cancer chemoprevention andtherapy by monoterpenes.Environ Health Perspect.1997,105(Suppl 4):977–979。制备了含有紫苏醇和类视黄醇(retinoid)两者的杂合分子以增加诱导细胞凋亡的活性。Daset al.Design and synthesis of potential new apoptosis agents:hybrid compoundscontaining perillyl alcohol and new constrained retinoids.Tetrahedron Letters2010,51,1462–1466。
在治疗癌症,诸如恶性胶质瘤以及其它脑疾患,诸如帕金森氏病和阿尔茨海默氏病中,仍然需要透化血脑屏障以递送各种治疗剂。
发明内容
本发明提供了向哺乳动物(例如,人类)的中枢神经系统给药治疗剂的方法,该方法包括在给药治疗剂之前、之后或同时给药单萜。
中枢神经系统可以是脑。
单萜可以是紫苏醇。
可以将单萜(例如,紫苏醇)给药到哺乳动物的血管系统中,诸如动脉内给药(例如,注射到动脉中)。单萜(例如,紫苏醇)可以通过吸入、鼻内、口服、静脉内、皮下或肌内给药。
单萜(例如,紫苏醇)可以以体重的约0.050mg/kg至约500mg/kg范围的剂量来给药。
单萜(例如,紫苏醇)可以在给药治疗剂之前,约0.2分钟至约60分钟给药,或者约1分钟至约15分钟给药。
单萜和治疗剂可以分开给药。
单萜和治疗剂可以同时给药。在一种实施方式中,单萜和治疗剂在药物组合物(例如,溶液)中一起给药。
治疗剂可以是化疗剂。化疗剂的非限制性实例包括DNA烷化剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、内质网应激诱导剂、铂化合物、抗代谢物、酶抑制剂、受体拮抗剂、治疗性抗体及其组合。
化疗剂可以是二甲基塞来昔布(DMC)、伊立替康(CPT-11)、替莫唑胺或咯利普兰。
治疗剂可以是瑞德西韦。
治疗剂可以是抗体或抗体片段。
治疗剂可以是表达嵌合抗原受体的免疫细胞。免疫细胞可以是T细胞。在一种实施方式中,治疗剂是CAR-T细胞。
哺乳动物可能患有癌症,例如神经系统的肿瘤(例如,胶质母细胞瘤)。
该方法可以进一步包括用放射治疗哺乳动物的步骤。
附图说明
图1示出了Lym-1 CAR和CD19(FMC 63)CAR构建体的示意图。
图2A示出了人CAR T细胞在脑肿瘤内的累积。图2A示出了免疫组织化学(IHC)染色来检测人CAR T细胞在脑和形成的肿瘤(GL261小鼠胶质瘤)内的穿透。第一抗体,抗人CD3抗体(CD3ε(D7A6ETM)兔mAb(#85061)(马萨诸塞州波士顿的Cell Signaling公司),用于鉴定人源CD3阳性细胞。
图2B示出了在经培养的人CAR T细胞上CD3的表达。
图2C示出了正常C57 BL/6脑切片中的CD3染色。
图2D示出了当通过静脉内(IV)注射给予Lym-1人CAR T细胞时,在具有GL261小鼠胶质瘤的脑中CD3的表达。
图2E示出了当在IC注射3% NEO100后通过IV注射Lym-1人CAR T细胞时,在具有GL261小鼠胶质瘤的脑中CD3的表达。
图2F示出了当通过静脉内(IV)注射给予抗CD19人CAR T细胞时,在具有GL261小鼠胶质瘤的脑中CD3的表达。
图2G示出了当在IC注射3% NEO100后通过IV注射抗CD19人CAR T细胞时,在具有GL261小鼠胶质瘤的脑中CD3的表达。
图2H示出了在具有GL261肿瘤的脑的正常部分中CD3阳性细胞的比较。
图3示出了存活率,其反应在紫苏醇不存在或存在的情况下,在荷同源移植(syngeneic)小鼠GBM(GL261)的C57 BL/6中抗小鼠PD-1抗体介导的治疗效果。
图4A-4D示出了NEO100可以应用于跨体外BBB模型,并暂时允许标记抗体穿过它。图4A示出了体外脑屏障紧密连接模型。经标记的组件为Transwell趋化室、上室、多孔膜和下室。Transwell培养室(孔径:0.8μm)。马丁-达比犬肾(MDCK)细胞是上皮细胞。TEER:跨上皮/跨内皮电阻。荧光Ab:Alexa 488;驴抗大鼠IgG(H+L)。在大约120分钟内测量下室中的荧光。图4B示出了随着浓度的增加,荧光标记的抗体通过上室的穿透增强。图4C示出了应用浓度为2mM的NEO100后TEER降低。图4D示出了应用NEO100后TEER的恢复时间。
图5A示出了NEO100(不同浓度)和2%埃文斯蓝(EB)混合物的心内注射(IC)。
图5B示出了通过IC(心内注射)或IV注射应用NEO100后EB穿透进入脑。
图6示出了NEO100破坏脑中的紧密连接。
图7示出了NEO100介导的多巴胺通过经破坏的血脑屏障的递送。
图8示出了BBB开启和关闭时间的测量结果。
图9示出了在紫苏醇不存在或存在的情况下递送抗小鼠IgG抗体。
图10示出了在紫苏醇不存在或存在的情况下递送抗PD-1抗体。
图11示出了在NSG小鼠颅内Raji淋巴瘤异种移植物的治疗中NEO100介导的人CART细胞(Lym-1 CAR)的递送后的Kaplan Meier存活曲线。
图12A示出了静脉内(IV)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-H2O或鼻内(IN)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-POH后30分钟至240分钟的瑞德西韦的血浆浓度。图12B示出了静脉内(IV)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-H2O或鼻内(IN)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-POH后30分钟至240分钟的瑞德西韦的脑浓度。
图13示出了在体外BBB模型中,POH在跨BBB递送瑞德西韦方面非常有效。
如本文所用,术语“NEO100”是指紫苏醇。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了使用单萜或倍半萜或它们的衍生物(例如,紫苏醇或POH、异紫苏醇或紫苏醇衍生物)来透化血脑屏障的方法。因此,单萜或倍半萜可用于递送至少一种治疗剂穿过BBB。
单萜(或倍半萜)的纯度可大于约98.5%(w/w),大于约99.0%(w/w),或大于约99.5%(w/w)。
单萜(或倍半萜)可以在治疗剂存在或不存在的情况下配制成药物组合物,其中单萜(或倍半萜)以约0.01%(w/w)至约100%(w/w)、约0.1%(w/w)至约80%(w/w)、约1%(w/w)至约70%(w/w)、约10%(w/w)至约60%(w/w)、约1%(w/w)至约10%(w/w)、约1%(w/w)至约5%(w/w)、约1%(w/w)至约3%(w/w)、约3%(w/w)至约10%(w/w)或约0.1%(w/w)至约20%(w/w)范围的量存在。
单萜(例如,紫苏醇)可以以体重的约0.050mg/kg至约500mg/kg范围的剂量来给药。其它范围包括约0.1mg/kg至约100mg/kg、约1mg/kg至约50mg/kg、约5mg/kg至约25mg/kg以及约10mg/kg至约15mg/kg。
单萜或倍半萜可与至少一种治疗剂组合使用,所述治疗剂包括但不限于化疗剂、免疫治疗剂、免疫调节剂、抗体(例如,单克隆抗体)、免疫细胞(例如,CAR-T细胞)、疫苗、抗体-药物缀合物、抗病毒剂、抗炎剂、抗菌剂、抗微生物剂、抗生素及其组合。
可以与单萜或倍半萜(或单萜或倍半萜的异构体或类似物)缀合的抗癌剂可对癌细胞或受试者产生以下一种或多种影响:细胞死亡;减少细胞增殖;减少细胞数量;抑制细胞生长;细胞凋亡;坏死;有丝分裂障碍;细胞周期阻滞;减小细胞尺寸;减少细胞分裂;降低细胞存活;降低细胞代谢;细胞损伤或细胞毒性的标记物;细胞损伤或细胞毒性的间接指标,诸如肿瘤收缩;提高受试者存活;或与不期望的、不需要的或异常的细胞增殖相关的标记物消失。美国专利公开第20080275057号。
治疗剂可以溶解于紫苏醇。本组合物可以单独给药,也可以与辐射或其他药剂(例如化疗剂)一起共同给药,以治疗诸如癌症的疾病。
在一些实施方式中,药剂是抗体-药物缀合物。在一些实施方式中,抗体-药物缀合物包含抗原结合片段和在靶细胞中诱导细胞毒性的毒素或药物。适用于抗体-药物缀合物的毒素或药物是本领域众所周知的,对本领域一般技术人员来说是显而易见的。参见,例如,Peters et al.Biosci.Rep.(2015)35(4):e00225。在一些实施方式中,抗体-药物缀合物可进一步包含连接抗体和药物分子的接头(例如,肽接头,诸如可切割接头)。
治疗可以是依次的,单萜(或倍半萜)可以在给药一种或多种治疗剂之前或之后给药。或者,单萜(或倍半萜)和一种或多种治疗剂可以同时给药。
单萜(或倍半萜)和至少一种治疗剂可以同步、分开或依次给药。它们可以发挥有利的组合效应(例如,相加效应或协同效应)。
对于依次给药,或者先给药单萜(或倍半萜)然后给药一种或多种治疗剂,或者先给药一种或多种治疗剂然后给药单萜(或倍半萜)。在分开给药单萜(或倍半萜)和治疗剂的实施方式中,单萜(或倍半萜)可以在给药治疗剂之前或之后的若干秒、若干分钟、若干小时、若干天或若干周给药。非同步给药的时间差可以大于1分钟,并且可以是,例如,精确地为至少、最多至或少于5分钟、10分钟、15分钟、30分钟、45分钟、60分钟、2小时、3小时、6小时、9小时、12小时、24小时、36小时或48小时,或超过48小时。两种或更多种药剂可以在彼此相隔若干分钟内或在彼此相隔约0.5、约1、约2、约3、约4、约6、约9、约12、约15、约18、约24或约36小时内或在彼此相隔约1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、14天内或在彼此相隔约2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10周内给药。在某些情况下,可能是更长的间隔。
本公开还提供了一种药物组合物,其包含(i)至少一种单萜(或倍半萜);和(ii)至少一种治疗剂。
给药途径可以不同,可以包括动脉内递送、吸入、鼻内、口服、经皮、静脉内、皮下或肌内注射。
本发明还提供了一种治疗诸如癌症的疾病的方法,包括向患者递送本发明组合物的步骤。
本发明的组合物可以包含一种或多种类型的单萜(或倍半萜)。单萜包括由两个异戊二烯单元组成的萜,并且具有分子式C10H16。单萜可以是线性的(无环的)或者含有环。通过对单萜进行诸如氧化或重排的生物化学修饰来产生的类单萜,以及单萜或类单萜的药学上可接受的盐也涵盖于在本发明中。单萜和类单萜的实例包括紫苏醇(S(-))和R(+))、焦磷酸香叶酯、罗勒烯、月桂烯、香叶醇、柠檬醛、香茅醇、香茅醛、芳樟醇、蒎烯、松油醇、萜品烯、柠檬烯、萜品烯类、水芹烯类、萜品油烯、萜品烯-4-醇(或茶树油)、蒎烯、松油醇、萜品烯;衍生自诸如薄荷醇、百里香酚和香芹酚的单环萜烯的萜类,诸如对伞花烃;双环单萜,诸如樟脑、冰片和桉叶油醇。
单萜可以通过碳骨架的结构来区分,且可以分为无环单萜(例如月桂烯、(Z)-和(E)-罗勒烯、芳樟醇、香叶醇、橙花醇、香茅醇、月桂烯醇、香叶醛、柠檬醛a、橙花醛、柠檬醛b、香茅醛等)、单环单萜(例如柠檬烯、萜品烯、水芹烯、萜品油烯、薄荷醇、香芹醇等)、双环单萜(例如蒎烯、桃金娘烯醇、桃金娘烯醛、马鞭草烷醇、马鞭草烷酮(verbanon)、松香芹醇、蒈烯、桧烯、莰烯、侧柏烯等)和三环单萜(例如三环萜)。参见《化学技术百科全书(Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology)》,第四版,23卷,834-835页。
本发明的倍半萜包括由三个异戊二烯单元组成的萜化合物,其分子式为C15H24。倍半萜可以是线性的(无环的)或者含有环。通过生物化学修饰(诸如倍半萜的氧化或重排)产生的类倍半萜也涵盖于在本发明中。倍半萜的实例包括法尼醇(farnesol)、法尼醛(farnesal)、法尼酸(farnesylic acid)和橙花叔醇(nerolidol)。
单萜(或倍半萜)的衍生物包括但不限于单萜(或倍半萜)的酯、醇、醛和酮。单萜(或倍半萜)醇可以衍生化为酯、醛或酸。
本发明的单萜(或倍半萜)醇的酯可以衍生自无机酸或有机酸。无机酸包括但不限于磷酸、硫酸和硝酸。有机酸包括但不限于羧酸,诸如苯甲酸、脂肪酸、乙酸和丙酸。单萜(或倍半萜)醇的酯的实例包括但不限于羧酸酯(诸如苯甲酸酯、脂肪酸酯(例如,棕榈酸酯和亚油酸酯)、乙酸酯、丙酸酯(propionate)(或丙酸酯(propanoate))和甲酸酯)、磷酸酯、硫酸酯和氨基甲酸酯(例如,N,N-二甲基氨基碳酰(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl))。维基百科-脂检索自URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester。
可用于本发明的单萜的具体实例是紫苏醇(通常缩写为POH)。本发明的紫苏醇组合物可以包含(S)-紫苏醇、(R)-紫苏醇、或者(S)-紫苏醇和(R)-紫苏醇的混合物。
术语“嵌合受体”、“嵌合抗原受体”或者“CAR”在全文中可互换使用,是指至少包含胞外抗原结合结构域、跨膜结构域和胞质信号转导结构域(本文也称为“胞内信号转导结构域”)的重组多肽构建体,所述胞质信号转导结构域包括源自如下定义的刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。Lee etal.,Clin.Cancer Res.(2012)18(10):2780;Jensen et al.,Immunol Rev.(2014)257(1):127;www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/research/car-t-cells。在一种实施方式中,刺激性分子是与T细胞受体复合物相关的ζ链。在一个方面,胞质信号转导结构域进一步包含一个或多个源自至少一种如下定义的共刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。共刺激分子也可以是4-1BB(即,CD137)、CD27和/或CD28或这些分子的片段。在另一方面,CAR包含嵌合融合蛋白,该嵌合融合蛋白包含胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号转导结构域,所述胞内信号转导结构域包括源自刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。CAR包含嵌合融合蛋白,该嵌合融合蛋白包含胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号转导结构域,所述胞内信号转导结构域包含源自共刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。或者,CAR包含嵌合融合蛋白,该嵌合融合蛋白包含胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号转导结构域,所述胞内信号转导结构域包含两个源自一种或多种共刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。CAR可以包括嵌合融合蛋白,该嵌合融合蛋白包含胞外抗原识别结构域、跨膜结构域和胞内信号转导结构域,所述胞内信号转导结构域包含至少两个源自一种或多种共刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域和源自刺激分子的功能性信号转导结构域。CAR的抗原识别部分可以包含任何抗原结合抗体片段。抗体片段可包含一个或多个CDR、可变区(或其部分)、恒定区(或其部分)或前述的任何的组合。
如本文所用,嵌合受体指可在宿主细胞表面表达并包含抗原结合片段的非天然存在的分子。通常,嵌合受体包含源自不同分子的至少两个结构域。除了本文所述的抗原结合片段,嵌合受体还可以进一步包含一个或多个铰链结构域、跨膜结构域、至少一个共刺激结构域和胞质信号转导结构域。在一些实施方式中,嵌合受体从N末端到C末端包含抗原结合片段、铰链结构域、跨膜结构域和胞质信号转导结构域。在一些实施方式中,嵌合受体进一步包含至少一个共刺激结构域。
在一些实施方式中,本文所述的嵌合受体包含铰链结构域,其可以位于抗原结合片段和跨膜结构域之间。铰链结构域是通常在蛋白质的两个结构域之间存在的氨基酸段,并且可以允许蛋白质的柔性以及结构域中的一或两者相对于彼此的运动。任何提供抗原结合片段相对于嵌合受体的另一个结构域的这种柔性和运动的氨基酸序列都可以使用。
本文所述的任何嵌合受体可通过常规技术引入合适的免疫细胞中进行表达。在一些实施方式中,免疫细胞是T细胞,诸如原代T细胞或T细胞系。或者,免疫细胞可以是NK细胞,诸如已建立的NK细胞系(例如,NK-92细胞)。在一些实施方式中,免疫细胞是表达CD8(CD8+)或CD8和CD4(CD8+/CD4+)的T细胞。在一些实施方式中,T细胞是已建立的T细胞系的T细胞,例如,293T细胞或Jurkat细胞。
在一些实施方式中,将表达本文所述任何嵌合受体的免疫细胞以有效量给药于受试者,以减少靶细胞(例如,癌细胞)数量至少20%,例如,50%、80%、100%、2倍、5倍、10倍、20倍、50倍、100倍或更多。
给药于哺乳动物(例如,人类)的细胞(例如,免疫细胞(诸如CAR T细胞))的典型量可以在例如100万至1000亿个细胞的范围内;然而,低于或高于该示例性范围的量也在本公开的范围内。例如,细胞的每日剂量可以是约100万至约500亿个细胞(例如,约500万个细胞、约2500万个细胞、约5亿个细胞、约10亿个细胞、约50亿个细胞、约200亿个细胞、约300亿个细胞、约400亿个细胞,或由前述值的任何两者所限定的范围),优选约1000万至约1000亿个细胞(例如,约2000万个细胞、约3000万个细胞、约4000万个细胞、约6000万个细胞、约7000万个细胞、约8000万个细胞、约9000万个细胞、约100亿个细胞、约250亿个细胞、约500亿个细胞、约750亿个细胞、约900亿个细胞,或由前述值中的任意两者所限定的范围),更优选约1亿个细胞至约500亿个细胞(例如,约1.2亿个细胞、约2.5亿个细胞、约3.5亿个细胞、约4.5亿个细胞,约6.5亿个细胞、约8亿个细胞、约9亿个细胞、约30亿个细胞、约300亿个细胞、约450亿个细胞,或由前述值中的任意两者所限定的范围)。
在一种实施方式中,将嵌合受体(例如,编码嵌合受体的核酸)引入免疫细胞,并且受试者(例如,人类患者)接受表达嵌合受体的免疫细胞的初始给药或剂量。可以在前一次给药后间隔15天、14天、13天、12天、11天、10天、9天、8天、7天、6天、5天、4天、3天或2天对患者进行一次或多次后续给药。可以每周向受试者给药多于一剂的药剂,例如,2、3、4或更多的给药。受试者可以每周接受多于一剂的药剂(例如,表达嵌合受体的免疫细胞),然后一周不给药药剂,最后给药一个或多个额外剂的药剂(例如,每周给药超过一剂的表达嵌合受体的免疫细胞)。表达嵌合受体的免疫细胞可以每隔一天给药,每周给药3次,持续2、3、4、5、6、7、8或更多周。
在本公开的上下文中,就其涉及本文所述的任何疾病病症而言,术语“治疗(treat)”、“治疗(treatment)”等是指缓解或减轻至少一种与这种病症相关的症状,或者减缓或逆转这种病症的进展。在本公开内容的含义中,术语“治疗”还表示阻止、延迟发病(即,疾病临床表现之前的时期)和/或降低疾病发展或恶化的风险。例如,关于癌症,术语“治疗”可以指消除或减轻患者的肿瘤负担,或预防、延迟或抑制转移等。
本文所述的方法和组合物可用于治疗但不限于脑瘤、肺癌、耳、鼻和咽喉癌、造血系统癌症、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、乳腺的癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、基底细胞癌、胆道癌;膀胱癌;骨癌;乳腺癌;宫颈癌;绒毛膜癌;结肠和直肠癌;结缔组织癌;消化系统的癌症;子宫内膜癌;食道癌;眼癌;头颈癌;胃癌;上皮内瘤;肾癌;喉癌;肝癌;纤维瘤、神经母细胞瘤;口腔癌(例如,唇、舌、口和咽);卵巢癌;胰腺癌;前列腺癌;视网膜母细胞瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;直肠癌;肾癌;呼吸系统的癌症;肉瘤;皮肤癌;胃癌;睾丸癌;甲状腺癌;子宫癌;泌尿系统癌症,以及其他癌和肉瘤。
癌是上皮来源的癌症。旨在用本公开的方法治疗的癌包括但不限于腺泡癌、腺泡状癌、肺泡腺癌(也称为腺囊性癌、腺肌上皮癌、筛状癌和圆柱瘤)、腺瘤癌(carcinomaadenomatosum)、腺癌、肾上腺皮质癌、肺泡癌、肺泡细胞癌(也称为细支气管癌、肺泡细胞瘤和肺腺瘤病),基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma)、基底细胞性癌(carcinomabasocellulare)(也称为基底细胞瘤(basaloma)或基底细胞癌(basiloma)和毛发基质癌)、基底细胞样癌、基底鳞状细胞癌、乳腺癌、细支气管肺泡癌、细支气管癌、支气管癌、髓样癌(cerebriform carcinoma)、胆管细胞癌(也称为胆管癌和胆管癌症)、绒毛膜癌、胶样癌(colloid carcinoma)、粉刺状癌、子宫体癌(corpus carcinoma)、筛状癌、铠甲状癌(carcinoma en cuirasse)、皮肤癌(carcinoma cutaneum)、柱状癌(cylindricalcarcinoma)、圆柱形细胞癌、导管癌(duct carcinoma)、硬癌(carcinoma durum)、胚胎癌、类脑癌、眼球上癌、表皮样癌、腺状上皮癌(carcinoma epitheliale adenoides)、溃疡性癌(carcinoma exulcere)、纤维癌、胶样癌(gelatiniform carcinoma)、胶状癌(gelatinouscarcinoma)、巨大细胞癌(giant cell carcinoma)、巨细胞癌(gigantocellulare)、腺癌(glandular carcinoma)、粒层细胞癌、毛发基质癌、血样癌(hematoid carcinoma)、肝细胞癌症(也称为肝细胞瘤、恶性肝细胞瘤和肝癌)、许特耳细胞癌(Huirthle cellcarcinoma)、透明癌(hyaline carcinoma)、肾上腺样癌(hypernephroid carcinoma)、幼稚型胚胎性癌(infantile embryonal carcinoma)、原位癌、表皮内癌、上皮内癌、克龙派切尔氏癌(Krompecher's carcinoma)、库尔契茨基细胞癌(Kulchitzky-cell carcinoma)、豆样癌(lenticular carcinoma)、豆状癌(carcinoma lenticulare)、脂瘤样癌(lipomatouscarcinoma)、淋巴上皮癌、乳腺炎性癌(carcinoma mastitoides)、髓样癌(carcinomamedullare)、髓质癌(medullary carcinoma)、黑色素瘤癌(carcinoma melanodes)、黑素样癌(melanotic carcinoma)、粘蛋白样癌(mucinous carcinoma)、粘蛋白癌(carcinomamuciparum)、粘液细胞癌(carcinoma mucocellulare)、粘液表皮样癌(mucoepidermoidcarcinoma)、粘液癌(carcinoma mucosum)、粘液样癌(mucous carcinoma)、粘液瘤样癌(carcinoma myxomatodes)、鼻咽癌、黑色素癌(carcinoma nigrum)、燕麦细胞癌、骨化性癌(carcinoma ossificans)、骨样癌(osteoid carcinoma)、卵巢癌、乳头状癌、门脉周癌(periportal carcinoma)、浸润前癌(preinvasive carcinoma)、前列腺癌、肾的细胞癌(也称为肾腺癌和旁腺样癌(hypemephoroid carcinoma))、储备细胞癌、肉瘤样癌(carcinomasarcomatodes)、申德仁癌(scheinderian carcinoma)、硬癌(scirrhous carcinoma)、阴囊癌、印戒细胞癌、单纯癌、小细胞癌、马铃薯状癌(solanoid carcinoma)、球状细胞癌、梭形细胞癌、海绵状癌(carcinoma spongiosum)、鳞状癌、鳞状细胞癌、串珠癌(stringcarcinoma)、毛细血管扩张性癌(carcinoma telangiectaticum)、毛细血管扩张癌(carcinoma telangiectodes)、移行细胞癌(transitional cell carcinoma)、结节癌、结节性癌(carcinoma tuberosum)、疣状癌、绒毛状癌(carcinoma vilosum)。在优选的实施方式中,本公开的方法用于治疗患有乳腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、结肠和直肠癌、胰腺癌、胃癌或肾癌的受试者。
肉瘤是发生于骨和软组织的间充质肿瘤。识别出不同类型的肉瘤,并且这些类型包括:脂肪肉瘤(包括粘液样脂肪肉瘤和多形性脂肪肉瘤)、平滑肌肉瘤、横纹肌肉瘤、恶性外周神经鞘肿瘤(也称为恶性神经鞘瘤、神经纤维肉瘤或神经源性肉瘤)、尤文氏瘤(包括骨的尤文氏肉瘤、骨外(即非骨)尤文氏肉瘤和原始神经外胚层肿瘤[PNET])、滑膜肉瘤、血管肉瘤(angiosarcomas)、血管性肉瘤(hemangiosarcomas)、淋巴管肉瘤(lymphangiosarcomas)、卡波西氏肉瘤、血管内皮瘤、纤维肉瘤、硬纤维瘤(desmoid tumor)(也称为侵袭性纤维瘤病)、隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤(DFSP)、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)、血管外皮细胞瘤、恶性间叶瘤、腺泡软组织肉瘤、上皮样肉瘤、透明细胞肉瘤、促结缔组织增生性小细胞瘤(desmoplastic small cell tumor)、胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)(也称为GI间质瘤)、骨肉瘤(也称为成骨源性肉瘤)-骨骼和骨骼外,以及软骨肉瘤。
在一些实施方式中,待治疗的癌症可以是难治性癌症。本文所用的“难治性癌症”是对规定的医疗标准有抗性的癌症。这些癌症最初可能对治疗有反应(然后复发),或者它们可能对治疗完全没有反应。普通医疗标准将根据癌症类型和受试者的进展程度而变化。它可以是化疗,或手术,或放射,或其组合。本领域普通技术人员明白这种医疗标准。因此,根据本发明接受难治性癌症治疗的受试者可能已经接受了针对其癌症的另一种治疗。或者,如果癌症可能是难治的(例如,根据对受试者的癌细胞或病史的分析),则受试者可能还没有暴露于另一种治疗。难治性癌症的实例包括但不限于白血病、黑色素瘤、肾细胞癌、结肠癌、肝(肝脏)癌、胰腺癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和肺癌。
任何本文所述的表达嵌合受体的免疫细胞可以在药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂中作为药物组合物给药。
当与本公开的组合物和/或细胞结合使用时的短语“药学上可接受的”是指该组合物的分子实体和其它成分,其在给药于哺乳动物(例如,人类)时是生理上可耐受的并且通常不产生不良反应。优选地,如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的”是指由联邦或州政府的管理机构批准的,或在美国药典或其他公认的药典中列出的,用于哺乳动物,更具体地用于人类。“可接受的”是指载体与组合物的活性成分(例如,核酸、载体、细胞或治疗性抗体)相容,并且不会对给药组合物的受试者产生负面影响。任何本发明方法中使用的药物组合物和/或细胞可以包含冻干形成物或水溶液形式的药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂。
在本领域中是众所周知的药学上可接受的载体,包括缓冲液,并且可以包括磷酸、柠檬酸和其他有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸和蛋氨酸;防腐剂;低分子量多肽;蛋白质,诸如血清白蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;氨基酸;疏水性聚合物;单糖;二糖;和其他碳水化合物;金属络合物;和/或非离子表面活性剂。参见,例如Remington:The Science andPractice of Pharmacy 20th Ed.(2000)Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,Ed.K.E.Hoover。
用于治疗性用途的试剂盒
使用本发明药剂/组合物的试剂盒也在本发明的范围内。这种试剂盒可以包括一个或多个容器,所述容器包含第一药物组合物和第二药物组合物,所述第一药物组合物包含至少一种单萜或倍半萜和药学上可接受的载体,所述第二药物组合物包含至少一种治疗剂和药学上可接受的载体。在另一实施方式中,试剂盒可以包括包含药物组合物的一个或多个容器,所述药物组合物包含至少一种单萜或倍半萜、至少一种治疗剂和药学上可接受的载体。
在一些实施方式中,试剂盒可包含本文所述任何方法的用途的说明书。所包括的说明书可以包括对向受试者给药第一和第二药物组合物以在受试者中实现预期活性的描述。试剂盒可以进一步包括基于确定受试者是否需要治疗来选择适合治疗的受试者的描述。在一些实施方式中,说明书包括对需要治疗的受试者给药药物组合物的描述。
与本文所述药物组合物的使用相关的说明书通常包括关于预期治疗的剂量、给药方案和给药途径的信息。容器可以是单位剂量、散装包装(例如,多剂量包装)或亚单位剂量。本发明的试剂盒中提供的说明书通常是标签或包装附页上的书面说明书。标签或包装附页表明药物组合物用于治疗、延迟发作和/或缓解受试者的疾病或疾患。
本文提供的试剂盒采用合适的包装。合适的包装包括但不限于小瓶、瓶子、罐子、软包装等。还考虑了与特定装置(诸如吸入器、鼻腔给药装置或输注装置)组合使用的包装。试剂盒可以具有无菌接口(例如,容器可以是静脉内输液袋或具有可通过皮下注射针头刺穿的塞子的小瓶)。容器还可以具有无菌入口。
试剂盒可以任选地提供附加成分,诸如缓冲液和解释性信息。通常,试剂盒包括容器和在容器上或与容器相关的标签或包装附页。在一些实施方式中,本发明提供了包含上述试剂盒内容物的制品。
紫苏醇衍生物包括紫苏醇酯、紫苏醛、二氢紫苏酸和紫苏酸。紫苏醇的衍生物也可以包括其氧化衍生物和亲核/亲电加成衍生物。美国专利公开第20090031455号。美国专利第6,133,324号和第3,957,856号。
本发明还提供了使用单萜(或倍半萜)和至少一种治疗剂来治疗诸如癌症或其他神经系统疾患的疾病的方法。单萜(或倍半萜)可以单独给药,或与治疗剂组合给药。单萜或倍半萜也可以与治疗剂共同给药。单萜(或倍半萜)可以与治疗剂组合给药。这些药剂可以同时或依次给药。单萜(或倍半萜)可以在治疗剂给药之前、期间或之后给药。
单萜(或倍半萜)可用作溶剂或渗透增强剂,以将治疗剂递送至病变部位。单萜(或倍半萜)可用作溶剂或渗透增强剂,以将化疗剂递送至肿瘤细胞。单萜或倍半萜也可用作疫苗的溶剂,其可以通过任何合适的途径递送。
本发明的组合物和方法可用于治疗神经系统癌症,诸如恶性胶质瘤(例如星形细胞瘤、间变性星形细胞瘤、多形性胶质母细胞瘤)、视网膜母细胞瘤、毛细胞型星形细胞瘤(I级)、脑膜瘤、转移性脑瘤、神经母细胞瘤、垂体腺瘤、颅底脑膜瘤和颅底癌。本文所用的术语“神经系统肿瘤”是指其中患者具有神经系统细胞的恶性增殖的情况。
可用本发明的组合物和方法治疗的癌症包括但不限于肺癌、耳鼻喉癌、白血病、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、造血系统癌、卵巢癌、基底细胞癌、胆管癌、膀胱癌、骨癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、绒毛膜癌、结肠和直肠癌、结缔组织癌、消化系统癌、子宫内膜癌、食道癌、眼癌、头颈部癌、胃癌、上皮内瘤变、肾癌、喉癌;白血病包括急性髓系白血病、急性淋巴性白血病、慢性髓系白血病、慢性淋巴性白血病;肝癌;淋巴瘤包括霍奇金氏淋巴瘤和非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤;骨髓瘤;纤维瘤、神经母细胞瘤;口腔癌(例如唇、舌、口和咽);卵巢癌;胰腺癌;前列腺癌;视网膜母细胞瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;直肠癌;肾癌;呼吸系统癌;肉瘤;皮肤癌;胃癌;睾丸癌;甲状腺癌;子宫癌;泌尿系统癌,以及其它癌和肉瘤。美国专利No.7,601,355。
本发明还提供了用于治疗CNS疾患的方法和组合物,所述CNS疾患包括但不限于原发性退行性神经疾患,诸如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、心理障碍、精神病和抑郁症。
本发明的组合物可以与放射疗法组合使用。
本发明的单萜或倍半萜可与至少一种治疗剂组合使用,所述治疗剂包括但不限于化疗剂、免疫治疗剂和抗体(例如,单克隆抗体)。可以与单萜或倍半萜(或单萜或倍半萜的异构体或类似物)缀合的抗癌剂可对癌细胞或受试者产生以下一种或多种影响:细胞死亡;减少细胞增殖;减少细胞数量;抑制细胞生长;细胞凋亡;坏死;有丝分裂障碍;细胞周期阻滞;减小细胞尺寸;减少细胞分裂;降低细胞存活;降低细胞代谢;细胞损伤或细胞毒性的标记物;细胞损伤或细胞毒性的间接指标,诸如肿瘤收缩;提高受试者存活;或与不期望的、不需要的或异常的细胞增殖相关的标记物消失。美国专利公开第20080275057号。
本发明还涵盖单萜(或倍半萜)和至少一种治疗剂(包括但不限于化疗剂)的掺和物和/或共制剂。
化疗剂包括但不限于DNA烷基化剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、内质网应激诱导剂、铂类化合物、抗代谢物、长春花生物碱(vincalkaloid)、紫杉烷、埃博霉素(epothilone)、酶抑制剂、受体拮抗剂、治疗性抗体、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、硼辐射增敏剂(即万珂(velcade))和化疗联合治疗。
DNA烷化剂是本领域众所周知的,其用于治疗多种肿瘤。DNA烷基化剂的非限制性实例为氮芥类,诸如氮芥、环磷酰胺(异环磷酰胺、曲洛磷胺)、苯丁酸氮芥(美法仑(Melphalan)、泼尼氮芥(Prednimustine))、苯达莫司汀(Bendamustine)、乌拉莫司汀(Uramustine)和雌莫司汀(Estramustine);亚硝基脲类,诸如卡莫司汀(Carmustine)(BCNU)、洛莫司汀(Lomustine)(司莫司汀(Semustine))、福莫司汀(Fotemustine)、尼莫司汀(Nimustine)、雷莫司汀(Ranimustine)和链脲佐菌素(Streptozocin);烷基磺酸盐,诸如白消安(Busulfan)(甘露舒凡(Mannosulfan)、曲奥舒凡(Treosulfan));氮丙啶类,诸如卡波醌(Carboquone)、三亚胺醌(Triaziquone)、2,4,6-三(1-氮丙啶基)-1,3,5-三嗪(Triethylenemelamine);肼类(甲基苄肼(Procarbazine));三氮烯类,诸如达卡巴嗪(Dacarbazine)和替莫唑胺;六甲蜜胺(Altretamine)和二溴甘露醇。
拓扑异构酶I抑制剂的非限制性实例包括喜树碱(Campothecin)衍生物,包括CPT-11(伊立替康)、SN-38、APC、NPC、喜树碱、拓扑替康(topotecan)、甲磺酸依喜替康(exatecanmesylate)、9-硝基喜树碱、9-氨基喜树碱、勒托替康(lurtotecan)、鲁比替康(rubitecan)、斯拉替康(silatecan)、吉马替康(gimatecan)、二氟替康(diflomotecan)、依喜替康(extatecan)、BN-80927、DX-8951f和MAG-CPT,如在Pommier Y.(2006)Nat.Rev.Cancer6(10):789-802和美国专利公开No.200510250854中所述的;原小檗碱类生物碱及其衍生物,包括小檗红碱(berberrubine)和甲氧檗因(coralyne),如在Li et al.(2000)Biochemistry 39(24):7107-7116和Gatto et al.(1996)CancerRes.15(12):2795-2800中所述的;菲咯啉(Phenanthroline)衍生物,包括苯并[i]菲啶、两面针碱(Nitidine)和花椒宁碱(fagaronine),如在Makhey et al.(2003)Bioorg.Med.Chem.11(8):1809-1820中所述的;Terbenzimidazole及其衍生物,如在Xu(1998)Biochemistry 37(10):3558-3566中所述的;以及蒽环类衍生物,包括阿霉素(Doxorubicin)、道诺霉素(Daunorubicin)和米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone),如在Foglesong et al.(1992)CancerChemother.Pharmacol.30(2):123-]25,Crow et al.(1994)J.Med.Chem.37(19):31913194和Crespi et al.(1986)Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.136(2):521-8中所述的。拓扑异构酶II抑制剂包括但不限于依托泊苷(Etoposide)和替尼泊苷(Teniposide)。双拓扑异构酶I和II抑制剂包括但不限于伞托平(Saintopin)和其他萘并萘二酮(Naphthecenediones)、DACA和其他吖啶-4-甲酰胺、茚托利辛(Intoplicine)和其他苯并吡啶并吲哚(Benzopyridoindoles)、TAS-I03和其他7H-茚并[2,1-c]喹啉-7-酮、吡唑并吖啶(Pyrazoloacridine)、XR 11576和其他苯并吩嗪、XR 5944和其他二聚化合物、7-氧代-7H-二苯并[f,ij]异喹啉类和7-氧代-7H-苯并[e]嘧啶类和蒽基-氨基酸缀合物,如在Denny and Baguley(2003)Curr.Top.Med.Chem.3(3):339-353中所描述的。一些药剂抑制拓扑异构酶II并具有DNA嵌入活性,诸如但不限于蒽环类(阿柔比星(Aclarubicin)、柔红霉素、多柔比星、表柔比星(Epirubicin)、伊达比星(Idarubicin)、氨柔比星(Amrubicin)、吡柔比星(Pirarubicin)、戊柔比星(Valrubicin)、佐柔比星(Zorubicin))和蒽二酮类(米托蒽醌和匹杉琼(Pixantrone))。
内质网应激诱导剂的实例包括但不限于二甲基-塞来昔布(DMC)、奈非那韦(nelfinavir)、塞来昔布(celecoxib)和硼辐射增敏剂(即万珂(硼替佐米(Bortezomib))。
铂基化合物是DNA烷化剂的一个子类。这类药剂的非限制性实例包括卡铂、顺铂、奈达铂(Nedaplatin)、奥沙利铂(Oxaliplatin)、四硝酸三铂、赛特铂(Satraplatin)、阿洛铂(Aroplatin)、洛铂(Lobaplatin)和JM-216。(参见McKeage et al.(1997)J.Clin.Oncol.201:1232-1237and in general,CHEMOTHERAPY FOR GYNECOLOGICALNEOPLASM,CURRENT THERAPY AND NOVEL APPROACHES,in the Series Basic andClinical Oncology,Angioli et al.Eds.,2004)。
抗代谢物药剂的非限制性实例包括基于叶酸的,即二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂,诸如氨蝶呤(Aminopterin)、甲氨蝶呤(Methotrexate)和培美曲塞(Pemetrexed);胸苷酸合成酶抑制剂,诸如雷替曲塞(Raltitrexed)、培美曲塞;基于嘌呤的,即腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂,诸如喷司他丁(Pentostatin),硫嘌呤,诸如硫鸟嘌呤和巯基嘌呤,卤代/核苷酸还原酶抑制剂,诸如克拉屈滨(Cladribine)、氯法拉滨(Clofarabine)、氟达拉滨(Fludarabine),或鸟嘌呤/鸟苷:硫嘌呤,诸如硫鸟嘌呤;或基于嘧啶的,即胞嘧啶/胞啶:低甲基化剂,诸如阿扎胞苷(Azacitidine)和地西他滨(Decitabine),DNA聚合酶抑制剂,诸如阿糖胞苷(Cytarabine)、核苷酸还原酶抑制剂,诸如吉西他滨(Gemcitabine),或胸腺嘧啶/胸苷:胸腺嘧啶合酶抑制剂,诸如氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)。5-FU的等同物包括其前药、类似物及衍生物,诸如5'-脱氧-5-氟尿苷(doxifluroidine)、l-四氢呋喃基-5-氟尿嘧啶(替加氟(ftorafur))、卡培他滨(希罗达)、S-I(MBMS-247616,由替加氟(tegafur)和两种调节剂5-氯-2,4-二羟基吡啶和氧嗪酸钾组成)、雷替曲塞(拓优得(tomudex))、诺拉曲特(nolatrexed)(Thymitaq,AG337)、LY231514和ZD9331,如在例如Papamicheal(1999)The Oncologist 4:478-487中所述的。
长春花生物碱的实例包括但不限于长春碱(Vinblastine)、
长春新碱(Vincristine)、长春氟宁(Vinflunine)、长春地辛(Vindesine)和长春瑞滨(Vinorelbine)。
紫杉烷类的实例包括但不限于多西他赛(docetaxel)、拉罗他赛(Larotaxel)、奥他赛(Ortataxel)、紫杉醇(Paclitaxel)和泰索他赛(Tesetaxel)。埃博霉素的实例是iabepilone。
酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于法呢基转移酶抑制剂(替吡法尼(Tipifamib));CDK抑制剂(Alvocidib,塞利西利);蛋白酶体抑制剂(硼替佐米);磷酸二酯酶抑制剂(阿那格雷(Anagrelide);咯利普兰(rolipram));IMP脱氢酶抑制剂(噻唑呋林(Tiazofurine));和脂氧合酶抑制剂(马索罗酚(Masoprocol)。受体拮抗体的实例包括但不限于ERA(阿曲生坦);类视黄醇X受体(贝沙罗汀(Bexarotene));和性类固醇(睾内酯(Testolactone))。
治疗性抗体的实例包括但不限于抗HERl/EGFR(西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab)、帕木单抗(Panitumumab));抗HER2/neu(erbB2)受体(曲司珠单抗(Trastuzumab)):抗EpCAM(卡妥索单抗(Catumaxomab)、依决洛单抗(Edrecolomab)):抗VEGF-A(贝伐珠单抗(Bevacizumab));抗CD20(利妥昔单抗(Rituximab)、托西莫单抗(Tositumomab)、替伊莫单抗(Ibritumomab)):抗CD52(阿仑珠单抗(Alemtuzumab));以及抗CD33(吉妥珠单抗(Gemtuzumab))。美国专利第5,776,427号和第7,601,355号。
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于ErbB的抑制剂:HER1/EGFR(埃罗替尼(Erlotinib)、吉非替尼(Gefitinib)、拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)、凡德他尼(Vandetanib)、舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)、来那替尼(Neratinib));HER2/neu(拉帕替尼、来那替尼);RTK III级:C-试剂盒(阿昔替尼(Axitinib)、舒尼替尼、索拉非尼(Sorafenib))、FLT3(来妥替尼(Lestaurtinib)、PDGFR(阿昔替尼、舒尼替尼、索拉非尼);和VEGFR(凡德他尼、司马沙尼(Semaxanib)、西地尼布(Cediranib)、阿昔替尼、索拉非尼);bcr-abl(伊马替尼、尼罗替尼(Nilotinib)、达沙替尼(Dasatinib));Src(博舒替尼(Bosutinib))和Janus激酶2(来妥替尼)。
西妥昔单抗是抗EGFR抗体的实例。它是靶向表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的人/鼠嵌合单克隆抗体。本文将生物等效抗体鉴定为经修饰的抗体和结合EGFR抗原的相同表位并产生基本上等效的生物学反应的那些抗体,所述生物学反应诸如,阻止EGFR的配体结合、阻止EGFR受体的活化和阻断导致细胞生长中断的EGFR途径的下游信号转导。
"拉帕替尼"是双EGFR和erbB-2抑制剂。在许多临床试验中,已经研究了拉帕替尼作为抗癌单药治疗,以及与曲司珠单抗(trastuzumab)、卡培他滨、来曲唑(letrozole)、紫杉醇和FOLFlR1(伊立替康(irinotecan)、5-氟尿嘧啶和亚叶酸)组合。其目前处于口服治疗转移性乳腺癌、头和颈、肺、胃、肾和膀胱癌的第III阶段测试。拉帕替尼的化学等同物是作为酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)或替代地HER-l抑制剂或HER-2抑制剂的小分子或化合物。已经发现许多TKI具有有效的抗肿瘤活性,并且已经被批准或处于临床试验中。这些的实例包括但不限于凡德他尼(Zactima)(ZD6474)、易瑞沙(Iressa)(吉非替尼)和特罗凯(Tarceva)(厄洛替尼(erIotinib))、甲磺酸伊马替尼(STI571;格列卫(Gleevec))、埃罗替尼(OSI-1774;Tarceva)、卡奈替尼(canertinib)(CI 1033)、semaxinib(SU5416)、伐他拉尼(vatalanib)(PTK787/ZK222584)、索拉非尼(BAY 43-9006)、索坦(sutent)(SUI 1248)和来氟米特(lefltmomide)(SU10l)。拉帕替尼的生物等同物是肽、抗体或其抗体衍生物,其是HER-1抑制剂和/或HER-2抑制剂。这种实例包括但不限于人源化抗体曲司珠单抗和赫塞汀。
PTK/ZK是具有广谱特异性的“小”分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,其靶向所有VEGF受体(VEGFR)、血小板源性生长因子(PDGF)受体、c-KIT和c-Fm。Drevs(2003)Idrugs 6(8):787-794.PTK/ZK是通过抑制结合VEGF的所有已知受体(包括VEGFR-I(Flt-1)、VEGFR-2(KDR/Flk-1)和VEGFR-3(Flt-4))的活性来阻断血管生成和淋巴管生成的靶向药物。PTK/ZK的化学名称是琥珀酸1-[4-氯苯胺基]-4-[4-吡啶甲基]酞嗪或1-氨基酞嗪、N-(4-氯苯基)-4-(4-吡啶甲基)-丁二酸酯(1:1)。PTK/TK的异名和类似物已知为瓦他拉尼碱、CGP79787D、PTK787/ZK 222584、CGP-79787、DE-00268、PTK-787、PTK787A、VEGFR-TK抑制剂、ZK 222584和ZK。
可以与单萜或倍半萜组合使用的化疗剂还可以包括安吖啶(amsacrine)、曲贝替定(Trabectedin)、类视黄醇(阿利维A酸(Alitretinoin)、维甲酸(Tretinoin))、三氧化二砷、天冬酰胺消耗物天冬酰胺酶/培门冬酶(Pegaspargase)、塞来昔布、地美可辛(Demecolcine)、伊利司莫(Elesclomol)、依沙芦星(Elsamitrucin)、依托格鲁(Etoglucid)、氯尼达明(Lonidamine)、硫蒽酮(Lucanthone)、米托胍腙(Mitoguazone)、米托坦(Mitotane)、奥利美生(Oblimersen)、坦罗莫司(Temsirolimus)和伏立诺他(Vorinostat)。
治疗剂可以是瑞德西韦。瑞德西韦是一种广谱抗病毒药物。在一种实施方式中,可以通过注射进静脉来给药瑞德西韦。在某些实施方式中,瑞德西韦可以用于治疗与RNA病毒相关的感染。例如,瑞德西韦可用于治疗与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV或SARS-CoV-1)或中东呼吸综合征相关冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)相关的感染。在一种实施方式中,瑞德西韦可用于治疗受试者的COVID-19。
瑞德西韦可以具有以下结构。
可以与本发明的组合物和方法一起使用的其他治疗剂包括,例如,CAR-T细胞、CAR-巨噬细胞或CAR-NK细胞。
本发明的组合物和方法可用于增加细胞旁通透性(paracellularpermeability),例如内皮细胞或上皮细胞的细胞旁通透性。本发明的组合物和方法可用于增加血脑屏障通透性。给药对血脑屏障通透性的影响可持续5分钟至10小时;其他范围包括至少约15分钟、30分钟、1小时、2小时、3小时、5小时、10小时、24小时、48小时或72小时。
本发明的组合物和方法可用于减少或抑制血管生成。本发明的组合物和方法可以减少或抑制促血管生成细胞因子的产生,所述促血管生成细胞因子包括但不限于血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和白细胞介素8(IL8)。
单萜或倍半萜可与血管生成抑制剂组合使用。血管生成抑制剂的实例包括但不限于血管抑制素、angiozyme、抗凝血酶III、AG3340、VEGF抑制剂(例如抗VEGF抗体)、巴马司他(batimastat)、贝伐珠单抗(阿瓦斯丁(avastin))、BMS-275291、CAI、2C3、HuMV833血管能抑素(Canstatin)、卡托普利(Captopril)、羧胺三唑、软骨来源抑制剂(CDI)、CC-5013、6-O-(氯乙酰基-羰基)烟霉醇、COL-3、康普瑞汀(combretastatin)、磷酸康普瑞汀A4、达肝素(Dalteparin)、EMD 121974(西仑吉肽(Cilengitide))、内皮抑素(endostatin)、埃罗替尼、吉非替尼(易瑞沙)、染料木素(genistein)、氢溴酸卤夫酮、Id1、Id3、IM862、甲磺酸伊马替尼、IMC-IC11诱导蛋白10、干扰素α、白介素12、熏草菌素A、LY317615或AE-941、马马司他(marimastat)、mspin、醋酸甲羟孕酮、Meth-1、Meth-2、2-甲氧基雌二醇(2-ME)、新伐司他(neovastat)、oteopontin裂解产物、PEX、色素上皮生长因子(PEGF)、血小板因子4、催乳素片段、增殖蛋白相关蛋白(PRP)、PTK787/ZK 222584、ZD6474、重组人血小板因子4(rPF4)、雷斯廷(restin)、角鲨胺、SU5416、SU6668、SU11248苏拉明(suramin)、紫杉酚(Taxol)、Tecogalan、沙利度胺(thalidomide)、血小板反应蛋白(thrombospondin)、TNP-470、肌钙蛋白-l、血管抑制因子、VEG1、VEGF-Trap和ZD6474。
血管生成抑制剂的非限制性实例还包括酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,诸如酪氨酸激酶受体Flt-1(VEGFR1)和Flk-1/KDR(VEGFR2)的抑制剂,表皮源性、成纤维细胞源性或血小板源性生长因子的抑制剂,MMP(基质金属蛋白酶)抑制剂、整合素阻滞剂、戊聚糖多硫酸酯、血管紧张素II拮抗剂、环氧化酶抑制剂(包括非甾体抗炎药(NSAID),诸如阿司匹林(aspirin)和布洛芬(ibuprofen),和选择性环氧合酶-2抑制剂,诸如塞来昔布和罗非昔布(rofecoxib)),以及甾体抗炎药(诸如皮质类固醇、盐皮质激素、地塞米松(dexamethasone)、强的松(prednisone)、泼尼松龙(prednisolone)、甲泼尼龙(methylpred)、倍他米松(betamethasone)。
调节或抑制血管生成并且也可以与单萜或倍半萜组合使用的其他治疗剂包括调节或抑制凝血和纤维蛋白溶解系统的药剂。此类调节或抑制凝血和纤维蛋白溶解途径的药剂的实例包括但不限于肝素、低分子量肝素和羧肽酶U抑制剂(也称为活性凝血酶可活化纤维蛋白溶解抑制剂[TAFIa]的抑制剂)。美国专利公开第20090328239号。美国专利第7,638,549号。
免疫调节剂包括但不限于细胞因子,诸如白介素、淋巴因子、单核因子、干扰素和趋化因子。
其他可以与单萜(或倍半萜)一起使用的渗透增强剂包括但不限于:脂肪酸甘油酯,诸如癸酸的、辛酸的、十二烷基的、油酸的;异山梨醇、蔗糖、聚乙二醇的脂肪酸酯;己酰乳酸(caproyllactylic acid);月桂醇聚醚-2;月桂醇聚醚-2乙酸酯;月桂醇聚醚-2苯甲酸酯;月桂醇聚醚-3羧酸;月桂醇聚醚-4;月桂醇聚醚-5羧酸;油醇聚醚-2;甘油焦谷氨酸油酸酯;甘油油酸酯;N-月桂酰肌氨酸;N-肉豆蔻酰肌氨酸;N-辛基-2-吡咯烷酮;月桂氨基丙酸;聚丙二醇-4-月桂醇聚醚-2;聚丙二醇-4-月桂醇聚醚-5-二甲基月桂酰胺;月桂酰胺二乙醇胺(DEA)、焦谷氨酸月桂酯(LP)、单月桂酸甘油酯(GML)、单辛酸甘油酯、单癸酸甘油酯、单油酸甘油酯(GMO)、和脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯。多元醇或乙醇可以作为渗透增强剂或共溶剂。其他渗透增强剂参见美国专利第5,785,991号;美国专利第5,843,468号;美国专利第5,882,676号;和美国专利第6,004,578号。
溶剂为本领域公知,包括但不限于甘油、聚乙二醇(PEG)、二醇、乙醇、甲醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇等。
本组合物可以通过本领域已知的任何方法来给药,包括但不限于动脉内、鼻内、口服、眼、腹膜内、吸入、静脉内、心内注射(IC)、侧脑室内(ICV)、脑池内注射或输注、皮下、植入物、阴道、舌下、尿道(例如尿道栓)、皮下、肌肉内、静脉内、透皮、直肠、舌下、粘膜、眼、脊柱、鞘内、关节内、动脉内、蛛网膜下、支气管和淋巴给药。局部制剂可采用凝胶、膏剂、乳剂、气雾剂等形式;鼻内制剂可作为喷雾或滴剂递送;经皮制剂可通过透皮贴剂或离子电渗给药;吸入制剂可使用雾化器或类似装置递送。组合物也可以采取片剂、丸剂、胶囊、半固体、粉末、缓释制剂、溶液、混悬剂、酏剂、气雾剂或任何其它合适的组合物的形式。
为了制备这种药物组合物,可以根据常规制药复合技术,将一种或多种单萜(或倍半萜)和/或至少一种治疗剂与药学上可接受的载体、助剂和/或赋形剂混合。可用于本发明的组合物的药学上可接受的载体涵盖任何标准药物载体,诸如磷酸缓冲盐溶液、水和乳剂,诸如油/水或水/油乳剂,以及多种类型的润湿剂。组合物可以额外地含有固体药物赋形剂,诸如淀粉、纤维素、滑石、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、大米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉等。液体和半固体赋形剂可以选自甘油、丙二醇、水、乙醇和多种油类,所述油类包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的那些油类,例如,花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等。液体载体,特别是注射溶液用液体载体,包括水、盐水、葡萄糖水和二醇类。载体、稳定剂和助剂的实例参见Remington'sPharmaceuticalSciences,E.W.Martin编辑(Mack Publishing Company,18thed.,1990)。组合物还可以包含稳定剂和防腐剂。
如本文所用,术语“治疗有效量”是足以治疗特定疾患或疾病的量,或者另外,足以获得治疗障碍或疾病的药理学反应的量。确定最有效的给药方式和剂量的方法可以随着用于疗法的组合物、疗法的目的、治疗的靶细胞和治疗的受试者而改变。通常,可以滴定治疗剂量以优化安全性和有效性。单次或多次给药可以根据治疗医生选择的剂量水平和方式来进行。本领域技术人员可以容易地确定给药药剂的合适剂量制剂和方法。例如,组合物以约0.01mg/kg至约200mg/kg、约0.1mg/kg至约100mg/kg、或约0.5mg/kg至约50mg/kg给药。当在本文中描述的化合物与另一药剂或疗法共同给药时,有效量可以小于所述药剂单独使用时的有效量。
本公开还提供如上所述的用于鼻内给药的组合物。同样地,组合物可以进一步包含渗透增强剂。Southall et al.Developments in Nasal Drug Delivery,2000.本发明的组合物可以以液体形式(诸如溶液、乳剂、悬液、滴剂)或以固体形式(诸如粉末、凝胶或膏剂)鼻内给药。递送鼻内药物的装置是本领域公知的。递送鼻内药物的装置在本领域是众所周知的。可以使用包括但不限于以下的装置进行鼻用药物递送:鼻内吸入器、鼻内喷雾装置、喷雾器、鼻用喷雾器瓶、单位剂量容器、泵、滴器、挤压瓶、喷雾器、计量剂量吸入器(MDI)、加压剂量吸入器、吹入器和双向装置。鼻用递送装置可计量给药准确的有效剂量的量至鼻腔。鼻用递送装置可用于单单位递送或多单位递送。在具体的实例中,本发明可以使用来自Kurve Technology(Bethell,Washington)的经鼻电子雾化器(ViaNase ElectronicAtomizer)(http://www.kurvetech.com)。本发明的化合物也可以通过管、导管、注射器、包尾(packtail)、拭子、鼻塞或通过粘膜下输注来递送。美国专利公开No.20090326275、20090291894、20090281522和20090317377。
本发明的组合物可以使用标准方法配制成气溶胶。单萜(或倍半萜)和/或至少一种治疗剂可以与溶剂一起配制或不与溶剂一起配制,以及与载体一起配制或不与载体一起配制。制剂可以是溶液,或可以是含有一种或多种表面活性剂的水性乳剂。例如,可以由带有适合推进剂诸如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、碳氢化合物、压缩空气、氮气、二氧化碳或其它合适气体的加压容器来生成气溶胶喷雾。可以通过提供阀门来确定剂量单位以递送所计量的量。泵送喷雾分配器可以分配所计量的剂量或具有特定的粒径或液滴大小的剂量。如本文所用,术语“气溶胶”是指处于气体中的细小固体颗粒或液体溶液小滴的悬浮液。具体而言,气溶胶包括单萜(或倍半萜)小滴的气载悬浮液,其可以在任何适合的装置如MDI、喷雾器或弥雾机中生成。气溶胶还包括悬浮在空气或其他载气中的本发明组合物的干粉组合物。Gonda(1990)CriticalReviewsinTherapeuticDrug CarrierSystems6:273-313.Raeburn et al.,(1992)Pharmacol.Toxicol.Methods27:143-159。
本发明的组合物可以以诸如微球形式的粉末通过鼻腔吹入器(nasalinsufflator)递送到鼻腔。本发明的组合物可以吸附至固体表面,例如,载体。所述粉末或微球可以以干燥的、空气可分散的(air-dispensable)形式给药。所述粉末或微球可以储存在吹入器的容器中。或者,所述粉末或微球可以装填进胶囊诸如明胶胶囊,或其它适合于鼻腔给药的单剂量单元。
可以通过在鼻腔中例如以凝胶、膏剂、鼻腔乳剂、洗剂、乳膏、鼻塞、滴器或生物粘附条(bioadhesive strip)的形式直接放置组合物来递送药物组合物到鼻腔。在某些实施方式中,例如为了增强吸收,可能希望延长药物组合物在鼻腔中的停留时间。因此,药物组合物可以可选地与生物黏附聚合物、树胶(例如,黄原胶)、壳聚糖(例如,高纯度阳离子型多糖)、果胶(或可以像凝胶一样稠化或当施加到鼻粘膜时乳化的任何碳水化合物)、微球(例如,淀粉、白蛋白、右旋糖酐、环糊精)、明胶、脂质体、卡波姆(carbamer)、聚乙烯醇、藻酸盐、阿拉伯胶、壳聚糖和/或纤维素(例如,甲基或丙基;羟基或羧基;羧甲基或羟丙基)一起配制。
组合物可以通过口腔吸入进入呼吸道(即肺)来给药。
可吸入药剂的典型递送系统包括喷雾器吸入器、干粉吸入器(DPI)和定量吸入器(MDI)。
喷雾器装置产生高速气流,使液体形式的治疗剂以雾的形式喷出。该治疗剂配制成液体形式,诸如合适大小的颗粒的溶液或悬浮液。在一种实施方式中,该颗粒被微粉化。术语“微粉化”定义为约90%或更多的直径小于约10μm的颗粒。适合的喷雾器装置是商业上提供的,例如,由百瑞公司(PARI GmbH)(德国施塔恩贝格县)提供。其它喷雾器装置包括能倍乐(Respimat)(勃林格殷格翰公司(Boehringer Ingelheim)),以及在例如美国专利第7,568,480号和第6,123,068号及WO97/12687中公开的那些。单萜(或倍半萜)可以配制成水溶液或液体悬浮液以用在喷雾器装置中。
DPI装置通常以自由流动的粉末形式给药治疗剂,该粉末可以分散在患者吸气期间的气流中。使用外部能量来源的DPI装置也可以用于本发明。为了得到自由流动的粉末,治疗剂可以与适合的赋形剂(例如,乳糖)一起配制。例如,通过将颗粒大小为约1μm至100μm的干燥乳糖与单萜(或倍半萜)的微粉化颗粒混合再通过干混,可以制得干粉制剂。另外,单萜可以不与赋形剂一起配制。将制剂装入干粉分配器,或装入与干粉递送装置一起使用的吸入盒或胶囊中。商业上提供的DPI装置的实例包括碟式吸入器(Diskhaler)(北卡罗来纳科研三角园(Research Triangle Park)的葛兰素史克公司(GlaxoSmithKline))(参见,例如,美国专利第5,035,237号);准纳器(Diskus)(葛兰素史克公司)(参见,例如,美国专利第6,378,519号);涡流式吸入器(Turbuhaler)(特拉华州威尔明顿的阿斯利康公司(AstraZeneca))(参见,例如,美国专利第4,524,769号);和旋转式吸入器(Rotahaler)(葛兰素史克公司)(参见,例如,美国专利第4,353,365号)。适合的DPI装置的其他实例在美国专利第5,415,162号、第5,239,993号和第5,715,810号以及其中的参考文献中描述。
MDI装置通常利用经压缩的推进剂气体释放出经测定量的治疗剂。用于MDI给药的制剂包括在液化推进剂中的活性成分的溶液或混悬剂。推进剂的实例包括氢氟烷烃(HFA),诸如1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFA134a)和1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟-正丙烷(HFA227),以及氯氟烃,诸如CCl3F。用于MDI给药的HFA制剂的其他组分包括共溶剂,诸如乙醇、戊烷、水;和表面活性剂,诸如失水山梨糖醇三油酸酯、油酸、卵磷脂和甘油。(参见,例如,美国专利第5,225,183号、EP 0717987和WO92/22286)。将制剂装入气溶胶筒,该气溶胶筒构成MDI装置的一部分。美国专利第6,006,745号和第6,143,227号中提供了特别开发与HFA推进剂一起使用的MDI装置的实例。制备适合制剂和适合于吸入给药的装置的方法的实例参见美国专利第6,268,533号、第5,983,956号和第6,221,398号,以及WO 99/53901、WO 00/61108、WO 99/55319和WO 00/30614。
单萜(或倍半萜)和/或至少一种治疗剂可以包封在脂质体或微胶囊中用于通过吸入递送。脂质体是由脂质双层膜和含水的内部组成的囊泡。脂质膜可以由磷脂构成,该磷脂的实例包括磷脂酰胆碱,诸如卵磷脂和溶血卵磷脂;酸性磷脂,诸如磷脂酰丝氨酸和磷脂酰甘油;以及鞘磷脂,诸如磷脂酰乙醇胺和神经鞘磷脂。另外,可以添加胆固醇。微胶囊是用包衣材料包覆的颗粒。例如,所述包衣材料可以由成膜聚合物、疏水增塑剂、表面活化剂或/和润滑剂含氮聚合物的混合物组成。美国专利第6,313,176号和第7,563,768号。
由于它们容易渗透真皮的能力,单萜也可以单独或与至少一种治疗剂组合通过局部应用来使用。作为经皮递送活药剂,单萜也可以与麻醉药或止痛药组合用于止痛药的经皮递送。
本发明还提供如上所述的用于眼部给药的组合物。同样地,组合物可以进一步包含渗透增强剂。对于眼部给药,本文描述的组合物可以配制成溶液、乳剂、悬浮液等。多种适用于将化合物给药于眼部的载体为本领域已知。具体的非限制性实例描述于美国专利第6,261,547号;美国专利第6,197,934号;美国专利第6,056,950号;美国专利第5,800,807号;美国专利第5,776,445号;美国专利第5,698,219号;美国专利第5,521,222号;美国专利第5,403,841号;美国专利第5,077,033号;美国专利第4,882,150号和美国专利第4,738,851号。
本发明的组合物可以短期或长期给药。本发明的组合物可以给药于哺乳动物,优选人类。哺乳动物包括但不限于鼠、大鼠、兔、猿、牛、绵羊、猪、犬科动物、猫、家畜、运动动物(sport animals)、宠物、马和灵长类动物。
用于鼻内给药的装置可以是鼻内喷雾装置、雾化器、喷雾器、定量吸入器(MDI)、加压剂量吸入器、吹药器、鼻内吸入器、鼻腔喷雾瓶、单位剂量容器、泵、滴器、挤压瓶或双向装置。
这些药剂可以同时或依次给药。
本发明还提供在体外、离体、或体内抑制细胞生长的方法,其中使细胞(诸如癌细胞)与有效量的在本文中描述的纯化单萜(或倍半萜)接触。本发明的组合物和方法可用来抑制对化疗剂有抗性的细胞的生长。例如,本发明的组合物和方法可用来抑制抗替莫唑胺的细胞的生长。
可以通过将细胞或组织与有效量的本发明的组合物接触来治疗病理细胞或组织,诸如增生性细胞或组织。这些细胞,诸如癌细胞,可以是原发癌细胞,或者可以是可从组织库(诸如美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC))中获得的培养细胞。病理细胞可以是系统性癌、胶质瘤、脑膜瘤、垂体腺瘤的细胞,也可以是系统性癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、造血癌或卵巢癌的CNS转移的细胞。细胞可以来自于脊椎动物,优选哺乳动物,更优选人类。美国专利公开第2004/0087651号。Balassiano et al.(2002)Intern.J.Mol.Med.10:785-788。Thorne,et al.(2004)Neuroscience 127:481-496。Fernandes,et al.(2005)Oncology Reports13:943-947。Da Fonseca,et al.(2008)Surgical Neurology 70:259267。Da Fonseca,etal.(2008)Arch.Immunol.Ther.Exp.56:267-276。Hashizume,et al.(2008)Neuroncology10:112-120。
癌症干细胞(CSC)或肿瘤起始细胞是具有干细胞特性(诸如自我更新)的未成熟细胞。然而,自我更新在CSC中加剧。Reya et al.,Stem cells,cancer,and cancer stemcells.Nature.2001,414(6859):105-11。此外,胶质瘤CSC对化疗和放疗有抗性。Bao etal.,Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation ofthe DNA damage response.Nature.2006,444(7120):756-60。Rich et al.,Chemotherapyand cancer stem cells.CellStem Cell.2007;1(4):353-5。本发明的组合物和方法可用来抑制癌症干细胞的生长,该癌症干细胞包括但不限于胶质母细胞瘤癌症干细胞。
提供以下实施例仅为了举例说明目的,并非限制本发明。
实施例1NEO100介导的人CAR T细胞向脑和肿瘤的递送
人CAR T细胞的制备
人CAR T细胞(CD19和Lym-1)由Epstein博士(USC)提供。嵌合抗原受体(CAR)是合成分子,包含3个不同的模块:基于抗体的胞外识别位点;将分子锚定在细胞膜中的跨膜模块;传递激活信号的嵌合胞内信号转导结构域。Jensen et al.,Designing chimericantigen receptors to effectively and safely targettumors.Curr.Opin.Immunol.2015,33,9-15。靶向CD19的CAR T细胞在治疗复发或难治性(R/R)急性成淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的患者方面取得了显著的成果。Ruella et al.,DualCD19 and CD123 targeting prevents antigen-loss relapses after CD19-directedimmunotherapies.J.Clin.Invest.2016,126,(10),3814-3826。Maude et al.,CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for acute lymphoblasticleukemia.Blood 2015,125,(26),4017-23。Grupp et al.,Durable Remissions inChildren with Relapsed/Refractory ALL Treated with T Cells Engineered withaCD19-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor(CTL019).Blood 2015,126,(23),681-681。用从Raji淋巴瘤细胞分离的细胞核免疫小鼠来生成小鼠IgG2a单克隆抗体Lym-1。Epsteinet al.,Two new monoclonal antibodies,Lym-1and Lym-2,reactive with human B-lymphocytes and derived tumors,with immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeuticpotential.Cancer Res.1987,47,(3),830-40。Lym-1与几种HLA-DR亚型上的不连续构象表位结合,其中对恶性B细胞的结合亲和力高于正常B细胞。Rose et al.,Critical Lym-1binding residues on polymorphic HLA-DR molecules.Mol Immunol 1999,36,(11-12),789-97。如图1所示,Lym-1 CAR和CD19(FMC 63)CAR构建体的示意图。
悬浮在0.9%的盐水工作液中的200万个CD19和Lym-1人CAR T细胞在有和无心内NEO100的情况下用于IV注射。
NEO100心内穿刺
用于心内注射NEO100的工作液的制备:3% NEO100悬浮于0.9%盐水中。
超声引导心内穿刺的标准操作程序
简要来说是,用2%异氟烷气体对动物进行麻醉并固定在平台上进行心内穿刺。在超声成像引导下,将注射器针头迅速穿透肋间隙,通过皮肤和肌肉层,进入左心室。
成功将针头插入左心室的标志是新鲜动脉血(粉红色,与深红色静脉血形成对比)回流到注射器中。缓慢注射40μl在盐水中的3% NEO100,完成心内施用。如果注射过程中细胞结团,直接将细胞注射进心脏可导致局部微梗阻,可导致心包积血和死亡。所以用小的30G针头进行超声引导注射对最小化这些潜在的副作用是非常重要的,(1)使针道可视化,以确保针头只进入左心室,以及(2)在注射后,不但可以通过ECG,而且通过心壁功能的可视化来进行心脏的后续监测。针头的细度保证了在通过心内穿刺注入细胞时,细胞不会结团。
心内注射确认
成功将针头插入左心室的标志是新鲜动脉血(粉红色,与深红色静脉血形成对比)回流到注射器中。
在NEO100注射完成后,立即通过预先用盐水溶液处理过的尾静脉导管,将40μlPBS中的200万个人CAR T细胞注入。为了避免通过心内施用由直接注射细胞可能产生的上述副作用,我们设置了2步骤的程序用于本研究。
步骤1:缓慢注射40μl盐水中3% NEO100,完成心内应用。此程序允许NEO100发挥BBB破坏的功能。
步骤2:通过尾静脉导管IV注射200万个CAR T细胞。
通过IHC和共聚焦成像评价CAR T细胞扩散
脑灌注-为了排除安乐死后残留在血管内的残留物,试验动物经左心室灌注10ml的0.9%生理盐水溶液,以冲洗出血液。然后,取出脑,包埋在OCT中,并保存在-80℃下,用于进一步分析。
共聚焦成像-用冷冻切片机切出8μM新鲜冰冻切片,粘贴在玻片上。共聚焦检查前用DAPI封片剂将盖玻片封固在脑切片上。
IHC染色-采用标准化IHC染色程序来检测人CAR T细胞在大脑和形成的肿瘤(GL261小鼠胶质瘤)中的穿透。第一抗体,抗人CD3抗体(CD3ε(D7A6ETM)兔mAb(#85061)(马萨诸塞州波士顿的Cell Signaling公司),用于鉴定人源CD3阳性细胞(如图2所示)。
C57 BL/6小鼠中同源移植小鼠胶质瘤动物模型研究
将100,000个GL261小鼠胶质瘤细胞颅内注入免疫感受态C57 BL/6小鼠。肿瘤细胞注射后3周,通过静脉内施用(IV)以及心内(IC)与IV组合,用200万个人CAR T细胞(抗CD19和Lym-1)注射具有脑肿瘤的小鼠。干预后6h处死经处理的小鼠。对于心内施用:在心内注射含3% NEO100的PBS后,IV注射200万个抗CD19或Lym-1 CAR T细胞。对于静脉内施用:将200万个抗CD19或Lym-1 CAR T细胞悬浮于40ul PBS中,通过尾静脉注射。
用0.9%盐水溶液灌注脑,移出,并保存在-80℃下,用于进一步分析。
用于测试的抗体包括用于阴性染色的对照抗体:兔(DA1E)mAb IgG同种型,和用于体外和体内检测CD3阳性细胞的抗体:CD3ε(D7A6ETM)兔mAb(#85061)。
结论
在正常C57 BL/6小鼠脑内未发现可检测到的CD3阳性细胞。
与常规静脉内注射(IV)相比,NEO100介导的人CAR T细胞(抗CD19和Lym-1)心内注射可显著地增加向脑内形成的肿瘤的穿透。
3% NEO100介导的心内注射未引起任何严重的副作用或动物死亡。
通过心内注射NEO100处理的脑的正常部分中,见到比在仅IV注射的样品中多的CD3阳性细胞。
实施例2在荷颅内同源抑制小鼠神经胶质瘤(GL261)的C57 BL/6小鼠中抗小鼠PD-1抗体介导的治疗效果
将100000个GL261小鼠胶质瘤细胞颅内注射到免疫感受态小鼠,C57BL/6。注射后7天,将小鼠随机分为4个实验组,于同一天开始处理。
·组1.对照:IV和心内注射40μl盐水溶液(5)。
·组2.抗体处理的小鼠:以2.5mg/kg的剂量IV 40μl抗小鼠PD1抗体(5)。
·组3.NEO100处理的小鼠:心内注射40μl 5%NEO100(5)。
·组4.NEO100和抗体的组合处理的小鼠:心内40μl 5%NEO100,然后以2.5mg/kg的剂量IV 40μl抗PD1抗体(6)。
结果如图3所示。我们证明心内注射NEO100(相当于小鼠动脉内注射)可以为抗体打开BBB。然后我们用颅内植入的小鼠GL26胶质瘤细胞建立了同源移植模型。将小鼠用盐水、单独NEO100、单独静脉内抗PD1、或先颅内NEO100再静脉内抗PD1进行处理。所有用静脉内抗PD1与NEO100的组合处理的小鼠仍然存活,而除一只接受静脉内抗PD1的小鼠外所有对照均死亡。
紫苏醇可用介入性神经放射学经股动脉(如脑血管造影)给药。
统计分析
动物存活数据用Kaplan-Meier法作图。采用单因素方差分析对差异进行总体检验。采用调整多重比较的图基法(Tukey method)进行分组比较。采用Logrank(Mantel-Cox)检验比较存活曲线。统计学评价结果p<0.05认为显著。
·对照vs IC NEO100+IV抗小鼠PD-1:***P<0.0003
·对照vs IV抗小鼠PD-1:ns,p=0.31
·IV抗小鼠PD-1vs IC NEO100+IV抗小鼠:**P<0.005
·对照vs IC NEO100:ns,p=0.397
实施例3
我们证明NEO100可以应用于跨越体外BBB模型,并暂时允许标记抗体暂时地穿过它(图4A-4D)。
进行实验以研究是否紫苏醇(例如,NEO100)用于动脉内递送以暂时破坏BBB,使之前不可穿透的小分子或大分子穿透脑。
给药紫苏醇(例如,NEO100)可包括心内注射(小鼠动脉内注射)和静脉内输注。
制剂包括10%NEO100(27.5ml的甘油+27.5ml的乙醇+3.0ml的NEO100)。
脑灌注——安乐死前,试验动物经左心室灌注0.9%生理盐水溶液。取出脑,包埋在OCT中,并保存在-80℃下,用于进一步分析。
超声引导的心内穿刺——简单来说是,用2%的异氟烷气体对动物进行麻醉并固定在平台上进行心内穿刺。在超声成像引导下,将注射器针头迅速穿透肋间隙,通过皮肤和肌肉层,进入左心室。成功将针头插入左心室的标志是新鲜动脉血(粉红色,与深红色静脉血形成对比)回流到注射器中。
埃文斯蓝是一种偶氮染料,其对血清白蛋白有很高的亲和力。染色的白蛋白从循环渗出可以被观察到。
NEO100通过心脏内注射(左心室)递送,以确定大脑对埃文斯蓝、BBB非渗透性小分子(多巴胺)或抗体的摄取是否增加。图5A示出了NEO100和2%埃文斯蓝(EB)混合物的心内注射(IC)。通过心内穿刺测试不同浓度的NEO100(40μ1在0.9%盐水中),然后立即静脉内施用2%埃文斯蓝(体积40μ1)。灌注后取出脑。结果表明,NEO100在1:1000稀释度(6.5mM 40μl)下仍能有效地破坏BBB。
图5B示出了通过IC(心内注射)或IV注射施用NEO100后EB穿透进入脑。
实验组包括:
·仅IC 2% EB
·IC 20%乙醇+2% EB
·IC 20%乙醇+2% EB+5% NEO100
·IC 20%乙醇+5% NEO100,然后进行2%EB尾静脉注射
·IV 20%乙醇+2% EB+5% NEO100
·IV 20%乙醇+2% EB
图6显示,与正常脑相比,心内注射5%NEO100处理的脑中紧密连接已经显著地被破坏。
帕金森病(PD)的药物治疗主要是对症地基于多巴胺(DA)的替代治疗,因为外源性DA和其他儿茶酚胺类化合物的BBB穿透性差,故而不能给药。多巴胺是一种水溶性亲水性药物,不能满足可通过BBB穿透进入脑的物质的特征。
图7示出了NEO100介导的多巴胺通过经破坏的血脑屏障的递送。
图8示出了BBB开启和关闭时间的测量结果。免疫感受态的C57 BL/6小鼠经心内穿刺(IC)注射5%NEO100(v/v),然后在IC注射后不同时间点如0、5分钟、15分钟、30分钟、1小时、2小时、3小时、4小时静脉内注射2%埃文斯蓝。
试验程序包括:
1.心内注射(IC):5%NEO100。
2.然后在不同时间静脉内注射(IV)2%EB。
3.试验动物在IV注射后一小时安乐死。
图9示出了在紫苏醇不存在或存在的情况下递送抗小鼠IgG抗体(兔抗小鼠IgG H&L(德克萨斯红)–Ab6726)。
图10示出了在紫苏醇不存在或存在的情况下递送抗PD-1抗体(亚美尼亚仓鼠抗小鼠CD279(PD-1)单克隆抗体(J43))。PD-L1与PD-1结合并抑制T细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞。阻断PD-L1或PD-1允许T细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞。
NEO100动脉内给药是安全的。
实施例4在NSG小鼠颅内Raji淋巴瘤异种移植物的治疗中递送NEO100介导的人CART细胞(Lym-1 CAR)
(a)颅内淋巴瘤异种移植物:
将50000(5x 104)个人B细胞淋巴瘤细胞(Raji's-Luc/GFP)颅内注入NSG小鼠。
(b)肿瘤摄取确认:
肿瘤细胞注射后5天,进行光学成像以确认肿瘤摄取(100%肿瘤摄取)。
(c)开始通过尾静脉导管进行CAR T输注和心内(IC)NEO100:
有3组实验组:(1)对照;(2)IV CAR T(5x10e6);(3)IV CAR T(5x10e6)+IC NEO100(0.3%v/v=492μM)
(d)监测荷IC淋巴瘤的NSG小鼠:
在处理过程中,监测体重以了解小鼠的身体状况。通过光学成像监测肿瘤生长。
(e)动物存活率(Kaplan Meier曲线)
从存活曲线(图11)可以证明,对照小鼠,即注射有人类B细胞淋巴瘤细胞的小鼠,在注射后15-20天内死亡,而注射Lym-1 CAR T细胞加NEO100的小鼠存活了下来(P=0.0029)。
实施例5
将POH放入鼻内吸入器(例如,Kurve技术公司(华盛顿贝瑟尔)的ViaNase电子雾化器)。来自Kurve Technology的鼻内递送系统能够精确地递送预定的药物体积(例如,0.2-6mL)。所述装置以与肺部喷雾器相同的方式装入和清洁。所述该装置可以在台架试验中将药物递送到动物和人的嗅区。
雄性无胸腺nu/nu小鼠(6-8周龄)将用于本研究。按以下建立啮齿动物皮下/颅内胶质瘤模型。腹腔内注射氯胺酮(80mg/kg)和甲苯噻嗪(10mg/kg)麻醉6至8周龄无胸腺nu/nu小鼠。对于颅内胶质瘤模型,将小鼠放入头部立体定位架(哈佛仪器公司(HarvardApparatus))中,并将局部麻醉剂(0.2cc的0.25%利多卡因)注入右额头皮中。用刀片制造一个小切口,并用钻头在冠状缝水平于右额颅骨中制造一个小开口。将胶质瘤细胞(1×105个细胞/10μl)(例如,U-87人胶质瘤细胞)装入标刻度的Hamilton注射器中。将针尖精确放置到大鼠的右额叶,使用来自Hamilton注射器的对控制推动,缓慢注射细胞。注射完成之后,移开注射器和针头,并缝合伤口。
手术植入之后两周,将小鼠分成4组(6只小鼠/组),分别用以下药物处理:单用盐水滴(对照)、来自Sigma的粗POH(0.03%,50ul/滴,每个鼻孔一滴)、POH(纯化到纯度大于98.5%;0.03%,50ul/滴,每个鼻孔一滴)和TMZ(5mg/kg,口服灌胃法)。TMZ作为阳性对照。
采集脑,并测定肿瘤大小。通过跟踪小鼠直到它们显现出神经功能缺损,绘制存活曲线。我们的经验是,未处理的小鼠存活到植入之后约4周,用TMZ处理的小鼠存活至多8周。
我们还使用免疫感受态的同源移植大鼠模型,其中将RG2大鼠胶质瘤细胞(1×105个细胞/10ul)植入到Fisher 344大鼠的右额叶中。将大鼠分为与上面相同的4组。我们还利用该大鼠RG2模型检查POH的抗侵袭特性,因为RG2细胞可以自由迁移并从而侵入到大鼠实质中。
实施例6
最近在巴西进行的临床研究中,在复发性恶性胶质瘤患者中鼻内递送紫苏醇导致了疾病的消退或稳定化,其中140位经治疗患者中的50%达到6个月的无进展期,且几位患者获得了多至3年的病情缓解。此外,治疗的副作用几乎不存在。Da Fonseca etal.Correlation of tumor topography and peritumoral edema of recurrentmalignant gliomas with therapeutic response to intranasal administration ofperillyl alcohol.Invest NewDrugs 2009,Jan 13。
我们将纯化的POH(具有大于98.5%的纯度)鼻内递送到患有恶性胶质瘤的患者。为了研究POH是否可以直接递送到脑肿瘤细胞,通过向患者递送11C标记的POH和随后的正电子发射体层成像术(PET)成像来研究纯化的POH的分布。然后患者使用递增剂量的吸入POH进行有限治疗试验。采用三个组对患者进行剂量递增,每组接受0.05%(w/v)、1%(w/v)、1.5%(w/v)、2%(w/v)、2.5%(w/v)的鼻内纯化POH(具有大于98.5%的纯度)。目前在巴西使用的是2%(w/v)。递送将通过ViaNase鼻内吸入器进行,并且每天给药三次。PET成像研究鼻内吸入5-10mCi的11C-POH制剂后,利用Siemens BiographTruePoint HD PET/CT扫描仪,扫描十位患有病理证实的恶性胶质瘤的患者。静态成像将在吸入后30分钟开始,在覆盖颅的单层位置(single bed position)中,采用10分钟采集。随后的系列采集以30分钟间隔,持续2小时,以评估脑和肿瘤组织中的进行性累积。取决于患者的依从性以及残余和累积活性的水平,我们将尝试成像超过2小时。在所有患者上,对共记录的PET/CT图像与对比增强MRI研究进行比较,以评估活性累积与增强模式的相关性。
实施例7
在紫苏醇(POH)不存在或存在的情况下,通过静脉内(IV)或鼻内(IN)途径对小鼠体内给药瑞德西韦进行了研究。将瑞德西韦与乙醇或EtOH(10%)、环糊精和水进行混合(用于IV递送),或者与乙醇(10%)、环糊精和POH进行混合(用于IN递送)。通过将环糊精溶解在EtOH中,在溶液中加入一次瑞德西韦,加入水,然后加入POH,然后使用polytron均质化来制备混合物。瑞德西韦给药剂量为60mg/kg体重。POH的浓度为3.4mM。
图12A示出了静脉内(IV)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-H2O或鼻内(IN)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-POH后30分钟至240分钟的瑞德西韦的血浆浓度。图12B示出了静脉内(IV)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-H2O或鼻内(IN)递送瑞德西韦-环糊精-POH后30分钟至240分钟的瑞德西韦的脑浓度。
实施例8
对于体外,将细胞铺在Transwell的上室中。将POH-瑞德西韦或H2O-瑞德西韦混合物置于上室中。POH的浓度为1.5mM。4小时后收集上室和下室的培养基,并定量测定瑞德西韦。
图13示出了在体外BBB模型中,POH在跨BBB递送瑞德西韦方面非常有效。
本发明的范围不受上文具体示出和描述的内容的限制。本领域技术人员将会认识到,对于所描述的材料、构造、结构和大小的实例存在合适的替代物。在本发明的描述中引用和讨论了许多参考文献,包括专利和各种出版物。提供这些参考文献的引用和讨论仅仅是为了阐明本发明的描述,而并非承认任何参考文献是这里描述的本发明的现有技术。本说明书中引用和讨论的所有参考文献都通过引用整体结合到本文中。在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,本领域普通技术人员将会想到这里所描述的内容的变化、修改和其他实现。虽然已经示出和描述了本发明的某些实施方式,但是对于本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行改变和修改。在前面的描述和附图中阐述的内容仅作为说明而非限制来提供。
Claims (27)
1.一种向哺乳动物的中枢神经系统给药治疗剂的方法,所述方法包括给药所述治疗剂之前或同时给药单萜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述中枢神经系统是脑。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单萜是紫苏醇。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述紫苏醇是动脉内给药的。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述紫苏醇以体重的约0.050mg/kg至约500mg/kg范围的剂量来给药。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述哺乳动物是人类。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在给药所述治疗剂之前约0.2分钟至约60分钟给药所述单萜。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中在给药所述治疗剂之前约1分钟至约15分钟给药所述单萜。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单萜和所述治疗剂分开给药。
10.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单萜和所述治疗剂同时给药。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述单萜和所述治疗剂在药物组合物中一起给药。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述治疗剂是化疗剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述化疗剂选自由以下组成的组:DNA烷化剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂、内质网应激诱导剂、铂化合物、抗代谢物、酶抑制剂、受体拮抗剂、治疗性抗体及其组合。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述化疗剂是二甲基塞来昔布(DMC)、伊立替康(CPT-11)、替莫唑胺或咯利普兰。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述治疗剂是抗体和抗体片段。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述治疗剂是表达嵌合抗原受体的免疫细胞。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述免疫细胞是T细胞。
18.根据权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述治疗剂是CAR-T细胞。
19.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单萜通过吸入、鼻内、口服、静脉内、皮下或肌内给药。
20.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述人类患有癌症。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述癌症是所述神经系统的肿瘤。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤是胶质母细胞瘤。
23.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括用放射治疗所述哺乳动物。
24.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述治疗剂是瑞德西韦。
25.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述单萜是通过吸入或鼻内给药的。
26.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述瑞德西韦是通过吸入或鼻内给药的。
27.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述单萜是与所述瑞德西韦同时给药的。
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