CN116570564A - 叶酸修饰n-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
叶酸修饰n-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116570564A CN116570564A CN202310281300.0A CN202310281300A CN116570564A CN 116570564 A CN116570564 A CN 116570564A CN 202310281300 A CN202310281300 A CN 202310281300A CN 116570564 A CN116570564 A CN 116570564A
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- folic acid
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- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
- A61K31/513—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim having oxo groups directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. cytosine
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- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种叶酸修饰N‑琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5‑氟尿嘧啶纳米粒,其制备方法包括如下步骤:通过壳聚糖的琥珀酰化制备N‑琥珀酰壳聚糖,然后将叶酸与N‑琥珀酰壳聚糖化学连接,合成FA‑NCS,最后将5‑氟尿嘧啶通过超声自组装法负载在FA‑NCS制得5FU‑FA‑NCS NPs。本发明的叶酸修饰N‑琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5‑氟尿嘧啶纳米粒具有良好的稳定性和生物相容性,可以通过EPR效应被动靶向肿瘤组织,并通过叶酸结合叶酸受体主动靶向肿瘤细胞,可应用于制备肿瘤靶向治疗药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医药技术领域,具体涉及叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
结肠癌是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,是世界上第三大最致命和最广泛诊断的癌症,占所有癌症的10%。据统计,结肠癌的发病率和死亡率正在逐年上升。
化疗、放疗、手术和靶向治疗是目前结肠癌的主要治疗策略。其中,化疗是目前治疗结肠癌最常用和最有效的策略。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil,5-FU)是一种嘧啶抗代谢药,通过抑制胸苷酸合酶发挥抗肿瘤作用,是一种广泛用于结肠癌的化疗药物。然而,在应用5FU治疗结肠癌的过程中,由于体内药物选择性差,患者经常会出现一系列不良反应,包括中性粒细胞减少、贫血、手足综合征、腹泻、胃肠道毒性、粘膜炎、恶心、呕吐、疲劳和血液病。因此,提高化疗药物的选择性、靶向给药到肿瘤部位以及提高生物利用度显得至关重要。
靶向药物的开发已成为研究热点。纳米药物递送系统可以通过EPR效应实现对肿瘤组织的被动靶向,并降低药物对正常组织的毒性。同时,可提高药物溶解度,延长体内药物循环时间,是一种很有前景的药物输送系统。一些研究表明,纳米粒子载体的特定修饰可以改变纳米药物递送系统的性质。
叶酸(Folic Acid,FA)是一种维生素,在细胞增殖中发挥重要作用,并与叶酸受体(FR)具有高结合亲和力。FR是一种膜糖蛋白,在多种癌细胞中高度表达,包括乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌和结肠癌,是一种高度选择性的肿瘤标志物。因此,叶酸修饰纳米给药系统在肿瘤研究领域具有良好的应用前景。
壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)是一种具有良好生物相容性和低毒性的天然高分子化合物。然而,CS不溶于中性和碱性,因此限制了其在生物医学领域的应用。N-琥珀酰壳聚糖(N-succinyl-chitosan,NCS)是CS的衍生物,具有比CS更好的水溶性。研究表明,NCS还具有良好的生物相容性、低毒性、缓慢的体内降解率和较长的体内半衰期,是一种性能优良、前景广阔的纳米药物载体。
目前尚未见有以叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖纳米粒负载5FU构建基于5-FU-FA-NCS-NPs双靶向纳米给药系统用于治疗肿瘤的报道。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的在于提供一种叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒,以解决上述技术问题中的至少一个。
本发明的第二个目的在于提供上述叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒的制备方法,以解决上述技术问题中的至少一个。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供上述叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒在制备肿瘤靶向治疗药物中的应用,以解决上述技术问题中的至少一个。
根据本发明的第一个方面,提供了一种叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖(CS)溶解于乙酸溶液或甲酸溶液中并用二甲基亚砜(DMSO)稀释,加入琥珀酸酐在温度为55-65℃的条件下反应6-10小时,反应产物用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得N-琥珀酰壳聚糖(NSC);
(2)将NSC、N,N-羰基二咪唑(CDI)和三乙胺(TEA)溶解于吡啶中,在温度为20-30℃、避光、氮气保护的条件下反应4-8小时,然后加入叶酸的DMSO溶液,在温度为20-30℃、避光、氮气保护的条件下反应18-30小时,反应产物用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖(FA-NSC);
(3)将FA-NSC溶解于磷酸盐缓冲液中,在温度为36-38℃的条件下搅拌20-45分钟,然后加入5-氟尿嘧啶(5FU),搅拌18-30小时,接着超声处理30-45分钟,最后用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒(5FU-FA-NCS NPs)。
本发明通过CS的琥珀酰化制备NCS,然后将FA与NCS化学连接,合成FA-NCS(合成路线参见图1),最后将5FU通过超声自组装法负载在FA-NCS制得5FU FA-NCS NPs。在透射电子显微镜(TEM)下,本发明提供的5FU-FA-NCS NPs几乎是球形的。动态光散射(DLS)结果表明,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒径为204.7±3.23nm,zeta电位为-24.3±1.57mV,多分散指数(PDI)为0.278±0.017。5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒的载药量(LC%)和包封率(EE%)分别为15.90%和47.27%。在pH5.0和pH7.4中,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒在48h的释放效率分别达到85.16%和85.05%,表明本发明的5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒具有缓释特性。MTT分析、流式细胞仪和细胞迁移分析表明,与游离5FU和5FU负载壳聚糖纳米粒(5FU-NCS NPs)相比,5FU-FA-NCS NPs更能抑制RKO细胞的细胞活力和细胞迁移,并诱导细胞凋亡。在摄取试验中,在RKO细胞中观察到5FU-FA-NCS NPs的最高摄取效率。在动物实验中,5FU-FA-NCS NPs对肿瘤生长的抑制作用高于游离5FU和5FU-NCS NPs,组织学染色结果进一步证实5FU-FA-NCS NPs对肿瘤生长具有最高的抑制作用。体内荧光成像结果显示,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒具有更强的靶向性。
本发明提供的5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒可以通过EPR效应被动靶向肿瘤组织,并通过叶酸(FA)结合叶酸受体(FR)主动靶向肿瘤细胞,可应用于制备肿瘤靶向治疗药物,构建一种稳定且生物相容的双靶向纳米药物递送系统。
在一些实施方式中,当该纳米药物递送系统应用于治疗结肠癌时,可通过EPR效应被动靶向实体肿瘤组织,并对FR活性靶向RKO细胞进行高选择性识别,实现纳米颗粒在肿瘤部位的聚集,增强抗肿瘤效果,减少化疗药物的不良反应。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(1)中,壳聚糖与琥珀酸酐的摩尔比可以为1:4。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(1)中,壳聚糖与DMSO的质量体积比可以为0.05g/mL。
在一些实施方式中,乙酸溶液的浓度可以为5%(w/v),壳聚糖与乙酸溶液的质量体积比可以为50mg/mL。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(2)中,N-琥珀酰壳聚糖、N,N-羰基二咪唑、三乙胺和叶酸的摩尔比可以为1:1:1:1.43。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(3)中,叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖和5-氟尿嘧啶的质量比可以为5:2。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(3)中,磷酸盐缓冲液的pH可以为9。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(3)中,搅拌的转速可以为1500r/min。
在一些实施方式中,步骤(3)中,超声处理的功率可以为600W。
附图说明
图1为5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒的合成路线参考图;
图2为CS、NCS和FA-NCS的傅里叶变换红外光谱图(A)和核磁共振氢谱图(B);
图3从上至下依次为NCS NPs的粒度分布图、电势分布图和透射电子显微镜成像图;
图4从上至下依次为5FU-NCS NPs的粒度分布图、电势分布图和透射电子显微镜成像图;
图5从上至下依次为5FU-FA-NCS NPs的粒度分布图、电势分布图和透射电子显微镜成像图;
图6为5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs在pH=7.4、pH=5的PBS缓冲液中在48小时内的5FU释放曲线;
图7为5FU-NCS NPs15天内的粒径、zeta电位和PDI值变化趋势图;
图8为5FU-FA-NCS NPs15天内的粒径、zeta电位和PDI值变化趋势图;
图9为MTT法测定的不同浓度NCS和FA-NCS对RKO细胞活性的影响;
图10为MTT法测定的不同浓度游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs对RKO细胞活性的影响;
图11为体外4小时,RKO细胞摄取FITC标记的游离5FU、5FU NCS NPs和5FU FA NCSNP的结果图;
图12-13为PBS、游离5FU、5FU NCS NPs和5FU FA NCS NP在12和24小时对RKO细胞迁移的抑制效果图;
图14-15为流式细胞仪检测RKO细胞凋亡结果图;
图16-19依次为尾静脉注射PBS、游离5FU、5FU NCS NPs和5FU FA NCS NPs后18天内裸鼠的体重、肿瘤体积、肿瘤组织图像和肿瘤重量的变化图;
图20A为游离FITC(a)、FITC标记的5FU NCS NPs(b)和FITC标记5FU FA NCS NPs(c)在2、8和24小时后尾静脉注射的荧光图像;图20B为尾静脉注射游离FITC(a)、FITC标记的5FU-NCS NPs(b)和FITC标记5FU-FA-NCS NPs(c)24小时后,获得器官和肿瘤的离体荧光图像;
图21为尾静脉注射PBS、游离5FU、5FU NCS NPs和5FU FA NCS NPs24小时后裸鼠心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾和肿瘤组织的H&E染色图(A);肿瘤组织的TUNEL和Ki67染色图(B)。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细的说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
下述实施例中涉及的材料,除特别注明的材料外,均可从商业渠道获得。对于未特别注明的工艺参数,可参照常规技术进行。
实施例1叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒(5FU-FA-NCS NPs)的制备
包括如下步骤:
(1)N-琥珀酰壳聚糖(NSC)的合成:
将1g(0.0062mol)CS溶解于20mL 5%(w/v)乙酸溶液中,并用20mL二甲基亚砜(DMSO)稀释。向上述溶液中加入3.18g(0.0248mol)琥珀酸酐,并在60℃下反应8小时。反应完成后,反应产物用去离子水透析2天,冷冻干燥,得NSC。
(2)叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖(FA-NSC)的合成:
将1g(0.0035mol)NCS、0.567g(0.0035mol)N,N-羰基二咪唑(CDI)和0.5635g(0.0035mol)三乙胺(TEA)溶解在25mL吡啶中,并在25℃下在氮气保护下避光反应6小时。反应结束时,缓慢滴加50mL0.044%(w/v)的叶酸的DMSO溶液,并在氮气保护和避光下在25℃继续反应24小时。最后,溶液用去离子水透析2天并冷冻干燥,得FA-NCS。
分别取CS、NCS和FA-NCS各2mg与2mg干燥溴化钾固体混合研磨。粉末充分混合,细磨并压制成薄片,用于测定红外光谱(FTIR)。
分别取CS、NCS和FA-NCS各0.5mg,D2O作为样品溶剂,四甲基硅烷(TMS)作为测定NMR氢谱的内标,测定样品的核磁共振氢谱(H-NMR)。
结果如图2所示。CS、NCS和FA-NCS的傅里叶变换红外光谱如图2(A)所示。与CS相比,NCS在1720cm-1(C=O)和1560cm-1处(N-H)显示出新的吸收峰,表明反应形成了酰胺键。在1405cm-1(-COOH)处,NCS的吸收峰增加并加宽,表明产物中存在羧基。FA-NCS在1610cm-1和1471cm-1处具有额外的峰,这是叶酸上方苯环的特征吸收峰(C-H)。
CS、NCS和FA-NCS的核磁共振氢谱如图2(B)所示。与CS相比,NCS在12-13ppm处出现一个新的峰值(-COOH)。FA-NCS在6-9ppm处出现一个新的峰,这是由FA(-C-H)中苯环的振动产生的峰,而羧基峰在12-13ppm处消失,这表明FA-NCS是通过FA与NCS的羧基的酰胺化反应合成的。综上所述,成功地合成了NCS和FA-NCS。
(3)叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒(5FU-FA-NCS NPs):
将0.05g FA-NSC溶解于20mL pH为9的PBS中,在温度为37℃、搅拌速度为1500r/min的条件下搅拌30分钟,然后将0.02g 5-氟尿嘧啶(5FU)缓慢加入溶液中,在搅拌速度为1500r/min的条件下继续搅拌24小时,接着在超声功率为600W的条件下超声处理40分钟,最后用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得5FU-FA-NCS NPs。
对比例1NCS NPs的制备
通过超声自组装制备NCS NPs:将20mg NCS溶解在20mL pH为9的PBS中,并在37℃水浴中以1500r/min的搅拌速度强烈搅拌24小时;然后用超声波粉碎机在超声功率为600W的条件下将溶液超声处理40分钟,得NCS NPs。
对比例2 5FU-NCS NPs的制备
5FU通过自组装的NCS加载。将0.05g NSC溶解于20mL pH为9的PBS中,在温度为37℃、搅拌速度为1500r/min的条件下搅拌30分钟,然后将0.02g 5FU缓慢加入溶液中,在搅拌速度为1500r/min的条件下继续搅拌24小时,接着在超声功率为600W的条件下超声处理40分钟,最后用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得5FU-FA-NCS NPs。
试验例一、NPs的表征
将实施例1、对比例1和对比例2制得的NPs溶解在纯水中,并通过动态光散射(DLS)测量其尺寸和zeta电位。
将实施例1、对比例1和对比例2制得的NPs溶解在纯水中,滴在涂覆有碳支撑膜的铜网上,并在自然空气干燥后通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)检测纳米颗粒的形态。
结果如图3-5所示。通过DLS测量了NCS NPs、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs的粒度分布和电势分布。所有三种纳米颗粒的粒径接近200nm,PDI值接近或低于0.3,具有相对均匀的分布。电位分布在-22和-25mV之间。通过透射电镜观察了三种纳米颗粒的表面形貌。发现纳米颗粒接近球形,平均粒径略小于DLS。推测TEM测量的颗粒尺寸为高真空干燥状态,DLS测量介质为溶液,且纳米颗粒在其中溶胀,因此测量的颗粒大小较大。
试验例二、NPs的包封效率(LC)和载药量(EE)
试验样品为实施例1和对比例2制得的NPs。
通过紫外分光光度计测定纳米颗粒的LC和EE。称取适量的载药纳米颗粒并超声溶解于适量的乙酸溶液中。在265nm处测量溶液的UV吸光度,以获得溶液中5FU的浓度。根据以下公式计算纳米颗粒的载药量和包封效率:
结果如表1所示,本发明提供的5FU-FA-NCS NPs显示出较高的载药力和包封率。
表1 5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs的载药量和包封效率
载药量 | 包封效率 | |
5FU-NCS NPs | 13.04% | 37.47% |
5FU-FA-NCS NPs | 15.90% | 47.27% |
试验例三、NPs的体外药物释放
进行两个pH值(pH 5.0、7.4)的体外药物释放研究。试验样品为实施例1和对比例2制得的NPs。
将10mg纳米颗粒溶解在10mLPBS(pH=7.4)中,然后将其移入透析袋(MWCO=3500)。然后将透析袋放入20mL pH=7.4或pH=5的PBS缓冲液中,并在37℃和100rpm下摇动以避光。以预定时间间隔取样,除去所有20mL释放溶液并补充等量的PBS缓冲液。通过紫外分光光度计测量溶液的吸光度,计算纳米颗粒的药物释放效率。
结果如图6所示。
为了模拟肿瘤组织和正常组织的微环境,并研究5FU-NCS纳米粒和5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒的释放效率,本发明设计了纳米粒在pH5.0和pH7.4的PBS中的释放。在pH5.0和pH7.4中,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒的释放效率高于5FU-NCS纳米粒,在pH5.0和pH 7.4的48h,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒释放效率分别达到85.16%和85.05%,5FU-NCS纳米粒在48h时分别达到68.1%和64.41%。
试验例四、NPs的稳定性试验
将实施例1和对比例2制得的NPs置于常温下。在第1、3、5、7、11和15天,通过DLS测量纳米颗粒的粒径、zeta电位和PDI值。每次测量使用至少三组10次运行进行。
结果如图7-8所示。
通过在15天内测量粒径、zeta电位和PDI值来评估5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs的稳定性。由图7-8可以看出,5FU-NCS NPs的粒度、PDI值和电势在15天内显示出良好的稳定性。5FU-FA-NCS NPs的电势在15天内也显示出良好的稳定性,颗粒尺寸和PDI值从第3天到第7天显著增加,并且在第7天之后保持稳定,这可能是因为一些纳米颗粒可能聚集。这两种纳米颗粒在15天内保持良好的稳定性,表明这两种纳米粒子具有稳定发挥抗肿瘤作用的潜力。
试验例五、药效学评价
1、细胞系和培养
结肠癌RKO细胞由湘雅医院提供。RKO细胞在37℃的5%CO2中培养,使用补充10%胎牛血清(FBS)和1%(v/v)青霉素和链霉素的DMEM。
2、细胞毒性
MTT法计算细胞存活率。将RKO细胞接种到96孔板中,每个孔中有4×103个细胞。24小时后,添加不同浓度的NCS、FA-NCS、游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs、5FU-FA-NCS NPs(基于5FU浓度)。孵育48小时后,移除培养基,加入溶于PBS的20μL MTT溶液(5μg/mL)。孵育4小时后加入150μL DMSO,振荡10分钟后通过酶标记测定490nm处的吸光度值(A)。
3、体外细胞摄取
RKO细胞在6孔板(1×106细胞/孔)中培养24小时,底部有爬板。然后移除旧培养基,并添加200μL标记有游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs或5FU-FA-NCS NPs的新鲜培养基。4小时后,用PBS洗涤细胞并用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定。用PBS洗涤细胞并用DAPI染色。暗孵育后,用共焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察和拍摄胶束。
4、细胞迁移
RKO细胞在6孔板(6×105细胞/孔)中培养。24小时后,用1000μL无菌枪头垂直刮除每个孔,并用PBS清洗三次。移除旧培养基并添加无血清培养基,然后添加游离5FU、5FU-NCSNPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs(5FU浓度为10μg/ml)溶液,并建立PBS对照组。在0、12和24小时使用显微镜观察划痕愈合。
5、细胞凋亡
膜联蛋白V-FITC/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡。RKO细胞在6孔板(1.5×105细胞/孔)中培养24小时,然后更换培养基。添加200μL NCS、FA-NCS、游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs(5FU浓度为10μg/mL)溶液,继续孵育72小时。孵育后,收集6孔板中的所有细胞,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。
6、动物模型
所有动物均购自湖南SJA实验动物,并在SPF设备中饲养。将0.2mL(1×107细胞/mL)处于对数生长期的RKO细胞皮下注射到BALB/c小鼠的右后腿。每日观察和游标卡尺测量肿瘤直径。当肿瘤为50-100mm3时,成功构建肿瘤模型。
7、体内抗肿瘤效率
选择荷瘤小鼠,每3天在尾静脉注射PBS、游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCSNPs,共21天。每次给药时记录荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤体积和体重。在第21天对小鼠实施安乐死,通过尸检分离心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾和肿瘤组织。记录肿瘤生长曲线和体重变化曲线。
8、体内荧光成像
将游离FITC、FITC标记的5FU-NCS NPs和FITC标记5FU-FA-NCS NPs注射到荷瘤小鼠的尾静脉中。在注射后2小时、8小时和24小时通过荧光成像系统观察药物在体内的分布。注射后24小时处死裸鼠,立即解剖以分离心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾和肿瘤组织。通过荧光成像系统分析每个器官的平均荧光强度。
9、H&E、TUNEL和Ki67分析
解剖和分离的主要器官和肿瘤组织用PBS冲洗三次,固定在4%多聚甲醛中,石蜡包埋并切片。通过组织学染色分析组织。
10、统计分析
使用t检验或单因素方差分析进行统计分析(*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001)。
11、试验结果
(1)细胞毒性
结果如图9-10所示。
在MTT实验中,本发明设计了材料组的NCS和FA-NCS以及药物组的游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs,以研究纳米颗粒的抗肿瘤活性。如图9所示,MTT测定结果显示NCS和FA-NCS对RKO细胞没有细胞毒性,表明合成的纳米材料NCS和FA-NCS具有良好的生物相容性。游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs对RKO细胞具有明显的细胞毒性,且毒性与浓度呈剂量-效应关系(图10)。其中,5FU-FA-NCS NPs对RKO的细胞毒性最强,这可能与FA结合FR介导RKO细胞主动摄取5FU-FA-NCS NPs有关。
(2)体外细胞摄取
结果如图11所示。
FITC标记的游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPS与RKO细胞共孵育4小时。通过荧光倒置显微镜观察RKO在纳米颗粒上的摄取性能。FITC标记的游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs显示绿色荧光,DAPI染色显示细胞核中的蓝色荧光。两者的重合表示细胞摄取。图11显示了摄取实验的结果。两个纳米颗粒组的摄取效率均高于游离5FU组,且纳米颗粒组中5FUFANCS NPs的荧光强度更强,证实叶酸修饰可显著改善肿瘤细胞对纳米颗粒的摄取,显示其在肿瘤治疗中的潜在应用。
(3)细胞迁移
结果如图12-13所示。
结果显示,对照组的划痕逐渐愈合,而游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs的愈合能力减弱,可显著抑制RKO细胞的迁移。游离5FU和5FU-NCS NPs的抑制效果相似,5FU-NCS NPs略高于游离5FUs,而5FU FA-NCS NPs具有最高的抑制效果。游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs的统计结果与PBS无显著差异,与5FU-FA-NCS NPs有显著差异,表明叶酸修饰的纳米颗粒对RKO细胞迁移具有更强的抑制作用。
(4)细胞凋亡
结果如图14-15所示。
通过流式细胞术进一步评估了纳米颗粒的抗肿瘤功效。与MTT试验结果一致,NCS和FA-NCS组诱导的细胞凋亡率与对照组无显著差异。游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCSNPs组与对照组显著不同,凋亡率依次为62.42%、66.17%、75.09%。5FU-FA-NCS-NPs组诱导的RKO细胞凋亡率最高,表明叶酸修饰有利于5FU负载纳米颗粒诱导的RKO细胞凋亡。
(5)体内抗肿瘤效率
结果如图16-19所示。
如图16所示,给药后各组小鼠的体重没有显著差异,表明制备的纳米颗粒在体内没有明显的不良反应,并显示出良好的生物相容性。图17-19结果显示,药物组游离5FU、5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCS NPs均可抑制肿瘤生长,其中纳米颗粒组比游离药物组具有更高的抑制效力,而5FU-FA-NCS NPs对肿瘤具有最强的抑制作用。实验结果表明纳米粒在体内通过EPR效应被动靶向并聚集在肿瘤组织中,5FU-FA-NCS纳米粒也通过FA识别FR靶向主动靶向肿瘤组织。
(6)体内荧光成像
结果如图20所示。
通过体内荧光成像系统观察游离FITC和FTIC标记的5FU-NCS NPs和5FU-FA-NCSNPs在2小时、8小时和24小时的分布。如图20(A)所示,游离FITC组的荧光分布在裸鼠全身,FTIC标记的5FU-NCS NPs组和FTIC标记5FU-FA-NCS NPs组的荧光主要集中在肿瘤组织。两个纳米颗粒组在肿瘤部位的荧光强度均高于游离FITC组。这可能是由于EPR效应以及FA和FR之间的相互作用导致纳米颗粒在肿瘤组织中累积。图20(B)显示游离FITC组在肾脏中的荧光强度显著高于其他两个纳米颗粒组,在肿瘤组织中没有显著的荧光强度;而两个纳米颗粒组在肿瘤中具有高荧光强度和相对较高的FTIC标记的5FU FA NCS NPs。这些结果表明纳米颗粒在体内具有肿瘤组织靶向性。
(7)H&E、TUNEL和Ki67分析
结果如图21所示。
H&E染色、TUNEL染色和Ki67染色用于评估纳米颗粒对主要器官和肿瘤组织的影响。H&E染色结果如图21(A)所示。在PBS组、5FU-NCS NPs组和5FU-FA-NCS NPs组中,对小鼠的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏没有明显损伤,表明纳米粒在体内没有损伤正常组织。在游离5FU组中观察到肝损伤,推测5FU可能导致急性肝损伤。PBS组无明显肿瘤坏死。纳米颗粒组诱导的肿瘤坏死高于游离药物组,5FU-FA-NCS NPs组的肿瘤坏死最高。肿瘤组织TUNEL染色和Ki67染色结果与HE染色结果一致。结果表明,纳米颗粒组比游离药物组诱导更高的肿瘤组织坏死,与其他组相比,5FU-FA-NCS NPs具有最佳的体内抗肿瘤活性(图21(B))。
以上所述的仅是本发明的一些实施方式。对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明创造构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)将壳聚糖溶解于乙酸溶液或甲酸溶液中并用DMSO稀释,加入琥珀酸酐在温度为55-65℃的条件下反应6-10小时,反应产物用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得N-琥珀酰壳聚糖;
(2)将N-琥珀酰壳聚糖、N,N-羰基二咪唑和三乙胺溶解于吡啶中,在温度为20-30℃、避光、氮气保护的条件下反应4-8小时,然后加入叶酸的DMSO溶液,在温度为20-30℃、避光、氮气保护的条件下反应18-30小时,反应产物用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖;
(3)将叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖溶解于磷酸盐缓冲液中,在温度为36-38℃的条件下搅拌20-45分钟,然后加入5-氟尿嘧啶,搅拌18-30小时,接着超声处理30-45分钟,最后用去离子水透析,冷冻干燥,得叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述壳聚糖与琥珀酸酐的摩尔比为1:4。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述壳聚糖与DMSO的质量体积比为0.05g/mL。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,N-琥珀酰壳聚糖、N,N-羰基二咪唑、三乙胺和叶酸的摩尔比为1:1:1:1.43。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述叶酸修饰的N-琥珀酰壳聚糖和5-氟尿嘧啶的质量比为5:2。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述磷酸盐缓冲液的pH为9。
7.根据权利要求5或6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,搅拌的转速为1500r/min。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的制备方法制得的叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒。
9.根据权利要求8所述的叶酸修饰N-琥珀酰壳聚糖负载5-氟尿嘧啶纳米粒在制备肿瘤靶向治疗药物中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述肿瘤为结肠癌。
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