CN116570006A - Process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation - Google Patents
Process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation Download PDFInfo
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 title 1
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 240000006024 Lactobacillus plantarum Species 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 235000013965 Lactobacillus plantarum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229940072205 lactobacillus plantarum Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000020985 whole grains Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 235000012149 noodles Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001095 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 6
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000186660 Lactobacillus Species 0.000 description 4
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229940039696 lactobacillus Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000007696 Kjeldahl method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000944 Soxhlet extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241001052560 Thallis Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010170 biological method Methods 0.000 description 1
- WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+) Chemical compound [Cd+2] WLZRMCYVCSSEQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009630 liquid culture Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000037323 metabolic rate Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000031877 prophase Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
- A23L7/104—Fermentation of farinaceous cereal or cereal material; Addition of enzymes or microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/30—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation
- A23L5/32—Physical treatment, e.g. electrical or magnetic means, wave energy or irradiation using phonon wave energy, e.g. sound or ultrasonic waves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/14—Measures for saving energy, e.g. in green houses
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Abstract
The invention discloses a process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation, and belongs to the technical field of deep processing of heavy metal polluted rice. The method is used for inoculating lactobacillus plantarum in the process of soaking the rice polluted by cadmium, combines low-intensity ultrasonic treatment, utilizes the growth promotion and acidogenesis promotion effects of low-intensity ultrasonic waves on lactobacillus plantarum, has a cadmium removal rate of 67.05 +/-1.38% after fermentation for 10 hours, has cadmium content of less than 0.2mg/kg after cadmium removal, can be applied to rice noodle production, and has better quality and flavor. The invention has the advantages of green pollution-free, short fermentation time, high cadmium removal efficiency, high application value and the like, and provides a basis for solving the comprehensive treatment problem of heavy metal polluted grains.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation, and belongs to the technical field of deep processing of heavy metal polluted rice.
Background
Cadmium pollution is becoming more serious due to the aggravation of human activities, and causes daily metal intake of crops planted in soil to increase. Rice has also been severely affected as a major human food, and as early as the 50 th century, the "pain" event caused by cadmium-out rice occurred in japan. The existing rice cadmium removing method mainly comprises a physical method, a chemical method and a microorganism method. The physical method mainly achieves the aim of cadmium removal by physical modes such as cleaning, soaking and the like, but has low cadmium removal rate and long time consumption; the chemical rule refers to cadmium removal by adding substances such as acid, alkali and the like, but the problem of residual chemical reagent limits the further development of the cadmium removal; the microbiological rule means that by changing the microbial environment in the soaking liquid, the fermentation process is improved, and the metabolism and adsorption of microorganisms such as lactobacillus and saccharomycetes are utilized for cadmium removal, and the method has mild treatment conditions and can shorten the treatment time and is attracting more and more attention.
At present, some patents disclose methods for removing heavy metals from rice by strengthening natural fermentation processes by lactobacillus plantarum fermentation combined with other physical, chemical and biological methods. CN108292224a discloses a method for removing heavy metal cadmium in rice by lactobacillus plantarum fermentation, which uses lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC No.6077 to inoculate rice, and ferments for 24 hours at 37 ℃, while the method has high cadmium removal rate, the fermentation time is long (24 hours), and more nutrient substances in the rice are lost; CN104489489a discloses a method for reducing heavy metal cadmium in rice by mixed fermentation of lactobacillus and saccharomycetes, but the method is to remove cadmium from crushed rice powder, and the cadmium removal effect applied to whole rice is unknown; CN 105341674B discloses a fermentation method for reducing the content of heavy metal cadmium in rice, but the process is complex, the specific strain in the traditional fermentation broth is undefined, and the used nutrients are more; CN111109508A discloses a method for reducing cadmium in rice by utilizing composite biological enzyme and composite lactobacillus, the cadmium removal rate is higher, but the cost is higher, and the fermentation system is more complex; CN110226705a discloses a method for reducing cadmium in cadmium-containing rice by strengthening natural fermentation, but the used organic acid may have chemical residue problem.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for removing cadmium from whole rice in a simple, efficient, short-time and low-cost manner, and minimizing the loss of nutrients in rice.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve at least one problem, the invention overcomes the defects of the existing rice cadmium removing technology, provides the method for removing cadmium in rice by combining low-intensity ultrasonic waves with high application value and lactobacillus plantarum, which has simple process, low cost, short time and high efficiency and can reduce nutrient loss as much as possible, and can be used for cadmium removal of whole rice. The method of the invention is used for inoculating lactobacillus plantarum in the process of soaking the rice polluted by cadmium, and adding low-intensity ultrasonic treatment at proper time, thus remarkably reducing the cadmium content in the rice polluted by cadmium and having great significance on the utilization of grain resources polluted by heavy metals.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows: a process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation comprises the following steps:
(1) After cleaning the rice polluted by cadmium, inoculating lactobacillus plantarum with a certain inoculation amount and thallus concentration into rice soaking liquid for fermentation; wherein the fermentation time is within 12 hours; the rice is whole grain rice;
(2) Inserting low-intensity ultrasonic waves in a proper lactobacillus plantarum growth stage;
(3) After the ultrasonic assisted fermentation cadmium removing process is completed, the soaking liquid is separated from the soaked rice, and the cadmium removing rice is cleaned.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises applying the cadmium-free rice to rice processing.
In one embodiment, in the step (1), the cadmium-polluted rice has a cadmium content of more than 0.2mg/kg, exceeds the limit requirement of the pollutant limit in national food safety Standard of GB2762-2022, and is edible rice after cadmium removal.
In one embodiment, in step (1), the fermentation time is within 10 hours.
In one embodiment, in the step (1), the condition of cadmium-removing fermentation is 37 ℃, the feed liquid ratio of whole rice to deionized water is 1:3.8 (w/v), and the fermentation time is 10h. The rice can be fully contacted with the soaking liquid under the feed liquid ratio.
In one embodiment, in step (1), the fermentation broth is lactobacillus plantarum (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum), designated cic 20261, available commercially from the national center for culture collection cic.
In one embodiment, in step (1), lactobacillus plantarum is activated, cultured and made into a seed solution using MRS broth at 37 ℃, and the seed solution is diluted and inoculated into a soak.
In one embodiment, in step (1), lactobacillus plantarum is inoculated to a cell concentration of up to 10 8 CFU/mL and above.
In one embodiment, in the step (1), the lactobacillus plantarum inoculum size is 3.0% (v/v), and the thallus concentration is 10 8 CFU/mL. The lactobacillus plantarum has a good growth environment under the inoculation condition, can grow and reproduce rapidly, and in the process, nutrients in rice are utilized to promote the dissolution of bound cadmium, and the produced metabolites such as lactic acid have the effect of complexing cadmium, so that the cadmium removal efficiency can be promoted to be improved.
In one embodiment, in the step (2), the low-intensity ultrasonic wave means a power of less than 1W/cm 2 Is a low intensity ultrasound.
In one embodiment, in step (2), the intervening phase of low intensity ultrasound is the 5 th hour of fermentation. The 5 th hour of fermentation is the exponential prophase of the lactobacillus plantarum growth curve, at which the growth promoting effect of the intervention of low-intensity ultrasound is most remarkable.
In one embodiment, in step (2), the ultrasound conditions are an ultrasound intensity of 0.6-0.8W/cm 2 The ultrasonic time is 20-40min, and the ultrasonic time is 8-12s after every 25-35 s.
In one embodimentWherein in the step (2), the ultrasonic condition is that the ultrasonic intensity is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasound time 30min, pulse duty cycle 28s/10s (i.e. ultrasound lasts 28s, 10 s). Too high ultrasonic intensity, too long ultrasonic time or too large pulse duty ratio can inhibit the growth and propagation activities of lactobacillus plantarum, and are unfavorable for improving the cadmium removal rate. The lactobacillus plantarum is in a sublethal state under the ultrasonic condition, the cell membrane permeability of the lactobacillus plantarum is changed, the metabolic rate is accelerated in the repairing process, the lactic acid yield is increased, and the aim of efficiently removing cadmium is fulfilled.
In one embodiment, the rice noodle is processed by cleaning, pulping, curing, extruding, proportioning and packaging, the rice noodle obtained by the method has higher water content, belongs to fresh wet rice noodles, and has better flavor.
The second object of the present invention is to provide cadmium-removed whole rice prepared according to the above method.
It is a third object of the present invention to provide the use of the de-cadmium whole grain rice or the method of removing cadmium from rice in the preparation of rice products, including but not limited to rice noodles.
The invention has the advantages and effects that:
(1) The method does not need to crush and pretreat the rice, adopts low-intensity ultrasonic wave combined lactobacillus plantarum fermentation treatment, and has simple process; meanwhile, the fermentation system is simple, other organic acids are not needed, and the method is green, safe and pollution-free;
(2) The invention shortens the cadmium removing time on the basis of low energy consumption and low cost; cadmium in whole rice can be efficiently removed within 12 hours or even 10 hours; the method of the invention introduces the ultrasonic technology, has low cost and high industrialization degree, and is very suitable for actual production;
(3) The method has good cadmium removal effect, the cadmium removal rate is more than 67%, the cadmium content of the rice after cadmium removal is less than 0.2mg/kg, and the cadmium content of the prepared rice noodle is less than 0.1mg/kg, thereby meeting the cadmium limit index requirement of pollutant limit in national food safety Standard of GB 2762-2012;
(4) The method disclosed by the invention is used for treating the whole cadmium-polluted rice, has small influence on the quality of the rice, basically does not lose nutrients in the rice, and has high practical application value;
(5) The cadmium-removed rice obtained by the invention can be further used for preparing rice products, such as rice noodle products.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the effect of the intervention of ultrasound treatment on the biomass of Lactobacillus plantarum at different growth stages.
FIG. 2 is a one-factor experiment.
Detailed Description
1. Technical principle of the invention
Inoculating lactobacillus plantarum in the rice soaking process to strengthen the fermentation and cadmium removal process, introducing low-intensity ultrasonic waves, and utilizing the growth and acid promotion effects of the lactobacillus plantarum and the adsorption effect of the lactobacillus plantarum on cadmium ions to achieve the purpose of efficiently removing cadmium. In the soaking process of the rice, free cadmium is taken away by the soaking liquid, and the moisture infiltrates the inside of the rice, so that the structure of the rice becomes loose and porous. In the growth and propagation process of lactobacillus plantarum, the nutrients such as protein in the rice can be utilized to dissolve out cadmium combined with the protein in the rice. The metabolite lactic acid of the lactobacillus plantarum can complex the bound cadmium in the rice through an acid effect, and lactobacillus plantarum thalli have an adsorption effect on the cadmium, so that the cadmium in the rice can be effectively removed.
2. Preparation of lactobacillus plantarum seed solution
Under the aseptic condition, the strain freeze-dried powder is activated in MRS broth and inoculated obliquely, and the activated strain liquid and 50% glycerol are packaged and stored in a refrigerator at the temperature of minus 80 ℃. Taking 1 loop of colony from the surface of the slant culture medium in an ultra-clean bench, inoculating the colony to the liquid culture medium, and carrying out static culture at 37 ℃ for 12 hours to prepare seed liquid.
3. Regarding the biological material used in the present invention: lactobacillus plantarum (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) CICC20261, a commercial strain, is available from the national collection of bacterial culture CICC.
The invention is further illustrated below with reference to examples.
Example 1: method for removing cadmium in rice by combining low-intensity ultrasonic waves with lactobacillus plantarum
1kg of rice with cadmium content of 0.239mg/kg is taken, washed by deionized water to remove dust and impurities, and evenly mixed with 3.8kg of deionized water according to a feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v). Diluting Lactobacillus plantarum seed solution to OD 600 =0.33, i.e. a bacterial concentration of 3.3x10 8 CFU/mL, 114mL of diluted bacterial solution is inoculated into the soaking solution, and the bacterial solution is placed in a constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for incubation. At 5h, the intensity of the interventional ultrasound is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasonic time is 30min, and pulse ratio is 28s/10s. And (5) continuing to incubate for 10 hours, taking out, and cleaning and soaking the rice with deionized water to obtain the rice after cadmium removal.
0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is taken, and the cadmium content is 0.078mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate is 67.36 percent by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Further, the rest cadmium-removed rice can be put into an automatic rice noodle machine to prepare rice noodles after being ground into pulp.
Example 2: method for removing cadmium in rice by combining low-intensity ultrasonic waves with lactobacillus plantarum
1kg of rice with cadmium content of 0.320mg/kg is taken, washed by deionized water to remove dust and impurities, and evenly mixed with 3.8kg of deionized water according to a feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v). Diluting Lactobacillus plantarum seed solution to OD 600 =0.32, i.e. a bacterial concentration of 3.2×10 8 CFU/mL, 114mL of diluted bacterial solution is inoculated into the soaking solution, and the bacterial solution is placed in a constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for incubation. At 5h, the intensity of the interventional ultrasound is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasonic time is 30min, and pulse ratio is 28s/10s. And (5) continuing to incubate for 10 hours, taking out, and cleaning and soaking the rice with deionized water to obtain the rice after cadmium removal.
0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is taken, and the cadmium content is 0.110mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate is 65.63 percent as measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method.
Further, the rest cadmium-removed rice can be put into an automatic rice noodle machine to prepare rice noodles after being ground into pulp.
Example 3: method for removing cadmium in rice by combining low-intensity ultrasonic waves with lactobacillus plantarum
Taking 1kg of rice with cadmium content of 0.451mg/kg, and using deionized waterCleaning to remove dust and impurities, and uniformly mixing with 3.8kg of deionized water according to a feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v). Diluting Lactobacillus plantarum seed solution to OD 600 =0.35, i.e. a bacterial concentration of 3.5x10 8 CFU/mL, 114mL of diluted bacterial solution is inoculated into the soaking solution, and the bacterial solution is placed in a constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for incubation. At 5h, the intensity of the interventional ultrasound is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasonic time is 30min, and pulse ratio is 28s/10s. And (5) continuing to incubate for 10 hours, taking out, and cleaning and soaking the rice with deionized water to obtain the rice after cadmium removal.
0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is taken, and the cadmium content is 0.149mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate is 66.96% as measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method.
Further, the rest cadmium-removed rice can be put into an automatic rice noodle machine to prepare rice noodles after being ground into pulp.
The rice before and after cadmium removal obtained in examples 1 to 3 was subjected to nutrient measurement, and specifically, the protein, starch and fat contents of the rice before and after cadmium removal were measured according to the Kjeldahl method of the determination of protein in national food Standard food for food safety of GB 5009.5-2016, the acid hydrolysis method of the determination of starch in national food Standard of food safety of GB 5009.9-2016, and the Soxhlet extraction method of the determination of fat in national food Standard of food safety of GB 5009.6-2016. The results show that the cadmium-free rice obtained in examples 1-3 has a reduced protein content of about 5.1% and no significant difference in starch and fat content, indicating that the rice of examples 1-3 does not substantially lose nutrients after the ultrasonic-assisted fermentation cadmium-free process.
Example 4: whole grain rice cadmium removing method under different ultrasonic conditions
The invention analyzes the low-intensity ultrasonic intervention stage and ultrasonic condition parameters, and the cadmium removing effect of the whole rice.
As shown in FIG. 1, the time of the low-intensity ultrasonic intervention was changed on the basis of example 1, and the result showed that the growth-promoting effect of the low-intensity ultrasonic intervention was the best in the early exponential phase (5 h) of Lactobacillus plantarum growth.
As shown in FIG. 2, on the basis of example 1, ultrasonic conditions were performed by a one-factor experimentAnd (5) optimizing. The results showed that the ultrasonic intensity was 0.7W/cm 2 The ultrasonic time is about 30min, the pulse ratio is about 30s/10s, and the best effect is achieved.
As shown in table 1, the ultrasonic conditions were optimized by a three-factor three-level response surface experiment, and multiple regression fitting was performed on the data to obtain the regression equation:
y= -61.25826+201.957411a+2.037190b+2.18251c-0.295633 AB-0.207183AC-0.010382BC-141.08011A2-0.025623B2-0.030722C2 (where a is ultrasonic intensity (W/cm) 2 ) B is ultrasonic time (min), C is pulse duty cycle. The P value of the regression model is 0.0012%<0.05 The regression equation is shown to be significant. The P value of the mismatch term is 0.6608%>0.05 And the model has no significance, which indicates that the established quadratic regression model is established and is well fitted with the actual situation, and the model can be used for analyzing and predicting the ultrasonic-assisted fermentation cadmium removal process conditions. Correlation coefficient R 2 0.9341, it is shown that the regression equation can be used for theoretical prediction of cadmium removal from rice by ultrasonic-assisted fermentation. Model adjustment relation coefficient R 2 adj 0.9461, the model can explain the change of 94.61% response value, has good fitting condition of the model to a test and small test error, can truly reflect the relation between the cadmium removal rate and the ultrasonic intensity, ultrasonic time and pulse duty ratio, and can be used for predicting the cadmium removal rate. According to the obtained model, the optimal ultrasonic auxiliary fermentation condition is predicted to be the optimal ultrasonic condition, and the ultrasonic intensity is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasonic time is 30min, and pulse duty ratio is 28s/10s.
Table 1 three factors three levels
Comparative example 1: cadmium removal from rice by using only plant lactobacillus
1kg of rice with cadmium content of 0.239mg/kg is taken, washed by deionized water to remove dust and impurities, and evenly mixed with 3.8kg of deionized water according to a feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v). Diluting Lactobacillus plantarum seed solution to OD 600 =0.35, i.e. a bacterial concentration of 3.5x10 8 CFU/mL into the soaking solution114mL of diluted bacterial liquid is inoculated and placed in a constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for incubation. Low intensity ultrasound is not interposed. Taking out after 14h incubation, and cleaning and soaking rice with deionized water to obtain the rice after cadmium removal.
0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is taken, and the cadmium content is 0.102mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate is 57.32% as measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method.
Comparative example 2: cadmium removal from rice only by using low-intensity ultrasonic waves
1kg of rice with cadmium content of 0.320mg/kg is taken, washed by deionized water to remove dust and impurities, evenly mixed with 3.8kg of deionized water according to the feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v), and placed in a constant temperature incubator at 37 ℃ for incubation. Lactobacillus plantarum was not inoculated. At 5h, the intensity of the interventional ultrasound is 0.66W/cm 2 Ultrasonic time is 30min, and pulse ratio is 28s/10s. Taking out after incubation, washing and soaking rice with deionized water to obtain the rice after cadmium removal.
The results show that incubation to 36 hours is required to obtain the rice with the best cadmium removal effect. 0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is taken, and the cadmium content is 0.161mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate is 49.69 percent as measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method.
Comparative example 3: neither inoculating lactobacillus plantarum nor intervening low-intensity ultrasonic wave
1kg of rice with the cadmium content of 0.451mg/kg is taken, washed by deionized water to remove dust and impurities, and evenly mixed with 3.8kg of deionized water according to the feed-liquid ratio of 1:3.8 (w/v). Inoculating no Lactobacillus plantarum, placing in a constant temperature incubator at 37deg.C for incubation without intervention of low intensity ultrasonic wave, taking out, and cleaning soaked rice with deionized water to obtain rice after cadmium removal.
The results show that 36 hours of incubation is required to obtain the rice with the best cadmium removal effect. 0.2g of cadmium-removed rice is measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method to have the cadmium content of 0.315mg/kg and the cadmium removal rate of 30.15 percent, but the cadmium content is more than 0.2mg/kg, so that the cadmium-removed rice does not meet the food safety standard limit requirement.
Claims (10)
1. The process for removing cadmium in rice by low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted artificial fermentation is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) After cleaning the rice polluted by cadmium, inoculating lactobacillus plantarum with a certain inoculation amount and thallus concentration into rice soaking liquid for fermentation; wherein the fermentation time is within 12 hours; the rice is whole grain rice;
(2) Inserting low-intensity ultrasonic waves in a proper lactobacillus plantarum growth stage;
(3) After the ultrasonic assisted fermentation cadmium removing process is completed, the soaking liquid is separated from the soaked rice, and the cadmium removing rice is cleaned.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the fermentation time is within 10 hours.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step (1), the fermentation broth is lactobacillus plantarum (lactplantibiotic splantarum), numbered cic 20261.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), lactobacillus plantarum is inoculated to a cell concentration of up to 10 8 CFU/mL and above.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), the intervening stage of low intensity ultrasound is the 5 th hour of fermentation.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the low-intensity ultrasonic wave means a power of less than 1W/cm 2 Is a low intensity ultrasound.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the ultrasonic condition is an ultrasonic intensity of 0.6 to 0.8W/cm 2 The ultrasonic time is 20-40min, and the ultrasonic time is 8-12s after every 25-35 s.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (1), the cadmium contaminated rice has a cadmium content of greater than 0.2mg/kg.
9. Cadmium-removed whole grain rice prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. Use of the cadmium-free whole rice according to claim 9 or the method for removing cadmium from rice according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for the preparation of rice products.
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