CN116568332A - 氯吡格雷用于治疗局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(fsgs) - Google Patents
氯吡格雷用于治疗局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(fsgs) Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4365—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system having sulfur as a ring hetero atom, e.g. ticlopidine
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种包含氯吡格雷或其盐或溶剂化物的药物制剂,其用于治疗局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含氯吡格雷或其盐或溶剂化物的药物制剂,其用于治疗局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。
背景技术
局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)是一种严重肾小球疾病,经常导致终末期肾脏疾病。FSGS用于描述由一些肾小球(病灶)的一些部分(节段性)中存在硬化所定义的组织病理学病变。这种病变既指以原发性足细胞损伤为特征的疾病,也指继发于包括高血压、肥胖或病毒在内的其他影响的疾病。FSGS可以在没有可鉴定原因的情况下被发现(特发性)。
FSGS的最常见表现是蛋白尿,其范围为从亚肾病到肾病水平(重度蛋白尿(heavyproteinuria)、低白蛋白血症和高脂血症)。重度蛋白尿与肾功能的进行性丧失和肾衰竭相关。其占终末期肾病(ESRD)的约15%。大量蛋白尿(>10-15g/天)会导致肾功能迅速恶化并且在2-3年内进展为ESRD。
没有批准用于FSGS的药物。目前用于FSGS患者的标准护理包括类固醇、ACE抑制剂或ARB、免疫抑制药物诸如糖皮质激素或通过钙调磷酸酶抑制剂,如果需要,则用于治疗糖皮质激素不耐受或反应不充分;利尿药、血浆置换、饮食改变和他汀类药物。
WO 2006029349 A1描述了PPAR激动剂单独地或与血小板聚集抑制剂组合用于延缓糖尿病性疾病或障碍、高脂血症性疾病或障碍、代谢性疾病或障碍和/或心血管疾病或障碍或成瘾性疾病的进展或对其治疗的用途。
Tu X.et al.,2008报道了氯吡格雷由于抑制肾脏炎症而在由手术肾消融5/6肾脏体积引起的早期肾损伤中的用途。
Peters H.et al.,(2004)提及了在急性肾小球创伤修复的大鼠模型中分析氯吡格雷对实验性急性抗thy1肾小球肾炎早期损伤和随后修复期的作用。
Su X.et al.,(2019)综述了抗血小板疗法对患有慢性肾脏疾病的患者的心血管和肾脏结局的影响并且描述了抗血小板剂的应用可能提供总净益处。
KR 20180121722 A公开了一种用于预防或治疗肾病的组合物,所述组合物包含普伐他汀和抗血小板剂诸如氯吡格雷。
然而,上述方法仅具有较低的响应率。肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮(RAAS)阻断剂也用于控制蛋白尿,蛋白尿是FSGS的重要特征。然而,现有的治疗只取得了有限的成功。
在美国,每年约有5400名患者被诊断出FSGS,但病例数量的增长超过了肾病综合征的任何其他病例。每年大约有1,000名FSGS患者接受肾移植。然而,在肾移植后的几小时到几周内,大约30%-40%的患者重新出现FSGS。然而,只有20%的患者在治疗5年后达到完全缓解,并且40%的患者没有显示出缓解(Troyanov S.et al.,2005)。
尽管有最好的护理,但治疗失效是常见的并且FSGS是大部分终末期肾病的原因。因此,对于FSGS的新型疾病缓和治疗存在未满足的需求。
发明内容
本发明目的通过本权利要求的主题得到解决并且如本文进一步所述。出人预料地,在动物研究中,本发明的化合物显著降低了尿液蛋白/肌酐比率(UPCR)和尿液白蛋白/肌酐比率(UACR),从而证明了显著的功能改善和减少的蛋白尿。
本发明提供了一种包含氯吡格雷或其盐或溶剂化物的药物制剂,其用于治疗局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。
具体地,本文所述的药物制剂用于治疗原发性FSGS。具体地,FSGS与糖尿病无关并且不是由糖尿病引起的。
根据本发明的实施方案,所述药物制剂是医药产品或药物产品,所述医药产品或药物产品包含氯吡格雷和药学上可接受的载体。
具体地,本文所述药物制剂通过全身施用。
根据实施方案,本文所述制剂中使用的氯吡格雷包含结构
具体地,本文所述制剂包含约10至400mg氯吡格雷。
根据又一个实施方案,本文所述药物制剂经配制用于全身施用,优选用于静脉内、肌内、皮下、皮内、经皮或口服施用。
根据又一个实施方案,本文所述药物制剂以喷雾剂、散剂、凝胶、软膏、乳膏、泡沫、或液体溶液、洗剂、漱口液、气雾化散剂、气雾化液体制剂、颗粒剂、胶囊、滴剂、片剂、糖浆、锭剂、或用于输注或注射的制剂的形式施用于受试者。
根据本发明,药物制剂用于治疗患有FSGS的受试者或处于发展为FSGS的风险中的受试者。
在又一个实施方案中,将本文所述药物制剂以有效量应用于患有FSGS的受试者或处于发展为FSGS的风险中的受试者。
具体地,所述制剂作为唯一物质施用,或者其中治疗或制剂与具有一种或多种活性物质的其它治疗或制剂组合。
更具体地,所述制剂与选自由以下项组成的组中的活性剂组合施用:抗病毒药物、抗凝剂、免疫调节剂、来自人类来源的抗体制剂、单克隆抗体、重症监护药物、抗高血压剂、他汀类药物、血管扩张剂、类固醇、细胞毒性药物、利尿药、非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)、胆固醇或甘油三酯降低剂。
附图说明
图1:用阿霉素(ADR)诱导FSGS,并且针对在诱导后的指定时间(以天计)的蛋白尿进行评价。UPCR=尿蛋白肌酐比率-蛋白尿和肾损伤的标志;标有“ctrl”的箱=患有FSGS的对照小鼠;标有“氯吡格雷”的箱=用氯吡格雷治疗的患有FSGS的小鼠;箱线图指示了中位数(中线)、四分位间距(箱)和95%置信区间(须)以及单独的数据点(散点)。在每个时间点的数据的上方标示出t检验的p值。
图2:在独立实验中,用阿霉素(ADR)诱导FSGS,并且针对在诱导后的指定时间(以天计)的蛋白尿进行评价。UPCR=尿蛋白肌酐比率-蛋白尿和肾损伤的标志;标有“ctrl”的箱=患有FSGS的对照小鼠;标有“氯吡格雷”的箱=用氯吡格雷治疗的患有FSGS的小鼠;箱线图指示了中位数(中线)、四分位间距(箱)和95%置信区间(须)以及单独的数据点(散点)。在每个时间点的数据的上方标示出t检验的p值。
图3:指示了随着时间的推移,氯吡格雷治疗引起UPCR(图A)和UACR(图B)的平均减少。顶部的数字分别指示第一实验和第二实验中使用的时间点。
图4:实验1.尾静脉注射后,对照动物和氯吡格雷治疗的动物的所有个体的尿液的UPCR值(左图)和UACR值(右图)。通过学生t检验(Student’s t-test)计算p值。
图5:实验2.尾静脉注射后,对照动物和氯吡格雷治疗的动物的所有个体的尿液的UPCR值(左图)和UACR值(右图)。通过学生t检验计算p值。
图6:每周测量小鼠的体重变化,并且描绘为起始体重的倍数变化。(A)实验1。(B)实验2。
图7:高放大倍率(63x,40x)的组织学评估。示出了阿霉素肾病对照动物(上图)和氯吡格雷治疗的动物(下图)的代表性PAS染色。黑色箭头指示选定的硬化区域。黑色星号指示代表肾小管扩张的蛋白管型。
图8:氯吡格雷疗法的组织病理学影响。(A)在两个独立实验中硬化性肾小球百分比的平均值,以描绘所有个体值的箱线图给出。(B和C)100%堆积柱形图,其根据硬化性肾小球的相对量(B)或肾小管扩张的严重程度(C)描绘了指示组的丰度。条形堆积图中的数字表示观察计数(n)。节段性硬化得分:0:n.d.,1:1%-4%,2:5%-9%,3:10%-19%,4:>=20%。肾小管扩张得分:0:无,1:轻度,2:中度,3:强,4:非常强。
图9:氯吡格雷疗法的组织学评估。示出了(A)野生型、(B-D)三只阿霉素肾病对照动物、(E-G)三例用氯吡格雷治疗的阿霉素肾病的PAS染色概况。黑色箭头指示选定的硬化性肾小球。黑色星号指示由于肾小管扩张和过滤过程失效而选择的蛋白管型。
具体实施方式
如本文所用的术语“包含”、“含有”、“具有”和“包括”可以同义使用,并且应当理解为开放的定义,允许包括其他成员或部分或要素。“组成”被认为是最接近的定义,没有组成定义特征的其他要素。因此,“包含”更宽泛并且含有“组成”的定义。
如本文所用的术语“约”是指相同的值或与给定值相差+/-10%或+/-5%的值。
如本文所述的氯吡格雷可以用作“生理上可接受的盐”。盐的选择主要通过化学物的酸性或碱性(pH)、离子化形式的安全性、药物的预期用途、药物如何给药(例如,通过口服、注射或施用在皮肤上)以及剂型的类型(诸如片剂、胶囊或液体)来确定。
生理上可接受的示例性盐是钠盐。然而,也有可能使用其他生理上可接受的盐代替钠盐,例如其他碱金属盐、碱土金属盐、铵盐和经取代的铵盐。具体的实例是钾盐、锂盐、钙盐、铝盐和铁盐。优选的经取代的铵盐是衍生自例如低级单烷基胺、二烷基胺或三烷基胺或单烷醇胺、二烷醇胺和三烷醇胺的那些。也可以使用游离氨基酸本身。具体的实例是乙胺、乙二胺、二乙胺或三乙胺盐。
如本文所用的术语“受试者”或“患者”是指患有FSGS或处于发展为FSGS的风险中的人类或非人类哺乳动物,诸如狗、猫、马、骆驼、牛或猪。具体地,其为人类。
处于发展为FSGS的“风险”中的受试者可以具有或不具有可检测的疾病或疾病症状,并且在本文所述的治疗方法之前可以显示出或可以不显示出可检测的疾病或疾病症状。“处于......风险中”表示受试者具有一种或多种风险因素,所述风险因素是与FSGS的发展相关的可测量参数,如本文所述和本领域已知的。具有这些风险因素中的一种或多种的受试者比没有这些风险因素中的一种或多种的受试者具有更高的发展为FSGS的可能性。
“受试者”可以是“患者”。“患者”是指处于治疗医师护理的“受试者”。在另一个实施方案中,患者是尚未被诊断出FSGS的受试者。在又其他实施方案中,患者是已被诊断出FSGS但尚未进行任何治疗以解决FSGS的受试者。
术语“非糖尿病受试者”是指没有患糖尿病的受试者。
术语“药学上可接受的”也称为“药理学上可接受的”,意指与动物,特别是人的治疗相容。术语药理学上可接受的盐还包括药理学上可接受的酸加成盐和药理学上可接受的碱加成盐两者。
如本文所用的术语“药理学上可接受的酸加成盐”意指本申请的任何碱性化合物的任何无毒有机或无机盐,或其任何中间体。可形成酸加成盐的本申请的碱性化合物包括例如含有碱性氮原子的化合物。形成合适盐的说明性无机酸包括盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸和磷酸,以及金属盐,诸如正磷酸一氢钠和硫酸氢钾。形成合适盐的说明性有机酸包括一元羧酸、二元羧酸和三元羧酸,诸如乙醇酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、马来酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸、肉桂酸和水杨酸,以及磺酸,诸如对甲苯磺酸和甲磺酸。可以形成单酸盐、二酸盐或三酸盐,并且此类盐可以以水合、溶剂化或基本上无水的形式存在。一般而言,本申请的化合物的酸加成盐更易溶于水和各种亲水性有机溶剂,并且与其游离碱形式相比,通常表现出更高的熔点。合适的盐的选择将是本领域技术人员已知的。其他非药理学上可接受的酸加成盐,例如草酸盐,可以用于例如分离本申请的化合物,用于实验室用途或用于随后转化为药理学上可接受的酸加成盐。具体地,氯吡格雷可以作为氯吡格雷硫酸氢盐(硫酸氢氯吡格雷)、磺酸盐或苯磺酸盐存在。氯吡格雷也可以作为与环糊精(诸如β-环糊精)或其衍生物的包合络合物存在。
如本文所用的氯吡格雷((S)-甲基-(2-氯苯基)-2-(6,7-二氢-4H-噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-5-基)乙酸酯、(+)-甲基-(2-氯苯基)-2-(6,7-二氢-4H-噻吩并[3,2-c]吡啶-5-基)乙酸酯)具有以下结构
并且是用于降低心肌梗塞和中风风险的血小板抑制剂的前药。氯吡格雷被羧酸酯酶-1代谢为其活性形式。所述活性形式是血小板抑制剂,其不可逆地结合至血小板上的P2Y12 ADP受体。这种结合阻止了ADP与P2Y12受体的结合、糖蛋白GPIIb/IIIa复合物的激活、和血小板聚集。
除了其血小板聚集抑制剂功能之外,氯吡格雷还可以发挥抗炎作用,这除了如本文所述的降低UPCR和UACR的出人意料的效果之外,还可以对FSGS疾病的发展和/或进展具有有益的影响。氯吡格雷可以通过激活AMPK/Nrf2轴来干扰TNF(Yang H.et al.,2016)。还描述了TNF-a对FSGS和足细胞损伤的影响(Chen A.et al.,2020;Chung CF.et al.,2019;Pedigo C.E.et al.,2016),以及Nrf2和AMPK对足细胞功能的重要性(Yang SM.et al.,2013;Tsai PY.etal.,2011;Rogacka D.et al.,2020)。氯吡格雷显示出降低TNF(SolheimS.et al.,2006)以及还有SERPINE1(Sakata T.et al.,2011)的水平,这两种蛋白与FSGS进展有关。还报道了氯吡格雷会诱导NFE2L2(NRF2),这是一种具有可有助于缓解FSGS疾病进展的肾脏保护潜力的因子(Yang H.et al.,2016)。另一方面,高IL10水平显示出与低氯吡格雷响应性相关(Osmancik P.et al.,2012)。VASP磷酸化测定用于测量氯吡格雷响应(Siller-Matula J.M.et al.,2010;Cayla G.et al.,2008)。血管扩张剂刺激的磷蛋白(VASP)显示出响应于来自10名连续测试的患者的复发血浆而被磷酸化,而在响应于配对缓解血浆或非FSGS对照的情况下没有被磷酸化。携带病理性足细胞素突变的人足细胞中不存在磷酸化信号(Harris J.J.et al.,2013)。
氯吡格雷以商标名Clopilet、Plavix和Zyllt出售。
每剂氯吡格雷包含约10至400mg氯吡格雷。具体地,它可以包含10、20、30、40、50、60、70、75、80、90、100、110、120、130、140、150、160、170、180、190、200、210、220、230、240、250、260、270、280、290、300、310、320、330、340、350、360、370、380、390、400mg氯吡格雷。氯吡格雷可以以相同的剂量连续施用,或者以高剂量(诸如约300mg)大量(bolar)施用,并且进一步以约70mg的维持低剂量施用。
特别地,在本发明的药物制剂中,基于成人,氯吡格雷或其药学上可接受的盐的每日剂量是10至400mg,特别是50至300mg。然而,本发明的范围不限于剂量。
FSGS是一种独特的临床病理医学病症,其特征在于肾小球中的局灶性和节段性硬化以及足细胞足突消失(D’Agati V.,2003;Rosenberg A.Z.和Kopp J.B.,2017;Bose B.和Cattran D.,2014)。FSGS的病理生理学可能起源于肾小球内(“原发性FSGS”)或继发于其他原因(例如,高血压;D’Agati V.,2003;Rosenberg A.Z.和Kopp J.B.,2017;Bose B.和Cattran D.,2014)。FSGS经常导致肾病综合征,其特征在于蛋白尿、低白蛋白尿、高脂血症和水肿(D’Agati V.,2003;Rosenberg A.Z.和Kopp J.B.,2017;Bose B.和Cattran D.,2014)。对于大量病例,FSGS的确切原因仍然难以捉摸(特发性;D’Agati V.,2003;Rosenberg A.Z.和Kopp J.B.,2017;Bose B.和Cattran D.,2014)。FSGS的已知原因是多种多样的,并且包括基因突变、药物、病毒、高血压和循环因素-但不包括糖尿病(D’Agati V.,2003;Rosenberg A.Z.和Kopp J.B.,2017;Bose B.和Cattran D.,2014)。糖尿病性肾病-包括糖尿病性肾小球硬化-表示由于糖尿病的病理生理学而导致的肾功能的慢性丧失(Qi etal.,2017)。
足细胞是肾脏中鲍曼囊(Bowman capsule)内的非典型上皮细胞,其包裹在肾小球的毛细血管周围。
如本文所用,FSGS是肾小球的瘢痕形成(硬化)和足细胞的损伤,具体由将足细胞识别为其靶标的内源性因子触发(足细胞病,特发性FSGS),或由直接或间接损伤足细胞的可鉴定原因引起(原发性或继发性FSGS),诸如遗传性障碍、高血压、炎症、增殖失调或机械应激。
原发性FSGS的独特形态学图片是弥漫性足细胞病(+至少一种FSGS病变),临床上以肾病综合征为主导,弥漫性足细胞毒性涉及几乎所有足细胞,在电子显微术下足突消失超过50%。常观察到尿液中白蛋白的大量丧失以及低白蛋白血症,但即使存在肾病范围蛋白尿,在继发形式中也不常见。微绒毛转化、细胞质脱落、消失足突上肌动蛋白细胞骨架的密度增加、溶酶体和自噬体的数量增加是常见特征。由于结构重组,足细胞从肾小球基底膜(GBM)脱离的风险增加,留下大面积的裸GBM。这些“粘性”区域可能产生粘附,此后,玻璃样物质的沉积和系膜基质的扩张使毛细血管腔逐渐变窄,直到受影响的节段被阻塞和硬化。偶尔观察到可逆性肾小球脱垂到近端肾小管中,并且是簇(tuft)的急性扩大的表现,并且预示着“尖端病变”(Angioi A.和Pani,A.,2016)。
FSGS的最具侵袭性形式是塌陷性肾小球病,在组织学上显示为足突消失、被增生性足细胞冠包围的毛细血管簇的节段性至全局性塌陷(Angioi A.和Pani,A.,2016)。
FSGS的症状也是重度蛋白尿,并且任选的活检证实FSGS伴有肾小球硬化、肾小球肾炎(例如,膜增殖性肾小球肾炎(MPGN)、IgA肾小球肾炎)、肾病综合征(低白蛋白尿、高脂血症、水肿)、进行性肾衰竭、组织病理学上的肾小球病变(具体如根据Haas M.et al.,2013分类)以及足细胞融合和损伤。
FSGS可以通过本领域熟知的方法进行诊断,诸如但不限于确定尿蛋白/肌酐比率(UPCR)、尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(UACR)、肾活检的光学显微术(例如,肾小球大小、FSGS的组织学变异、微囊性肾小管改变和肾小管肥大);免疫荧光,例如排除其他原发性肾小球病;和电子显微术,例如足细胞足突消失的程度、足细胞微绒毛转化和管网状包涵物(tubuloreticular inclusion)。
具体地,如本文所用的FSGS是指非糖尿病性肾病。具体地,由糖尿病引起的糖尿病性肾病被排除在使用氯吡格雷治疗FSGS之外。非糖尿病性肾病和糖尿病性肾病可以通过本领域已知的方法(诸如活检)来确认和区分。
在糖尿病患者中,经常观察到结节性病变和弥漫性病变。糖尿病性肾病的分类方法是技术人员熟知的并且描述于Qi C.et al.,2017,Tervaert T.W.C.et al.,2010和Fioretto P.et al.,1996。Fioretto分类包括肾小管、间质和血管病变,并且根据光学显微镜下的病理变化将糖尿病性肾病分为3类:C1,正常/接近正常;C2,以肾小球改变为主导的典型糖尿病性肾病;和C3,非典型损伤模式,与不成比例的损伤相关,包括肾小管间质或小动脉玻璃样变,并且没有或仅有轻微的糖尿病性肾小球改变。Tervaert病理分类根据肾小球病变将糖尿病性肾病分为四类,并对肾小管、间质和血管病变采用单独评分系统。
具体地,患有糖尿病的患者,特别是患有糖尿病超过2年的患者被排除在如本文所述的氯吡格雷治疗之外。
糖尿病相关的肾病包括糖尿病性视网膜病变、糖尿病性肾病和糖尿病相关的肾小球硬化。术语“FSGS”的使用涵盖天然FSGS、原发性FSGS以及复发性FSGS,但明确排除糖尿病性FSGS。
肾小球肾炎描述了在肾脏中用作过滤器的膜组织的炎症,所述膜组织将废物和多余的液体从血液中分离出来。
MPGN是一种由异常免疫反应引起的肾小球肾炎形式。抗体沉积物积聚在肾脏中称为肾小球基底膜的部分中。
肾小球硬化描述了肾脏内微小血管的瘢痕形成或硬化。尽管肾小球肾炎和肾小球硬化具有不同的原因,但它们都可能导致肾衰竭。
肾病综合征是一种导致身体递过多蛋白质至尿液中的肾脏障碍。肾病综合征通常是由肾脏中的小血管簇受损害引起的。
如本文所用,复发性FSGS(rFSGS)或FSGS复发由以下定义:重度蛋白尿,并且任选的活检证实FSGS伴有肾小球硬化和足细胞融合和损伤,但没有急性排斥反应、肾小球炎或同种异体移植肾小球病的证据。如本文所用,复发性FSGS(rFSGS)受试者或患者被定义为在肾移植前患有FSGS并且然后在肾移植后发展为FSGS复发的人。
如本文所用,非复发性FSGS(nrFSGS)受试者或患者被定义为在肾移植前患有FSGS但在肾移植后未发展为FSGS的人。
如本文所用,天然FSGS(nFSGS)受试者或患者被定义为在移植前在自己的肾脏中具有FSGS(重度蛋白尿,并且任选的活检证实FSGS伴有肾小球硬化和足细胞融合和损伤)的人。
所述药物制剂可以是医药产品或药物产品,所述医药产品或药物产品包含氯吡格雷和药学上可接受的载体。本文所述的制剂也可以用作食品补充剂。
本文还提供了一种用于治疗FSGS的方法,其中所述药物制剂包含有效量的氯吡格雷。
具体地,氯吡格雷或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物显著减少FSGS中的足细胞损伤和足细胞病。
术语“有效量”或“药物有效量”是指其施用产生所希望的效果(例如,改善FSGS症状,减轻FSGS或FSGS症状的严重程度,和/或减少FSGS或FSGS症状的进展)的化合物量。有效剂量的确切量将取决于治疗目的,并且将可由本领域技术人员使用已知技术来确定(参见,例如Lloyd V.A.,2016)。
如本文所用,术语“治疗”及其同源词是指减缓或停止疾病进展。如本文所用的“治疗”及其同源词包括但不限于以下:完全或部分缓解、肾衰竭(例如,ESRD)风险更低以及与疾病相关的并发症(例如,水肿、感染易感性或血栓栓塞事件)。根据本领域已知的方法和技术或随后开发的方法和方法,可以容易地评估这些症状中的任何症状的严重程度的改善或减轻。所希望的治疗效果包括防止FSGS,特别是非糖尿病性FSGS,或其病症或症状的发生或复发,缓解FSGS的病症或症状,减弱FSGS的任何直接或间接病理后果,降低FSGS进展速率或严重程度,和/或改善或缓和FSGS。在一些实施方案中,本发明的方法和组合物用于被鉴定为处于发展为FSGS风险中的患者亚群。在一些情况下,本发明的方法和组合物可用于试图减缓FSGS的发展。
在一些实施方案中,本文所述药物制剂的化合物(即,氯吡格雷)或其药学上可接受的盐或溶剂化物不与任何其他治疗性化合物一起施用。在一些实施方案中,所述化合物不与任何其他治疗性化合物同时或顺序施用。在一些实施方案中,所述化合物是单独施用的。
在一些实施方案中,所述方法进一步包括向患者施用一种或多种额外的治疗性化合物。在一些实施方案中,所述一种或多种额外的治疗性化合物选自以下中的一种或多种:抗病毒药物、抗凝剂、免疫调节剂、来自人类来源的抗体制剂、单克隆抗体、重症监护药物、抗高血压剂、他汀类药物、血管扩张剂、类固醇、细胞毒性药物、利尿药、非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)、胆固醇或甘油三酯降低剂、PPAR激动剂或植物药理学物质诸如肉豆蔻酸。
如本文所用的至少一种药学上可接受的载体包括如适用于所希望的特定剂型的任何和所有溶剂、稀释剂、其他液体媒介物、分散助剂、悬浮助剂、表面活性剂、等渗剂、增稠剂、乳化剂、防腐剂、固体粘合剂和润滑剂。Remington:The Science and Practice ofPharmacy,22nd edition,2013,Pharmaceutical Press和Encyclopedia ofPharmaceutical Technology,2004,Taylor&Francis公开了用于配制药物组合物的各种载体以及用于其制备的已知技术。除非任何常规载体与本申请的化合物不相容,诸如产生任何不希望的生物效应或以有害的方式与药物制剂的任何一种或多种其他组分相互作用,否则其使用被考虑在本申请的范围内。合适的药学上可接受的载体的非限制性实例包括但不限于离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、血清蛋白(诸如人血清白蛋白)、缓冲物质(诸如磷酸盐、甘氨酸、山梨酸和山梨酸钾)、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐、和电解质(诸如鱼精蛋白硫酸盐、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠和锌盐)、胶体二氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酸酯、蜡、聚乙烯-聚氧化丙烯嵌段聚合物、羊毛脂、糖(诸如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖)、淀粉(诸如玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉)、纤维素及其衍生物(诸如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和乙酸纤维素、微晶纤维素、甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠盐)、乳糖、糊精、甘露醇、白糖、玉米淀粉、预糊化淀粉、沉淀碳酸钙和磷酸氢钙、粉状黄芪胶、麦芽、明胶、滑石,赋形剂(诸如可可脂和栓剂蜡)、油(诸如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油)、二醇(诸如丙二醇和聚乙二醇)、酯(诸如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯)、琼脂、缓冲剂(诸如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝)、藻酸、无热原水、等渗盐水、林格氏溶液、乙醇、磷酸盐缓冲溶液、无毒相容润滑剂(诸如月桂基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁)、着色剂、脱模剂、包被剂、甜味剂、调味剂、芳香剂、防腐剂和抗氧化剂或其任何混合物和组合。
氯吡格雷或其盐的溶解度可以通过本领域已知的方法增加,诸如但不限于通过与非水性药剂(诸如多元醇或甘油)或极性溶剂(诸如丙二醇)组合。
实施例
参考以下实施例将更充分地理解以上描述。然而,此类实施例仅代表实践本发明的一个或多个实施方案的方法,并且不应被理解为限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
体内测试
对于氯吡格雷的生物学测试,选择接受的FSGS小鼠模型,即阿霉素诱导的肾病。阿霉素肾病是啮齿类动物的最先进人原发性局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)模型,并且其特征是足细胞损伤,然后是肾小球硬化、肾小管间质炎症和纤维化(Da Sacco S.et al.,2014,Lee V.W.和Harris D.C.,2011),并且因此被用于证明氯吡格雷在FSGS中的治疗效果。
所有动物实验和处理均依照奥地利动物保护法,并且经奥地利科学研究部动物伦理委员会(animal ethics committee of the Austrian ministry for science andresearch)批准。
在10周龄BALB/c小鼠中,通过尾静脉注射大约9mg/kg小鼠的接受剂量来诱导阿霉素依赖性肾病(活性化合物:多柔比星(doxorubicin))。向对照小鼠注射0.9%盐水。每组分析至少6只小鼠。每天监测小鼠的疼痛、运动改变或食物摄取减少的体征,并且通过颈椎脱位处死。基于文献研究,测试药物通过药物剂量的预混合食料按口服施用进行施用。
作为进一步的模型,或者可以使用由于威尔姆氏肿瘤(Wilms’tumor)1(WT1)基因的抑制而患有FSGS的过表达miR-193a的小鼠。(Gebeshuber et al.,2013)。
结果
通过ELISA评估尿白蛋白水平,使用常规实验室试剂盒在Roche Cobas系统上测量尿总蛋白和尿肌酐水平。在不同时间点评估尿蛋白/肌酐(UPCR)比率和尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(UACR)。每天监测体重和身体素质得分。在实验结束时,收集并且储存组织切片、血浆和尿液样品,直到进一步分析。对于成功的药物候选物,发现UPCR和UACR值显著降低,证明了功能改善和蛋白尿减少。
使用R统计软件框架计算在不同时间点的重复测量ANOVA。药物施用(氯吡格雷)和时间点(以天计)的效果显著,其中p值分别为0.009(药物)和0.023(时间点)。相互作用(药物:时间点)的p值为0.788(参见图2)。
图1中示出了用阿霉素(ADR)诱导FSGS,并且针对在诱导后的指定时间(以天计)的蛋白尿进行评价。UPCR=尿蛋白肌酐比率;UACR=尿白蛋白肌酐比率-蛋白尿和肾损伤的两种标志;灰箱(ctrl)=患有FSGS的对照小鼠;标有“氯吡格雷”的箱=用氯吡格雷治疗的患有FSGS的小鼠;箱线图指示了中位数(中线)、四分位间距(箱)和95%置信区间(须)以及单独的数据点(散点)。在每个时间点的数据的上方指示出t检验的p值。在开始后37天,Ctrl和氯吡格雷治疗的小鼠的UPCR都降低到相似的水平,因为在此实验中,小鼠可以从阿霉素诱导的FSGS中恢复。
图2中示出了以下内容:在独立实验中,用阿霉素(ADR)诱导FSGS,并且针对在诱导后的指定时间(以天计)的蛋白尿进行评价。UPCR=尿蛋白肌酐比率-蛋白尿和肾损伤的标志;灰箱(ctrl)=患有FSGS的对照小鼠;标有“氯吡格雷”的箱=用氯吡格雷治疗的患有FSGS的小鼠;箱线图指示了中位数(中线)、四分位间距(箱)和95%置信区间(须)以及单独的数据点(散点)。在每个时间点的数据的上方指示出t检验的p值。在上面示出了在不同时间点重复测量ANOVA以测试氯吡格雷的结果。
实施例2
体内测试
对于氯吡格雷的生物学测试,选择接受的FSGS小鼠模型,即阿霉素诱导的肾病。阿霉素肾病是啮齿类动物的最先进人原发性局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)模型,并且其特征是足细胞损伤,然后是肾小球硬化、肾小管间质炎症和纤维化(Da Sacco S.et al.,2014,Lee V.W.和Harris D.C.,2011),并且因此被用于证明氯吡格雷在FSGS中的治疗效果。
所有动物实验和处理均依照奥地利动物保护法,并且经奥地利科学研究部动物伦理委员会批准。
材料与方法
将阿霉素(多柔比星;Sigma,D1515-10 mg)在ddH2O中稀释。为了诱导FSGS,使用27G针头将10.5mg/kg小鼠的剂量静脉内注射到尾静脉中,即200μl总体积/25g小鼠。
对于尾静脉注射,使用氯胺酮(Ketanest)(Pfizer,25mg/ml小瓶)和名隆朋(Rompun)(Bayer,20mg/ml注射溶液)麻醉小鼠。制备12.5mg/ml氯胺酮和0.25%名隆朋在0.9% NaCl溶液中的最终混合物,并且注射200μl/25g小鼠。硫酸氢氯吡格雷(Sigma,PHR1431-1G)用于疗法实验。
动物/动物维护
小鼠和FSGS模型
雌性Balb/c小鼠获自医科大学(Medical University)(Abteilung fürLabortierkunde,奥地利欣贝格)的动物饲养园。将体重>20g的12-16周龄动物用于实验,并且根据体重和年龄进行调整。允许动物适应至少7天。通过耳朵或脚趾夹代码标记动物,以允许识别。Balb/c小鼠的阿霉素肾病是临床前FSGS研究最常用的动物模型,并且与人FSGS共用中心特征。
饮食
来自ssniff(ssniffGmbH,德国左斯特(Soest))的标准商业食料含有粗蛋白(19%)、粗脂肪(3.3%)、粗纤维(4.9%)、粗灰分(6.4%)、淀粉(36.5%)和糖(4.7%)。对照组动物喂食标准食料,测试组动物喂食由ssniff生产的标准食料+氯吡格雷(200mg/kg)。所有动物都允许随意进食,假设每天平均摄取约4克/只小鼠(根据美国马里兰州巴尔的摩的约翰霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University)的动物护理指南;http://web.jhu.edu/animalcare/procedures/mouse.html),即约25-30mg氯吡格雷/kg小鼠/天(Halim et al.,2019)。
舍饲(housing)
将动物关在标准条件下(23℃±1℃,55±10%湿度,12h昼夜循环)的375mm x215mm x 150mm模克隆笼(macrolon cage)中,并且每天检查。随意提供食料和水。
尿液收集和测量
每周收集随机尿液,并且测量肌酐和蛋白质水平。
通过ELISA测量尿白蛋白。将96孔板在4℃下用在包被缓冲剂(3.7g NaHCO3;0,64gNa2CO3;1L蒸馏水)中的100μl抗小鼠血清白蛋白抗体(Abcam ab34807,批号GR3242102-4;稀释1:2,000)的抗体溶液包被过夜。剩余程序在室温下进行。将孔用HBSS(Sigma H8264-500ML)+0.05% Tween-20(Bio-Rad,#1706531)洗涤3次,并在ELISA/ELISPOT稀释剂(eBioscience,00-4202-56)中封闭,再次洗涤3次。将样品和标准曲线均在ELISA/ELISPOT稀释剂中稀释,孵育2h,然后用HBSS+0.05% Tween-20洗涤3次,用HRP抗体抗小鼠血清白蛋白抗体(Abcam ab19195,批号GR3242102-4;稀释1:100,000)孵育1h,然后洗涤5次。用TMBOne溶液(Promega,G7431)进行反应,并且用2N H2SO4停止反应。用小鼠白蛋白(Merck/Sigma,126674-25MG)生成标准曲线。使用Gen5 1.10软件在Epoch微孔板读取器(BioTek)上测量450nm吸光度。
组织学
在实验结束时,取出肾脏,包埋在石蜡中,并且进行PAS(过碘酸-希夫(Periodicacid-Schiff))染色。彻底评估组织学,并且量化硬化性肾小球和蛋白管型的量。
统计学
使用R版本4.0.2版进行统计分析。使用学生t检验比较每个单独时间点的治疗小鼠样品与对照小鼠样品之间的UPCR值和UACR值,并且评估组织学参数的差异。使用rstatix包(V0.6.0)中的相应函数进行重复测量ANOVA,以分析药物随时间对UPCR和UACR的影响。使用ggplot2(V3.3.2)和ggpubr(V0.4.0)包生成图形可视化。
实验设置
在两个独立实验(实验1和2)中,向34只雌性Balb/c小鼠的尾静脉中注射10.5mg/kg阿霉素(参见表2)。注射后48小时,活性组接受标准食料+200mg/kg氯吡格雷,而对照小鼠则保持标准食料。每周收集随机尿液,并且在处死时收获肾脏。向尾静脉中注射10.5mg/kg阿霉素。2天后开始氯吡格雷食料疗法。每周收集尿液并且测量体重。实验持续约5周。
下表1中示出了实验中使用的小鼠的概况(*从每组7只小鼠中收获肾脏;**每组中发现1只动物死亡)。
表1
结果
氯吡格雷显著减少白蛋白尿(albuminuria)和蛋白尿
尿白蛋白与肌酐的比率(UACR)和尿蛋白与肌酐的比率(UPCR)的确定揭示了用氯吡格雷疗法的明显改善。图3描绘了两个独立实验的UACR和UPCR的减少百分比。图4描绘了实验1的所有个体收集的尿液的箱线图和p值。
重复测量ANOVA揭示了基于UPCR和UACR水平确定的氯吡格雷治疗随时间对结果有显著的有益影响(对于UPCR,p=0.000475,对于UACR,p=0.004)。
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UPCR
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UACR
重复测量ANOVA还显示了在第二独立实验中基于UPCR和UACR水平确定的氯吡格雷治疗随时间对结果的有益影响(图5)(对于UPCR,p=0.029,对于UACR,p=0.009)。
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UPCR
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UACR
因此,两个独立实验中证实了氯吡格雷的有益影响。
两个实验加在一起,氯吡格雷在所有时间点使UPCR平均降低49%(重复测量ANOVAp=7.84e-05),并且在所有时间点使UACR平均降低61%(重复测量ANOVAp=0.000162)。
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UPCR
ANOVA表(III型检验)-UACR
因此,UPCR和UACR的确定揭示了氯吡格雷疗法对肾功能有明显且显著的保护。
总体健康状况-体重变化:
体重减轻是肾脏疾病的常见症状并且也是阿霉素毒性的结果。在实验过程中,每周对体重变化进行评价。我们观察到,与对照小鼠相比,氯吡格雷治疗的小鼠的体重减轻较少。
ANOVA表(III型检验)-体重
总体而言,氯吡格雷使ADR相关的体重减轻减少48%(重复测量ANOVAp=0.007)。
组织病理学评估
组织病理学评估证实,患有阿霉素诱导的肾病的动物显示出明显的肾小球病变以及还有引人注目的肾小管改变(参见图7和图9)。肾小球经常主要受到节段性(仅影响肾小球簇的一部分)但有时也受到全局性的肾小球毛细血管硬化性废退的影响。这些病变在动物模型和人中都可能是由足细胞损伤引起,并且是进行性疾病的诊断标志特征。未经治疗的动物存在肾小管损伤。近端肾小管高度扩张,并且内衬有扁平上皮细胞,并且含有同质的蛋白管型。这些肾小管改变指示了肾小管功能障碍并且是非特异性的,并且可以在原发性肾小管间质疾病(慢性间质性肾炎)中观察到,而且也可以与严重肾小球损伤一起发生。致病机制可能是作为肾小管扩张下游原因的尿流阻塞,但也可能是肾小球损伤,尤其是当与高级别蛋白尿相关时,高级别蛋白尿很可能引起在此观察到的改变。
虽然FSGS是由肾小球损伤引起的,但ESRD的最终原因是肾小管重吸收过程的失效。图7和图9证明了上述改变不存在或至少不太明显,只有非常少数肾小球受到节段性硬化的影响(如箭头所标示),并且也非常小并且引人注目地减少了肾小管损伤(如由致密蛋白管型上的星号所标示)。
图8表示两组中组织病理学损伤的量化。被定义为肾小球硬化严重程度得分和肾小管扩张严重程度得分之和的损伤得分描绘了在氯吡格雷疗法后疾病显著改善约67%。值得注意的是,阿霉素肾病的特征在于肾小球硬化中强的异质性(Zhou et al.2019;Xionget al.2020),这也反映了人的病症。重要的是,氯吡格雷完全预防严重疾病-主要治疗目标-并且样品中的肾小球硬化指数均未达到高于所有肾小球4%,而在未治疗的对照组中,硬化指数上升到35%(图8A、B)。通过PAS染色中的蛋白质圆柱体确定的肾小管扩张是鉴定肾过滤过程失效的替代量度,并且通过氯吡格雷也得到强烈改善(图8C)。
对于分析切片和全视野图像的形态学细节,参见图9,其表示每组中受影响最严重的3个病例。
总体而言,氯吡格雷使组织病理学损伤减少67.9%(95%置信区间-11.7%至-98.1%),平均得分从2.67减少到0.86(p=0.038)。
因此,硬化性肾小球和扩张性肾小管的确定揭示了用氯吡格雷疗法明显且显著地改善组织病理学损害。
总之,氯吡格雷治疗显著改善了FSGS的中心读出参数,即UACR、UPCR和组织病理学变化的严重程度。
实施例3
进行电子显微镜术以对患有阿霉素诱导的肾病的动物中的FSGS病变进行分类,并且证实了这些动物显示,足细胞受到弥漫性足细胞毒性的影响,显示出高百分比的足突消失、足细胞微绒毛转化和管网状包涵物,而如上所述用氯吡格雷治疗的动物显著减少了足细胞损伤(足细胞病)。
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Claims (12)
1.一种药物制剂,其包含氯吡格雷或其盐或溶剂化物,用于治疗患有局灶性节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)的非糖尿病受试者。
2.根据权利要求1所用的药物制剂,其中氯吡格雷作为单一活性剂存在。
3.根据权利要求1或2所用的药物制剂,其中FSGS是原发性FSGS。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述药物制剂是医药产品或药物产品,所述医药产品或药物产品包含氯吡格雷和药学上可接受的载体。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述制剂通过全身施用。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中氯吡格雷包含以下结构
7.根据权利要求6所用的药物制剂,其中所述制剂包含约10至400mg氯吡格雷。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述药物制剂经配制用于全身施用,优选用于静脉内、肌内、皮下、皮内、经皮或口服施用。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述药物制剂以喷雾剂、散剂、凝胶、软膏、乳膏、泡沫、或液体溶液、洗剂、漱口液、气雾化散剂、气雾化液体制剂、颗粒剂、胶囊、滴剂、片剂、糖浆、锭剂、或用于输注或注射的制剂的形式施用于所述受试者。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中将所述药物制剂以有效量应用于患有FSGS的受试者或处于发展为FSGS的风险中的受试者。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述制剂作为唯一物质施用,或者其中所述制剂与包含一种或多种活性物质的另一种制剂组合。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所用的药物制剂,其中所述制剂与选自由以下项组成的组中的活性剂组合施用:抗病毒药物、抗凝剂、免疫调节剂、来自人类来源的抗体制剂、单克隆抗体、重症监护药物、抗高血压剂、他汀类药物、血管扩张剂、类固醇、细胞毒性药物、利尿药、非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)、胆固醇或甘油三酯降低剂、和PPAR激动剂。
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