CN116549733A - 一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架及制备方法,包括以下步骤:S1、将脱细胞血管材料置于壳聚糖溶液中孵育,加入交联剂得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架;S2、将替罗非班加入β‑环糊精硫酸盐溶液中,超声混合,静置,离心冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β‑环糊精硫酸盐;S3、将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,加入载有替罗非班的β‑环糊精硫酸盐,摇床孵育,即得。本发明将替罗非班装载到β‑环糊精硫酸盐中,用于修饰脱细胞血管支架,使药物在正常血液pH下释放较慢,可诱导内皮细胞定向生长,实现快速内皮化,便于人工血管长期抗凝,从而使人工血管不易形成血栓和发生再狭窄。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及组织工程支架技术领域,具体涉及一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架及制备方法。
背景技术
心血管疾病是威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一。目前,对于心血管疾病的治疗主要包括药物治疗、外科冠状动脉搭桥术、支架植入术等。其中,血管移植技术已广泛应用于心血管疾病的治疗。
近年来,血管移植一直是取代或绕过功能失调性血管段的首选,特别是在需要长期血管重建的患者。此外,对于肢体主动脉完全横断或部分缺失的血管创伤患者,需要现成的血管移植物(直径1-6mm)连接或绕过大血管段。目前临床上应用于支架植入术的血管包括自体血管和人工血管。自体新鲜血管是一种理想的移植物材料,但来源有限,血管状况多变,因此,对血管替代品——人工血管的需求更加迫切。然而人工血管由于表面没有内皮细胞覆盖,容易发生钙化、感染或形成血栓,长期通畅率低。此外,传统的人工血管由于没有生物活性,无法参与血管再生重建。因此,有必要寻找一种具有正常血管生物功能的血管替代品。
脱细胞支架生物血管是去除血管组织中的细胞成分,保留胶原纤维和弹性纤维等结构的生物血管支架材料。血管组织经脱细胞处理后虽然可以保留与正常人体血管类似的力学性能,也具备低免疫原性的特性,但是,血管组织经脱细胞处理后,其构架结构在完全去除细胞后往往会存在大量间隙,还容易使脱细胞血管支架因破裂而导致血管支架渗漏,且在植入后容易受血液影响,存在血栓形成再狭窄,长期通畅率低的问题,因此,血管组织脱细胞之后的构架材料无法直接作为血管替代材料直接使用,需要对其进行处理方可使用。
此外,替罗非班(Tirofiban)是一种血小板GPIIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂,可抑制血小板聚集,延长出血时间,并通过竞争性抑制纤维蛋白原与血小板GPIIb/IIIa受体的结合来抑制血栓形成,还可通过抗血小板作用防止凝血,同时可以促进内皮细胞的生长。因此,临床上常用替罗非班作为抗凝血药物,用以有效抑制血栓形成,并促内皮化。但是,在小口径人工血管应用中,替罗非班由于受到血液流动的冲刷作用和体内酶的分解,往往很快脱落分离并失去功能。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架及制备方法,本发明通过将壳聚糖涂覆在脱细胞血管材料上,用以防止脱细胞血管支架管壁的渗血问题,使血管支架在植入时不受血液的影响。本发明还通过将替罗非班载到具有良好的生物相容性和抗凝血性能的中空分子β-环糊精硫酸盐中,用于修饰壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架,可在血管内环境下稳定释放药物,并诱导血管内皮细胞再生,便于人工血管长期抗凝,确保人工血管移植术后的长期通畅率,有利于血管再生和重构。
为实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案如下。
一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、将脱细胞血管材料置于壳聚糖溶液中孵育,然后加入交联剂交联壳聚糖培养的血管基质,得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架;
将替罗非班加入β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液中,超声混合,然后置于冰水浴环境下静置,离心后冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐;
S2、将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,调整溶液至pH=5~6,然后加入载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐,置于25~35℃下摇床孵育,得到兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架。
本发明中,壳聚糖的等电点在6.3左右,当pH调整到5~6时,壳聚糖带正电荷,而载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐钠盐带负电荷,静电作用力使载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐钠盐与脱细胞血管表面紧密结合。当pH过低时,可能会因过酸而导致β-环糊精硫酸盐钠盐不带负电荷,由此会影响载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐钠盐与脱细胞血管表面的结合。
进一步,S1中,壳聚糖溶液的浓度为8~12mg/mL。
进一步,S1中,交联剂为戊二醛。
更进一步,S1中,交联剂的浓度为0.1%~0.5%(v/v)。
进一步,S1中,β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液的浓度为40~60mg/mL。
本发明中,β-环糊精硫酸盐为β-环糊精硫酸钠。β-环糊精硫酸盐是一种中空分子,具有良好的生物相容性和抗凝血性能,由于其特殊的中空环形疏水腔结构,可与疏水药物分子——替罗非班形成稳定的包合结构,在控制药物释放的同时,还具有抗凝和促内皮化的双重功能。
进一步,S1中,替罗非班加入β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液中得到的溶液浓度为0.8~1.2μg/mL。
进一步,S1中,孵育时间为12~24h;静置时间为12~24h;S2中,孵育时间为12~24h。
进一步,S1中,所述脱细胞血管材料为哺乳动物的脱细胞血管材料。
本发明提供一种采用上述制备方法制备得到的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明将壳聚糖涂覆在脱细胞血管材料上,用以防止脱细胞血管支架管壁的渗血问题,增强其临床使用的安全性。
2、本发明将载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐负载于壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架上,可以实现药物在人体血液正常pH下长期缓慢释放,可诱导内皮细胞定向生长,抑制血液成分在人工血管表面黏附,防止血栓形成和内膜增生,从而使人工血管不易形成血栓和发生再狭窄。
3、本发明制备的载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐修饰的脱细胞血管支架,具有抗凝和促内皮化的双重功能,是具有原位生长潜力的生物活性血管替代品,具有临床应用潜力。
附图说明
图1为本发明提供的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备原理图。
图2为载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架(修饰组)和壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架(对照组)的扫描电镜图。
图3为血液相容性结果图。
图4为血管支架移植体内后内皮化再生结果图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
下述各实施例中所述实验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂和材料,如无特殊说明,均可在市场上购买得到。
本发明提供的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备原理是:首先将壳聚糖涂覆在脱细胞血管材料上,用以防止脱细胞血管支架管壁的渗血问题;然后将替罗非班载到β-环糊精硫酸盐中,用于修饰壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架,得到兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架。其制备原理见图1。
下面对兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备进行具体说明。
实施例1
一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、制备壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架
S1.1、取离体的SD大鼠腹主动脉,轻柔拨除其外层的疏松结缔组织和包裹的脂肪组织,再用生理盐水冲洗管腔,置于装有生理盐水的15mL离心管中,得到褪去外膜的SD大鼠腹主动脉。然后对褪去外膜的SD大鼠腹主动脉进行脱细胞处理,得到脱细胞血管材料;具体操作如下:
首先,在4℃下对已褪去外膜的SD大鼠腹主动脉进行超纯水低渗处理24h;之后在-80℃和室温下交替冻融处理两次;然后在4℃下用70%酒精连续处理36h,并于1、3、6、12、24h时换液;再在4℃下用无菌超纯水漂洗24h;接着在常温下用含有0.125%胰酶的消化液摇床处理2h(摇床转速恒定在40rpm);之后在常温下用PBS溶液摇床漂洗30min;再在常温下用70U/mL的DNase和RNase摇床消化处理6h(摇床转速恒定在40rpm);再用超纯水漂洗1h;之后在样品上方30cm处悬挂紫外灯,室温照射1.5h进行交联、杀菌。上述处理过程中,血管均放置于15mL离心管内。
S1.2、用PBS溶液洗涤脱细胞血管材料3次,然后将脱细胞血管材料置于10mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液中孵育24h,然后加入0.25%(v/v)的戊二醛交联壳聚糖培养的血管基质24h,得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架。
S2、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒
将β-环糊精硫酸钠加入超纯水中,于60℃搅拌至完全溶解,制成50mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液;将替罗非班加入50mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液中,使其终浓度为1μg/mL;搅拌5min后,在180w下超声10分钟。然后将溶液置于冰水浴(0~4℃)环境下静置处理,24h后收集沉淀的包合物,高速离心后冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒。
S3、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架
将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,调整溶液pH值至5.5,并将制备好的载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒加入上述溶液中,在25℃的摇床上连续孵育24h,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架。
实施例2
一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、制备壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架
S1.1、按照实施例1的方法制备脱细胞血管材料。
S1.2、用PBS溶液洗涤脱细胞血管材料3次,然后将脱细胞血管材料置于8mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液中孵育24h,然后加入0.1%(v/v)的戊二醛交联壳聚糖培养的血管基质24h,得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架。
S2、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒
将β-环糊精硫酸钠加入超纯水中,于60℃搅拌至完全溶解,制成40mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液;将替罗非班加入40mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液中,使其终浓度为0.8μg/mL;搅拌5min后,在180w下超声10分钟。然后将溶液置于冰水浴环境下静置处理,24h后收集沉淀的包合物,高速离心后冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒。
S3、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架
将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,调整溶液pH值至5.0,并将制备好的载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒加入上述溶液中,在30℃的摇床上连续孵育24h,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架。
实施例3
一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、制备壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架
S1.1、按照实施例1的方法制备脱细胞血管材料。
S1.2、用PBS溶液洗涤脱细胞血管材料3次,然后将脱细胞血管材料置于12mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液中孵育12h,然后加入0.5%(v/v)的戊二醛交联壳聚糖培养的血管基质24h,得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架。
S2、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒
将β-环糊精硫酸钠加入超纯水中,于60℃搅拌至完全溶解,制成60mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液;将替罗非班加入60mg/mL的β-环糊精硫酸钠溶液中,使其终浓度为1.2μg/mL;搅拌5min后,在180w下超声10分钟。然后将溶液置于冰水浴环境下静置处理,12h后收集沉淀的包合物,高速离心后冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒。
S3、制备载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架
将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,调整溶液pH值至6.0,并将制备好的载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠缓释颗粒加入上述溶液中,在35℃的摇床上连续孵育12h,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架。
对比例1
按照实施例1的方法制备壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架。
下面对上述实施例制备的载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架的快速内皮化和抗血栓双重功能进行说明。
1、扫描电镜实验
利用扫面电镜实验观察载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架(修饰组)和壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架(对照组)的微观结构,用以评估替罗非班与β-环糊精硫酸钠盐包合物在脱细胞血管支架上的黏附。
分别将修饰组和对照组的血管支架沿轴向剪开,裁剪成2mm×2mm大小的膜,应用导电胶将膜固定在载物台上,喷金处理约50s。喷金后,用扫描电子显微镜观察血管支架内表面的微观形貌。实验结果如图2所示。
图2中的A图显示,壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架(对照组)表面非常光滑,说明壳聚糖可以填补脱细胞血管基质间的间隙,防止脱细胞血管支架的渗血问题。图2中的B图显示,在pH<6的条件下,血管支架用载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰后,电镜下可见球形颗粒均匀分布在壳聚糖基质表面,证实载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠盐成功修饰在了脱细胞血管支架的表面。
2、血液相容性实验
(1)活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和血浆凝血酶时间(TT)试验
分别将修饰组和对照组的血管支架材料切成5mm×5mm的标本,置于PBS(37℃)中1h。取出标本,用1mL贫血小板血浆37℃孵育1h。以无标本的空白组织培养板(TCP)作为对照组,使用凝血分析系统进行APTT和TT试验。
(2)溶血率(HR)
将SD大鼠腹主动脉采集的血液,注入含肝素的离心管中,离心管2000rpm离心15min,弃上清,然后将生理盐水和沉淀的红细胞稀释成适当浓度的红细胞悬液,同时将修饰组和对照组血管支架材料切成5mm×5mm大小,分别加入制备的红细胞悬液200μL+5mL生理盐水。
阳性对照组加无菌蒸馏水5mL+200μL红细胞悬液,阴性对照组加生理盐水5mL+200μL红细胞悬液。所有试管均在37℃下水浴锅中孵育1.5h。待测样品依次在转速为2000转/分下离心10分钟,去除沉淀后添加至96孔板中,使用酶标仪在540nm处检测吸光度值。HR计算如下:
A0表示实验组吸光度;A1为阳性对照组的吸光度;A2为阴性对照组的吸光度,每组计算3次得到HR值。
(3)血浆复钙化时间
分别将修饰组和对照组血管支架材料切成5mm×5mm的标本,置于无菌离心管中,在离心管中加入PBS,37℃保存1h;除去PBS后,加入200μL贫血小板血浆,37℃孵育1h,然后在每个试管中加入200μL 25mM CaCl2。以无标本的空白组织培养板(TCP)作为对照。然后将不锈钢钩放入每个试管中,观察最早形成纤维蛋白的时间。
血液相容性实验结果如图3所示:A图为APTT数据,B图为TT数据,C图为HR数据,D图为PRT数据。
A图中,APTT值与血管阻塞率成反比,A图中的修饰组APTT值的数值明显高于对照组,且略高于空白对照组(TCP),说明载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠盐修饰的脱细胞血管支架的血液畅通性较好。
B图中,TT作为指标参数与APTT所表明的意义类似,由B图同样说明载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠盐修饰的脱细胞血管支架抗凝效果良好。
C图中,HR表征红细胞破裂程度,数值越低说明血红细胞破裂越少,人工血管血液相容性越好;从实验数据来看,修饰组血管支架的血液相容性更好。
D图中,PRT表征血浆复钙化时间,复钙化时间正常值:2.2-3.8min。从D图中可看出,修饰组血管支架的PRT测量值为193s,落在正常范围内。
3、血管支架移植体内后内皮化再生实验
以载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架(修饰组)和壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架(对照组)分别作为血管移植物,利用体内内皮化再生实验评估载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠修饰的脱细胞血管支架促进血管体内快速内皮化的能力。
(1)血管体内移植实验
选择体重在250g左右(n=20)的健康成年雄性SD大鼠。大鼠提前进行脱毛处理,所有手术器械均采用高温高压蒸汽灭菌,手术均严格遵循无菌原则。
首先用1%戊巴比妥钠溶液对SD大鼠进行腹腔注射麻醉。麻醉满意后,将大鼠置于手术区,暴露手术部位(腹部)。然后用碘伏溶液消毒手术部位后,使用无菌手术单和无菌洞巾覆盖,在腹部正中部割开约5cm的矢状切口,逐层分离皮肤、肌层等组织层后进入腹腔,将内脏轻轻置于一边,然后暴露腹主动脉并小心分离。然后用微血管夹封闭近端和远端血管,并从中间取出约2cm,使用8-0不可吸收缝线将血管移植物与腹主动脉吻合,并重建血流。检查无狭窄和出血后,腹腔用4-0外科缝线封闭,皮肤用1-0外科缝线封闭,并在手术前后,给大鼠腹腔注射抗生素。
(2)免疫荧光染色实验
血管移植九周后处死存活的大鼠,取出移植的血管移植物,对对照组和修饰组的血管移植物进行免疫荧光染色。首先将血管置于10%福尔马林中固定48h,然后依次使用50%、70%、85%、95%、100%乙醇脱水,二甲苯透明,然后使用石蜡包埋机将血管进行石蜡包埋,并使用切片机将血管切成5um厚的切片。随后进行免疫荧光染色,首先将切片置于二甲苯和无水乙醇中进行脱蜡,然后添加5%FBS反应封闭30min,然后在切片上滴加CD31抗体4℃孵育过夜,切片用PBS清洗3次,然后加入cy3山羊抗兔二抗,避光室温孵育1h。之后切片置于PBS清洗3次,滴加DAPI染色液,避光室温孵育10min,最后用荧光显微镜采集图像。CD31抗体染色移植物用来观察内皮细胞,并用DAPI溶液观察移植物的细胞核。实验结果如图4所示。
由图4的免疫荧光染色结果显示,血管内皮细胞被染成红色,细胞核被染成蓝色,修饰组内皮细胞量显著高于对照组,说明载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠盐修饰的脱细胞血管更有益于血管内皮再生。
综上,本发明实施例将具有促内皮化功能的药物替罗非班装载到具有抗凝性能的中空分子β-环糊精硫酸钠盐中,然后用于修饰脱细胞血管。并通过实验研究了载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸钠盐是否能促进脱细胞血管的内皮化。实验结果证明,载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐修饰的脱细胞血管支架,在人体血液正常pH下可以实现替罗非班的稳定释放,从而诱导内皮细胞定向生长,实现快速内皮化,便于人工血管长期抗凝,延缓人工血管出现血栓的时限,期望解决人工血管血栓高发问题。
以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、将脱细胞血管材料置于壳聚糖溶液中孵育,然后加入交联剂交联壳聚糖培养的血管基质,得到壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架;
将替罗非班加入β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液中,超声混合,然后置于冰水浴环境下静置,离心后冻干,得到载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐;
S2、将壳聚糖涂覆的脱细胞血管支架置于PBS溶液中,调整溶液至pH=5~6,然后加入载有替罗非班的β-环糊精硫酸盐,置于25~35℃下摇床孵育,得到兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架。
2.根据权利要求1所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,壳聚糖溶液的浓度为8~12mg/mL。
3.根据权利要求1所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,交联剂为戊二醛。
4.根据权利要求3所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,交联剂的浓度为0.1%~0.5%(v/v)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液的浓度为40~60mg/mL。
6.根据权利要求1所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,替罗非班加入β-环糊精硫酸盐溶液中得到的溶液浓度为0.8~1.2μg/mL。
7.根据权利要求1所述的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,孵育时间为12~24h;静置时间为12~24h;S2中,孵育时间为12~24h。
8.采用权利要求1~7任意一项所述的制备方法制备得到的兼具抗凝及促内皮化的脱细胞血管支架。
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