CN116514998B - 一种嵌合抗原受体、嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用 - Google Patents
一种嵌合抗原受体、嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种嵌合抗原受体、嵌合抗原受体‑自然杀伤细胞及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用,所述嵌合抗原受体具有双特异性结构,分别靶向HER2和PD‑L1,其中与HER2以中等亲和力结合,与PD‑L1以高亲和力结合,可有效防止脱靶效应,降低对正常组织的攻击;构建了嵌合抗原受体‑自身杀伤细胞,可以避免T细胞来源不足、副作用较大等缺陷;嵌合抗原受体‑自身杀伤细胞经过IL‑15基因修饰,促进细胞增殖,提高抗肿瘤能力;嵌合抗原受体‑自身杀伤细胞可延长动物生存周期,调节免疫因子分泌。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术研发领域,具体提供了一种嵌合抗原受体、嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
背景技术
免疫疗法最近彻底改变了癌症治疗的传统方式,成为继手术、放疗和化疗之后癌症治疗的第四大疗法,尤其是在无法治愈的转移性癌症上疗效更加明显。在肿瘤免疫疗法中最为引入瞩目的是免疫检查点抑制剂和采用嵌合抗原受体 (chimeric antigenreceptor,CAR) T 细胞的过继细胞疗法。CAR 是一种合成细胞表面受体,通常与不依赖于MHC 的靶细胞表面抗原结合,并将细胞毒性免疫细胞重定向至表达该抗原的靶细胞,CAR通常由四个结构域组成:细胞外抗原结合结构域、间隔区或铰链区、跨膜结构域和细胞内信号结构域。抗原结合域通常由抗体重链 (V H ) 和轻链 (V L ) 的可变区组成,通过柔性接头连接形成单链片段可变区 (scFv),并决定结合特异性,有时不使用 scFv,而是使用可以与其在靶细胞上的受体结合的天然蛋白质或肽,与识别通过 MHC 呈递的抗原的 TCR 不同,scFv 识别并结合细胞表面表位并确定靶标特异性。
迄今为止,已有五种CAR-T细胞获得FDA批准,其靶标均为 B 细胞表面标志物,其中四种靶向 CD19 和一种靶向 B 细胞成熟抗原 (BCMA),这五种药物分别为tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah™)、Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta™)、Brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus™)、Lisocabtagene maraleucel (Breyanzi™)、Idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma®),他们被获准用于治疗复发性或难治性血液恶性肿瘤,包括B 细胞来源的淋巴瘤和白血病以及多发性骨髓瘤。此外,已有 700 多项临床试验在广泛的恶性肿瘤中注册,而且CAR-T 细胞疗法正在探索用于其他疾病,例如自身免疫性疾病和病毒感染。
然而CAR-T细胞并非完美无瑕,它在癌症免疫治疗中也存在诸多局限性,如患者疾病进展、T细胞收获不足、CAR细胞制造延迟、CAR细胞产量低、固有T细胞缺陷等。其主要原因包括:(1)抗原选择:到目前为止,所有 FDA 批准的 CAR 疗法都针对 B 谱系标记,而在实体肿瘤中却缺乏癌症特异性靶标,实体瘤中几乎没有不影响正常功能的特异性抗原,以HER2为例,尽管在肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌细胞中均高水平表达,但是由于在正常肺泡组织中也有部分表达,导致使用靶向HER2的CAR-T细胞在临床治疗中产生了严重副反应,导致发热、呼吸窘迫,甚至患者死亡;(2)CAR-T 细胞运输和浸润肿瘤的效率低下:具有粘附分子异常表达的异常脉管系统会减少 CAR-T 细胞附着、迁移和浸润到肿瘤部位;致密的细胞外基质,包括癌症相关成纤维细胞,为 CAR-T 细胞进入肿瘤部位创造了物理屏障;失调的细胞因子表达优先吸引抑制性免疫细胞;(3)恶劣的肿瘤微环境:免疫抑制环境会抑制 CAR-T细胞功能,肿瘤相关巨噬细胞 (TAM)、调节性 T (T reg ) 细胞、髓源性抑制细胞 (MDSC)和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞 (TAF) 等细胞成分可直接抑制 CAR-T 功能,有助于免疫抑制细胞因子和代谢微环境抑制 CAR-T 细胞功能;(4)抗原逃逸:抗原丢失和下调是治疗失败的重要机制,在接受靶向 CD19 的 CAR-T 疗法治疗的患者中,有 7-25% 的患者复发了 CD19表达减少的恶性肿瘤,因此研究人员积极寻求针对两种不同抗原的 CAR-T 构建体或顺序CAR-T 疗法,以最大限度地减少抗原逃逸和下调;(5)CAR-T 细胞扩增和持久性不足:CAR-T细胞在体内的扩增和持久性被认为是长期缓解的关键,特别是对于那些需要长期治疗的恶性肿瘤,例如急性淋巴细胞白血病,然而在注射CAR-T细胞一段时间后,受到移植抗宿主反应、体内代谢和肿瘤微环境的影响,CAR-T会逐渐消失和失去作用;(6)全身毒性:CAR-T 细胞疗法具有高反应率,但也与高副作用率相关,当 CAR-T 细胞被激活并释放细胞因子作为对 CAR 参与的生理反应时,系统性细胞因子毒性发生在急性期,大多数患者会出现与高水平炎症细胞因子相关的发热、低血压、缺氧和多器官衰竭等症状。
自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)是先天免疫系统的一组细胞毒性淋巴细胞,可以对非自身细胞产生快速反应,与识别 MHC 上呈递的抗原的 T 细胞不同,NK 细胞可以在没有 MHC 的情况下直接识别靶细胞。此外,与可释放炎性细胞因子并导致 CRS和神经毒性的 CAR-T 细胞的结合和激活不同,NK 细胞具有不同的细胞因子谱。CAR-自然杀伤细胞(CAR-NK细胞)具有如下优点:
第一,CAR-NK 细胞相对于 CAR-T 细胞的一大优势是免疫细胞的来源,由于同种异体反应和移植物抗宿主病,CAR-T 疗法需要使用自体 T 细胞,由于这些患者在接受CAR-T 治疗之前通常接受大量治疗,而他们中的许多人外周血 T 细胞计数较低,因此收获足够的自体 T 细胞会显着延迟治疗,有时无法收获足够的细胞用于 CAR-T 制造,由于 NK细胞不通过 MHC 途径激活,并且同种异体反应的风险降低,因此 CAR-NK 细胞制造不需要自体 NK 细胞,它可以使用现有的 NK92 细胞系、脐带血和诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC)。事实上,五项临床试验在人类患者中使用 NK-92 细胞系,而未发现严重排斥反应。
第二,CAR-NK 疗法相对于 CAR-T 疗法的第二大优势是 CRS 和神经毒性。CAR-T细胞活化导致炎症细胞因子大量释放,从而导致 CRS 和神经毒性。在接受 HLA 不匹配的脐带血抗 CD19 CAR-NK 细胞治疗的 11 名患者中,没有人出现 CRS 或神经毒性,CAR-T细胞和 NK 细胞之间这两种毒性的差异可能继发于细胞活化后释放的细胞因子的差异,CAR-T 细胞活化导致炎症细胞因子释放,例如肿瘤坏死因子 α、IL-1β、IL-2 和 IL-6 等,而接受CAR-NK 治疗的患者不会增加此类炎症细胞因子 (参见Liu E, et al.Use of CAR-Transduced Natural Killer Cells in CD19-Positive Lymphoid Tumors. N Engl JMed. 2020;382(6):545–53)。
第三,除了CAR通路外,NK细胞还有多种靶向和消灭癌细胞的机制,NK 细胞是抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性的关键介质,通过在 NK 细胞上表达的 CD16,可以识别结合在肿瘤细胞上的 IgG 的 Fc 部分并杀死癌细胞。此外,NK 细胞可以通过激活和/或脱离细胞表面的激活和抑制性杀伤 Ig 样受体 (KIR) 来激活以杀死癌细胞。
到目前为止,至少有 24 项 CAR-NK 细胞临床试验已经计划或正在进行,并且已经提出了多项专利申请,如CN115521915A公开了一种CAR-NK细胞及其制备方法,将包含编码CAR的核酸构建体感染培养了5-8天的NK细胞,感染后继续培养获得CAR-NK细胞,所述CAR阳性率显著增加, NK细胞所含的比例均达到98%以上,CAR阳性率提高2-3倍,NK活化比例达到85%以上;CN114592010A公开了一种表达膜结合型IL-15的重组载体,包括表达嵌合抗原受体的结构和表达膜结合型IL-15的结构,所述重组载体能在NK-CAR细胞上表达膜结合型IL-15,所述IL-15表达后会挂在NK细胞膜上而不会游离出来,同时由于这种表达膜结合型IL-15存在更长的铰链区,活动空间大,能容易地与NK细胞自身的IL-15受体(IL15Rβγ)结合,从而激活IL-15受体下游信号通路,促进NK-CAR细胞的自我增殖,同时避免了分泌型IL-15带来的细胞因子毒性;CN115151635A提供用于更有效的急性髓性白血病免疫疗法的基因修饰NK细胞系及其用途,所述基因修饰NK细胞系转化宿主免疫细胞以表达包含FLT3特异性单克隆抗体或其功能片段、跨膜结构域和T细胞受体的CD3ζ结构域的癌抗原特异性嵌合抗原受体蛋白。
尽管 CAR-NK 细胞疗法相对于 CAR-T 细胞疗法的优势显而易见,但也存在一定的局限性,例如NK 细胞的半衰期较短(<10 天),这在发生严重毒性的情况下具有优势,但也带来了可能需要重复给药才能实现持久反应的挑战;与 T 细胞类似,有核细胞上普遍表达的MHC分子可以抑制NK细胞的功能。
因此,为了提高抗肿瘤活性,改善嵌合抗原受体治疗中的副作用,本发明设计了具有全新结构的嵌合抗原受体,包括靶向HER2和PD-L1双特异性抗原结构域;携带所述嵌合抗原受体的自然杀伤细胞,所述自然杀伤细胞还可释放白介素因子,可促进免疫细胞的激活程度,提高治疗的持续性,从而提高抗肿瘤疗效。
发明内容
本发明中的第一方面提供了一种嵌合抗原受体,所述嵌合抗原受体包括如下结构:信号肽-anti HER2 scFv-anti PD-L1 scFv-铰链区-跨膜区-共刺激因子-胞内区;所述anti HER2 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ IDNO.2所示的轻链可变区;所述anti PD-L1 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示的轻链可变区;所述“-”为肽键或柔性连接子。
人类表皮生长因子受体 2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2) 在实体肿瘤中的过度表达或扩增已得到充分证明,在约 30% 的乳腺癌、卵巢癌和胃癌/胃食管癌中检测到 HER2的扩增或过表达,并作为预后和预测性生物标志物。HER2是酪氨酸激酶功能的表皮生长因子受体家族的成员,HER2二聚化导致受体胞质结构域内酪氨酸残基的自磷酸化,然后引发细胞增殖甚至肿瘤发生的信号通路。在过去的二十年中,HER2靶向治疗极大的改变中肿瘤治疗方式,如抗 HER2单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗,被批准用于治疗乳腺癌、转移性胃癌等实体肿瘤,取得了极大的成功。随后,HER2被用于构建嵌合抗原受体,Stancovski等于 1993 年制造并描述了第一个 HER2特异性 CAR,并证明了生成包含 TCR/CD3 复合物的 zeta (ζ) 链或免疫球蛋白受体 FcεRI 的 γ (γ) 链的第一代 HER2CAR的可行性,经过改造的 CAR T 细胞可以有效地根除 HER2阳性靶细胞,还可以产生白细胞介素 2 (IL-2),IL-2 通常用作验证 CAR T 细胞刺激的标志物(参见Stancovski I, etal. Targeting of T lymphocytes to Neu/HER2-expressing cells using chimericsingle chain Fv receptors. J Immunol. 1993;151(11):6577–6582)。之后,靶向HER2的第二代和第三代CAR-T细胞也被开发出来,用于治疗乳腺癌、胃癌、肉瘤、胶质母细胞瘤、卵巢癌以及骨肉瘤等实体肿瘤。但是,由于正常组织中也表达一定量的HER2,使得靶向HER2的嵌合抗原受体表现出了令人厌烦的副作用。
为了解决这一困境,研究人员开始将注意力集中于双特异性的嵌合抗原受体,在众多抗肿瘤靶标中,PD-1/PD-L1受到关注。PD-1/PD-L1 通路控制着肿瘤微环境中免疫耐受的诱导和维持,PD-1 及其配体 PD-L1 或 PD-L2 的活性增加,进而退化抗肿瘤免疫反应。PD-L1属于 B7 系列,是一种 33-kDa I型跨膜糖蛋白,含有 290 个氨基酸,在其细胞外区域具有 IgA 和 IgC 结构域,它通常由巨噬细胞、一些活化的 T 细胞和 B 细胞、DC 和一些上皮细胞表达,特别是在炎症条件下。PD-L1 由肿瘤细胞表达,构成一种“适应性免疫机制”以逃避抗肿瘤反应 ,PD-L1 与富含 CD8 T 细胞的免疫环境、Th1 细胞因子和化学因子的产生以及干扰素和特定基因表达特征有关,已证明 IFN-γ 导致卵巢癌细胞中的 PD-L1上调,这是肿瘤发展的重要原因(参见Abiko K, et al. IFN-γ from lymphocytesinduces PD-L1 expression and promotes progression of ovarian cancer. Br JCancer. 2015;112:1501–1509)。
因此,本发明中基于HER2和PD-L1靶标,提供了一种双特异性嵌合抗原受体,其包括可分别特异性结合HER2和PD-L1的抗原结合域,而且对于不同抗原结合域的亲合力进行了调整和选择,其中HER2抗原结合域与目标抗原具有中等亲和力,而PD-L1抗原结合域与目标抗原具有高亲和力,这种组合可以降低CAR-NK对于正常组织的攻击,同时有效识别肿瘤细胞,提高肿瘤治疗的安全性和有效性。
进一步的,所述共刺激因子为4-1BB。
进一步的,所述嵌合抗原受体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.5所示。
进一步的,编码所述嵌合抗原受体的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.6所示。
本发明中的第二方面提供了一种嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞,所述自然杀伤细胞经过编码所述的嵌合抗原受体基因或所述核苷酸修饰,并能够表达所述嵌合抗原受体。
进一步的,所述嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞还携带有外源性白介素基因,所述白介素选自IL-2、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12、IL-15中的至少一种。
进一步的,所述白介素为IL-15。
IL-15 因子于 1994 年被 Giri 等发现并命名(参见Giri G,et al.Utilizationof the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15,EMBO J, 1994, 13( 12) : 2822-2830), 其编码基因位于染色体 4q31 上, 由 162个氨基酸构成分子量为 14~ 15 kDa 的糖蛋白,其中 48 个氨基酸构成前导序列, 114个氨基酸形成成熟的 IL-15 亚基。IL-15可促进免疫细胞增殖,调节细胞表型,减弱细胞分化,提高细胞毒作用。因此,在嵌合抗原受体治疗中,IL-15被用于增强细胞的运输和持久性,如Hoyos 等将CAR-19T与自杀基因 iC9、细胞因子 IL-15 共表达,构成一个新型的CAR, 将其与常规的CAR19T相比较, 每周以效靶比 1:2 的比例用 B 细胞慢性淋巴性白血病细胞 共培养 5 周,发现构建的新型CAR 体外扩增相较于 CAR-19T增加 10 倍(参见Hoyos V, et al.Engineering CD19-specific T lymphocytes with interleukin-15and a suicide gene to enhance their anti-lymphoma/leukemia effects andsafety,Leukemia, 2010, 24( 6) : 1160-1170)。因此,本发明中也构建了可分泌表达IL-15的CAR-NK细胞,以便促进免疫细胞增殖,提高细胞毒性作用,改善抗肿瘤效果。
本发明中的第三方面提供了一种所述的嵌合抗原受体和/或所述的嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用。
进一步的,所述肿瘤选自乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、肝癌、神经胶质瘤中的至少一种。
进一步的,所述肿瘤为卵巢癌。
HER2和PD-L1为已知的抗肿瘤“明星”靶点,在多种肿瘤细胞中均有所表达,包括但不限于乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、肝癌、神经胶质瘤等等,因此本发明中所提供的嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞可用于治疗多种实体肿瘤。
有益效果
本发明提供了一种嵌合抗原受体、嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞及其在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用,具有以下优势:
(1)具有双特异性结构的嵌合抗原受体,分别靶向HER2和PD-L1,其中与HER2以中等亲和力结合,与PD-L1以高亲和力结合,可有效防止脱靶效应,降低对正常组织的攻击;
(2)构建了嵌合抗原受体-自身杀伤细胞,可以避免T细胞来源不足、副作用较大等缺陷;
(3)嵌合抗原受体-自身杀伤细胞经过IL-15基因修饰,促进细胞增殖,提高抗肿瘤能力;
(4)嵌合抗原受体-自身杀伤细胞可延长动物生存周期,调节免疫因子分泌。
附图说明
图1:嵌合抗原受体结构示意图;
图2:CAR-NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的毒性作用;
图3:CAR-NK细胞对正常细胞的毒性作用;
图4:白介素基因修饰促进CAR-NK细胞增殖;
图5:白介素基因修饰促进穿孔素分泌;
图6:实验动物平均生存期;
图7:动物血清IFN-γ表达水平。
实施方式
以下非限制性实施例可以使本领域的普通技术人员更全面地理解本发明,但不以任何形式限制本发明。凡基于本发明上述内容所实现的技术均应当属于本申请要求保护的范围之中。
以下实施例中所述实验方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂生物材料、检测试剂盒,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径获得。
实施例1 嵌合抗原受体设计
HER2为重要的肿瘤标志物,在多种肿瘤细胞中高水平表达,以曲妥珠单抗、帕妥珠单抗为代表的靶向 HER2单克隆抗体在临床上取得了巨大成功,相应的抗体偶联药物也成为临床研究的热点,但是靶向HER2的CAR-T细胞却因严重的全身毒性后受到质疑,其主要原因在于正常组织细胞表面中也有表达HER2,使得正常组织遭到攻击。为解决该问题,本发明中一方面设计了靶向HER2和PD-L1的双特异性嵌合抗原受体,可提高嵌合抗原受体的靶向性,降低对正常细胞的攻击概率;另一方面对scFv的亲合力进行调整和选择,选用与HER2抗原具有中等亲和力的anti HER2 scFv,所述anti HER2 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ IDNO.1所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示的轻链可变区,其KD值为5.64×10-8M,同时选用与PD-L1抗原具有高亲和力的anti PD-L1 scFv,所述anti PD-L1 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示的轻链可变区其KD值为2.15×10-9M。
如图1所示,本发明中所提供的嵌合抗原受体包括如下结构:信号肽-anti HER2scFv-anti PD-L1 scFv-铰链区-跨膜区-共刺激因子-胞内区,所述“-”为肽键或柔性连接子。为了提高抗肿瘤活性,延长免疫细胞的体内存活时间,选用激活持续性较强的4-1BB作为共刺激因子,以便增强细胞毒性作用。所述嵌合抗原受体记为HER2-PD-L1-CAR,其氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.5所示,编码所述嵌合抗原受体的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.6所示。同时设计仅包括HER2 scFv的嵌合抗原受体作为对照,其结构为信号肽-anti HER2 scFv-铰链区-跨膜区-共刺激因子-胞内区,记为HER2-CAR。
实施例2嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞的制备及其细胞毒性
2.1嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞的制备
NK-92是在NK工具细胞系中研究应用最为广泛的一类细胞系,是由NK肿瘤细胞衍生而来的一种高活性且持续性生长的NK工具细胞系。NK-92具有较高的杀伤细胞活性和靶细胞适用范围广等特点,适宜用于过继性细胞免疫治疗,并已经证明具有高度安全性。
将编码所述嵌合抗原受体的基因导入慢病毒载体PCMVR8.74(含有GFP基因)中,将其与辅助质粒ΔR、REV和VSV-G一起转染293T细胞,于37 ℃、5% CO2 条件下培养72 h后收集上清,2 000g、4 ℃离心10 min,获得病毒上清液,通过超速离心法获得携带所述嵌合抗原受体的慢病毒载体。
培养NK-92细胞至对数生长期,收集细胞后调节细胞密度,每孔1×106个细胞接种于6孔板中,按MOI=5加入慢病毒载体,加入含10%FBS的完全培养基,于37 ℃、5% CO2 条件下静置培养2-5天,荧光显微镜观察见绿色荧光,说明转染成功,获得CAR-NK细胞,分别记为HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK和HER2-CAR-NK。
2.2嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞对肿瘤细胞的毒性作用
本实施例中以人卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3为研究对象,考察所述CAR-NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的毒性作用。复苏并培养SKOV3细胞(本实验室保持),37 ℃、5% CO2培养至对数生长期,使用胰酶消化并3000g离心收集细胞,采用细胞培养基重悬并调节细胞密度,按每孔1×105个细胞接种于96孔板中,37 ℃、5% CO2 条件下培养过夜,将所述CAR-NK细胞与肿瘤细胞1:1,5:1和10:1的比例共培养,每组设立3个复孔,同时设立空白孔(不含有细胞)和对照孔(不加入CAR-NK细胞),培养48h。每孔加入 10μL CCK-8 溶液,在 37℃,5%CO2 条件下孵育2h,然后 10min 内用酶标仪测定在 OD450nm 处的吸光度,计算肿瘤抑制率,所述肿瘤抑制率=(对照孔OD值-实验孔OD值)/(对照孔OD值-空白孔OD值)×100%。
结果如图2所示,本发明中所提供的CAR-NK细胞可有效杀伤肿瘤细胞,在低浓度时,HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK和HER2-CAR-NK效果类似,但是在高浓度时,HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK的作用明显强于后者,说明使用双特异性嵌合抗原受体更能够快速识别并杀死肿瘤细胞。
2.3嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞对正常细胞的毒性作用
HER2靶点潜在的脱靶效应令人担忧,故本实施例中考察所述CAR-NK细胞对于正常组织细胞的影响,以人正常卵巢细胞系IOSE80、人正常肺细胞系MRC-5、人正常结直肠细胞NCM460、正常胃细胞系GES-1为研究对象,考察细胞毒性。
具体方法参照第2.2节,按照CAR-NK细胞与正常细胞5:1的比例共培养,利用CCK-8法检测并计算细胞抑制率。结果如图3所示,由于仅含有靶向HER2的scFv,HER2-CAR-NK对于正常细胞的攻击性较强,尤其是对于肺组织细胞,而HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK中由于设计了双特异性的scFv,使得脱靶效应降低,对于正常细胞的毒性作用受到抑制,故安全性更高。
实施例3嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞的基因修饰
3.1 嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞的基因修饰
自然杀伤细胞在体内的存活时间较短,一般约为1-2周,随后会自然凋亡,这一方面防止免疫细胞的过度反应,可降低作用;另一方面也使得自然杀伤细胞在使用过程中需要频繁给药,增加了治疗负担。因此,本发明中试图通过对自然杀伤进行基因改造,引入外源细胞因子,从而促进其细胞增殖,提高抗肿瘤活性。
白细胞介素(Interleukin,IL),是指在白细胞或免疫细胞间相互作用的淋巴因子,在传递信息,激活与调节免疫细胞,介导T、B细胞活化、增殖与分化及在炎症反应中起重要作用,已有报道IL-2、IL-7、IL-8、IL-12、IL-15等均具有促进免疫细胞增殖,提高其激活程度的作用,并被用于构建第四代CAR-T细胞。本发明中通过慢病毒载体,将上述白介素基因分别构建入HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK中,进而检测其生活活性,具体方法参照第2.1节,所述白介素基因序列从NCBI网站上查询获得。
3.2基因修饰促进嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞增殖能力
取对数生长期CAR-NK细胞,以1×105个/mL密度接种于96孔板,每孔100 µL,分为对照组(未经白介素修饰的CAR-NK细胞)和实验组(经过白介素修饰的CAR-NK细胞)。置于细胞培养箱,37℃、5% CO2培养24 h。弃去培养液,每孔加入100 μL用无血清培养液稀释10倍的CCK-8,放入细胞培养箱中继续孵育2 h。采用CCK-8法检测细胞相对增殖率,于450 nm波长处用酶标仪测定吸光度,计算细胞相对增殖率=实验组吸光度值/正常对照组吸光度值×100%。
结果如图4所示,导入白介素基因后,由于提高了刺激因子的表达水平,使得CAR-NK细胞增殖率提高,其中IL-7和IL-15的促增殖效果最强,因此推测这种基因修饰可有效延长CAR-NK细胞生存期,改善免疫治疗效果。
3.3基因修饰提升细胞毒性
穿孔素是一种细胞溶素,通常由大颗粒淋巴细胞、活化的Tc细胞、自然杀伤细胞释放出来,能杀伤的靶细胞范围较宽,杀伤作用较强,能在靶细胞膜上形成孔洞,从而诱导细胞凋亡。本实施例中考察基因修饰对于CAR-NK细胞穿孔素释放能力的影响。
取对数生长期CAR-NK细胞,以1×106个/mL密度接种于24孔板,每孔100 µL,分为对照组(未经白介素修饰的CAR-NK细胞)和实验组(经过白介素修饰的CAR-NK细胞),37℃、5% CO2培养24 h,收集细胞上清。使用ELISA试剂盒(购自欣博盛生物科技有限公司)检测细胞上清中的穿孔素水平,具体步骤按照试剂盒说明书进行。
结果如图5所示,经过不同白介素修饰后,CAR-NK穿孔素释放能力得到强化,其中IL-15修饰的促进效果最强,说明IL-15可通过促进穿孔素释放,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,增加了CAR-NK细胞的毒性作用。因此,后续实验以IL-15基因修饰的CAR-NK为候选药物进行,所述IL-15的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.7所示。
实施例4嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞体内抗肿瘤活性
4.1动物模型制备与给药
37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养SKOV3细胞至对数生长期,胰酶消化收集细胞,使用无菌生理盐水调节细胞密度,将所述细胞接种到BALB/c雌性裸鼠皮下,每只注射5×106个细胞,通过游标卡尺每日检测肿瘤组织体积,当肿瘤组织生长至80-100mm3时,造模成功用于后续动物实验。
将所述动物模型随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为:HER2-CAR-NK组,每周注射5×106个HER2-CAR-NK细胞,共给药4次;HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK组,每周注射5×106个HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK细胞,共给药4次;HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK-IL-15组,每周注射5×106个HER2-PD-L1-CAR-NK-IL-15细胞,共给药4次;对照组,每周注射等体积生理盐水,共给药4次。
4.2动物平均生存期
每天观测动物的生存状态,并进行记录,各组动物的平均生存期如图6所示,CAR-NK治疗可显著延长动物生存期,而且使用双特异的CAR-NK疗效更为明显,这说明本发明中所提供的CAR-NK能够有效抑制肿瘤组织在内体生长过程,并且使用IL-15修饰的CAR-NK进一步强化了抗肿瘤作用,展现出了良好的应用前景。
4.3血清细胞因子检测
干扰素-γ(Interferon-γ,IFN-γ)是一种细胞因子,通常在细胞介导的适应性免疫反应过程的细胞毒性和抗肿瘤机制中具有生物活性,在抗肿瘤机制中,IFN-γ可用于不同类型癌症的免疫辅助治疗,通过抑制肿瘤组织中的血管生成,诱导调节性T 细胞凋亡,刺激M1促炎性巨噬细胞的活性等阻止肿瘤进展。然而,IFN-γ也是肿瘤免疫因子风暴中的重要成员,表达量过高可能导致严重不良反应,这使得IFN-γ成为肿瘤免疫治疗中的重点检测对象。
本实施例在给药治疗5周后,尾静脉取血,离心收集血清,使用ELISA试剂盒(购自R&D公司)检测血清中的免疫因子IFN-γ含量。结果如图7所示,使用CAR-NK治疗会导致体内IFN-γ水平提高,由于HER2-CAR-NK的特异性较低,使得其可能多机体中多种正常细胞开展攻击,使得IFN-γ表达量大幅度提高,而双特异的CAR-NK靶向性较强,故IFN-γ表达量有所下降,经过IL-15基因修饰的双特异的CAR-NK,由于IL-15的存在,IFN-γ表达量有所提升,但仍在可接受范围内。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭露如上,然而并非用以限定本发明,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内,当可利用上述揭示的技术内容作出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种嵌合抗原受体,其特征在于,
所述嵌合抗原受体包括如下结构:信号肽-antiHER2 scFv-anti PD-L1 scFv-铰链区-跨膜区-共刺激因子-胞内区;所述anti HER2 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.1所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.2所示的轻链可变区;所述anti PD-L1 scFv包括氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.3所示的重链可变区和氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.4所示的轻链可变区;所述“-”为肽键或柔性连接子。
2.如权利要求1所述嵌合抗原受体,其特征在于,
所述共刺激因子为4-1BB。
3.如权利要求2所述嵌合抗原受体,其特征在于,
所述嵌合抗原受体的氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.5所示。
4.如权利要求2所述嵌合抗原受体,其特征在于,
编码所述嵌合抗原受体的核苷酸序列如SEQ ID NO.6所示。
5.一种嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞,其特征在于,
所述自然杀伤细胞经过编码权利要求1-3任一项所述的嵌合抗原受体基因或权利要求4所述核苷酸序列修饰,并能够表达所述嵌合抗原受体。
6.如权利要求5所述的嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞,其特征在于,
所述嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞还携带有外源性白介素基因,所述白介素选自IL-2、IL-7、IL-10、IL-12、IL-15中的至少一种。
7.如权利要求6所述的嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞,其特征在于,
所述白介素为IL-15。
8.如权利要求1-4任一项所述的嵌合抗原受体和/或权利要求5-7所述的嵌合抗原受体-自然杀伤细胞在制备抗肿瘤药物中的应用,其特征在于,
所述肿瘤选自乳腺癌、卵巢癌、肺癌、肝癌、神经胶质瘤中的至少一种。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,
所述肿瘤为卵巢癌。
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