CN116426541B - 防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段、dsRNA及纳米农药组合物 - Google Patents
防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段、dsRNA及纳米农药组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段、dsRNA及纳米农药组合物。所述靶标基因区段是大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段,选自SEQ ID.No.1、SEQ ID.No.2或SEQ ID.No.3所述的任何一种核苷酸序列;本发明还公开了由所述靶标基因区段转录得到的dsRNA;dsRNA与V991共孵育接种棉花的病情指数统计以及真菌生物量和基因沉默效率检测表明,所述靶标基因区段转录的dsRNA有效降低了大丽轮枝菌对棉花的致病力。本发明进一步公开了由dsRNA、纳米载体和农药组成的复合纳米农药组合物,防效测定结果显示,该复合纳米农药组合物对于作物黄萎病具有良好的防治效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及防治植物病害的靶标基因区段、dsRNA及其与纳米农药复配的组合物,尤其涉及防治作物黄萎病的靶标区段,采用该靶标基因区段制备的dsRNA以及该dsRNA与纳米农药复配得到的防治作物黄萎病的纳米农药组合物,属于防治作物黄萎病的RNA生物农药领域。
背景技术
黄萎病(Verticillium wilt)是一种毁灭性的植物维管束病害,主要由植物病原真菌大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)从植物根部侵染进入维管组织引起,在植物的整个生育期内均可能发生,严重时可导致植物死亡。大丽轮枝菌的寄主植物非常广泛,目前已经发现其可侵染超过400种双子叶植物,包括一年生草本植物、多年生草本植物和木本植物,多种具有重要经济价值的作物如棉花、番茄、马铃薯、辣椒、向日葵等都受到了大丽轮枝菌的威胁(KLOSTERMAN S J, ATALLAH Z K, VALLAD G E, et al. Diversity,pathogenicity, and managementofVerticilliumspecies [J]. Annual Review ofPhytopathology, 2009,47(1): 39-62.),其中棉花受大丽轮枝菌的影响尤为严重。
作为世界上主要的天然纤维作物,棉花是纺织业纤维最重要的来源之一,占人类使用纤维总量的一半(HAGENBUCHER S, OLSON D M, RUBERSON J R, et al. Resistancemechanisms against arthropodherbivores in cotton and their interactions withnatural enemies [J]. CriticalReviews in Plant Sciences, 2013, 32(6): 458-482.)。由大丽轮枝菌引起的黄萎病属于土传病害,因此对该病的控制非常困难,目前还没有较好效果的防治药剂,因而棉花黄萎病被称作棉花的“癌症”(ZHANG G, ZHAO Z, MA P,et al. Integrative transcriptomic and gene co-expressionnetwork analysis ofhost responses uponVerticillium dahliaeinfection inGossypium hirsutum[J].Scientific Reports, 2021, 11(1): 20586-20598.)。
RNA生物农药是利用RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)原理,通过抑制生物体重要功能基因的表达,造成有害生物发育停滞或死亡,进而达到病虫害防控的目的。该技术不会改变有害生物的基因组,也不会对生态系统造成不良影响。RNA生物农药具有精准、高效、绿色无污染等优势,是目前最有可能应用于病虫害防控的新技术之一。由于RNAi对靶标基因沉默的特异性和高效性,可作为一种便捷手段开展病虫害防治及农药新靶标的筛选与鉴定。目前,RNAi技术已被广泛研究并应用于现代农业领域。根据与病原菌侵染寄主毒力相关的基因Chs3b,Ave1、Sge1和NLP1,致病效应蛋白SvrPm3a1/f1,利用这些靶标基因构建的dsRNA瞬转植株或稳转植株,均能够在一定程度上抵御多种真菌病害(Zhao, J. H. and H.S. Guo (2022). RNA silencing: From discovery and elucidation toapplicationand perspectives. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 64(2): 476-498.)。尽管许多研究表明RNA生物农药具有很强的应用前景,但其稳定性严重制约了其商业用途。作为RNAi的核心成分,双链RNA(dsRNA)在天然状态下极其不稳定,在土壤和水环境中单独存在的dsRNA在48小时内完全降解,核酸酶、雨水、紫外线和微生物等环境因素均会直接影响dsRNA的稳定性(Rank AP, Koch A. Lab-to-Field Transition of RNASprayApplications - How Far Are We.Front Plant Sci. 2021 Oct 15;12:755203.)。因此,如何保证dsRNA的稳定性是实现RNA生物农药商业化使用的最大挑战之一。
目前,中国农药目前多以乳油、可湿性粉剂等剂型为主,存在大量使用有机溶剂、粉尘漂移、水分散性差、有效利用率低、生物活性不高、农药残留与环境污染严重等问题(王安琪, 王琰, 王春鑫等. 农药纳米微囊化剂型研究进展. 中国农业科技导报, 2018, 20(2): 10-18.)。纳米粒子(1-100 nm)可快速包裹药物分子,改变农药的理化性质,提高农药的水溶性和分散性,充分发挥活性成分的生物活性,杜绝有害溶剂并最大程度减少助剂用量,克服农药残留污染(PetersRJB, Bouwmeester H, Gottardo S, et al.Nanomaterials for products and application in agriculture, feed and food.Trends in Food Science andTechnology, 2016, 54: 155-164.)。Yu等人(2019)利用单宁酸制备了阿维菌素和嘧菌酯纳米农药,二者展现出更好的耐光性和缓释能力,同时可以更好的粘附在叶面,叶面保留率增加50%以上,大幅提升了农药的利用率(Yu M, Sun C,Xue Y, et al. Tannic acid-based nanopesticides coating with highly improvedfoliage adhesion to enhance foliarretention. RSC Advances, 2019, 9: 27096-27104.)。Selyutina等人(2020)建立了以天然多糖和多聚糖为核心的农药递送系统,不仅可以提升农药的水溶性,还可以提升农药穿透玉米和油菜种子表皮的能力,抑霉唑和咪鲜胺的表皮穿透力增强10倍以上(Selyutina OY, Khalikov SS, Polyakov NE.Arabinogalactan and glycyrrhizin based nanopesticides as novel deliverysystems for plantprotection. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2020, 27: 5864-5872.)。
因此,获得有效防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段以及dsRNA,再进一步筛选获得与该dsRNA协同增效的农药并用纳米载体进行包裹得到纳米复合农药组合物,能有效提升dsRNA的稳定性及防治作物黄萎病的功效。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是提供有效防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段;
本发明的目的之二是采用所述的防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段制备得到的dsRNA;
本发明的目的之三将防治作物黄萎病的dsRNA与纳米载体以及农药复合得到纳米农药组合物。
本发明的上述目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的:
本发明的一方面是提供了防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段,所述靶标基因区段是大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段,其选自dsVdYTH1-1、dsVdYTH1-2或dsVdYTH1-3中的任何一种,其核苷序列分别为SEQ ID.No.1、SEQ ID.No.2或SEQ ID.No.3所示;优选的,所述的防治棉花黄萎病的靶标基因区段是dsVdYTH1-1(其核苷酸序列为SEQ ID.No.1所示)。
其中,SEQ ID.No.1(dsVdYTH1-1)所述的核苷酸序列如下:
CACAGAGCGCGAAGACATCACATGGGCAACCCAAAACTCAAGATGTTCCGATCGCTGCAACCTCAAGCGATGCGTTGCTCCAGCCGTTCGGAGCTTTTGGTTCAACTCGAGCTCGGAAAGCTCACGACGTGGACAAGGCCATCATACCCAACGCCAATTGTCACCATACACGCCACTTTGCCAGTCTCCAGCCACCAGAGCAGCGCATTCATCGACACTCAATCACGAAATCACTTGGCAGCGATATTTTTTCACCGCTCCTGGACGGACTCGGCAGCGCACGCCACGCTTGATACTACTTCAAACACTGAACACTGAACACCGACCTCTCCCCAACGCACCCGCCTCTCGCAGCCAGACCACGAGGGCCCCCAGCACCGCAGGCCAGCCAGGGCCAGAAGCCCACACCATGGCAGCGATGACAGCACACCCCTCGCT。
其中,SEQ ID.No.2(dsVdYTH1-2)所述的核苷酸序列如下:
ACACCGAGCCGGCGGCGACCTTCGACTTCACGCCCTTCCTCCGCGCGACGCACCAGCACGCCCTCGCCGCCGACTCGGCGCCCGGCGGGCAGCCGGCGCACACGCACGCGGGCCGCGGGCCGTCGCTCGTGTGCAAGCACTGGCTGCGCGGGCTCTGCAAAAAGGGCGCCCACTGCGAGTTCCTCCACGAGTACAACCTCCGCAAGATGCCCGAGTGCAACTTTTTCACGCGCAACGGCTACTGCTCCAACGGCGAGGAGTGCCTCTACCTGCACATCGACCCGCAGTCCAAGCTGCCGCCCTGCCCCCACTACGACATGGGCTTCTGCCCCCTCGGCCCCGCCTGCGCCAAGAAGCACGTCCGCCGCGCCCTGTGCCTGTTCTACCTCGCCGGCTTCTGCCCCGCGGGGCGCGACTGCCGCGACGGCGCCCACCCGC。
其中,SEQ ID.No.3(dsVdYTH1-3)所述的核苷酸序列如下:
CTACCTGCACATCGACCCGCAGTCCAAGCTGCCGCCCTGCCCCCACTACGACATGGGCTTCTGCCCCCTCGGCCCCGCCTGCGCCAAGAAGCACGTCCGCCGCGCCCTGTGCCTGTTCTACCTCGCCGGCTTCTGCCCCGCGGGGCGCGACTGCCGCGACGGCGCCCACCCGCGGTGGAGGAAGGACCTCGAGCGGCCGAAGCTCAAGGTCGAGGTCCAGCGCGAGGAGGAGGAGCTCAAGCGCCAGGAGGAGCTCGAGAGGCAGGCCGCCGGCCTCCATGAGCCGCAGAGAGATATGCGAGACGACAGGGGCGGCTTCGGCGACAGGGGGGACAGGAGGCATGGCCACGGGGGCAGGGGCGGCGGTGGTGCGGGCGGCGGCAAGTGGCGCGACCGCGGGGGAGGTGGAGGCGGCGGCAGGCGGTTCCGCGGTCGTGG。
其中,由核苷酸序列为SEQ ID.No.1所示的核苷酸序列转录得到dsRNA,所述dsRNA的其中一条RNA的核苷酸序列如下(SEQ ID.No.4):
CCGGCAGAUCUGAUAUCAUCGAUGAAUUCGAGCUCCACCGCGGUGGCGGCCGCUCUAGAACUAGUGGAUCCACCGGUUCCAUGGCUAGCCACGUGACGCGUGGAUCCCCCGGGCUGCAGGAAUUCGAUAUCAAGCUUCACAGAGCGCGAAGACAUCACAUGGGCAACCCAAAACUCAAGAUGUUCCGAUCGCUGCAACCUCAAGCGAUGCGUUGCUCCAGCCGUUCGGAGCUUUUGGUUCAACUCGAGCUCGGAAAGCUCACGACGUGGACAAGGCCAUCAUACCCAACGCCAAUUGUCACCAUACACGCCACUUUGCCAGUCUCCAGCCACCAGAGCAGCGCAUUCAUCGACACUCAAUCACGAAAUCACUUGGCAGCGAUAUUUUUUCACCGCUCCUGGACGGACUCGGCAGCGCACGCCACGCUUGAUACUACUUCAAACACUGAACACUGAACACCGACCUCUCCCCAACGCACCCGCCUCUCGCAGCCAGACCACGAGGGCCCCCAGCACCGCAGGCCAGCCAGGGCCAGAAGCCCACACCAUGGCAGCGAUGACAGCACACCCCUCGCUGGUACCAAUU。
本发明的另一方面是提供了含有防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段的载体,所述的载体可以是RNA干扰载体或者是将该靶标基因区段转录得到dsRNA的基因表达载体。
作为本发明一种优选的具体实施方案,所述的RNA干扰载体是Gateway干扰载体,作为参考,本发明提供了一种构建Gateway干扰载体的方法,包括:通过BP反应,将所述的大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段连接至pDONR207中再通过LR反应,将其构建至pK7GWIWG2(I)中得到Gateway干扰载体。
作为本发明的一种优选的具体实施方案,所述的将该靶标基因区段转录得到dsRNA的基因表达载体可以是L4440基因表达载体,该L4440基因表达载体内部具有一个双向T7启动子,目的基因片段可通过内部的酶切位点插入到双向T7启动子之间,在IPTG的诱导下,两个反向的T7启动子发挥作用,可以形成互补的dsRNA分子。
本发明的另一方面是提供了由大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段所转录得到的防治作物黄萎病的dsRNA。
作为本发明一种优选的具体实施方案,所述的由大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段所转录得到的防治作物黄萎病的dsRNA由SEQ ID No.4所示的核苷酸序列以及与SEQID No.4所示的核苷酸反向互补的核苷酸序列组成。
本发明的另一方面将所述的防治作物黄萎病的dsRNA与纳米载体以及具有防治作物黄萎病的农药复配在一起得到复合纳米农药组合物。
作为本发明一种优选的具体实施方案,所述的纳米载体为树枝状大分子且经过氨基官能团功能化,其结构式为式Ⅰ所示:
其中,式Ⅰ中n值为1-100中的任意整数。
作为本发明一种优选的具体实施方案,所述的农药优选为氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)、嘧菌酯(阿米西达)、咯菌腈(适乐时)、甲基硫菌灵或异硫氰酸烯丙酯中的任何一种,优选为氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)。
作为本发明一种优选的具体实施方案,按照质量比计算,dsRNA、纳米载体与农药的比例为(1-9):1:1进一步优选,将dsRNA、纳米载体与农药按照5:1:1的比例进行复配得到的复合纳米农药组合物对于黄萎病的防治效果最佳且dsRNA的用量最少。
本发明的再一方面是将所述的靶标基因区段、由该靶标基因区段转录得到的dsRNA以及由该dsRNA与纳米载体以及农药复合得到复合纳米农药组合物应用于防治作物黄萎病。
作为本发明一种参考的实施方案,本发明提供了将所述的靶标基因区段应用于防治作物黄萎病,包括:
(1)构建含有所述靶标基因区段的RNA干扰载体;
(2)将所构建的RNA干扰载体转化到作物或作物细胞中;
(3)筛选获得对大丽轮枝菌抗病性提高的转基因作物。
所述转化的方案以及将所述核苷酸引入植物的方案根据可适用于转化的植物或植物细胞的类型而变化。将所述核苷酸引入植物细胞的合适方法包括:显微注射、电穿孔、农杆菌介导的转化和直接基因转移等。
作为本发明一种参考的实施方案,本发明提供了一种应用所述dsRNA与纳米载体或者复合纳米农药组合物防治作物黄萎病的方法,包括:在作物播种前,将作物种子用dsRNA或者复合纳米农药组合物进行拌种处理;播种后,用dsRNA或者复合纳米农药组合物进行灌根处理。
本发明所述作物为大丽轮枝菌的寄主植物,优选为农作物或蔬菜,包括棉花、烟草、番茄、马铃薯、甜瓜、西瓜、黄瓜或花生中的任意一种。
本发明采用dsRNA与化学药剂的纳米复配技术,以高致病力的大丽轮枝菌株V991为实验材料,首先通过体外dsRNA合成技术,筛选获得能够显著抑制病原菌mRNA 3'末端加工蛋白YTH1并降低植株病情指数的靶标区段,然后通过与多种农药与纳米材料复配,筛选最佳的配比,进行拌种及滴灌,最终获得防治棉花黄萎病最佳的靶标基因区段并与纳米载体以及化学农药复配得到的纳米农药组合物。
本发明整体技术方案详述
为了筛选得到干扰效果最佳的靶标基因区段,根据大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1(mRNA 3'-end-processing protein YTH1,VDAG_06824)的编码序列,设计3对特异性引物,引物两端含有Hind III和KpnI酶切位点,分别对目的片段进行扩增,扩增获得大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段dsVdYTH1-1、dsVdYTH1-2和dsVdYTH1-3,其核苷酸序列分别为SEQ IDNo.1、SEQ ID No.2和SEQ ID No.3所示。通过Hind III和KpnI将克隆获得的靶标片段进行酶切,然后将其构建到L4440载体中,成为RNAi-VdYTH1-N载体。通过PCR扩增验证和DNA测序进行验证后,发现序列与靶标片段序列完成一致。然后,将验证正确的阳性质料转化至大肠杆菌HT115(DE3),用于dsRNA的诱导表达。
本实验采用的L4440表达载体内部具有一个双向T7启动子,目的基因片段可通过内部的酶切位点插入到双向T7启动子之间,在IPTG的诱导下,两个反向的T7启动子发挥作用,可以形成互补的dsRNA分子。工程菌株HT115,自身具有Tet抗性,并且体内缺少RNaseIII样内切酶,因此在菌体内L4440表达出的dsRNA可以保持大片段形式。
将测序正确的单克隆加入到2×YT培养基中,加入IPTG(终浓度约为0.4 mM)进行诱导后收集菌体。利用酸酚法,提取RNA,以检测dsRNA的表达情况,电泳发现其有大量的585bp左右的dsRNA。对提取的各组RNA用RNase处理2 h后,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳可以发现总RNA全部降解,dsRNA仍然存在。这说明了dsRNA结构相当稳定,不受RNase的影响。
将提取的dsRNA与浓度为107cfu/mL的V991孢子悬浮液共孵育24 h,并接种长至“两叶一心”的棉花幼苗,15天后统计棉花病情指数。结果显示,与接种未处理的V991相比,接种与dsRNA共孵育的V991的棉花的病情指数均有所下降,并且与dsVdYTH1-1(核苷酸序列为SEQ ID No.1所示)共孵育的孢子致病力下降最显著,初步说明孢子与dsRNA共孵育可以降低棉花的病情指数,并且dsVdYTH1-1区段的干扰效果最好。
提取棉花根部DNA,利用qRT-PCR进行真菌生物量分析。结果表明,接种与dsRNA共孵育的V991的棉花的真菌生物量明显降低,约为野生型的26%。为了进一步验证植物病情指数降低与靶标基因表达之间的关系,通过对植物根部病原菌靶标基因的表达量分析,可以观察到与野生型植物相比,转基因植物体内靶标基因表达量下降了约70%。这说明将dsVdYTH1-1作为VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段设计dsRNA,可以有效降低病原菌的致病力。
选取氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)、嘧菌酯(阿米西达)、咯菌腈(适乐时)、甲基硫菌灵和异硫氰酸烯丙酯等五种农药,分别对棉花种子进行拌种,以水作为对照。在第6 d、12 d利用农药及水进行灌根处理,每10盆棉苗灌根1 L,每盆4棵棉苗。第15 d采用蘸根法,用107cfu/mL的大丽轮枝菌的孢子悬液接种“两叶一心”的棉花幼苗。在接种后的第15 d,对植株的病害严重程度进行调查。结果显示,与清水处理相比,农药处理后的棉花的病情指数均有所下降,并且阿马士处理组病情指数下降最显著。提取转基因棉花根部DNA,利用qRT-PCR进行真菌生物量分析。分析结果表明,农药处理后的棉花根部的真菌生物量明显降低,并且阿马士处理的棉花下降最明显,约为野生型的40%。
将SPc(60.4 mg/mL)与氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)按照质量比为1:1混合配制成纳米农药,按照不同的配比将100 ng/μL dsRNA与纳米农药混合孵育,并对棉花进行拌种处理。在第6 d、12 d利用纳米农药及纳米农药复配液进行灌根处理,每10盆棉苗灌根1 L,每盆4棵棉苗。等棉花长至“两叶一心”后利用2.4方法进行接菌,并在接种15 d后根据2.5方法统计发病情况。每组接种12株棉花幼苗,接种实验重复3次,并计算防治效果(CE)。
室内防效测定结果显示,9种复配组合中dsRNA、SPc和氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)的质量比等于或大于5:1:1时防效最好,CE可达74.65%,具有很好的增效作用,dsRNA质量比用量少于5:1:1的复配防效次之。综上所述,dsRNA、SPc和氟唑菌苯胺三者复配药剂比单独施用效果更好,并且质量比为5:1:1的防效最好且用量最节省。
本发明所涉及到的术语定义
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术及科学术语都具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常所了解相同的含义。
术语“多核苷酸”或“核苷酸”意指单股或双股形式的脱氧核糖核苷酸、脱氧核糖核苷、核糖核苷或核糖核苷酸及其聚合物。除非特定限制,否则所述术语涵盖含有天然核苷酸的已知类似物的核酸,所述类似物具有类似于参考核酸的结合特性并以类似于天然产生的核苷酸的方式进行代谢。除非另外特定限制,否则所述术语也意指寡核苷酸类似物,其包括
PNA(肽核酸)、在反义技术中所用的DNA类似物(硫代磷酸酯、磷酰胺酸酯等)。除非另外指定,否则特定核酸序列也隐含地涵盖其保守修饰的变异体(包括(但不限于)简并密码子取代)和互补序列以及明确指定的序列。特定而言,可通过产生其中一个或一个以上所选(或所有)密码子的第3位经混合碱基或脱氧肌苷残基取代的序列来实现简并密码子取代。
术语“重组宿主细胞”或“宿主细胞”意指包含本发明核苷酸的细胞,而不管使用何种方法进行插入以产生重组宿主细胞。宿主细胞可为原核细胞或真核细胞。
术语“RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)”意指通过外源或内源性的双链RNA在细胞内诱导同源序列的基因表达沉默的现象。
附图说明
图1为L4440载体的相关信息。
图2为RNAi-VdYTH1不同区段扩增结果;M:marker,1-3为针对VdYTH1基因的不同区段扩增结果。
图3为RNAi-VdYTH1载体菌液PCR验证;M为marker,1-3为针对VdYTH1基因构建RNAi质粒的菌液PCR验证结果。
图4为dsRNA的表达情况;M为marker,1-3为提取的dsVdYTH1的验证结果。
图5为dsRNA与V991共孵育接种的棉花的病情指数统计结果。
图6为dsRNA与V991共孵育接种的棉花根部真菌生物量检测结果。
图7为dsRNA与V991共孵育接种的棉花后体内靶基因相对表达量检测结果。
图8为不同农药拌种及滴灌的棉花的病情指数统计结果。
图9为不同农药拌种及滴灌的棉花的真菌生物量检测结果。
图10为不同比例的纳米农药复配剂处理棉花的病情指数统计结果。
图11为不同比例的纳米农药复配剂处理棉花的防治效果统计结果。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例来进一步描述本发明,本发明的优点和特点将会随着描述而更为清楚。但这些实施例仅是范例性的,并不对本发明的范围构成任何限制。本领域技术人员应该理解的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下可以对本发明的细节和形式进行修改或替换,但这些修改和替换均落入本发明的保护范围内。
实验例1防治棉花黄萎病的靶标区段的筛选、dsRNA的制备以及dsRNA与纳米载体和农药复配得到的复合纳米农药组合物以及防治棉花黄萎病的实验
1.材料与方法
(1)植物材料
选择珂字棉312作为实验材料,先将棉种置于70%的酒精中浸泡1 min,无菌水冲洗1次,再使用30%的H2O2浸泡30 min,无菌水冲洗3次。棉种在无菌水中浸泡过夜,之后转入已灭菌的营养土中,营养土盛放在无底的一次性纸杯中。将纸杯置于人工气候箱中培养;温度25 ± 2℃,相对湿度75 ± 5 %,光周期L:D为16 h:8 h。
(2)菌株和质粒
棉花黄萎病原菌:大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)V991,高致病力落叶型菌株。
病毒载体:L4440载体由美国斯坦福大学Andrew Fire教授(StanfordUniversity,CA,USA)赠送。
菌株:大肠杆菌(E.coli)HT115(DE3);大肠杆菌(E. coli)DH5α菌株,由发明人本实验室保存。
(3)相关溶液的配制
LB(Luria-Bertani)培养基:酵母提取物5 g/L,胰蛋白胨10 g/L,NaCl 10 g/L;
完全培养基(complete medium,CM):酵母提取物6 g/L,酸水解酪蛋白6 g/L,蔗糖10 g/L;
2×YT液体培养基(PH=7.0):酵母提取物10 g/L,胰蛋白胨16 g/L,NaCl 5 g/L
(4)真菌的培养以及植物接种方式
将大丽轮枝菌孢子培养于液体CM培养基中,25℃振荡培养5-7天。经5层纱布过滤,离心收集孢子。用蒸馏水稀释,并在显微镜下观察,将孢子浓度调整至107cfu/mL后备用。
待棉花幼苗长至“两叶一心”时,采用无底纸钵蘸根法接种大丽轮枝菌的孢子悬浮液,每个纸杯接种10 mL的上述孢子悬浮液。接种完成后,置于人工气候箱中继续培养,每隔3 d定量浇水。每组接种12株棉花幼苗,接种实验重复3次。
(5)植物病情指数统计
在接种15 d后,观察大丽轮枝菌接种后棉花的发病情况,统计病情指数。病情采用5级分级法:0级,无病症;1级,子叶变黄,真叶无病症;2级,子叶全部出现病症,1-3片真叶出现病状;3级,包括子叶在内,超过5片棉花叶片出现病症;4级,所有叶片均表现病症,叶片脱落,植株枯死。统计病株率,计算病情指数,病情指数计算方法如下:观察发病
病情指数=[∑(各级病株数×对应的病级)/(10×4)]×100
棉花茎段纵剖:接种过大丽轮枝菌的棉花幼苗,在接种后第15天时,观察植株发病情况,并截取子叶上部约2 cm的茎段,从茎段中央进行纵剖,观察维管束颜色。重复接种3次,重复观察3次。
(6)植物体内真菌生物量测定
在接种大丽轮枝菌第15天,选取棉花根部组织,提取基因组DNA,DNA提取方法参考试剂盒使用说明。以Vd-F/Vd-R为检测引物:
Vd-F:CCGCCGGTCCATCAGTCTCTCTGTTTATAC;
Vd-R:CGCCTGCGGGACTCCGATGCGAGCTGTAAC。
检测混合DNA样品中的大丽轮枝菌基因组DNA中的核糖体RNA基因ITS1和ITS2区域(Z29511)。
棉花持家基因Ployubiquitin作为内参基因,其检测引物为Pu-F/Pu-F:
Pu-F:AGCTCGGATACGATTGATAACG;
Pu-F:GAAGACGAAGAACAAGGGGAAG。
数据采用2-△△CT法进行分析(Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relativegene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-△△CTMethod[J].Methods. 2001 Dec;25(4): 402-8.)。
(7)RNAi-VdYTH1干扰载体的构建
为了筛选得到干扰效果最佳的靶标基因区段,根据大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1(mRNA 3'-end-processing protein YTH1,VDAG_06824)的编码序列,设计3对特异性引物,引物两端含有Hind III和KpnI酶切位点(如表1),分别对目的片段进行扩增。然后利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR扩增产物,并进行片段回收。将目的片段以载体分别进行酶切反应,将其构建至L4440载体中。最后,利用PCR扩增检测以及测序分析,将验证好的阳性质粒转化至大肠杆菌(E. coli)DH5α菌株中。
表1VdYTH1不同区段引物信息
加粗斜体处为酶切位点。
挑取测序正确的阳性克隆,重新摇菌,提取质粒。选用Hind III和KpnⅠ进行双酶切,2 h后进行1%琼脂糖电泳,回收的目的条带,将回收产物片段-20℃保存备用。
表2双酶切体系
首先将L4440干涉载体双酶切后,连接步骤按照T4连接酶说明书进行,连接反应体系如下表3:
表3连接反应体系
16℃水浴中过夜。
(8)大肠杆菌(E. coli)HT115(DE3)感受态细胞的转化
实验室所用的大肠杆菌HT115(DE3)菌株系由美国国家线虫遗传学中心提供,其菌株本身带有四环素抗性,感受态制备方法参照美国Timmons博士提供的方法,步骤如下:
a、挑取大肠杆菌HT115(DE3)单菌落,接种于5 mL LB液体培养基(Tet+,终浓度为12.5 µg/mL)中,37℃振荡培养过夜。
b、次日以1:100的体积比接种于25 mL LB液体培养基(Tet+),37℃振荡培养。
c、待OD595nm约为0.4时,将菌液4℃ 、3000 rpm 离心10 min。
d、去上清,加入相当于原培养物1/2体积(12.5 mL)的预冷无菌50 mM CaCl2,用移液器轻轻上下温柔吹打混匀,重悬沉淀。
e、冰浴30 min,4℃、3000 rpm离心10 min。
f、去上清,加入相当于原培养物1/10体积(2.5 mL)的预冷无菌50 mM CaCl2,再加入相应体积的75%灭菌甘油,使其终浓度为10%,上下轻轻吹打混匀,迅速在冰上冷冻,分装(150 µL/管),-80℃冰箱中保存备用。
(9)大肠杆菌(E. coli)HT115(DE3)感受态细胞的转化
大肠杆菌HT115(DE3)感受态细胞的转化方法与DH5a感受态细胞的转化略有不同,具体方法如下:
a、在150 µL感受态细胞中加入1 µL重组干涉载体质粒,冰浴30 min。
b、将离心管放至42℃的循环水浴中1 min。
c、快速将管转移到冰浴中2 min。
d、超净台中,每管加1 mL SOC液体培养基,37℃摇床中培养1 h。
e、将含转化的感受态细胞的LB液体培养基转移到含Amp和Tet的双抗LB固体培养基平板上(Amp终浓度为0.1 mg/mL,Tet终浓度为12.5 µg/mL)。
e、平板置于超净台中至表面菌液被吸收,倒置平板于37℃培养。
f、待平板上长出单菌落以后,挑取单克隆接入到5 mL LB培养基中(含Amp和Tet抗性),培养过夜,抽提质粒,进行酶切鉴定。将鉴定正确的重组载体保存备用。
(10)dsRNA的诱导表达
将鉴定正确的菌接种于15 mL的LB培养基中(Amp+),37℃,240 r/min振荡过夜培养,取过夜培养的菌液,以1:100的体积比接种于100 mL的LB液体培养基(Amp+)中,37℃240 r/min振荡培养3 h左右至菌液OD595nm为0.4-0.45;加入经过滤菌处理的IPTG使其终浓度为0.4 mmol/L,继续振荡培养4 h;收集菌液用于提取HT115(DE3)总RNA。
(11)Trizol法提取大肠杆菌HT115(DE3)总RNA
取50 mL诱导后的菌液,12000 r/min离心2 min,弃上清;加入1 mLTrizol充分裂解细菌,注意不要有小的菌块残留,混匀后室温静置5 min;加入200 μL氯仿,剧烈震荡15 s至溶液成乳白色,静置2 min;4℃ 12000 r/min离心15 min,小心吸取上清至离心管中;加入500 μL异丙醇,将管中液体轻轻颠倒混匀10次,室温静置10 min;4℃ 12000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清;加入1 mL 75%乙醇,轻轻洗涤沉淀,然后4℃ 7500 r/min 5 min,彻底去除上清;室温静置晾干10min,加入30 μL的Nuclease Free Water溶解沉淀。将提取的总RNA进行电泳检测,空质粒L4440所提取的dsRNA作为对照,片段长度约为200 bp,若产物在600 bp左右即为诱导提取成功。
(12)抗菌农药筛选
选取氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)、嘧菌酯(阿米西达)、咯菌腈(适乐时)、甲基硫菌灵和异硫氰酸烯丙酯等五种农药,分别对棉花种子进行拌种,以水作为对照。在第6 d、12 d利用农药及水进行灌根处理,每10盆棉苗灌根1 L,每盆4棵棉苗。第15 d采用蘸根法,用107cfu/mL的大丽轮枝菌的孢子悬液接种“两叶一心”的棉花幼苗。在接种后的15 d,根据2.4对植株的病害严重程度进行调查。
(13)纳米载体SPc的结构特征
SPc的结构特征:为树枝状大分子且经过氨基官能团功能化。其结构式为式Ⅰ所示,n值为1-100。
(14)dsRNA与纳米农药的最佳复配比例筛选
将SPc(60.4 mg/mL)与氟唑菌苯胺(阿马士)按照质量比为1:1混合,按照不同的配比将100 ng/μLdsRNA与纳米农药混合孵育,并对棉花进行拌种处理。在第6 d、12 d利用纳米农药及纳米农药复配液进行灌根处理,每10盆棉苗灌根1 L,每盆4棵棉苗。等棉花长至“两叶一心”后利用2.4方法进行接菌,并在接种15 d后根据2.5方法统计发病情况。每组接种12株棉花幼苗,接种实验重复3次,并计算防治效果(CE),计算公式如下:
2试验结果
(1)大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1靶标区段质粒的构建
本实验采用的L4440表达载体内部具有一个双向T7启动子(图1)。目的基因片段可通过内部的酶切位点插入到双向T7启动子之间。在IPTG的诱导下,两个反向的T7启动子发挥作用,可以形成互补的dsRNA分子。工程菌株HT115,自身具有Tet抗性,体内缺少RNaseIII样内切酶,因此在菌体内L4440表达出的dsRNA可以保持大片段形式。
根据大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1编码序列信息,设计引物,扩增获得针对靶标基因的3个不同区段(图2)。
通过Hind III和KpnⅠ将克隆获得的靶标片段进行酶切,然后将其构建到L4440载体中,成为RNAi-VdYTH1载体。通过PCR扩增和DNA测序验证后,发现序列与靶标片段序列完成一致(图3)。然后,将验证正确的阳性质料转化至大肠杆菌HT115(DE3),用于dsRNA的诱导表达。
(2)dsRNA的提取
将测序正确的单克隆加入到2×YT培养基中,加入IPTG(终浓度约
为0.4 mM)进行诱导后收集菌体。利用酸酚法,提取RNA,以检测dsRNA的表达情况(图4),电泳发现其有大量的585 bp左右的dsRNA。对提取的各组RNA用RNase处理2 h后,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳可以发现总RNA全部降解,dsRNA仍然存在。这说明了dsRNA结构相当稳定,不受RNase的影响。
(3)dsRNA与V991共孵育接种的棉花的病情指数统计
将提取的dsRNA与浓度为107cfu/mL的V991孢子悬浮液共孵育24 h,并接种长至“两叶一心”的棉花幼苗,15天后统计棉花病情指数。结果显示(图5),与接种未处理的V991相比,接种与dsRNA共孵育的V991的棉花的病情指数均有所下降,并且与dsVdYTH1-1共孵育的孢子致病力下降最显著,初步说明孢子与dsRNA共孵育可以降低棉花的病情指数,并且dsVdYTH1-1区段的干扰效果最好。
(4)dsRNA与V991共孵育接种的棉花根部真菌生物量及基因沉默效率检测
提取棉花根部DNA,利用qRT-PCR进行真菌生物量分析。图6表明,接种与dsRNA共孵育的V991的棉花的真菌生物量明显降低,约为野生型的26%。为了进一步验证植物病情指数降低与靶标基因表达之间的关系,通过对植物根部病原菌靶标基因的表达量分析,可以观察到与野生型植物相比,转基因植物体内靶标基因表达量下降了约70%(图7)。这说明VdYTH1基因的区段1作为靶标片段设计dsRNA,可以有效降低病原菌的致病力。
(5)不同农药拌种及滴灌的棉花的病情指数统计
以蘸根法接种不同农药拌种及滴灌的棉花,15天后统计棉花病情指数。结果显示(图8),与清水处理相比,农药处理后的棉花的病情指数均有所下降,并且阿马士处理组病情指数下降最显著。提取转基因棉花根部DNA,利用qRT-PCR进行真菌生物量分析。图9表明,农药处理后的棉花根部的真菌生物量明显降低,并且阿马士处理的棉花下降最明显,约为野生型的40%。
(6)dsRNA与纳米农药的最佳复配比例筛选
根据表4的室内防效测定结果显示,单独施用dsRNA、阿马士均能降低病株的病情指数,减轻植株的黄萎病病症,并且dsRNA、SPc和阿马士的复配组合的效果比单独施用的效果更好。在9种复配组合中,随着dsRNA施用比例增加防效逐渐增强,直到5:1:1时防效可达74.65%,之后再增加施用比例防治效果也不再显著提高(图10-11)。综上所述,dsRNA、SPc和阿马士三者复配药剂比单独施用效果更好,并且dsRNA、SPc和阿马士的质量比为5:1:1的防效最好且dsRNA的用量最节省。
表4复配剂室内防效及增效作用
注:数据为平均值±标准差;数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。
Claims (9)
1.防治作物黄萎病的靶标基因区段,其特征在于,所述靶标基因区段是大丽轮枝菌VdYTH1基因的靶标基因区段,其核苷酸序列为SEQ ID.No.1所示。
2.含有权利要求1所述的靶标基因区段的载体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的载体,其特征在于,所述的载体是RNA干扰载体,或者所述的载体是将靶标基因区段转录得到dsRNA的基因表达载体。
4.由权利要求1中核苷酸序列为SEQ ID.No.1所述的靶标基因区段转录得到的dsRNA,其特征在于,所述dsRNA由SEQ ID No.4所示的核苷酸序列和与SEQ ID No.4所示的核苷酸反向互补的核苷酸序列组成。
5.一种防治作物黄萎病的复合纳米农药组合物,其特征在于,由权利要求4所述的dsRNA与纳米载体和农药组成;所述的纳米载体的结构式为式Ⅰ所示:
其中,n值为1-100中的任意整数;
所述的农药选自氟唑菌苯胺、嘧菌酯、咯菌腈、甲基硫菌灵或异硫氰酸烯丙酯中的任何一种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的复合纳米农药组合物,其特征在于,dsRNA、纳米载体与农药的质量比例为(1-9):1:1。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合纳米农药组合物,其特征在于,dsRNA、纳米载体与农药的比例为5:1:1。
8.权利要求1所述的靶标基因区段、权利要求4所述的dsRNA或权利要求5-7任何一项所述的复合纳米农药组合物在防治作物黄萎病中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,所述作物包括棉花、烟草、番茄、马铃薯、甜瓜、西瓜、黄瓜或花生中的任意一种。
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