CN116425943A - 热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体及包含其的抗冲击复合层 - Google Patents
热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体及包含其的抗冲击复合层 Download PDFInfo
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- CN116425943A CN116425943A CN202211635528.7A CN202211635528A CN116425943A CN 116425943 A CN116425943 A CN 116425943A CN 202211635528 A CN202211635528 A CN 202211635528A CN 116425943 A CN116425943 A CN 116425943A
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明是关于一种热塑性聚氨酯(Thermoplastic Polyurethane,TPU)泡沫体,尤指一种作为抗冲击层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;本发明另关于一种含有前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的抗冲击复合层。
背景技术
一般而言,手工具、手杖、球杆、枪柄、脚踏车、机车及多项运动器具等的握把通常是由坚硬的材料制成(例如金属、塑胶硬料或是木头等),于使用的过程中容易传送震动至使用者的手部,故长时间握持这些握把容易使手部感到不适。另外,人于站立、行走、运动的过程,脚部不仅须支撑人体本身的重量,还须承受脚部着地后地面回传的作用力;久坐、久卧、维持单一动作,致使部分肌肉筋骨长时间承受身体重量的压力;人在活动过程摔倒造成身体撞击地面导致伤害;运动员于运动过程中,例如接球、击球、撞击或摔跤,身体恐会突受高冲击力而导致受伤。另外,关于物件如易碎品或精密仪器等亦可能于受到震动或碰撞时而损害。为了解决上述问题,鞋业、运动防护、设备防护及医用防护等产业都希望能开发出有效消散震动、吸收冲击力量且兼顾轻量化的防护用品。
举例而言,美国发明专利第5456658号提供一种可客制化的身体护具。该身体护具包含一保护层,该保护层是由湿气固化树脂(moisture-cured reactive resin)与玻璃纤维所构成的复合材料。该护具使用前是密封于一防潮袋中,当被覆盖于欲保护的身体部位时才移除所述防潮袋;在存在湿气的情况下,该保护层会从初始的柔软状态快速硬化以形成坚固的垫体,由于该保护层一开始是贴合身体部位的形状,因此,固化后的垫体就会保持贴合该身体部分的形状。然而,该树脂完全硬化后即不可逆,无法再次改变形状。
美国发明专利第7381460号提供一种能量吸收复合材料,该能量吸收复合材料与知名抗冲击防护材料D3O相关。该能量吸收复合材料是以固体泡沫合成弹性聚氨酯(solidfoamed synthetic elastomeric polyurethane)作为基体,于该基体的制程中加入作为膨胀剂的聚硼二甲基硅氧烷(polyborodimethylsiloxane,PBDMS),并使PBDMS均匀分布至该基体中,最后制得具有弹性可压缩的能量吸收复合材料。
近年来,全球重视可持续发展,因此「资源重复循环、再生利用」的循环经济趋势正蓬勃发展,其中,又以鞋业与运动器材产业最为积极。若能以热塑性弹性体环保材料,例如热塑性聚酯树脂及TPU,替代现有技术中对环境不友善的材料(例如PU、热固型硅橡胶等),将有助于将废弃产品中的抗冲击防护材料回收再利用,创造绿色消费模式。
日本发明专利申请案第2017-197736号提出一种用于减震材料的聚酯树脂组合物,其含有由二羧酸成分和二醇成分构成的热塑性聚酯树脂(A),具有特定的二苯基化合物结构的增塑剂(B)和无机填充剂(C)。
巴斯夫欧洲公司(BASF SE)于中国台湾发明专利申请案第202022030号中,提出一种以包含具有聚四氢呋喃均聚醚(PTMEG)结构单元的热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯、苯乙烯聚合物及特定的抗冲击改质剂的组成物所制成的泡沫珠粒(foam beads);由所述泡沫珠粒制造的模制品具有高于55%的反弹弹性,但该发明专利申请案并未公开所述模制品的抗冲击能力。而所属技术领域中具有通常知识者皆能理解的是,依据现有泡沫体的反弹弹性无法直接推知该泡沫体的抗冲击能力。
另外,中国台湾发明专利申请案第200704662号提出一种软质聚氨酯泡沫体塑料,其是在聚氨酯化触媒、发泡剂以及泡沫稳定剂的存在下,使聚醚型多元醇和一元醇的混合物与聚异氰酸酯进行反应所制得。所述软质聚氨酯泡沫体是一种交联的热固性塑料,可在不使用可塑剂的情况下具有低回弹性、低温度敏感性(temperature responsivity)以及高透气性,主要适用于床垫、枕头等寝具;然该发明专利申请案也未公开所述软质聚氨酯泡沫体塑料的抗冲击能力。
与本发明使用的TPU最相关的现有技术为中国台湾发明专利第I697512号,其提出一种玻璃转移温度(glass transition temperature,Tg)介于环境温度与体温之间的TPU,前述TPU可以是一具有二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的TPU或一具有10-(2,3-二羧基丙基)-9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO-ITA)聚酯结构单元的TPU。由前述TPU制得的成型品在环境温度下展现刚性与挺性、接触人体时会因体温变得柔软有弹性,故该成型品与人体接触时可赋予一新奇的触感与趣味。该发明专利仅提及由前述TPU直接制得无纺布薄膜和无溶剂热熔胶,主要强调其与人体接触时的柔软舒适性,完全没有提及所述TPU经发泡而得的泡沫体,亦未提及前述TPU泡沫体与抗冲击性能相关的内容。
发明内容
有鉴于上述技术缺陷,本发明的目的在于提供一种具有良好抗冲击性的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可有效缓冲所承受的外来力量。
为达前述目的,本发明提供一种热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其是由包含一热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯的原料进行一发泡程序而得。
该热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯具有由式(I)表示的结构单元:
其中,各个R独立为碳数2至8的亚烷基(alkylene group)、-CH2CH2OCH2CH2-或-CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2-,n为2至13;该结构单元的数目平均分子量(number-averagemolecular weight,Mn)为700克/摩尔(g/mole)至2500g/mole。
本发明借由将上述含有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的TPU进行一发泡程序以制得一热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,而该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体于承受外力冲击时,可消除至少20%的冲击力量,故能作为抗冲击层而广泛应用在各类需具防护能力的产品上。
较佳的,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的密度(density)为0.15克/立方厘米(g/cm3)至1.10g/cm3,但不限于此;所述密度是根据ASTMD792的密度测试标准所测得。
依据本发明,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的泡孔可为球形或是多边形的封闭孔洞,泡孔尺寸会受到发泡温度、压力和试片厚度的影响而变动。较佳的,孔径范围为1微米(μm)至100μm,但不限于此。
较佳的,于所述TPU的整体结构中,所述由式(I)表示的结构单元占6摩尔百分比(mole%)至25mole%。
较佳的,于所述TPU的整体结构中,所述由式(I)表示的结构单元占28重量百分比(wt%)至80wt%,但不限于此。在一些实施态样中,所述由式(I)表示的结构单元占50wt%至80wt%;在另一些实施态样中,所述由式(I)表示的结构单元占30wt%至55wt%。
较佳的,所述TPU具有由式(II)表示的结构单元:
从式(II)和式(I)的对比即可知,式(I)中的R为式(II)中的R1。
较佳的,所述TPU的Tg为10℃至40℃,更佳的,所述TPU的Tg为15℃至28℃。当所述TPU的Tg在前述范围时,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体在人体体温或略高于人体体温的温度下能易于塑形,因此,在后续应用于防护用品时,不仅可服帖覆盖于人体的对应部位,还可借由升温重复塑形,更具实用性。
具有由式(I)表示的结构单元的TPU可使用习知的原料进行制备,只要能衍生为符合该式(I)表示的结构单元即可,并没有特别限制。在一些实施态样中,所述TPU可由具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇及二异氰酸酯作为原料进行一缩合聚合反应而得;在另一些实施态样中,所述TPU可由具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇、链延长剂及二异氰酸酯作为原料进行一缩合聚合反应而得;在另一些实施态样中,所述TPU可由具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇、脂肪族聚醚二醇(脂肪族二醇中的一种)、链延长剂及二异氰酸酯作为原料进行一缩合聚合反应而得。此外,所述TPU可通过一次式混合加热反应而得,亦可参考TWI697512B的实施例的制法制得,但不限于此。较佳的,该热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯是由具有式(I)表示的结构单元的二醇、脂肪族二醇和二苯甲基烷-4,4-二异氰酸酯反应所形成的热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯;所述脂肪族二醇包含聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)、丁二醇(butanediol)、聚四亚甲基醚二醇(polytetramethylene ether glycol,PTMEG)或其组合。
具体而言,前述具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇可衍生自二羧酸苯基单体和二醇单体。较佳的,该二羧酸苯基单体可包含1,2-苯二甲酸(1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid)、1,3-苯二甲酸(1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid)、1,4-苯二甲酸(1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid)、苯二甲酸酐(phthalic anhydride);较佳的,该二醇单体可包含碳数2至8的脂肪族二醇(aliphatic diol),包括乙二醇(ethylene glycol)、丙二醇(propylene glycol),例如1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇、丁二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇(2-methyl-1,3-propanediol)、二乙二醇(diethylene glycol)、戊二醇(pentanediol)、新戊二醇(neopentyl glycol)、己二醇(hexanediol)、1,4-环己二醇(1,4-cyclohexanediol)、三乙二醇(triethylene glycol)、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇(2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol)、辛二醇(octanediol)或其任一组合。
较佳的,所述具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇可选自化学物质登录号(Chemical Abstracts Service Number,CAS No.)为[25916-41-0]的二乙二醇-1,2-苯二甲酸聚合物(化学式为C8H6O4.C4H10O3)x)、CAS No.为[32472-85-8]的二乙二醇-苯二甲酐聚合物(例如Stepan公司商品PD-56)、CAS No.为[25036-56-0]的二乙二醇-1,2-苯二甲酸酯聚合物(化学式为(C12H12O5)x);或是CAS No.为[27516-71-8]的1,6-己二醇-苯二甲酸聚合物(化学式为(C8H6O4.C6H14O2)x)、CAS No.为[54797-78-3]的1,6-己二醇-苯二甲酐聚合物(例如Stepan公司商品PH-56)、CAS No.为[28725-71-5]的1,6-己二醇-1,2-苯二甲酸酯聚合物(化学式为(C14H16O4)x)。
较佳的,前述具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇的羟基值为160.3氢氧化钾/克(mg KOH/g)至44.88mg KOH/g,但不限于此;举例而言,前述具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇的羟基值可为51.0mg KOH/g。更佳的,前述具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇的羟基值为160.3mg KOH/g至56.1mg KOH/g,但不限于此。
较佳的,所述式(I)的结构单元的Mn为700g/mole至2000g/mole,但不限于此。更佳的,所述式(I)的结构单元的Mn为1700g/mole至2200g/mole,但不限于此。
依据本发明,所述二异氰酸酯可包括二苯甲基烷-4,4-二异氰酸酯(methylenediphenyl diisocyanate,MDI)、二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(4,4’-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate),HMDI)或其组合,但不限于此。其中,较佳者为MDI。
依据本发明,该链延长剂可以是脂肪族二醇;较佳的,该脂肪族二醇可以是碳数2至8的二醇,但不限于此。举例而言,该脂肪族二醇可以是乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇(例如1,4-丁二醇)、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、二乙二醇、戊二醇、新戊二醇、己二醇、1,4-环己二醇、三乙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇、辛二醇或其任一组合等,但不限于此。较佳的,该链延长剂包括1,4-丁二醇。
较佳的,由具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇和该链延长剂的总摩尔数与该二异氰酸酯的摩尔数的比值为0.95至1.10,但不限于此。
具体而言,前述脂肪族聚醚二醇可选自聚乙二醇、经改质的聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇(polypropylene glycol)、聚三亚甲基醚二醇(poly trimethylene ether glycol)、聚四亚甲基醚二醇及其组合,但不限于此。较佳的,前述脂肪族聚醚二醇为聚乙二醇或聚四亚甲基醚二醇。
举例而言,所述TPU可包含CAS No.为[2484808-99-1]的TPU、CAS No.为[2626937-63-9]的TPU或其组合。CAS编号为[2484808-99-1]的TPU符合式(II)中的R1为-CH2CH2OCH2CH2-、R2为CAS编号为[2626937-63-9]的TPU符合式(II)中的R1为-(CH2)6-、R2为
较佳的,由具有如式(I)的二羧基苯基聚酯结构单元的二醇与脂肪族聚醚二醇、链延长剂的总摩尔数与该二异氰酸酯的摩尔数的比值为0.95至1.10,但不限于此。
在一些实施态样中,所述TPU可由具有式(I)表示的结构单元的二醇、聚乙二醇、丁二醇和二苯甲基烷-4,4-二异氰酸酯所形成、或由具有式(I)表示的结构单元的二醇、聚四亚甲基醚二醇、丁二醇和二苯甲基烷-4,4-二异氰酸酯所形成,但不限于此。
若考量到回收的便利性,较佳的,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可仅由所述TPU所构成。因所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体中不含有可塑剂和抗冲击助剂,故有利于将废弃产品中的热塑性聚氨酯回收再利用。
较佳的,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为1.5毫米(mm)至30mm;具体而言,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度可为3mm、6mm、8mm、10mm、12mm、13mm、15mm、16.5mm、18mm、21mm、23mm、25mm,但不限于此。更佳的,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为4mm至15mm,但不限于此。
依据本发明,所述发泡程序可采用化学发泡法或物理发泡法,但不限于此。举例而言,所述化学发泡法是指将化学发泡剂与高分子(例如TPU)混合,借由化学发泡剂进行化学反应以产生氧气(oxygen)、氮气(nitrogen)、一氧化碳(carbon monoxide)、二氧化碳(carbon dioxide)等气体,所述气体可使高分子的体积膨胀并分散于高分子中而形成多个孔洞;所述化学发泡剂可包括偶氮二甲酰胺(azodicarboamide)、p,p’-氧代双苯磺酰肼(p,p’-oxybisbenzene sulfonyl hydrazide,简称OBSH)、5-苯基四氮唑(5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole)等有机发泡剂,或是碳酸氢钠(sodium bicarbonate)、碳酸氢铵(ammoniumbicarbonate)、碳酸钙(calcium carbonate)等无机发泡剂等,但不限于此。较佳的,所使用的化学发泡剂的含量不大于混炼后的高分子混合物的总重量的5%。所述物理发泡法则是先借由温度与压力的调控来压缩物理发泡剂,使其体积缩小后与高分子熔融混合,接着,再通过压缩气体的膨胀或液体的挥发等方式,可使气体分散于高分子中而形成多个孔洞;其中,所述物理发泡剂可包括氮气、二氧化碳、低沸点的烷烃(alkanes)或氟碳化合物(fluorinated compounds),但不限于此。
考虑到制程的节能环保和所得产品的易回收性,在一些实施态样中,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体是采用物理发泡法中的超临界发泡成型法(supercritical foamingmolding)。举例而言,该超临界发泡成型方法包含:(1)珠粒以超临界流体(supercriticalfluid,简称SCF)含浸(impregnation)发泡后再热压成型制程;(2)模制成型品以超临界流体含浸发泡制程;(3)超临界流体注塑成型(injection press,简称IP)制程;(4)超临界流体押出造出泡沫粒后再热压成型制程;(5)超临界流体押出成型(extrusion molding)制程,但不限于此。当所述TPU以超临界发泡成型法制得所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体后,可将所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体裁切成所需尺寸;或者,通过不同模具的设计,可调整所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的单层厚度;在一些实施态样中,前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体单层即可作为抗冲击层。在另一些实施态样中,亦可视需求将多层热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体叠置成所需的总厚度以形成热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的积层结构(laminated structure),再将前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的积层结构作为抗冲击层。
具体而言,当所述TPU以珠粒型式采用超临界流体含浸发泡时,前述步骤的相关参数可参考如下:超临界流体的种类为二氧化碳;压力为100公斤力/平方厘米(kgf/cm2);温度为130℃至155℃;含浸时间为30分钟(min)至60min;所得的TPU的珠粒泡沫体再以蒸汽或电热方式热压成型,最后得到所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;较佳的,经珠粒以超临界流体含浸发泡后再热压成型的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的(单层)厚度为6mm至30mm,但不限于此。举例而言,前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度可为8mm至20mm。
具体而言,当所述TPU先热压成型或射出成型以得到一模制成型品,举例而言,该模制成型品的厚度为1mm至10mm,再以超临界流体含浸发泡前述模制成型品,最后得到所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,相关参数可参考如下:超临界流体的种类为二氧化碳;压力通常控制在80kgf/cm2至150kfg/cm2;温度为75℃至155℃;含浸时间为60min至120min。该模制成型品经超临界流体含浸发泡制程制得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的(单层)厚度为2mm至20mm,但不限于此;较佳的,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为4mm至12mm。
具体而言,当所述TPU采用该超临界流体注塑成型以得到所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体时,相关参数可参考如下:超临界流体的种类为液态氮;入料温度为170℃至220℃;螺杆温度的设定范围为160℃至200℃;射嘴温度为160℃至180℃;超临界流体注入量为1克(g)至3.5g;最后,所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的板材厚度(此时的厚度包含所述板材的较硬的表皮层)由模具设计决定,可为6mm至30mm,但不限于此;该板材可借由剖片得到不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的片材,较佳的,经超临界流体注塑成型发泡制程制得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体片材的厚度为4mm至12mm,但不限于此。其中,若直接使用包含所述表皮层的板材的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层,适合作为强化型护套或打击护具等,但不限于此;若使用不包含所述表皮层的片材的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层,则适合作为孩童的护膝等,但不限于此。
较佳的,当前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体承受外力冲击时,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可消除20%至99%的冲击力量;或者,在一些实施态样中,当前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体承受外力冲击时,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可消除22%、35%、45%、50%、60%、70%、80%、85%、90%或95%的冲击力量,但不限于此。
较佳的,当该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为5.5mm以上,例如该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为5.5mm至30mm,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可通过欧盟标准规范EN1621-1:2012的等级1(Level 1)。EN1621-1:2012是于测试标准约为23℃下施以该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体50焦耳(joule,J)的能量,若前述能量经该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体阻挡后,平均穿透力低于35千牛顿(kN),单次最大不得超过50kN,则定义为通过等级1的测试。另可附加选择T+(在40℃的环境条件)与T-(在-10℃的环境条件)的测试。
较佳的,当该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为10mm以上,例如该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为10mm至30mm,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可通过欧盟标准规范EN1621-1:2012的等级2(Level 2)。EN1621-1:2012是于测试标准为23℃下施以该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体50J的能量,若前述能量经该抗冲击层阻挡后,平均穿透力低于20kN,单次最大不得超过30kN,则定义为通过等级2的测试。
较佳的,当前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体厚度为4mm至12mm,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为6.5%/mm以上,但不限于此。所述单位厚度的抗冲击能力以下式表示:(Fs/F0)/厚度。Fs是所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体于承受所述原提供的冲击力时所消除的冲击力,也就是说,“所述减少冲击力(Fs)”是“原提供的冲击力(F0)”扣除“穿透所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的冲击力(Ft)”的差值;所述减少冲击力的比例为“所述减少冲击力(Fs)”与“原提供的冲击力(F0)”的比值。因此,前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为前述减少冲击力的比例与该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度(单位:mm)的比值。更佳的,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为7%/mm至22%/mm。
本发明另提供一种抗冲击复合层。该抗冲击复合层包括一基体层和一第一抗冲击层,该第一抗冲击层与该基体层相叠合;其中,该第一抗冲击层是由前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成。
本发明的抗冲击复合层借由包含前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成的第一抗冲击层和一基体层相叠合,故可于承受外力冲击时,消除至少20%的冲击力量。所述抗冲击复合层通过基体层的不同选择,除了可提供良好抗冲击能力,亦能满足各类产品于外观或使用领域的需求。
较佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度可为4mm至15mm,但不限于此。更佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度可为4mm至12mm;具体而言,该第一抗冲击层的厚度可为5.5mm、6mm、7mm、8mm、9mm、10mm,但不限于此。
在一些实施态样中,该抗冲击复合层可更包括一第二抗冲击层,该基体层夹置于该第一抗冲击层和该第二抗冲击层之间;其中,该第二抗冲击层是由前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成。更进一步说明,该第一抗冲击层和该第二抗冲击层可以完全相同或不同;当该第一抗冲击层和该第二抗冲击层不同时,该第一抗冲击层可以和该第二抗冲击层采用相同的TPU但经由不同的发泡制程所制得;或者,该第一抗冲击层可以和该第二抗冲击层采用相同的TPU且经由相同的发泡制程所制得,但该第一抗冲击层和该第二抗冲击层的厚度不同;该第一抗冲击层和该第二抗冲击层的不同之处,不限于上述两种情形。
依据本发明,该第一抗冲击层和/或该第二抗冲击层皆可由单层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成;或者,该第一抗冲击层和/或该第二抗冲击层可由多层热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体叠置而成一组积层结构所构成,例如,2层、3层、6层等,但不限于此;其中,前述多层的所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可以是以物理方式直接堆叠形成所述积层结构,也可以是将多层所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体叠合后,再经一热压步骤以黏合形成所述积层结构,但不限于此。
在一些实施态样中,该第一抗冲击层和该基体层以物理方式直接堆叠、镶嵌、装填或其组合,但不限于此;在另一些实施态样中,该第一抗冲击层和该基体层可于叠合后经一热压步骤而黏合;又另一些实施态样中,该第一抗冲击层和该基体层可通过习知的黏着方式相黏合,但不限于此。
较佳的,该基体层可为一塑胶硬质层、一泡沫弹性体、一编织布、一无纺布、一皮革、一玻璃纤维层或其组合,但不限于此。举例而言,该塑胶硬质层的材料可包括聚乙烯(polyethene,PE)、聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethyleneterephthalate,PET)或聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)。较佳的,该塑胶硬质层的肖氏硬度(Shore hardness)为50D至90D,但不限于此。该泡沫弹性体的材料可包括聚氨酯、热塑性聚烯烃(thermoplastic polyolefin,TPO)、乙烯醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(ethylene-vinylacetate,EVA)或聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS,俗称保丽龙)、热塑性三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)的动态硫化弹性体(expandable thermoplastic vulcanizate,ETPV)。该编织布或该无纺布的材料可包括热塑性树脂,但不限于此;举例而言,所述热塑性树脂可以是热塑性聚酯(thermoplastic polyester)、尼龙(Nylon)、热塑性聚烯烃(thermoplastic polyolefin,TPO)、TPU或其任一组合,但不限于此。该玻璃纤维层可单独由玻璃纤维构成,或该玻璃纤维层可包含玻璃纤维复合材;举例而言,所述玻璃纤维复合材包含玻璃纤维和增强塑料,所述增强塑料例如聚氨酯,但不限于此。
当该基体层为该塑胶硬质层时,较佳的,该基体层的厚度为1.8mm至10mm。当该基体层为该泡沫弹性体时,较佳的,该基体层的厚度为2mm至18mm。当该基体层为该编织布、该无纺布或该皮革时,较佳的,该基体层的厚度为0.1mm至6.5mm。当该基体层为该玻璃纤维层时,较佳的,该基体层的厚度为1mm至7mm。
在一些实施态样中,当该基体层为该塑胶硬质层时,较佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度为2mm至10mm,但不限于此;当该基体层为该泡沫弹性体时,较佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度为2mm至10mm,但不限于此;当该基体层为该编织布、该无纺布或该皮革时,较佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度为2mm至16mm,但不限于此;当该基体层为该玻璃纤维层时,较佳的,该第一抗冲击层的厚度为2mm至10mm,但不限于此。
在一些实施态样中,该抗冲击复合层可更包括一表层,该第一抗冲击层夹置于该表层和该基体层之间。
较佳的,该表层可为一塑胶硬质层、一泡沫弹性体、一编织布、一无纺布、一皮革、一玻璃纤维层或其组合,但不限于此。该表层与前述基体层于组成、制备方法及厚度范围上类似,可参照前述基体层进行制备。
较佳的,当该抗冲击复合层承受外力冲击时,该抗冲击复合层中的该第一抗冲击层可消除20%至99%的冲击力量;或者,在一些实施态样中,当该抗冲击复合层承受外力冲击时,该抗冲击复合层中的该第一抗冲击层可消除22%、35%、45%、50%、60%、70%、80%、85%、90%或95%的冲击力量,但不限于此。
较佳的,当该抗冲击复合层承受外力冲击时,该抗冲击复合层可消除20%至99%的冲击力量;或者,在一些实施态样中,当该抗冲击复合层承受外力冲击时,该抗冲击复合层可消除35%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、85%、90%或95%的冲击力量,但不限于此。
较佳的,该抗冲击复合层可通过欧盟标准规范EN1621-1:2012的等级1。
更佳的,该抗冲击复合层可通过欧盟标准规范EN1621-1:2012的等级2。
较佳的,于该抗冲击复合层中,所述抗冲击层(即第一抗冲击层或第一抗冲击层并第二抗冲击层)的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为6%/mm以上。更佳的,于该抗冲击复合层中,所述抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为6.5%/mm至22%/mm。
在一些实施态样中,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可置于一外覆体(例如一袋体)中;或者,在一些实施态样中,该抗冲击复合层可置于一外覆体(例如一袋体)中;举例而言,该袋体的材质可为编织布、无纺布等,但不限于此。此外,该外覆体除了可完全包覆该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体或该抗冲击复合层,亦可仅部分包覆该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体或该抗冲击复合层,例如该外覆体有镂空设计。或者,在另一些实施态样中,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体或该抗冲击复合层可搭配至少一连结件使用,其中,所述连结件可为束带、成对的魔鬼毡、成对的扣具等,但不限于此。
依据本发明,该热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体、该抗冲击复合层可应用于器具握把、人身防护设备、设备防护与医用防护等,但不限于此。具体而言,该人身防护设备包括头盔内衬、手套内衬、防摔衣裤衬垫、绷带、安全带护套、鞋的补强材(例如鞋面内衬、鞋舌内衬、鞋头前套内衬、鞋后套内衬、鞋垫、中底补强材等)、工作或运动用的防护用具,例如安全帽、冲击护具、冲击手套、防撞垫、防摔垫、减震垫等,但不限于此;具体而言,该设备防护可为精密仪器防撞包材、防震垫或缝隙填充材、车用内装材、车侧门防撞泡沫护板或泡沫边条等,但不限于此。
附图说明
图1为本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体形成抗冲击层的侧视剖面示意图;
图2为制备例1A的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的SEM照片;
图3为制备例4的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的SEM照片;
图4A为以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试的空白测试后上复写纸的压印图像;
图4B为以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试的空白测试后下复写纸的压印图像;
图5A为以测试条件A对制备例39的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体经抗冲击性能测试的上复写纸的压印图像;
图5B为以测试条件A对制备例39的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体经抗冲击性能测试的下复写纸的压印图像;
图6A为以测试条件A对F-C1的抗冲击层经抗冲击性能测试的上复写纸的压印图像;
图6B为以测试条件A对F-C1的抗冲击层经抗冲击性能测试的下复写纸的压印图像;
图7A为以测试条件A对F-C14的抗冲击层经抗冲击性能测试的上复写纸的压印图像;
图7B为以测试条件A对F-C14的抗冲击层经抗冲击性能测试的下复写纸的压印图像。
图8为本发明的抗冲击复合层的一实施态样的侧视剖面示意图;
图9为本发明的抗冲击复合层的另一实施态样的侧视剖面示意图;
图10为本发明的抗冲击复合层的又一实施态样的侧视剖面示意图;
图11为本发明的应用例1的示意图。
具体实施方式
以下列举数种实施例及比较例说明本发明的实施方式,熟习此技艺者可经由本说明书的内容轻易地了解本发明所能达成的优点与功效,并且于不悖离本发明的精神下进行各种修饰与变更,以施行或应用本发明的内容。
《热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯》
各实施例使用的「具有由式(I)表示的结构单元的TPU」可参考TWI697512B的合成方法,亦可采用其他习知的合成方法制备而得。所述TPU的化学结构资讯、CAS编号以及Tg皆如表1所示。
表1
其中,TPU-11是由二乙二醇-苯二甲酐的聚酯二醇(Mn为2011,酸价为1.0)及聚乙二醇(稳好公司的PEG1000,Mn为955)、1,4-丁二醇及MDI作为原料,进行一缩合聚合反应而得,其分子式为(C15H10N2O2.C8H4O3.C4H10O3.C4H10O2.C2H4O2)x。
其中,TPU-12是由1,6-己二醇-苯二甲酐的聚酯二醇(Mn为1811,酸价为0.77)及聚乙二醇(稳好公司的PEG1000,Mn为955)、1,4-丁二醇及MDI作为原料,进行一缩合聚合反应而得,其分子式为(C15H10N2O2.C8H4O3.C6H14O2.C4H10O2.C2H4O2)x。
《制备热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体》
为了展现本发明的由具有式(I)结构单元的TPU所制得的泡沫体能提供良好抗冲击能力,本发明的各制备例的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所使用的原料仅为上述TPU-1至TPU-12,而未另外添加任何增塑剂或抗冲击助剂。此外,各制法的条件说明如下:
制法I(珠粒以超临界流体含浸发泡后再热压成型):
将TPU-1热塑性聚氨酯粒子,放入高压釜(0.3升不锈钢高压反应槽)中,注入二氧化碳超临界流体,设定压力为100kgf/cm2,温度为150℃;待含浸30分钟后,释放压力及降温,得到的TPU-1的珠粒泡沫体。
制备例1A:取15g的TPU-1的珠粒泡沫体,接着,以电热方式热压成型上,热压条件如下:上模温度为140℃、下模温度为150℃、在15kgf/cm2的压力下热压30秒,再冷却至温度低于70℃后取出,得到一厚度为8.75mm的珠粒泡沫热压片,其密度为0.16g/cm3。另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试而得的反拨弹性(rebound resilience)为12%。
制备例1B:取18g的经烘箱预热的TPU-1的珠粒泡沫体,以电热方式热压成型上,热压条件为上模温度为140℃、下模温度为150℃、在15kgf/cm2的压力下热压30秒,再冷却至温度低于80℃后取出,得到一厚度为8.6mm的珠粒泡沫热压片,其密度为0.18g/cm3。
制备例2A:取50g的TPU-1的珠粒泡沫体放入模具中,在5kgf/cm2压力下,以水蒸气加热成型,得到一厚度为26.75mm的珠粒泡沫成型体。根据ASTM D395标准方法,其在50℃、压缩25%、维持6小时的测试条件下所测得的压缩永久变形率(compression set)为41.16%。在25℃、压缩25%、维持24小时的测试条件下所测得的压缩永久变形率为13.4%。根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性为11%。
制备例2B:取45g的TPU-1的珠粒泡沫体放入模具中,在5kgf/cm2压力下,以水蒸气加热成型,得到一厚度为20mm的珠粒泡沫成型体,其密度为0.36g/cm3。另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性为7%。
制法II(模制成型品以超临界流体含浸发泡成型):
将TPU以热压成型法得到2mm的试片,或是以射出成型法得到5mm的试片;将前述试片放入压力釜(100升不锈钢高压反应槽)中,注入二氧化碳超临界流体,通常控制压力为150kgf/cm2,温度为75℃至120℃,待含浸时间60分钟至240分钟,接着泄压冷却至常温后取出泡沫体试片,再放置室温至少一周后进行测试。
制备例3至制备例10、制备例14至制备例17、制备例26至制备例29,是采用制法II的相关参数如表2所示,厚度及密度数据是进行冲击测试前的量测值。
表2
制法III(超临界注塑成型):
具体而言,于该超临界流体注塑成型的发泡制程中采用的相关参数可参考如下:当采用的设备为富强鑫公司的超临界注塑成型机时,设定温度为165℃至180℃(入料温度为180℃,螺杆温度设定为180℃、180℃、175℃、170℃,射嘴温度为165℃)。储料设定为13巴(bar)、每分钟转速为32rpm、位置75mm。液态氮超临界流体的注入量为1.125g,一模的成型周期时间约4分钟;最后,所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体板材的(包含表皮层)厚度为22mm;该板材借由剖片获得包含表皮层的制备例或是不包含表皮层的制备例。
其中,制备例11至制备例13,制备例18至制备例25,皆以富强鑫公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-7、且皆为经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,密度为0.28g/cm3;其厚度则各自于耐冲击测试前量测。
制备例30同样是以富强鑫公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-7,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其厚度为6.5mm,密度为0.28g/cm3。以及,制备例31同样是以富强鑫公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-7,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其厚度为6.5mm,密度为0.39g/cm3。
或者,当采用的设备为巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机(NexCell KS310-S2)时,温度设定为190℃至193℃,压力为8bar,注入液态氮超临界流体,所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体板材的(包含表皮层)厚度为20mm至22mm;当设定欲得到的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体具有密度约为0.2g/cm3时,超临界注入发泡一模的成型周期时间须为600秒;当设定欲得到的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体具有密度约为0.4g/cm3时,超临界注入发泡一模的成型周期时间须为1440秒。
制备例32是以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-7,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;于耐冲击测试前量测其厚度为6.6mm,密度为0.28g/cm3;根据ASTM D2242标准方法,其在21℃下测得的肖氏硬度为55A;另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性为20%。
制备例33同样是以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-7,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;于耐冲击测试前量测其厚度为6.7mm,密度为0.39g/cm3;根据ASTM D2242标准方法,其在21℃下测得的肖氏硬度为68A;另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性为20%。
制备例34、制备例35同样是以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-10,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;于耐冲击测试前量测其密度皆为0.39g/cm3,其厚度则分别为8.2mm、5.6mm;根据ASTM D2242标准方法,其在21℃下测试的肖氏硬度皆为44A;另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性皆为7%。
制备例36同样是以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,使用的原料为TPU-10,最后经剖片而获得的不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体;于耐冲击测试前量测其厚度为6.97mm,密度为0.28g/cm3;根据ASTM D2242标准方法,其在21℃下测得的肖氏硬度为25A;另,根据ASTM D2632标准方法,其在23±2℃下测试的反拨弹性为7%。
另外,TPU-10以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,得到一热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体板材;于耐冲击测试前量测其密度为0.28g/cm3;经剖片程序,分别得到不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例37、包含下表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例38,以及包含上表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例39,其厚度分别为6.8mm、6.9mm、7.4mm。
类似地,TPU-10以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机进行制法III,得到一热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体板材;于耐冲击测试前量测其密度为0.28g/cm3;经剖片程序,分别得到不包含表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例40、包含下表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例41,以及包含上表皮层的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的制备例42,其厚度分别为6.3mm、7.0mm、7.84mm。
如图1所示,由前述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体直接形成抗冲击层11A,以便于进行抗冲击能力分析。
各比较例的抗冲击层使用的材料说明如下:
1.F-C1:市售抗冲击材I,取自D3O,D3O是PBDMS均匀分布于固体泡沫合成弹性聚氨酯基质的复合材料,商品型号为DS5115 HYPER KNEE/SHIN;厚度为7.1mm。
2.F-C2:市售抗冲击材II,取自D3O,商品型号为ICON GUARD D3OBACK MD 2706-0163;厚度为10.5mm。
3.F-C3:EVA泡沫体,取自市售排球护膝产品;厚度为8mm。
4.F-C4:取自市售Boost鞋的中底,该材料为包含具有PTMEG结构单元的TPU热成型板,密度为0.34g/cm3;厚度为10.6mm。
5.F-C5:市售棒球护肘产品的可塑形的玻璃纤维片(不含织物),是由湿气固化树脂与玻璃纤维所构成的复合材料,密度为0.9g/cm3;厚度为5.2mm。
6.F-C6:以织物包覆EVA泡沫体的市售排球护膝产品;总厚度为13.2mm。
7.F-C7:F-C6的市售护膝产品中的EVA泡沫体,密度为0.1g/cm3;厚度为8.41mm。
8.F-C8:以织物包覆PU泡沫体和EVA泡沫体的市售排球护膝产品(其标示PU泡沫体和EVA泡沫体的比例为3:7);总厚度为10.35mm。
9.F-C9:以织物包覆PU泡沫体的市售排球护膝产品;总厚度为23.4mm。
10.F-C10:ETPV泡沫弹性体,肖氏硬度为35C,密度为0.21g/cm3;厚度为7.1mm;由三晃股份有限公司的商品牌号为E342-35的ETPV树脂经热压发泡所制得。
11.F-C11:市售EVA泡沫体;厚度为3.75mm。
12.F-C12:市售保丽龙板;厚度为3.29mm,密度为0.0754g/cm3。
13.F-C13:取自巴斯夫公司的发泡微球,经鉴别是具有PTMEG结构单元的TPU珠粒泡沫,颗粒经蒸汽膨胀热压成型;厚度为11.3mm,密度为0.30g/cm3。
14.F-C14:TPU泡沫体,肖氏硬度为41C;厚度为7.8mm;由市售的具有PTMEG结构单元的TPU,以巨钢公司的超临界注塑成型机经制法III后所制得。
试验例1:热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的型貌
上述各制备例使用扫描式电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察其型貌。以下以制备例1A和制备例4的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体为代表。
请参阅图2,其是制备例1A的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体在放大100倍下的SEM照片,从图2可看出制备例1A的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的泡孔主要为多边形的封闭孔洞,泡孔的孔径范围为1μm至100μm,主要的孔径范围为20μm至80μm。
请参阅图3,其是制备例4的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体在放大100倍下的SEM照片,从图3可看出制备例4的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的泡孔主要为多边形的封闭孔洞,泡孔的孔径范围为1μm至150μm,主要的孔径范围为10μm至50μm。
试验例2:热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的抗冲击性能测试
于表3至表5、表6-1和表6-2中,由上述制备例构成的各实施例的抗冲击层和各比较例的抗冲击层以一冲击试验机(购自金顿科技股份有限公司,型号:DP1200)且搭配特定的测试条件进行抗冲击性能测试,并将各测试所得的穿透冲击力(Ft)、减少冲击力(Fs)、减少冲击力的比例和单位厚度的抗冲击能力记录于表3至表5、表6-1和表6-2中。测试条件分别为测试条件A至C,各测试条件详细说明如下:
1.测试条件A:将一重量5.0公斤(kg)的落槌置于高度为1.0m高的位置自由落下,而该落锤提供的位能为50J。
2.测试条件B:将一重量5.0kg的落槌置于高度为0.5m高的位置自由落下,而该落锤提供的位能为25J。
3.测试条件C:将一重量5.0kg的落槌置于高度为0.25m高的位置自由落下,而该落锤提供的位能为12.5J。
其中,「空白」测试是未放置任何测试样品,直接以一特定测试条件的落槌自由落下而测得的冲击力,即为「原提供的冲击力(F0)」。以一特定测试条件的落槌自由落下撞击该测试样品,所测得的穿透该测试样品的冲击力即为「穿透冲击力(Ft)」。「减少冲击力(Fs)」则表示该测试样品消散所承受到的冲击力,Fs=F0-Ft。「减少冲击力的比例」是减少冲击力(Fs)与原提供的冲击力(F0)的比值,减少冲击力的比例=Fs/F0。「单位厚度的抗冲击能力」是减少冲击力的比例与该抗冲击层的厚度的比值,「单位厚度的抗冲击能力」=(Fs/F0)/厚度。
实施例1(F-E1)至实施例3(F-E3)、实施例14(F-E14)至实施例18(F-E18)的抗冲击层和比较例1(F-C1)至比较例3(F-C3)的抗冲击层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表3中。此外,F-C3经上述测试条件A的抗冲击性能测试后,外观呈现断裂。
表3
为了更直观地了解本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的抗冲击性,以制备例39的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体、F-C1的抗冲击层以及F-C14的抗冲击层为代表,将前述测试样品各自于进行测试条件A的抗冲击性能测试时,在测试样品的上方和下方分别放置一张复写纸,以及于所述复写纸的外侧放置一张白纸,即形成依序为白纸、上复写纸、测试样品、下复写纸、白纸的叠层;待落槌撞击该测试样品后,观察各组的上复写纸和下复写纸分别压印在其外侧白纸的图像;图像的墨色愈深代表受力愈大。具体而言,制备例39的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试时,上复写纸使位于其上的白纸显现的压印图像如图5A所示,以及制备例39的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试时,下复写纸使位于其下的白纸显现的压印图像如图5B所示。类似地,F-C1的抗冲击层以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试所得的上、下复写纸的压印图像分别如图6A、图6B所示,F-C14的抗冲击层以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试所得的上、下复写纸的压印图像图7A图7B。另外,以未放置测试样品的「空白」测试作为参考基准,以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试的「空白」测试的上、下复写纸的压印图像分别如图4A、图4B所示。
实施例4(F-E4)至实施例8(F-E8)、实施例19(F-E19)至实施例25(F-E25)的抗冲击层和比较例4(F-C4)至比较例12(F-C12)的抗冲击层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表4中。
表4
实施例9(F-E9)至实施例13(F-E13)、实施例26(F-E26)至实施例32(F-E32)的抗冲击层和比较例13(F-C13)的抗冲击层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件C进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表5中。
表5
实施例1-2(F-E1-2)、实施例1-3(F-E1-3)和F-E1的抗冲击层都选用制备例1A的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,差异仅在于选用测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试时,F-E1、F-E1-2和F-E1-3的抗冲击层的测试温度不同,并将测试结果记录于表6-1中。
表6-1
类似地,实施例7-2(F-E7-2)和F-E7的抗冲击层都选用相同制备例10的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,差异仅在于选用测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试时,F-E7-2的抗冲击层的测试温度是5℃,并将测试结果记录于表6-2中。
此外,实施例4-2(F-E4-2)的抗冲击层与F-E4的抗冲击层都选用TPU-1以制法II形成的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,惟F-E4与F-E4-2的抗冲击层的厚度略有差异,以及在以测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试时,F-E4和F-E4-2的抗冲击层的测试温度不同,并将测试结果记录于表6-2中;类似地,实施例8-2(F-E8-2)、实施例8-3(F-E8-3)的抗冲击层与F-E8的抗冲击层都选用TPU-7以制法III形成的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层,惟F-E8、F-E8-2和F-E8-3的抗冲击层的厚度略有差异,以及在以测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试时,F-E8、F-E8-2和F-E8-3的抗冲击层的测试温度不同,并将测试结果记录于表6-2中。
表6-2
试验例3:珠粒泡沫体的抗冲击性能和反弹性测试
另将制备例1A中的珠粒泡沫体以及F-C13的BASF公司的发泡微球各自装于相同的棉布网袋中进行抗冲击性能分析,并观察前述装有珠粒泡沫体的棉布网袋遭外力撞击后是否会反弹。其中,每一棉布网袋本身的袋体总厚度为0.5mm(即单层袋壁的厚度为0.25mm);而每一装满珠粒泡沫体的棉布网袋的总厚度为10.0mm,因此,前述棉布网袋所含的珠粒泡沫体形成的厚度为9.5mm。
于表7-1中,制备例1A中的珠粒泡沫体和F-C13的发泡微球皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试;于表7-2中,制备例1A中的珠粒泡沫体和F-C13的发泡微球皆于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试。
表7-1
表7-2
《热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层的抗冲击性能的讨论》
从表3至表5的测试结果,无论是测试条件A下的F-E1至F-E3和F-E14至F-E18、测试条件B下的F-E4至F-E8和F-E19至F-E25、测试条件C下的F-E9至F-E13和F-E26至F-E32,由本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体构成的抗冲击层确实可消除至少20%的外来冲击力量,据此可证,由具有式(I)结构单元的TPU经发泡程序所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体确实能提供良好抗冲击能力。
此外,就目前市面上的抗冲击产品来说,D3O(即F-C1和F-C2所使用的材料)是表现相当优异的产品,不过,从表3中的F-E2和F-C2的比较、F-E3、F-E15、F-E16、F-E17和F-C1的比较可知,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可于厚度更薄的情况下,即达到与D3O减少相近程度甚至更高的外来冲击力量,并且,F-E1至F-E3、F-E14至F-E18的单位厚度的抗冲击能力也确实比F-C1和F-C2的单位厚度的抗冲击能力更佳。也就是说,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体具有更优异的抗冲击能力。同样地,由表4中的F-E4至F-E8、F-E19至F-E25和F-C4至F-C12的比较以及表5中的F-E9至F-E13、F-E26至F-E32和F-C13的比较中可以看到,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体同样具有更佳的单位厚度的抗冲击能力。另外,虽F-C5的抗冲击能力也表现不错,不过其材料是包含湿气固化型聚氨酯和玻璃纤维的复合材料而不属于热塑性环保材料,不仅固化后无法再次改变形状,且无法回收再利用,无法满足循环经济的要求。
再观表6-1和表6-2的实验结果,相同或相似厚度的抗冲击层无论是于低温(接近0℃,例如5℃)或高温(90℃)环境下皆能减少相当程度的冲击力,其表示由具有式(I)结构单元的TPU经发泡程序所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所提供的抗冲击能力不会受限于所述TPU的Tg,并且从表6-1和表6-2的实验结果可知,至少在大于0℃且小于90℃的环境下,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所提供的单位厚度的抗冲击能力相当,皆能提供良好抗冲击能力。
此外,从表7-1和表7-2的实验结果亦可发现,即便都属于TPU的珠粒泡沫体,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体明显具有更高的抗冲击能力。并且,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体遭外力撞击后不会反弹,与BSAF的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体遭外力撞击后的表现不同。由此可见,TPU因其化学结构不同,各自在吸收应力的表现上也不相同。
再者,从图5A至图7B的比较可知,空白测试的压印图像的墨色最深,其次是F-C14的抗冲击层的压印图像的墨色,再来是F-C1的抗冲击层的压印图像的墨色,而本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的压印图像的墨色最浅。由此可证,当抗冲击层具有相同或相似厚度的情况下,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体明显比其他热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体或市售抗冲击产品具有更佳的抗冲击能力。进一步地,比较图5B的压印图像的墨色和图5A的的压印图像的墨色即可知,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体确实可消散所承受到的冲击力,故冲击力在穿过本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体后已大幅被减弱。
《抗冲击复合层》
本发明的抗冲击复合层的一实施态样可为双层结构,具体说明请参考图8所示的抗冲击复合层10,即该抗冲击复合层10包括基体层12和设置于该基体层12上的第一抗冲击层11。
另外,在其他实施态样中,本发明的抗冲击复合层还可为三层结构,具体说明请参考图9所示的抗冲击复合层10’:该抗冲击复合层10’包括基体层12、设置于该基体层12上的第一抗冲击层11,以及设置于该第一抗冲击层11上的表层13,也就是说,该第一抗冲击层11夹置于该表层13和该基体层12之间;或者,具体说明请参考图10所示的抗冲击复合层10”:该抗冲击复合层10”依序包括第一抗冲击层11、基体层12和第二抗冲击层14,也就是说,该基体层12夹置于该第一抗冲击层11和该第二抗冲击层14之间。
以下以双层结构的抗冲击复合层作为示例,将各组的第一抗冲击层与基体层叠合在一起,而各组实施例和比较例的抗冲击复合层的基体层分别采用参考例1(M-R1)至参考例8(M-R8)的层体,其相关资讯如下说明:
1.参考例1、参考例8:PET编织布,厚度为2.5mm;
2.参考例2:皮革,厚度为0.86mm;
3.参考例3:PC硬质层,厚度为1.93mm,肖氏硬度80D;由购自拜耳股份公司,型号为Makrolon 2405的PC树脂经射出成型所制得。
4.参考例4:PE硬质层,厚度为1.96mm,肖氏硬度为60D;由购自台湾塑胶工业股份有限公司,型号为HDPE 7501的PE树脂经热压成型所制得;
5.参考例5、参考例7:低密度聚乙烯泡沫弹性体,厚度为5.25mm,肖氏硬度为35C;
6.参考例6:市售PET编织布,厚度为5.7mm。
各实施例的抗冲击复合层中的第一抗冲击层如表8的说明:
表8
各比较例的抗冲击复合层中的抗冲击层的相关资讯如下:
1.M-C1、M-C2:皆使用取自D3O的抗冲击材I;厚度为7.1mm;与F-C1的材料相同。
2.M-C3:市售保丽龙板;所述保丽龙板的单层厚度约为3.2mm,密度为0.05g/cm3;本比较例的抗冲击层是由3层所述保丽龙堆叠而成。
3.M-C4、M-C6:市售棒球护肘产品的可塑形的玻璃纤维片,是由湿气固化树脂与玻璃纤维所构成的复合材料,密度为0.9g/cm3;厚度为5.2mm。
4.M-C5:EVA泡沫体,取自市售排球护膝产品;厚度为8mm;与F-C3的材料相同。
5.M-C7:PU泡沫体,取自市售排球护膝产品;厚度为18mm;
6.M-C8:EVA泡沫体,取自市售护膝产品;厚度为8.41mm;与F-C7的材料相同。
试验例4:抗冲击复合层的抗冲击性能测试
于表9至表11中,各参考例的层体、各实施例和比较例的抗冲击复合层采用上述试验例2所述的冲击试验机和各测试条件进行抗冲击性能测试,并将各测试所得的穿透冲击力(Ft)、抗冲击层的减少冲击力(Fs’)、抗冲击层的减少冲击力的比例和抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力记录于表9至表11中;此外,于上述抗冲击性能测试中,落槌是与该基体层的外表面(即相对于与该抗冲击层相叠合的表面)接触。
「空白」测试是未放置任何测试样品,直接以一特定测试条件的落槌落下而测得的冲击力,即为「原提供的冲击力(F0)」。以一特定测试条件的落槌落下撞击该测试样品,所测得的穿透该测试样品的冲击力即为「穿透冲击力(Ft)」。「参考例」是于该特定测试条件下,仅放置与实施例的抗冲击复合层的基体层相同的层体作为测试样品,以该落槌落下后测得的穿透冲击力作为「参考的冲击力(F0’)」。「抗冲击层的减少冲击力(Fs’)」则表示该测试样品中的第一抗冲击层负责消散所承受到的冲击力,Fs’=F0’-Ft。「抗冲击层的减少冲击力的比例」是第一抗冲击层的减少冲击力(Fs’)与F0’的比值,即Fs’/F0’。「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」是「抗冲击层的减少冲击力的比例」与该第一抗冲击层的厚度的比值,「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」=(Fs’/F0’)/厚度。
参考例1(M-R1)至参考例6(M-R6)的层体、实施例1(M-E1)至实施例12(M-E12)的抗冲击复合层和比较例1(M-C1)至比较例5(M-C5)的抗冲击复合层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件A进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表9中。此外,M-C5的抗冲击复合层经上述测试条件A的抗冲击性能测试后,其抗冲击层略有变形。
表9
参考例7(M-R7)的层体、实施例13(M-E13)的抗冲击复合层和比较例6(M-C6)的抗冲击复合层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件B进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表10中。
表10
参考例8(M-R8)的层体、实施例14(M-E14)至实施例16(M-E16)的抗冲击复合层和比较例7(M-C7)和比较例8(M-C8)的抗冲击复合层皆是于室温(25℃±2℃)下以测试条件C进行抗冲击性能测试,其结果皆记录于表11中。
表11
从表9至表11的测试结果可知,本发明的抗冲击复合层皆可消除至少20%的冲击力量。据此可证,本发明的抗冲击复合层确实能提供良好抗冲击能力。
于表9中,M-R1、M-R3的层体的穿透冲击力甚至比空白测试再大一些,推测其原因,可能是因为M-R1、M-R3的层体几乎不具有抗冲击能力,在承受测试条件A的强力冲击时,反而会产生反弹的力量。
此外,于表9中,从M-E1至M-E3和M-C1的抗冲击复合层的「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」的比较可知,使用本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层时,抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力与市售抗冲击材料D3O的抗冲击表现相当,甚至M-E1和M-E3的抗冲击复合层的「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」表现比市售抗冲击材料D3O的表现更优异;类似的,从M-E4至M-E5和M-C2的抗冲击复合层的「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」的比较可知,使用本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层时,抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力与市售抗冲击材料D3O的抗冲击表现相近,甚至M-E4的抗冲击复合层的「抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力」表现比市售抗冲击材料D3O的表现更优异。再者,D3O是PBDMS均匀分布于固体泡沫合成弹性聚氨酯基质的复合材料不属于热塑性环保材料,不仅固化后无法再次改变形状,且无法回收再利用,故无法满足循环经济的要求;反的,本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体可回收再利用,可符合循环经济的需求。
另外,于表9中的M-E10和M-C4的抗冲击复合层的比较,以及于表10中的M-E13和M-C6的抗冲击复合层的比较可知,在抗冲击层的厚度相近的情况下,使用本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层时,抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力比可塑形的玻璃纤维片(即「由湿气固化树脂与玻璃纤维所构成的复合材料」)的单位厚度的抗冲击能力表现更优异。
另外,于表9中的M-E12和M-C5的抗冲击复合层的比较,以及于表11中的M-E14至M-E16和M-C8的抗冲击复合层的比较可知,使用本发明的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层时,抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力比「EVA泡沫体」的抗冲击表现明显更优异。
综合上述试验例1至4的结果,本发明的由具有式(I)结构单元的TPU经发泡程序所得的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体作为抗冲击层时确实能提供良好抗冲击能力,且包含前述抗冲击层的抗冲击复合层甚至可具有更佳的抗冲击层的单位厚度的抗冲击能力,实属不可预期的优异功效。
应用例1
请参图11所示,应用例1的人身防护设备1是一护腕。人身防护设备1是先将实施例4的抗冲击层11A压型并裁切成所需的尺寸,接着,再将抗冲击层11A置于一长形的袋体20中,且将一组连结件30(例如一组魔鬼毡黏扣带)分设于该袋体20的相对两端。当欲将该护腕穿戴上使用者的手腕时,即将内含有抗冲击层11A的袋体20环绕其腕部,再调整所述连结件30的黏扣位置;当欲将该护腕从使用者的手腕脱除时,则将该组连结件30分开即可。
由于本发明的所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体在人体体温或略高于人体体温的温度下能易于塑形,因此,当抗冲击层11A包含在如上述人身防护设备1时,人身防护设备1不仅可服帖覆盖于人体的对应部位,还可借由升温重复塑形,更具实用性。
在另一些应用例中,所述抗冲击层11A还可以先经过打洞步骤再置入,使其具有更高的透气性。或者,在另一些应用例中,所述亦可使用包含前述抗冲击层的抗冲击复合层,例如图8的抗冲击复合层10、图9的抗冲击复合层10’或图10的抗冲击复合层10”等,代替应用例1中的单层的抗冲击层A。
上述实施例仅是为说明本发明的例示,并非于任何方面限制本发明所主张的权利范围。本发明所主张的权利范围自应以申请专利范围所述为准,而非仅限于上述具体实施例。
Claims (13)
3.如权利要求1所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯是由具有式(I)表示的结构单元的二醇、脂肪族二醇和二苯甲基烷-4,4-二异氰酸酯反应所形成的热塑性聚氨基甲酸酯;所述脂肪族二醇包含聚乙二醇、丁二醇、聚四亚甲基醚二醇或其组合。
4.如权利要求1所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述发泡程序包含珠粒以超临界流体含浸发泡后再热压成型制程、模制成型品以超临界流体含浸发泡制程、超临界流体注塑成型制程、超临界流体押出造出泡沫粒后再热压成型制程或超临界流体押出成型制程。
5.如权利要求1所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为1.5毫米至30毫米。
6.如权利要求5所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为4毫米至12毫米;
所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的单位厚度的抗冲击能力为6.5%/mm以上;
所述单位厚度的抗冲击能力以下式表示:(Fs/F0)/厚度;
F0为原提供的冲击力;
Fs为所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体于承受所述原提供的冲击力时所消除的冲击力;
厚度为所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度。
7.如权利要求5所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的厚度为5.5毫米至30毫米;所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体通过欧盟标准规范EN1621-1:2012的等级1。
8.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体,其特征在于,所述热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体的密度为0.15克/立方厘米至1.10克/立方厘米。
9.一种抗冲击复合层,其特征在于,其包括一基体层和一第一抗冲击层,所述第一抗冲击层与所述基体层相叠合;其中,所述第一抗冲击层是由如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成。
10.如权利要求9所述的抗冲击复合层,其特征在于,所述基体层包含一塑胶硬质层、一泡沫弹性体、一编织布、一无纺布、一皮革、一玻璃纤维层或其组合。
11.如权利要求9所述的抗冲击复合层,其特征在于,所述抗冲击复合层更包括一表层,所述第一抗冲击层夹置于所述表层和所述基体层之间;所述表层包含一塑胶硬质层、一泡沫弹性体、一编织布、一无纺布、一皮革、一玻璃纤维层或其组合。
12.如权利要求9所述的抗冲击复合层,其特征在于,所述抗冲击复合层更包括一第二抗冲击层,所述第二抗冲击层是由如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的热塑性聚氨酯泡沫体所构成;所述基体层夹置于所述第一抗冲击层和所述第二抗冲击层之间。
13.如权利要求9至12中任一项所述的抗冲击复合层,其特征在于,所述抗冲击复合层是应用于器具握把、人身防护设备、设备防护或医用防护。
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