CN116026933A - Method for determining detection resolution and detection sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasonic detection system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for determining detection resolution and detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, which comprises the steps of respectively detecting a plurality of test pieces of the same material and different thicknesses by a nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method under the same experimental conditions, performing linear fitting on the measured relative nonlinear coefficients of the test pieces of different thicknesses and the thickness of the test pieces, determining the detection resolution of the detection system by the ratio of slope intercept of a fitting straight line, and determining the detection sensitivity by the slope of the fitting straight line. The method can be used for the establishment of a system in nonlinear ultrasonic detection, the connection mode of equipment parts, the optimization of experimental parameters and the like, so that detection data in actual detection has higher resolution and sensitivity, and the work such as material damage degree judgment, microstructure evolution assessment and the like based on the nonlinear ultrasonic technology can be more effectively developed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, in particular to a method for determining detection resolution and detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system.
Background
Engineering components may suffer mechanical and thermal damage such as moulding damage, fatigue, thermal damage, creep and the like during service. According to the development history of damage, the development process from early micro damage, micro crack to macro crack is often carried out. The traditional nondestructive detection method at present can only effectively detect macroscopic cracking, and is insensitive to early tiny damage. The nonlinear ultrasonic technology is used as a supplement to the traditional nondestructive testing method and is very sensitive to micro defects such as initial micro damage, micro cracks and the like. Meanwhile, the nonlinear ultrasonic technology can be used for evaluating microscopic properties such as grain size, dislocation density, precipitated phase sediment concentration and the like of the material, and detecting various properties of the material under the condition of not damaging a sample. The principle is that the nonlinear effect excited when ultrasonic waves pass through the micro defects is utilized, and the nonlinear effect is enhanced along with the aggravation of external action degrees such as plastic damage, fatigue, thermal damage, creep and the like.
The current nonlinear ultrasonic detection technology mainly comprises a second harmonic method, a frequency mixing method, a nonlinear ultrasonic method based on a phased array and the like. The nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method is most widely applied because the nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method is most easily realized in actual detection. The method typically takes the form of dual transducers, one as the ultrasound transmitting source and the other as the ultrasound receiving source. The transmitting transducer is usually a narrow-band transducer, while the receiving transducer is usually a broadband transducer due to the need of receiving fundamental wave and second harmonic wave simultaneously, and uses the measured amplitude of the fundamental waveA 1 Amplitude of second harmonicA 2 The nonlinear coefficient of the composition characterizes the damage degree, and the definition formula is as follows:
wherein the method comprises the steps ofkIs the wave number of the sound wave,Xis the acoustic propagation distance (equal to the specimen thickness). Because the emission frequency is fixed in actual detection and the thickness of the tested part is fixed, the method is characterized in thatk、XIs a fixed value and then adopts a relative nonlinear coefficient
The damage degree of the test piece is characterized, and the expression is as follows:
in practical applications, it is generally necessary to calibrate the relationship between the relative nonlinear coefficient and the damage degree of the material in advance by measuring the damage degree of the member with the relative nonlinear coefficient
The absolute value of (2) is not of practical significance, whereas +.>
Compared with the original relative nonlinear coefficient when the test piece is undamaged +.>
The ratio of (2) is of practical significance, i.e. in practice by +.>
The degree of damage was measured. In the calibration process, the system detection resolution and detection sensitivity can directly influence the fitting relation of a calibration curve.
In the practical detection link, the greatest technical difficulty faced by the application of the nonlinear ultrasonic technology is poor repeatability of detection results. The detection resolution and the detection sensitivity are two key factors affecting the repeatability of the detection result. The two indexes are influenced by factors such as measuring instrument selection, component connection mode, coupling agent selection and the like. Meanwhile, the nonlinear effect of the system, namely the nonlinear effect on the non-physics, has obvious influence on the detection resolution. On the other hand, the amplitude of the second harmonic wave extracted by the second harmonic wave method is several orders of magnitude smaller than that of the fundamental wave, and the proper harmonic wave extraction mode can obviously influence the detection sensitivity.
In the traditional linear ultrasonic frame, the detection resolution of a measurement system refers to the capability of the detection system to distinguish two adjacent defects with a certain size, and is mainly influenced by the pulse width of ultrasonic waves. The detection sensitivity refers to the ability of the whole detection system to find the minimum defect, and is mainly determined by the frequency of ultrasonic waves. At the same time, these two indices define their determination methods in a series of criteria. In the nonlinear ultrasound field, there is no clear definition about these two indexes, but current researchers simply improve their capabilities through certain design tools, experimental system design methods, signal processing methods, etc., and typical documents include:
(1) Zheng Shanpiao, liu Xunfeng, chen Wei, zhang Xuesong, wang Xuwen. A pressure monitoring clamp [ J ] for ultrasonic nonlinear experiments, non-destructive testing, 2019, 41 (1): 73-76. The article reports that the authors have improved the intensity of the nonlinear effect by designing a pressure monitoring clamping device for ultrasonic nonlinear experiments to ensure consistent pressure on the sample being tested, and can greatly improve the sensitivity of ultrasonic waves to micro-defect detection.
(2) Pressure monitoring clamping device for ultrasonic nonlinear testing (CN 201811064202). The invention discloses a pressure monitoring clamping device which is also used for ultrasonic nonlinear test, comprising a hand wheel, a linear guide rail, a probe nut, an eye bolt, a clamping arm, a pressure sensor, a five-digit nixie tube and other parts, wherein a single variable principle in the experimental process can be ensured, the nonlinear coefficient of each point to be tested has comparability, and the detection resolution is improved.
(3) A high-power self-adaptive ultrasonic pulse emission and nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave measuring device (CN 111157623A). The invention discloses a high-power self-adaptive ultrasonic pulse transmitting and nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave measuring device, which improves the strength of a transmitting signal and the sensitivity of a receiving signal by a multi-harmonic nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave detecting method based on a digital phase-locked technology.
(4) Zhao Yanxiu the stainless steel 304 stress corrosion damage assessment based on nonlinear ultrasonic signal analysis and processing [ D ]. University of Conn's chemical engineering university, 2019. The article compares the sensitivity of the information entropy, fourier transform, and HHT three signal processing methods to extract nonlinear effects. And (3) the conclusion is that the nonlinear coefficient extracted by HHT is most sensitive to the change of the damage, the information entropy curve is the most gentle, the sensitivity is the lowest, and the normalized nonlinear coefficient extracted by Fourier transformation is centered.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for determining the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, and the method can be used for quantifying two key capacity parameters of the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity before actual detection, so that the construction mode of the detection system can be optimized and experimental detection parameters can be optimized. And then the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic technology on material damage and microstructure evolution are improved.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a method for determining detection resolution and detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system comprises the following steps:
(1) Building a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system with test stability;
(2) Processing a plurality of test pieces meeting the requirement of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, wherein the plurality of test pieces are identical in material, surface conditions and thickness;
(3) Nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method detection is carried out on test pieces with different thicknesses, fundamental wave amplitude values and second harmonic amplitude values of the test pieces with different thicknesses are respectively extracted from received time domain signals, and corresponding relative nonlinear coefficients are calculated
Wherein->
For the fundamental amplitude +.>
Is the amplitude of the second harmonic;
(4) By measuring the relative nonlinear coefficient under test pieces with different thicknesses
Thickness of test pieceXA linear fit was performed, denoted ∈>
，KIs the slope of the slope,Bis the intercept;
(5) By the ratio of slope intercept of the fitted line
As the detection resolution of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system to fit the slope of a straight lineKAs the detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system.
In the step (5), the ratio of slope intercept
The larger the detection resolution is, the stronger; slope ofKThe larger the detection sensitivity is, the higher the detection sensitivity is.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: and detecting by a nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method under the same condition through a plurality of test pieces with the same material and different thicknesses. And acquiring system detection resolution and detection sensitivity by utilizing the linear relation between the nonlinear magnitude of the excitation of the sound wave passing through the test pieces with different thicknesses and the thickness of the test pieces, and optimizing the selection of experimental instruments, the connection mode of components, the setting of experimental parameters and the like. In the practical detection, the detection capability of the nonlinear ultrasonic technology on the damage degree of the material and the microstructure evolution can be improved. Compared with the existing detection mode, the detection efficiency can be further guaranteed, and the detection capability is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for determining the detection resolution and detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic construction diagram of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of test pieces of different thicknesses.
Fig. 4 is a diagram of a shunt extracted fundamental, second harmonic time domain signal of embodiment 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a diagram of the amplitude of the fundamental and second harmonics obtained by phase sensitive detection in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the relative nonlinear coefficients at two acoustic wave transmission frequencies according to example 1 of the present invention
Fitting relation curve with the thickness of the test piece.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system construction without the low-pass filter of embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows the relative nonlinear coefficients under two conditions of example 2 of the present invention
Fitting relation curve with the thickness of the test piece.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention; it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, and that all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts based on the embodiments in the present invention are within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for determining the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system of the present invention comprises the following steps:
(1) Building a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system with test stability;
(2) Processing a plurality of test pieces meeting the requirement of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, wherein the plurality of test pieces are identical in material, surface conditions and thickness;
(3) Nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method detection is carried out on test pieces with different thicknesses, fundamental wave amplitude values and second harmonic amplitude values of the test pieces with different thicknesses are respectively extracted from received time domain signals, and corresponding relative nonlinear coefficients are calculated
Wherein->
For the fundamental amplitude +.>
Is the amplitude of the second harmonic;
(4) By measuring the relative nonlinear coefficient under test pieces with different thicknesses
Thickness of test pieceXA linear fit was performed, denoted ∈>
，KIs the slope of the slope,Bis the intercept;
(5) By the ratio of slope intercept of the fitted line
As the detection resolution of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system to fit the slope of a straight lineKAs the detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system.
In the step (5), the ratio of slope intercept
The larger the detection resolution is, the stronger; slope ofKThe larger the detection sensitivity is, the higher the detection sensitivity is.
The technical principle of the invention is expressed as follows:
the material nonlinearity coefficient can be expressed as:
。
wherein the method comprises the steps of
For the fundamental amplitude +.>
For the amplitude of the second harmonic,kis the number of waves to be used,Xfor the acoustic wave transmission distance, in the general detection work, the propagation distance of the test piece is fixed (equal to the thickness of the test piece) due to the fixed emission frequency, so the transmission distance is usually determined by a relative nonlinear coefficient +.>
And depicting the damage degree of the detected object. In the actual detection, the measured relative non-linearity coefficient +.>
Can be expressed as the sum of the introduction of material nonlinearities (physical) and system nonlinearities (non-physical), namely:
。
it can be seen that in the case of non-linear ultrasonic detection mode, the parameters are unchanged (i.e
、/>
、kInvariable), relative nonlinear coefficient ∈ ->
Distance to acoustic wave (equal to the thickness of the test piece)XIn a linear relationship. Thus, a linear system is formed by a detection experiment system and a plurality of test pieces with different thicknesses: />
(whereinK>0，B>0，X>=0). The description mode is as follows:
1. detection resolution of system
Is provided withX 1 、X 2 Is the thickness of two different test pieces, andX 1 <X 2 . The detection resolution of the system is large corresponding to the discrimination of different non-linear sources, which is equivalent to that of a linear systemX 1 、X 2 In a fixed condition
The ratio of the intercept with the slope can be obtained by simple derivation>
Increased detection resolution, so that +.>
And (5) characterizing the detection resolution.
2. Detection sensitivity of the system
The detection sensitivity being the change in output caused by the same input change in the system, i.e
Caused->
With a change in slope in the case of the linear systemKIncreased detection sensitivity of (a) and thus can be usedKThe detection sensitivity is characterized.
Example 1
In the embodiment, a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system for extracting fundamental waves and second harmonic branches is built, and detection resolution and detection sensitivity under two sound wave emission frequencies are obtained and compared.
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) As shown in fig. 2, a nonlinear ultrasonic testing system is constructed, a sine pulse train signal is generated through an arbitrary function generator 1, the signal is amplified through a power amplifier 2, then is loaded to a transmitting ultrasonic transducer 6 with the center frequency of 5MHz after passing through a low-pass filter 5 of an attenuator 4 of a matching resistor 3, ultrasonic waves generated by the transducer are transmitted into a test piece 7 after passing through a thin-layer coupling agent, the ultrasonic waves are received and converted into electric signals through a receiving ultrasonic transducer 8 after interacting with tissues of the test piece 7, the electric signals are transmitted into a signal receiver 13 in two paths after passing through an electric tee 9, one path is a fundamental wave signal, and the fundamental wave amplitude is large, and the energy is reduced through a signal sampler 12 and then is transmitted into the signal receiver 13. The other path is transmitted into a signal receiver 13 after passing through a high-pass filter 10 and an amplifier 11, and is a second harmonic signal. In this example, two acoustic wave emission frequencies are compared, 5MHz and 5.6MHz, respectively.
(2) In this example, it is desirable to detect fatigue damage problems of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 materials by nonlinear ultrasonic detection techniques. In order to determine the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity of the detection system, 4 cuboid aluminum alloy 6061-T6 test pieces with different thicknesses are processed in the embodiment, the side length of the square section is 30mm, and the thicknesses are respectively 20mm, 25mm, 30mm and 35mm, as shown in fig. 3.
(3) The fundamental wave and harmonic time domain signals (after 256 times of average treatment) shown in figure 4 are subjected to phase sensitive detection to obtain the distribution of amplitude values on a frequency domain, and the distribution is shown in figure 5, and the relative nonlinear coefficient of each test piece is obtained through statistics
It can be seen from fig. 4 and 5 that the excited nonlinear effect is stronger at a transmission frequency of 5.6MHz.
(4) Respectively combining the relative nonlinear coefficients obtained at two transmitting frequencies
Thickness of test pieceXThe result of the linear fitting is shown in FIG. 6, and canIt is seen that both cases are in a strict linear relationship:
(5) In the case of the acoustic wave emission frequency of 5MHz, the ratio of the slope intercept is 0.1542 and the slope is 0.00391. In the case of the sound wave emission frequency of 5.6MHz, the ratio of the slope intercept was 0.1539 and the slope was 0.00744. It can be seen that the ratio of slope intercept is close in the case of 5MHz and 5.6MHz of the sound wave emission frequency, i.e. the detection resolution is close, and the higher slope in the case of 5.6MHz indicates that the detection sensitivity is higher, so that the experimental parameter of selecting the sound wave emission frequency of 5.6MHz is better.
Example 2
In this embodiment, the nonlinear detection system is still constructed in a method of extracting fundamental waves and second harmonics by branching. The detection resolution and detection sensitivity with and without the addition of a low pass filter before the transmitting transducer were obtained and compared.
The basic procedure of the present invention was the same as in example 1. The first case of the construction mode of the nonlinear detection system is still executed according to fig. 2, and the other construction mode is shown in fig. 7, but no low-pass filter is added before the transmitting transducer, and the connection modes of other components and experimental parameters are the same.
Under the two finally obtained connection modes, the relative nonlinear coefficient
Thickness of test pieceXAs shown in fig. 8, the results are respectively:
according to the definition of detection resolution and sensitivity in the invention, the slope intercept ratios under two connection modes are calculated in a resolving mode: 0.1542 and 0.1229, slopes are: 0.00391 and 0.00414. It can be seen that the detection sensitivity of the system is approximately the same after the low-pass filter is added, but the detection resolution is significantly improved, so that the detection effect is better when the low-pass filter is added, compared with the connection mode without the low-pass filter.
It should be noted that the calibration test piece material provided in the two embodiments of the present invention is an aluminum alloy, and in fact, the flow of measuring the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity in the present invention is independent of the material. Meanwhile, the two embodiments are respectively used for optimizing the sound wave emission frequency and the component connection mode in experimental parameters. The scope of the invention is not limited to the specific examples described above, such as changing the calibration test piece material, or for optimizing other experimental parameters, ultrasound transducer selection, couplant selection, etc. The object of the present invention can be achieved according to the basic technical concept of the present invention, and as long as one of ordinary skill in the art does not need to perform creative work, conceivable embodiments are all within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A method for determining detection resolution and detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, comprising the steps of:
(1) Building a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system with test stability;
(2) Processing a plurality of test pieces meeting the requirement of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system, wherein the plurality of test pieces are identical in material, surface conditions and thickness;
(3) Nonlinear ultrasonic second harmonic method detection is carried out on test pieces with different thicknesses, fundamental wave amplitude values and second harmonic amplitude values of the test pieces with different thicknesses are respectively extracted from received time domain signals, and corresponding relative nonlinear coefficients are calculated
Wherein->
For the fundamental amplitude +.>
Is the amplitude of the second harmonic;
(4) By measuring the relative nonlinear coefficient under test pieces with different thicknesses
Thickness of test pieceXA linear fit was performed, denoted ∈>
，KIs the slope of the slope,Bis the intercept;
(5) By the ratio of slope intercept of the fitted line
As the detection resolution of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system to fit the slope of a straight lineKAs the detection sensitivity of the nonlinear ultrasonic detection system.
2. The method for determining the detection resolution and the detection sensitivity of a nonlinear ultrasonic detection system according to claim 1, wherein in said step (5), the ratio of slope intercept
The larger the detection resolution is, the stronger; slope ofKThe larger the detection sensitivity is, the higher the detection sensitivity is. />
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