CN109738518B - Method and device for evaluating heat treatment effect of material through nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance - Google Patents
Method and device for evaluating heat treatment effect of material through nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance, which excite electromagnetic ultrasonic transverse waves by frequency sweep and acquire all ultrasonic transverse wave resonance frequencies in a test piece, select a proper resonance frequency f and a corresponding non-resonance frequency f/3 thereof, respectively excite signals of corresponding frequencies and acquire the amplitude A of a fundamental frequency wave in the frequency spectrum of a received signal1And third harmonic amplitude A3To construct the resonant nonlinearity parameters of the test piece
Based on the obtained value gamma of the relative cubic non-linear acoustic parameterrAnd comparing the nonlinear acoustic parameters of the intact material and the material subjected to annealing heat treatment in different degrees, and comparing, detecting and evaluating the heat treatment effect of the metal material.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a method and a device for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance, belongs to the technical field of material testing according to the division of an International Patent Classification (IPC), and particularly relates to a technology for carrying out nondestructive evaluation and characterization on the material performance by utilizing nonlinear ultrasonic waves.
Background
The electromagnetic ultrasonic detection technology is a relatively mature non-contact ultrasonic nondestructive detection technology developed and applied at present, and the main principle is that induced eddy currents in a metal material under the action of a magnetic field are acted by Lorentz force, or a ferromagnetic material is acted by magnetostriction under the action of the magnetic field, so that ultrasonic stress waves are excited in the material to detect and evaluate the material, a coupling agent is not needed in the detection process, and online rapid detection can be realized. The physical properties of ultrasound that are currently widely used in ultrasound detection and evaluation techniques are sound velocity, attenuation, and the like. However, when testing a test piece with a small thickness, the excitation frequency of the ultrasonic wave needs to be relatively high to obtain an analyzable signal without overlapping echoes. In addition, nonlinear ultrasound has higher detection sensitivity than linear ultrasound, and the use of nonlinear response of ultrasonic waves to evaluate and predict early microscopic damage of various metals and composite materials is gaining increasing attention. However, the energy conversion efficiency limited to the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is generally low, and a large output power of the apparatus is usually required to excite the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to obtain an ultrasonic detection signal with a certain signal-to-noise ratio.
Metals and their alloys are widely used materials in various industries at home and abroad, and fatigue, corrosion, cracks and the like are the main failure modes of the metals and their alloys. In some important application occasions such as nuclear power stations, high-temperature production environments and the like, non-contact ultrasonic has natural detection advantages. When the material is detected by using the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, the energy of ultrasonic waves propagating in the material is lower by several orders of magnitude compared with that of the ultrasonic waves excited by the piezoelectric transducer, and the vibration displacement of corresponding mass points in the object is small, so that the nonlinear response of the ultrasonic waves to early damage, defects and microstructure changes of the material is weak. The current situation makes it very difficult to evaluate the nonlinear response condition of the material by using a common electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to receive the higher harmonics generated by ultrasonic wave propagation in the detection process, and the development of a higher-power electromagnetic ultrasonic probe tends to result in the increase of the volume of the equipment and the increase of the detection cost.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance, which is a metal material detection and evaluation technology based on a nonlinear ultrasonic method and an electromagnetic resonance technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for evaluating heat treatment effect of material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises introducing corresponding resonant frequency f ultrasonic signal and non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal into a heat-treated test piece in two steps, and respectively obtaining fundamental wave amplitude A of the ultrasonic wave at frequency spectrum f from frequency spectrums of two received signals1And third harmonic amplitude A3Calculating the relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gamma of the resonance of the test piecerWherein γ isr＝A3/A1(ii) a Based on the obtained value gamma of the relative cubic non-linear acoustic parameterrAnd comparing the nonlinear acoustic parameters of the intact material and the material subjected to annealing heat treatment with different degrees, and qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating the annealing heat treatment effect of the metal material.
The invention further aims to provide a device for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance.
A device for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises a signal excitation/receiver, an electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe, an electromagnetic ultrasonic receiving probe, a preamplifier, an oscilloscope and a computer, wherein the signal excitation/receiver excites a certain-frequency ultrasonic signal suitable for a test piece and is connected with the electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe, the ultrasonic signal is introduced into the test piece, the other end of the test piece is connected with the electromagnetic ultrasonic receiving probe to detect a propagated sound wave signal, the sound wave signal is filtered by the preamplifier and then is sent into the oscilloscope, and the oscilloscope acquires a received signal waveform and inputs the received signal waveform into the computer; the data obtained by the signal exciter/receiver is also input to the computer for signal analysis.
Further, the electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe, the receiving probe and the tested piece are fixed during detection, and the distance between the electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe, the receiving probe and the tested piece is guaranteed to be unchanged during detection.
The invention relates to a method and a device for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance, which respectively obtain a fundamental frequency amplitude A obtained under the excitation of a resonance frequency signal by a certain device in two steps1And third harmonic amplitude A obtained under excitation of off-resonance frequency signal3Then the relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gamma of the resonance of the test piece can be calculatedrBy gammarEffectively characterizing the relative changes that occur in the material properties. And (3) taking the relative three-time nonlinear acoustic parameters of the resonance measured by the intact test piece as evaluation criteria, and comparing, testing and evaluating other similar materials to judge the annealing heat treatment effect of the tested test piece.
Based on the direct relation between the third harmonic of ultrasonic transverse wave and the microstructure of the material, the invention overcomes the problem of low transmission energy of the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of ultrasonic nonlinear response; the detection process is non-contact, so that the coupling state in the nonlinear ultrasonic test can be ensured to be stable and consistent, and the monitoring and evaluation of materials and components in a high-temperature and extreme in-service environment can be realized; the thickness of the detected material is not limited, and the method can be used for detecting and evaluating the heat treatment effect of the metal material on site, in real time and rapidly.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the principle of electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance in the detecting device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic wiring diagram of the detection device of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the resonance spectrum of the test piece measured by the detection apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a comparison graph of the measured fundamental and third harmonic spectra of an untreated sound specimen.
Fig. 5 is a comparison graph of the measured fundamental wave and third harmonic spectra of the test pieces subjected to the annealing heat treatment.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
example (b): referring to fig. 1 to 4, an apparatus for evaluating a heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance includes a signal exciter/receiver 1, an electromagnetic ultrasonic exciter probe 2, an electromagnetic ultrasonic receiver probe 3, a preamplifier 4, an oscilloscope 5 and a computer 6. The signal excitation/receiver 1 excites an ultrasonic signal with a certain frequency, the ultrasonic signal is connected to the electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe 2 and is guided into the test piece M, the other end of the test piece M is connected with the electromagnetic ultrasonic receiving probe 3, a propagated sound wave signal is detected, the sound wave signal is filtered by the preamplifier 4 and is sent into the oscilloscope 5, and the oscilloscope 5 acquires a received signal waveform and inputs the received signal waveform into the computer 6; the data obtained by the signal exciter/receiver 1 is also input to the computer 6 for signal analysis.
A method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises subjecting the material to heat treatmentA test piece, which is used for leading in corresponding resonant frequency f ultrasonic signals and non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signals in two steps, and respectively obtaining the fundamental wave amplitude A of the ultrasonic waves at the frequency spectrum f from the frequency spectrums of the two received signals1And third harmonic amplitude A3Calculating the relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gamma of the resonance of the test piecerWherein γ isr＝A3/A1(ii) a Based on the obtained value gamma of the relative cubic non-linear acoustic parameterrAnd comparing the nonlinear acoustic parameters of the intact material and the material subjected to annealing heat treatment with different degrees, and qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating the annealing heat treatment effect of the metal material. The method is based on: (1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) leading tiny tissue structure changes in a propagation medium to cause different obvious sound wave nonlinear responses, particularly leading third harmonic waves of transverse waves to be sensitive to dislocation information in materials, (2) obviously improving the signal-to-noise ratio of electromagnetic ultrasonic nonlinear response signals by an ultrasonic resonance method, making up the problem of low energy conversion efficiency of an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, (3) leading the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to have no special limit on the thickness of a tested piece by the resonance method, (4) leading the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to realize material detection in special environments of extreme temperature, high temperature and the like, and leading the coupling effect with the tested piece to be stable and consistent.
A method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises the following detection steps:
1) a tested piece M is close to an electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation transducer (an electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe 2) and a receiving transducer (an electromagnetic ultrasonic receiving probe 3), and is fixed in a certain mode, such as binding, auxiliary connection and fixation and the like; 2) a wider sweep frequency signal is excited by the transducer, the received signal is analyzed by the computer 6 and the resonance frequency spectrum of the test piece is obtained as shown in fig. 3;
3) selecting a proper resonant frequency f ultrasonic signal and a proper non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal from the resonant frequency spectrum of the test piece M;
4) exciting the ultrasonic signal with the resonance frequency f selected in the step 3) by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (an electromagnetic ultrasonic excitation probe 2), introducing the ultrasonic signal into a tested test piece M, receiving the ultrasonic signal by a receiving transducer (an electromagnetic ultrasonic receiving probe 3), amplifying the signal by a preamplifier 4, and returning the amplified signal to a receiving unit (a signal excitation/receiver 1);
5) the receiving unit (signal excitation/receiver 1) filters the received signal and averages a certain number of times, selects a proper and wider signal interval to carry out windowing Fourier time-frequency transformation, and extracts a fundamental wave amplitude A corresponding to the frequency f in the step 3) when the resonant frequency f ultrasonic signal is excited in the obtained frequency spectrum1；
6) Exciting the ultrasonic signal with the non-resonance frequency f/3 selected in the step 3) by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, introducing the ultrasonic signal into a tested test piece M, receiving by a receiving transducer, amplifying the signal by a preamplifier 4 and returning to a receiving unit (a signal exciting/receiving unit 1);
7) the receiving unit (signal excitation/receiver 1) filters the received signal and averages the signal for a certain number of times, selects a proper and wider signal interval to perform windowing Fourier time-frequency transformation, and extracts a third harmonic amplitude A corresponding to the frequency f in the step 3) when the non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal is excited3；
8) Calculating the resonance relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameters:
resonance relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gammarIs related to the amplitude values obtained in step 5) and step 7), and is calculated by the formula
Wherein A is1And A3Respectively the fundamental wave amplitude and the third harmonic amplitude of the ultrasonic signal with the resonant frequency f and the ultrasonic signal with the non-resonant frequency f/3 at the corresponding frequency f in the frequency spectrum when the ultrasonic signal with the resonant frequency f and the ultrasonic signal with the non-resonant frequency f/3 are excited;
9) based on the obtained resonance relative cubic non-linear acoustic parameter gammarAnd (3) selecting the nonlinear physical parameters of the intact material as an evaluation standard, and carrying out comparative detection to evaluate other similar metal materials subjected to heat treatment in different degrees.
In the detection process, in order to ensure that the non-contact coupling state between the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the test piece is stable and consistent, the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer needs to be arranged at a fixed distance near the test piece during measurement. The electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer used in the detection process is a monomodal ultrasonic excitation transducer, ultrasonic waves can be generated in a ferromagnetic material by utilizing a magnetostrictive effect, ultrasonic waves can also be generated in a non-ferromagnetic material by utilizing Lorentz force, and a test piece can be made of a ferromagnetic material or a non-ferromagnetic material. In step 3), in order to improve the nonlinear response by using the resonance effect of the ultrasound in the test piece, frequency sweeping is required, the resonance frequency spectrum of the material is measured by combining a superheterodyne phase-sensitive detection method, and then a proper resonance harmonic frequency and a corresponding non-resonance fundamental frequency are selected from the resonance spectrum to construct resonance nonlinear parameters.
The principle of the invention is as follows:
when ultrasonic waves propagate through a dielectric material with an uneven microstructure including dislocations, slippage, holes, corrosion, cracks and the like, waveform distortion occurs, double-frequency second harmonic waves, triple-frequency third harmonic waves and the like are generated, and the nonlinear response of the ultrasonic waves is called. Generally, the more non-uniform the microstructure of the material (the more microscopic defects), the more pronounced the nonlinear response of the ultrasound. The method based on electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance can improve the signal intensity and measure the nonlinear response of the material, and corresponding parameters are constructed according to the measured nonlinear response of the ultrasonic wave, so that the parameters can be used for representing the internal tissue structure of the material.
The invention relates to a novel technology for evaluating the heat treatment effect of a metal material by using a nonlinear ultrasonic method, which accurately evaluates the performance change of the metal material subjected to different heat treatments in a nondestructive mode. The invention can change the microstructure of the material based on heat treatment, and the nonlinear response of ultrasonic propagation has direct relation with the microstructure of the material, especially the third harmonic of ultrasonic transverse wave is closely related with dislocation information in the material. Taking annealing as an example, the internal dislocation structure of the material subjected to annealing heat treatment is gradually restored, the crystal grains start to nucleate and grow gradually, the longer the time is, the greater the plasticity is, and the smaller the acoustic nonlinear response of ultrasonic propagation is until a certain limit is reached. By the method, the change of ultrasonic nonlinear response of the test piece subjected to different annealing heat treatments can be effectively tested, and the annealing heat treatment effect of the material can be subjected to nondestructive evaluation.
FIGS. 4 and 5 are graphs comparing the measured fundamental wave and third harmonic frequency spectra of the untreated test piece and the annealed test piece, wherein the annealing treatment is taken as an example, the original internal structure of the material is changed, the dislocation is reduced, the recrystallization is generated, and the measured resonance nonlinearity parameter gamma isrIt will also decrease.
The invention develops a heat treatment effect evaluation and optimization technology based on a nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic third harmonic resonance method based on the fact that the tiny tissue structure change in a propagation medium can also cause obvious different sound wave nonlinear responses. The technology is very sensitive to the change of the microstructure of the material after different heat treatment processes, and can quickly and effectively evaluate the quality of the heat treatment effect and even optimize the heat treatment process parameters.
The above description is only an embodiment utilizing the technical content of the present disclosure, and any modification and variation made by those skilled in the art can be covered by the claims of the present disclosure, and not limited to the embodiments disclosed.
Claims (5)
1. A method for evaluating heat treatment effect of material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises introducing corresponding resonant frequency f ultrasonic signal and non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal into a heat-treated test piece in two steps, and respectively obtaining fundamental wave amplitude A of the ultrasonic wave at frequency spectrum f from frequency spectrums of two received signals1And third harmonic amplitude A3Calculating the relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gamma of the resonance of the test piecerWherein γ isr＝A3/A1(ii) a Based on the obtained value gamma of the relative cubic non-linear acoustic parameterrComparing the nonlinear acoustic parameters of the intact material and the material subjected to annealing heat treatment in different degrees, and qualitatively and quantitatively evaluating the annealing heat treatment effect of the metal material;
the method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material by nonlinear electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance comprises the following detection steps:
1) approaching an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to a tested piece;
2) exciting a wider sweep frequency signal by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer to obtain a resonance frequency spectrum of the tested piece;
3) selecting a proper resonant frequency f ultrasonic signal and a proper non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal from the resonance frequency spectrum of the tested piece;
4) exciting the resonance frequency f signal selected in the step 3) by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, introducing the resonance frequency f signal into the tested piece, receiving by a receiving transducer, and returning to a receiving unit;
5) the receiving unit filters the received signals and averages the received signals for a certain number of times, selects a proper and wider signal interval to carry out windowing Fourier time-frequency transformation, and extracts a fundamental wave amplitude A corresponding to the frequency f in the resonance frequency f ultrasonic signal excitation in the step 3) from a frequency spectrum1；
6) Exciting the non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signal selected in the step 3) by an electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, introducing the ultrasonic signal into a tested test piece, receiving by a receiving transducer and returning to a receiving unit;
7) the receiving unit filters the received signals and averages the received signals for a certain number of times, selects a proper and wider signal interval to carry out windowing Fourier time-frequency transformation, and extracts a third harmonic amplitude A corresponding to the frequency f in the step 3) when the non-resonant frequency f/3 ultrasonic signals are excited in the frequency spectrum3；
8) Calculating the resonance relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameters:
resonance relative cubic nonlinear acoustic parameter gammarIs related to the amplitude values obtained in step 5) and step 7), and is calculated by the formula
Wherein A is1And A3Respectively the fundamental wave amplitude and the third harmonic amplitude of the ultrasonic signal with the resonant frequency f and the ultrasonic signal with the non-resonant frequency f/3 at the corresponding frequency f in the frequency spectrum when the ultrasonic signal with the resonant frequency f and the ultrasonic signal with the non-resonant frequency f/3 are excited;
9) and based on the obtained value of the resonance relative to the third nonlinear acoustic parameter, selecting the nonlinear physical parameter of the intact material as an evaluation standard, and carrying out comparative detection and evaluation on other similar metal materials subjected to heat treatment in different degrees.
2. The method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material according to claim 1, wherein: in the detection process, in order to ensure that the non-contact coupling state between the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the test piece is stable and consistent, the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer needs to be arranged at a fixed distance near the test piece during measurement.
3. The method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material according to claim 1, wherein: the electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer used in the detection process is a single-mode ultrasonic excitation transducer, and the test piece is made of a ferromagnetic material or a non-ferromagnetic material.
4. The method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material according to claim 1, wherein: in step 3), in order to improve the nonlinear response by using the resonance effect of the ultrasound in the test piece, frequency sweeping is required, the resonance frequency spectrum of the material is measured by combining a superheterodyne phase-sensitive detection method, and then a proper resonance harmonic frequency and a corresponding non-resonance fundamental frequency are selected from the resonance spectrum to construct resonance nonlinear parameters.
5. The method for evaluating the heat treatment effect of the material according to claim 1, wherein: step 2), step 4), step 5), step 6), step 7), utilizing an oscilloscope to obtain a received signal waveform, and inputting the received signal waveform into a computer; the data obtained by the receiving unit is also input to the computer.
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