CN115901045A - Nonlinear characteristic guided wave device and method based on component R region - Google Patents
Nonlinear characteristic guided wave device and method based on component R region Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Aiming at the detection and evaluation of the R region of a component with a complex shape made of a composite material, the invention provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave device and a nonlinear characteristic guided wave method, and the device and the method realize the rapid and remote detection and evaluation of the stress of an inaccessible R region through a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer for exciting characteristic guided waves and a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer for receiving the nonlinear effect of the characteristic guided waves. The invention adopts a non-contact flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic detection technology, excites a characteristic guided wave mode according to the geometric dimension of a structural region, performs data processing on received signals to obtain relative nonlinear parameters in the structural region, namely, the relative nonlinear parameters are used as coefficient factors to realize effective representation of the overall stress of the structural region, thereby increasing the convenience and improving the detection efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a nonlinear characteristic guided wave device and a nonlinear characteristic guided wave method for evaluating stress concentration degree of an R region of a composite material complex-shaped component, belongs to the field of nondestructive testing according to the division of an International Patent Classification (IPC), and particularly relates to a method and a device for evaluating stress concentration degree of an R region of a composite material complex-shaped component by utilizing nonlinear ultrasonic guided waves.
Background
With the development of industrial technology and the continuous improvement of structural design requirements, the geometric shape of the composite material engineering component is more and more complex, and a corner region, namely an R region, generally exists. The R region is an important connection and geometric transition region in the structure, plays a role in bearing and force transmission, is easy to form a stress concentration phenomenon in the processing and service processes so as to generate defects, and a reliable nondestructive detection technology for the R region with the complex shape of the composite material must be developed for ensuring the manufacturing quality and service safety of the component with the complex shape of the composite material.
At present, nondestructive detection of a complex-shaped R region of a composite material is mainly linear ultrasonic detection, and detection is performed by measuring acoustic parameters such as sound velocity, attenuation, frequency spectrum, amplitude and the like by mainly utilizing the reflection and transmission principles of waves. However, the linear ultrasonic detection technology has limitations, and the acoustic parameters such as wave velocity, head wave amplitude and the like are changed less at the initial stage of material damage, namely when the damage is small, and are not sensitive to stress damage of the material at the early stage. Compared with linear ultrasonic detection, nonlinear ultrasonic detection has higher detection sensitivity, and by utilizing the characteristic that nonlinear response of ultrasonic waves is sensitive to early stress damage of materials, effective characterization of the overall stress of a structural region can be realized by using relative nonlinear parameters as coefficient factors. The nonlinear ultrasonic guided wave technology is one of research hotspots in the current nondestructive testing field, and can effectively detect stress concentration in a material by utilizing the nonlinear effect generated by stress in the material and an ultrasonic waveguide.
At present, ultrasonic detection of R region of composite material complex-shaped member is mainly ultrasonic detection using phased array, for example, the ultrasonic detection method of R region member defect and stress based on synthetic aperture dynamic focusing with application number CN 202111037507. The main disadvantages include:
(1) The front end of the probe is larger in the mode, so that the blind area is also larger, most modes need to realize detection by means of a wedge block and a coupling agent, the influence of human factors on results is increased, and the detection quality of an R area is not high.
(2) Detection efficiency is lower and detect the precision not high, and the current main phased array detection mode detects for the mode of point-to-point scanning, needs many times to detect large-scale long distance component, and detection efficiency is low. And for some composite materials with complex shapes, namely R areas with closed cavities and other middle inaccessible areas, the method cannot be detected.
In addition, compared with the traditional ultrasonic sensor, the phased array detection method is higher in cost, only the later damage of the R area with the complex shape of the composite material can be detected, and the damage is serious at that time, so that the method has important significance for detecting stress concentration in the early stage of the R area with the complex shape of the composite material.
Disclosure of Invention
The following presents a simplified summary of embodiments of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. It should be understood that the following summary is not an exhaustive overview of the invention. It is not intended to determine the key or critical elements of the present invention, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is discussed later.
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave method and a nonlinear characteristic guided wave device for evaluating the stress concentration degree of an R region of a composite material complex-shaped component.
In order to achieve the above object, in one aspect, the present invention provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on an R region of a member, including: the device comprises an ultrasonic signal generator, a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (exciting probe), a multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer (receiving probe), a first signal generator, a second signal generator, an oscilloscope, a first signal amplifier (power amplifier), a second signal amplifier, a band-pass filter and a computer; the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the computer and the oscilloscope; the ultrasonic signal generator is provided with an excitation end and a receiving end, and the excitation end of the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the first band-pass filter and the first signal amplifier in sequence and then is connected with the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer; the receiving end of the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the second band-pass filter and the second signal amplifier in sequence and then connected with the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer; the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the single-mode narrowband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are respectively arranged on two sides of an R area of a measured component; the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is a narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and can only excite single-mode characteristic guided wave signals, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer can receive multiple modes for a broadband.
Wherein the ultrasonic signal generator emits an excitation frequency f 0 After the ultrasonic signals are filtered and amplified by the first band-pass filter and the first signal amplifier, the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer induces characteristic guided waves at one side of the R region of the measured member, the characteristic guided waves axially propagate along the R region of the measured member, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer at the other side of the R region of the measured member receives the ultrasonic signals with the excitation frequency of 3f 0 The ultrasonic signals are amplified and filtered by a second signal amplifier and a second band-pass filter and then sent to a computer for signal analysis and processing; testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R area of the tested member under the stress concentration condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress concentration condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining an excitation frequency f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 1 And excitation frequency 3f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 3 From the amplitude α of the ultrasonic signal 1 And the ultrasonic signal amplitude alpha 3 Obtaining a nonlinear parameter beta under the stress concentration condition 1 ，
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R region of the tested component under the stress-free condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress-free condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining the excitation frequency f under the stress-free condition 0 Ultrasonic signal amplitude and excitation frequency 3f 0 The amplitude of the ultrasonic signal is obtained to obtain a nonlinear parameter beta 0 Non-linear parameter beta 1 And beta 0 I.e., may be used to characterize the stress.
Wherein, the ultrasonic signal received by the multimode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer positioned at the other side of the R area of the tested memberExcitation frequency of 3f 0 This is because small changes in the stress in the R region can lead to significant differences in the nonlinear response of the guided wave, especially the third harmonic of the wave, which is sensitive to the magnitude of the stress in the material. The principle is as follows: when ultrasonic waves propagate through a dielectric material containing stress concentration, waveform distortion occurs, and double-frequency second harmonic waves, triple-frequency third harmonic waves, and the like are generated, which are called nonlinear responses of the ultrasonic waves. Generally, the greater the concentrated stress, the more microscopic defects (dislocations, slips, microcracks) and the more pronounced the nonlinear response of the ultrasound. The method based on electromagnetic ultrasonic resonance can improve the signal intensity and measure the nonlinear response of the material, and corresponding parameters are constructed according to the measured nonlinear response of the ultrasonic wave, so that the parameters can be used for representing the internal tissue structure of the material.
Wherein the non-linear parameter beta 1 The band-pass filter is used for filtering received ultrasonic signals, averaging data for multiple times, and observing, extracting and processing the data by using an oscilloscope to finally obtain the ultrasonic signal.
In order to adapt to the semi-analytic finite element method, the section of the R region of the measured component is kept unchanged in the axial direction. The invention relates to a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer which are correspondingly matched under curvature.
Further, the excitation frequency f 0 The ultrasonic signal is selected from an ultrasonic excitation frequency according to a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve that the acoustic energy calculated according to the geometric shape of the tested piece is localized in the R region of the tested member.
The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are the same in structure, are both arc-shaped structures and respectively comprise a runway type coil and periodically arranged trapezoidal permanent magnets which are arranged on the runway type coil and provide magnetic flux for the runway type coil, the polarity of the trapezoidal permanent magnets is opposite, and the curvature of each arc-shaped structure is the same as that of an R area of a tested member. Wherein the pitch of the racetrack coil is half the wavelength of the excited characteristic guided wave.
Further, the mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the tested piece are fixed during detection, and the centers of the narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are aligned with the center of the tested piece.
Further, obtaining the characteristic guided wave at the excitation frequency f by the characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve of the R region of the measured component 0 Lower phase velocity v 0 And further calculates the wavelength lambda 0 ，λ 0 ＝v 0 /f 0 Thereby obtaining the coil spacing d, d = lambda of the track type coil 0 /2。
Furthermore, the propagation direction of the characteristic guided wave is the vertical direction of the structural section of the R region of the measured component, and the wavelength lambda of the characteristic guided wave is 0 Greater than or equal to the cross-sectional width of the R region.
Furthermore, the coil of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the coil of the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are both runway-type coils, and the curvature of the arc-shaped structure of the runway-type coils is the same as that of the R area of the measured component.
The invention provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave method based on a component R region, which comprises the following steps: and exciting a characteristic guided wave mode according to the geometric dimension of the R region of the measured component under the stress concentration condition and the stress-free condition respectively, carrying out data processing on the received ultrasonic signals to obtain relative nonlinear parameters of the R region of the measured component, and taking the relative nonlinear parameters as coefficient factors to realize effective representation of the overall stress of the structural region.
Specifically, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
obtaining a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve with acoustic energy localized in an R region according to the geometric shape of the R region of the component to be tested (the R region of the composite material component to be tested), and determining the frequency f of the excited characteristic guided wave 0 Phase velocity v 0 And wavelength lambda 0 ；
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R area of the tested member under the stress concentration condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress concentration condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining an excitation frequency f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 1 And three times the excitation frequency 3f 0 Of the ultrasonic signal amplitude alpha 3 From the amplitude α of the ultrasonic signal 1 And the ultrasonic signal amplitude alpha 3 Obtaining a nonlinear parameter beta under the stress concentration condition 1 ，
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R area of the tested member under the stress-free condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress-free condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining an excitation frequency f under the stress-free condition 0 Of the ultrasonic signal amplitude and excitation frequency 3f 0 The amplitude of the ultrasonic signal is obtained, and the nonlinear parameter beta is obtained 0 ；
From a non-linearity parameter beta 1 And beta 0 Calculating relative nonlinear parameter beta, wherein the relative nonlinear parameter beta is the ratio of nonlinear parameters in a stress concentration state and a stress-free state,
according to the magnitude of the relative nonlinear parameter beta, the stress concentration degree of the R region of the material composite material complex-shaped member can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated.
Further, the characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve can be obtained by combining a semi-analytic finite element method with a perfect matching layer technology, and the specific process comprises the following steps:
considering a wave propagating in a solid waveguide with a constant cross section, the displacement vector can be written as:
where k is complex number of wave numbers, ω =2 π f is angular frequency, t is time variable, subscript i =1,2,3 denotes the ordinal number of the coordinate axis direction (x) 3 Axial). For anisotropic materials, the equilibrium equation for the kinetics is:
wherein C is ikjl P is the mass density, the stiffness tensor. Substituting the displacement vector into a dynamic equilibrium equation to obtain a problem of solving a characteristic value of a partial differential motion equation:
δ ij is a kronecker function (delta when i = j) ij =1, otherwise δ ij ＝0)，V j ＝kU j 。
And then, a perfect matching layer technology is combined to expand real coordinates of a physical equation into complex coordinates through an analytic ground method to realize an infinite-width flat plate. The coordinate expansion function is defined as:
wherein:
the partial differential motion equation obtained finally is:
wherein:
the characteristic guided wave frequency can be solved by a characteristic value solver in commercial finite element software COMSOL.
The invention realizes the nonlinear characteristic guided wave method and device for evaluating the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component by the scheme, and utilizesThe narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer excite characteristic guided waves at one side of an R region of a composite material component with a complex shape, and receive the amplitude alpha of the obtained excitation frequency at the other side 1 And an amplitude a of three times the excitation frequency 3 And obtaining the nonlinear parameters for representing the stress concentration degree in the R region of the composite material component with the complex shape. And (3) taking the nonlinear parameters under the stress-free condition as a standard, and comparing the nonlinear parameters in the R region of other composite material complex-shaped components in the detection to judge the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component.
By adopting the scheme, aiming at the detection and evaluation of the R region of the component with the complex shape made of the composite material, the stress of the inaccessible R region can be quickly and remotely detected and evaluated by the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer for exciting the characteristic guided wave and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer for receiving the nonlinear effect of the characteristic guided wave. The invention adopts a non-contact flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic detection technology, excites a characteristic guided wave mode according to the geometric dimension of a structural region, performs data processing on received signals to obtain relative nonlinear parameters in the structural region, and realizes effective representation of the whole stress of the structural region by taking the relative nonlinear parameters as coefficient factors. The invention effectively reduces the system error and condition cost of the traditional ultrasonic detection, increases the convenience, improves the detection efficiency, and simultaneously utilizes the characteristic of the characteristic guided wave to carry out detection from any side, thereby simplifying the difficulty of R region detection.
Drawings
The invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals are used throughout the figures to indicate like or similar parts. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the present invention and, together with the detailed description, serve to further explain the principles and advantages of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic wiring diagram of a detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an arc-shaped structure of a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and a measured member R area according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a single mode narrowband flexible electromagnetic ultrasound transducer of an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a top view of a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Elements and features depicted in one drawing or one embodiment of the invention may be combined with elements and features shown in one or more other drawings or embodiments. It should be noted that the figures and description omit representation and description of components and processes that are not relevant to the present invention and that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art for the sake of clarity.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like, indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience in describing the present invention and for simplicity in description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave device for evaluating stress concentration degree of an R region of a composite material complex-shaped member, and the device comprises an ultrasonic signal generator 1, a first band-pass filter 22, a second band-pass filter 21, a first signal amplifier 32, a second signal amplifier 31, a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 4, a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 5, a composite material complex-shaped member R region test piece 6, an oscilloscope 7 and a computer 8, as shown in fig. 1-4. The ultrasonic signal generator 1 is connected with a computer 8, and the oscilloscope 7 is connected with the ultrasonic signal generator 1 to display the waveform. One end of the ultrasonic signal generator 1 is an excitation end, the other end of the ultrasonic signal generator 1 is a receiving end, the excitation end of the ultrasonic signal generator 1 is connected with the first band-pass filter 22, the first band-pass filter 22 is connected with the second signal amplifier 32, and the second signal amplifier 32 is connected with the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 4; the receiving end of the ultrasonic signal generator 1 is connected with a second band-pass filter 21, the second band-pass filter 21 is connected with a second signal amplifier 31, and the second signal amplifier 31 is connected with the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 5; the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 4 and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 5 are placed on two sides of the R region of the tested member of the R region test piece 6 of the composite material complex-shaped member, and nondestructive testing is carried out on the R region of the tested member.
During detection, the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 4 receives a signal with the excitation frequency f sent by the ultrasonic signal generator 1 filtered by the band-pass filter 2 0 The ultrasonic signal of (3) induces characteristic guided waves on one side of a test piece 6 of the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component, the characteristic guided waves are axially transmitted along the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 5 on the other side of the test piece 6 of the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component is used for receiving the ultrasonic signals with the frequency of 3f 0 The ultrasonic signal is amplified by the signal amplifier 3 and filtered by the band-pass filter, and then is input into the computer 8 for signal analysis and processing, and the received waveform is displayed by the oscilloscope 7.
The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device for evaluating the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component is shown in FIG. 2, 11 is a permanent magnet, and the magnetism of the adjacent permanent magnets is opposite. 12 is a coil, 13 is a measured object. The arrow direction is the magnetic direction.
The detection steps of the nonlinear characteristic guided wave device are as follows:
the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are respectively used as excitation and receiving probes, and the center of a test piece in the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component is aligned and fixed with the center of the probe;
according to the geometric shape of the tested piece, a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve of acoustic energy local in an R region is calculated by combining a semi-analytic finite element method and a perfect matching layer technology, and a proper guided wave mode and an ultrasonic excitation frequency f are selected 0 ；
The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is used as an excitation end, and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is used as a receiving end and is close to two ends of a tested test piece;
exciting a frequency f on one side by a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer 0 For characteristic guided wave, the frequency of the received wave is 3f 0 A characteristic guided wave signal;
obtaining characteristic guided wave at f 0 Phase velocity v at frequency 0 And further calculates the wavelength lambda 0 Obtaining the coil spacing d of the exciting coil; the wavelength calculation formula of the excited characteristic guided wave is as follows: lambda [ alpha ] 0 ＝v 0 /f 0 The coil of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is a runway-type coil, and the coil interval formula is as follows: d = λ 0 /2；
Filtering the received signal, averaging for a certain number of times, selecting proper and wide signal interval for windowing Fourier time-frequency transformation, and extracting excitation frequency f in corresponding frequency spectrum 0 Frequency domain amplitude value alpha of 1 And three times the excitation frequency 3f 0 Lower frequency domain amplitude α 3 Calculating a non-linearity parameter beta 1 The formula is as follows:
the non-linear parameter beta is obtained by testing under the stress-free condition by the same method 0 ；
Based on the value of the nonlinear parameter obtained under the stress-free condition as an evaluation standard, the relative nonlinear parameter beta is obtained by comparing and detecting other test pieces with different stress concentration degrees, and the calculation formula is as follows:
/>
wherein beta is 0 Is a non-linear parameter, beta, obtained under stress-free conditions 1 Is a non-linear parameter under other stress concentration conditions.
And the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped member can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated based on the obtained relative nonlinear parameters.
The single mode narrow band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer excites a single mode characteristic guided wave below an excitation end, the characteristic guided wave axially propagates in an R area due to an energy trap effect, and a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer receives a broadband ultrasonic signal at a receiving end; the change of stress in the material can cause the change of wave velocity, so that the waveform is distorted, the wave evolves from simple harmonic waves to sawtooth wave waves gradually, and harmonic wave components higher than fundamental frequency appear in the frequency spectrum of the signal.
The mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the tested piece are fixed during detection, and the centers of the narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are aligned with the center of the tested piece. The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is a narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and can only excite single-mode characteristic guided wave signals, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer can receive various modes for a wide band.
The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are both arc-shaped structures, and the curvature of each arc-shaped structure is the same as that of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component. The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer comprise runway-type coils of a flexible printing plate manufacturing process and periodically arranged trapezoid permanent magnets with opposite polarities, wherein the trapezoid permanent magnets are arranged on the runway-type coils. The coil pitch of the runway type coil is half of the wavelength of the excited characteristic guided wave, and the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer coil performs good impedance matching.
The permanent magnet parts of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are designed in the same mode, the coil design is different, the number of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer coils is half that of the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, and the coil spacing of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is twice that of the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer. The structural top view of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is shown in fig. 3, and the coil interval is lambda/2. The multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is shown in fig. 4, and the coil interval is lambda/6.
The periodically arranged trapezoid permanent magnets with opposite polarities arranged on the runway coil of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer mean that the polarities of the adjacent trapezoid permanent magnets are opposite.
The coils of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are special flexible coils, and the trapezoidal permanent magnets are mainly used for forming an approximate arc shape by arranging a plurality of coils at a wide head and are combined with the flexible coils to generate guided waves according to the electromagnetic effect.
The wavelength of the characteristic guided wave is larger than or equal to the section width of the R region, so that the ultrasonic guided wave is generated, and the specific wavelength can be set according to the actual situation.
The composite material complex shape component R region is axially constant in cross-section. The propagation direction of the excited characteristic guided wave is vertical to the section of the R region structure, and the wavelength lambda of the characteristic guided wave 0 Greater than or equal to the cross-sectional width of the R area.
The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device for evaluating the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component utilizes a narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and a multi-mode broadband flexible ultrasonic transducerThe electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer excites characteristic guided waves at one side of an R region of a composite material component with a complex shape, and receives the amplitude alpha of the obtained excitation frequency at the other side 1 And an amplitude a of three times the excitation frequency 3 And obtaining the nonlinear parameters characterizing the stress concentration degree in the R region of the composite material component with the complex shape. And (3) comparing the nonlinear parameters of the R region of the other composite material complex-shaped component in the detection with the nonlinear parameters of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component under the stress-free condition to judge the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component.
Composite complex shape members R-regions are typically constant cross-section, axially long-extending structures. Due to the structural particularity, the stress concentration phenomenon is easy to generate, and the existing method cannot realize the rapid and effective evaluation of the stress concentration of the inaccessible area. The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer for detecting and evaluating the R region of the composite material component with the complex shape is used for exciting characteristic guided waves; and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is used for receiving the characteristic guided wave nonlinear effect, so that the rapid and remote detection and evaluation of the stress of the inaccessible R region are realized. The invention adopts a non-contact flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic detection technology, excites a characteristic guided wave mode according to the geometric dimension of a structural region, processes data of received signals to obtain relative nonlinear parameters in the structural region, and realizes effective representation of the whole stress of the structural region by taking the relative nonlinear parameters as coefficient factors. The invention effectively reduces the system error and condition cost of the traditional ultrasonic detection, increases the convenience, improves the detection efficiency, and simultaneously utilizes the characteristic of the characteristic guided wave to carry out detection from any side, thereby simplifying the difficulty of R region detection.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a nonlinear characteristic guided wave method for evaluating stress concentration degree of an R region of a composite material complex-shaped component, which comprises the following steps: calculating a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve of acoustic energy local in an R region according to the geometrical structure of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component in combination with a semi-analytic finite element method and a perfect matching layer technology, and selecting a target guided wave mode and an ultrasonic excitation frequency f 0 (ii) a ExcitationGuided wave of target characteristic with receiving frequency of 3f 0 The ultrasound signal of (1). Fourier transformation is carried out on a received signal of a composite material complex-shaped component under a stress concentration condition and a received signal under an unstressed condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and then an excitation frequency f is obtained 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 1 And three times the excitation frequency 3f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 3 Calculating a non-linear parameter beta 1 And beta 0 The ratio of the non-linear parameter in the stress concentration state to the non-linear parameter in the stress free state is the relative non-linear parameter beta, wherein
According to the magnitude of the relative nonlinear parameter, the stress concentration degree of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped member can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated.
The method is based on a nonlinear ultrasonic method and an electromagnetic resonance technology to excite the R region stress detection technology of the characteristic guided waves, and solves the problems of high detection cost, poor detection precision and low detection efficiency of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component.
The semi-analytic finite element method is combined with a perfect matching layer technology, and specifically comprises the following steps:
considering a wave propagating in a solid waveguide with a constant cross section, the displacement vector can be written as:
where k is the complex number of waves, ω =2 π f is the angular frequency, t is the time variable, and subscript i =1,2,3 represents the coordinate axis direction ordinal number (x) 3 Axial). For anisotropic materials, the equilibrium equation for the kinetics is:
wherein C is ikjl P is the mass density, the stiffness tensor. Substituting the displacement vector into a dynamic equilibrium equation to obtain solutionProblem of partial differential equation of motion eigenvalues:
δ ij is a kronecker function (delta when i = j) ij =1, otherwise δ ij ＝0)，V j ＝kU j 。
And then, a perfect matching layer technology is combined to expand real coordinates of a physical equation into complex coordinates through an analytic ground method to realize an infinite-width flat plate. The coordinate propagation function is defined as:
wherein:
the partial differential motion equation obtained finally is:
wherein:
this equation can be solved by means of a eigenvalue solver in commercially available finite element software COMSOL to obtain the characteristic guided wave frequency.
According to the magnitude of the relative nonlinear parameter, the stress concentration degree of the R region of the material composite material complex-shaped member can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. The method is based on: (1) Small stress changes in the R region of a composite complex-shaped member can result in different nonlinear responses to sound waves; (2) The ultrasonic guided wave can generate an energy concentration phenomenon in the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component, so that a characteristic guided wave is generated, and the characteristic guided wave can axially propagate in the R region of the composite material complex-shaped component; (3) The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer excites a wide and narrow center frequency of a frequency band through good impedance matching. (4) The multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer has no impedance matching and can be accepted in broadband models. (5) The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are used as receiving and exciting probes, and the center of the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the center of the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component are aligned and fixed.
The invention solves the problems of poor stress detection precision and low detection efficiency of the R region of the composite material complex-shaped member based on the interaction relation between the nonlinear ultrasound of the characteristic guided wave and the stress. The single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer which are matched with the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component are designed, the coupling state stability in detection is guaranteed, the system error and condition cost of detection are reduced, the convenience is increased, the detection efficiency is improved, meanwhile, the detection can be carried out from any side by utilizing the characteristic of characteristic guided waves, the difficulty of R area detection is simplified, and the method can be used for on-site, real-time and rapid detection and evaluation of the stress concentration degree of the R area of the composite material complex-shaped component.
In addition, the method of the present invention is not limited to be performed in the time sequence described in the specification, and may be performed in other time sequences, in parallel, or independently. Therefore, the order of execution of the methods described in this specification does not limit the technical scope of the present invention.
While the present invention has been disclosed above by the description of specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood that all of the embodiments and examples described above are illustrative and not restrictive. Various modifications, improvements and equivalents of the invention may be devised by those skilled in the art within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Such modifications, improvements and equivalents are also intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on a component R area is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: the system comprises an ultrasonic signal generator, a single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, a multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, a first signal generator, a second signal generator, an oscilloscope, a first signal amplifier, a second signal amplifier, a band-pass filter and a computer; the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the computer and the oscilloscope; the ultrasonic signal generator is provided with an excitation end and a receiving end, and the excitation end of the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the first band-pass filter and the first signal amplifier in sequence and then is connected with the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer; the receiving end of the ultrasonic signal generator is connected with the second band-pass filter and the second signal amplifier in sequence and then connected with the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer;
the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are respectively arranged on two sides of an R area of the component to be tested; the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer is a narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and can only excite single-mode characteristic guided wave signals, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer can receive multiple modes in a broadband mode.
2. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on the R region of the component according to claim 1, characterized in that: the ultrasonic signal generator sends out an excitation frequency f 0 After the ultrasonic signals are filtered and amplified by the first band-pass filter and the first signal amplifier, the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer induces characteristic guided waves at one side of the R region of the measured member, the characteristic guided waves axially propagate along the R region of the measured member, and the multi-mode broadband flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer at the other side of the R region of the measured member receives the ultrasonic signals with the excitation frequency of 3f 0 The ultrasonic signals are amplified and filtered by a second signal amplifier and a second band-pass filter and then sent to a computer for signal analysis and processing; testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R area of the tested member under the stress concentration condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress concentration condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining an excitation frequency f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 1 And excitation frequency 3f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 3 From the amplitude α of the ultrasonic signal 1 And the ultrasonic signal amplitude alpha 3 Obtaining a nonlinear parameter beta under the stress concentration condition 1 ，
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R region of the tested component under the stress-free condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress-free condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining the excitation frequency f under the stress-free condition 0 Ultrasonic signal amplitude and excitation frequency 3f 0 The amplitude of the ultrasonic signal is obtained, and the nonlinear parameter beta is obtained 0 Non-linear parameter beta 1 And beta 0 I.e., may be used to characterize the stress.
Wherein the non-linear parameter beta 1 The band-pass filter filters the received ultrasonic signals, averages the data for multiple times, and observes, extracts and processes the data by using an oscilloscope to finally obtain the ultrasonic signal.
3. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on the R region of the component according to claim 2, characterized in that: the excitation frequency f 0 The ultrasonic signal is selected from an ultrasonic excitation frequency according to a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve that the acoustic energy calculated according to the geometric shape of the tested piece is localized in the R region of the tested member.
4. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on the R region of the component according to claim 1, characterized in that: the single-mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are the same in structure, are both arc-shaped structures and respectively comprise a runway type coil and periodically arranged trapezoidal permanent magnets which are arranged on the runway type coil and provide magnetic flux for the runway type coil, the polarity of the trapezoidal permanent magnets is opposite, and the curvature of each arc-shaped structure is the same as that of an R area of a tested member.
5. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on the R region of the component according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mode narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer, the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the tested piece are fixed during detection, and the centers of the narrow-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer and the multi-mode wide-band flexible electromagnetic ultrasonic transducer are aligned with the center of the tested piece.
6. The nonlinear guided wave device according to claim 2, wherein the nonlinear guided wave device comprises: obtaining characteristic guided wave at excitation frequency f by characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve of measured component R region 0 Lower phase velocity v 0 To obtain the wavelength lambda 0 ＝v 0 /f 0 Thereby obtaining a coil pitch d = lambda of the track type coil 0 /2。
7. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave device based on the R region of the component according to claim 1, characterized in that: the propagation direction of the characteristic guided wave is the vertical direction of the structural section of the R region of the measured component, and the wavelength lambda of the characteristic guided wave 0 Greater than or equal to the cross-sectional width of the R area.
8. A nonlinear characteristic guided wave method based on a component R region is applied to the nonlinear characteristic guided wave device of any one of claims 1-7, and is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps: and exciting a characteristic guided wave mode according to the geometric dimension of the R region of the measured member under the stress concentration condition and the stress-free condition respectively, carrying out data processing on the received ultrasonic signals to obtain the relative nonlinear parameters of the R region of the measured member, and taking the relative nonlinear parameters as coefficient factors to realize effective representation of the overall stress of the structural region.
9. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave method based on the R region of the component according to claim 8, characterized in that: the method specifically comprises the following steps:
obtaining a characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve of acoustic energy local in an R region according to the geometric shape of the R region of the measured component, and determining the frequency f of the excited characteristic guided wave 0 Phase velocity v 0 And wavelength lambda 0 ；
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R area of the tested member under the stress concentration condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress concentration condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining an excitation frequency f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 1 And three times the excitation frequency 3f 0 Amplitude of ultrasonic signal alpha 3 From the amplitude α of the ultrasonic signal 1 And the ultrasonic signal amplitude alpha 3 Obtaining a nonlinear parameter beta under the stress concentration condition 1 ，
Testing the received ultrasonic signal of the R region of the tested component under the stress-free condition, carrying out Fourier transform on the ultrasonic signal under the stress-free condition to obtain a corresponding frequency spectrum, and further obtaining the excitation frequency f under the stress-free condition 0 Ultrasonic signal amplitude and excitation frequency 3f 0 The amplitude of the ultrasonic signal is obtained, and the nonlinear parameter beta is obtained 0 ；
From a non-linear parameter beta 1 And beta 0 Calculating relative nonlinear parameter beta, wherein the relative nonlinear parameter beta is the ratio of nonlinear parameters in a stress concentration state and a stress-free state,
according to the magnitude of the relative nonlinear parameter beta, the stress concentration degree of the R region of the material composite material complex-shaped member can be qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated.
10. The nonlinear characteristic guided wave method based on the R region of the component according to claim 9, characterized in that: the specific obtaining process of the characteristic guided wave frequency dispersion curve comprises the following steps:
a wave propagates in a solid waveguide with a constant cross section, and the displacement vector of the wave is represented as:
where k is complex number of wave, ω =2 π f is angular frequency, t is time variable, subscript i =1,2,3 represents coordinate axis direction ordinal number, x 3 Is axial; for anisotropic materials, the equilibrium equation for the kinetics is:
wherein C is ikjl Is the stiffness tensor, ρ is the mass density; substituting the displacement vector into a dynamic equilibrium equation to obtain a problem of solving a characteristic value of a partial differential motion equation:
δ ij as a function of kronecker, δ when i = j ij =1, otherwise δ ij ＝0，V j ＝kU j ；
Then, a perfect matching layer technology is combined to expand real coordinates of a physical equation into complex coordinates by an analytic method to realize an infinite-width flat plate; the coordinate expansion function is defined as:
wherein:
the partial differential motion equation obtained finally is:
wherein:
the characteristic guided wave frequency can be solved by a characteristic value solver in commercial finite element software COMSOL.
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