CN115815799A - Laser welding method, laser welding apparatus, and laser welding assembly - Google Patents
Laser welding method, laser welding apparatus, and laser welding assembly Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application provides a laser welding method, laser welding equipment and a laser welding assembly. The laser welding method provided by the application comprises the following steps: acquiring the type of a welding seam at a welding position; selecting matched double-beam laser according to the type of the welding seam; and according to the matched double-beam laser, controlling the laser emitter to generate a central beam corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam which surrounds the periphery of the central beam and is concentric with the central beam. The laser welding method provided by the application uses the double-beam laser composed of the central beam and the annular beam to weld, the annular beam is distributed on the periphery of the central beam, the weak-intensity laser of the annular beam not only can play a role in preheating welding base metal, but also can play a role in delaying the cooling speed of a welding line, so that the laser absorption efficiency of a metal material is improved, and the phenomenon that the metal material forms crack defects in the cooling process of laser welding is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The embodiment of the application relates to the technical field of welding, in particular to a laser welding method, laser welding equipment and a laser welding assembly.
Background
In the prior art, laser welding of metal materials is a rapid heating and cooling process, and for a deep-melting welding process of the same metal material and a dissimilar metal material, if the stability of a keyhole in a weld pool is too poor, the defects of cracks, air holes and the like are easily generated. Especially for laser welding of dissimilar metal materials (such as steel and copper), the welding seam is easy to crack under the action of different stresses due to the difference of the physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients of the two metals.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, embodiments of the present application provide a laser welding method, which uses a dual-beam laser to perform welding, and solves a technical problem of crack defect formation during a weld cooling process of a metal material through the dual-beam laser, and a laser welding apparatus and a laser welding assembly.
A first aspect of the present application provides a laser welding method including: acquiring the type of a welding seam at a welding position; selecting matched double-beam laser according to the type of the welding seam; and according to the matched double-beam laser, controlling the laser emitter to generate a central beam corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam which surrounds the periphery of the central beam and is concentric with the central beam.
The laser welding method provided by the embodiment uses the double-beam laser composed of the central beam and the annular beam for welding, the high-intensity laser of the central beam can play a role in melting and welding the base metal, the annular beam is distributed at the periphery of the central beam, the weak-intensity laser of the annular beam can play a role in preheating the welding base metal and delaying the cooling speed of the welding line, so that the phenomenon that the metal material forms crack defects in the cooling process of laser welding is reduced, and particularly the phenomenon that the crack defects occur in the cooling process of the welding line of dissimilar metal materials (such as steel and copper) can be reduced.
In some embodiments, controlling the dual-beam laser to generate a central beam corresponding to a center point of the welding location and an annular beam disposed around a periphery of the central beam and concentric with the central beam specifically includes: the central beam is controlled to be emitted in a modulated pulsed manner and/or the annular beam is controlled to be emitted in a continuous wave manner. The central light beam is set as modulated pulse laser, so that the heat input quantity of the central light beam can be reduced, and the burning loss and evaporation of the low-melting-point alloy element are reduced; the annular beam is continuously preheated, the absorption rate of the welding base metal to laser can be increased, the welding stability is improved, the surface of the welding base metal can be cleaned, low-melting-point pollutants are volatilized, splashing caused by the low-melting-point pollutants is reduced, the cooling speed of a welding line can be delayed by continuously preheating the annular beam, the local thermal stress of the welding line is reduced, and the generation of welding line cracks is avoided.
In some embodiments, the central beam comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low, and/or the annular beam comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low. The central light beam and the annular light beam are both arranged to be in the conical structure, so that the effective welding area of the double-light-beam laser can be increased, and the welding efficiency of the double-light-beam laser is improved.
In some embodiments, the cone-shaped cylindrical beam includes an inner wall surface and an outer wall surface that are spaced apart from each other in a radial direction of the cone-shaped cylindrical beam, and a cross section formed by the inner wall surface and the outer wall surface in a height direction is an inverted V-shaped structure. The inner wall surface and the outer wall surface can increase the spot area of the projection of the annular beam on the welding base metal, so that the effective action area of the annular beam is increased, the preheating action and the slow cooling action of the annular beam are improved, and the phenomenon that the welding base metal has welding cracks and other defects in the welding process is reduced.
In some embodiments, selecting the matched central and annular beams according to the weld type specifically comprises: and determining the spot diameter of the central beam as D and the spot diameter of the annular beam as D according to the type of the welding seam, wherein the ratio of D to D is more than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 10.D/D is more than or equal to 2, the light spot diameter of the annular light beam can be guaranteed to be at least 1 time larger than that of the central light beam, and the part of the annular light beam with the diameter larger than that of the central light beam can play a role in preheating and slow cooling and the effect of cleaning the surface of a welding seam due to the concentricity of the central light beam and the annular light beam; D/D is less than or equal to 10, so that the phenomenon that the performance of the base material is influenced by coarsening of crystal grains in a welding area of the welding base material due to the fact that the range of a heat affected zone is too large because the diameter of a light spot of the annular light beam is too large is avoided.
In some embodiments, selecting a matched dual beam laser according to the type of weld specifically comprises: and determining the power of the central beam as P and the power of the annular beam as P according to the type of the welding seam, wherein the ratio of P to P satisfies that P/P is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6.P/P is more than or equal to 1, considering that the minimum spot diameter of the annular beam is 2 times of the spot diameter of the central beam, the beam energy distribution of the general laser is Gaussian distribution, the intermediate energy is high, the peripheral energy is low, if the energy (power) of the annular beam is too low, the energy of the peripheral part of the corresponding annular beam exceeding the diameter of the central beam is lower, and the effects of preheating, slow cooling and surface cleaning are not obvious; P/P is less than or equal to 6 to avoid burning loss and evaporation of low-melting-point alloy elements caused by overhigh heat input of the annular beam.
In some embodiments, controlling the emission of the annular beam of light in a continuous wave manner specifically comprises: controlling the power of the annular light beam to gradually increase to a preset working power in the welding arc starting stage; and/or controlling the power of the annular light beam to be gradually reduced from the preset working power in the welding arc-extinguishing stage. The slow rising of the annular light beam at the arc striking position can weaken the appearance of a match head with a high arc striking point of the welding line, and the slow falling at the arc closing position can reduce the phenomenon that the welding line has a crater dent at the arc closing position.
In some embodiments, controlling the emission of the annular beam of light in a continuous wave further comprises: and controlling the power of the annular light beam to form a stable working stage with preset working power between the welding arc starting stage and the welding arc receiving stage. The annular light beam can play the roles of stably preheating and slowly cooling in a stable working stage, so that the absorption rate of welding parent metal to laser is increased, the welding stability is improved, the cooling speed of a welding seam can be delayed, the local thermal stress of the welding seam is reduced, and the generation of welding seam cracks is avoided.
In some embodiments, controlling the emission of the central light beam in modulated pulses specifically comprises: selecting at least one light beam of triangular, corrugated, sawtooth, trapezoid and step-shaped pulse wave as the central light beam. The reason that the central power rises to the highest point and then falls is that after the central power reaches the highest point and breaks through the laser power threshold required by melting the welding base metal to form a keyhole, the absorption rate of the welding base metal to laser is increased, so that the power of the rear half section of the pulse wave of the central light beam can be properly reduced, and the heat input is further reduced.
A second aspect of the present application provides a laser welding apparatus including a laser transmitter for applying the laser welding method of the first aspect of the present application to a welding position.
The laser welding method provided by the embodiment uses the double-beam laser composed of the central beam and the annular beam for welding, the high-intensity laser of the central beam can play a role in melting and welding the base metal, the annular beam is distributed at the periphery of the central beam, the weak-intensity laser of the annular beam can play a role in preheating the welding base metal and delaying the cooling speed of the welding line, so that the phenomenon that the metal material forms crack defects in the cooling process of laser welding is reduced, and particularly the phenomenon that the crack defects occur in the cooling process of the welding line of dissimilar metal materials (such as steel and copper) can be reduced.
In some embodiments, the laser welding apparatus further comprises a controller provided with a computer-readable storage medium and a control device, the control device comprising: the acquisition module is used for acquiring the type of the welding seam at the welding position; the selection module is used for selecting the matched double-beam laser according to the type of the welding seam; and the control module is used for controlling the laser emitter to generate a central beam corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam which surrounds the periphery of the central beam and is concentric with the central beam according to the matched double-beam laser.
A third aspect of the present application provides a laser welding assembly welded by the laser welding apparatus according to the second aspect of the present application.
In some embodiments, the laser welded assembly includes a steel copper welded assembly and an aluminum alloy welded assembly.
The foregoing description is only an overview of the technical solutions of the present application, and the present application can be implemented according to the content of the description in order to make the technical means of the present application more clearly understood, and the following detailed description of the present application is given in order to make the above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present application more clearly understandable.
Drawings
Various additional advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the application. Moreover, like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a laser welding method according to some embodiments of the present application;
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a dual beam laser according to some embodiments of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a front view of the dual beam laser of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the application of the dual beam laser of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the center beam of the dual beam laser of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the annular beam of the dual beam laser of FIG. 2;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a central beam of a first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a central beam of a second embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a central beam of a third embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a central beam of a fourth embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a central beam of a fifth embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of the first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of a second embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 14 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of a third embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 15 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of a fourth embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of a fifth embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an annular beam of light of a sixth embodiment of the present application;
fig. 18 is a block diagram of a controller according to an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 19 is an external view of a weld of the first embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 20 is an external view of a prior art weld;
FIG. 21 is an external view of a weld of the second embodiment of the present application.
Some of the figures in the detailed description are numbered as follows:
100 double-beam laser; 10 a central light beam; 20 annular beam, 21 inner wall, 22 outer wall;
200 welding base materials, 210 base material steel plates and 220 base material copper plates;
300 controller, 310 computer readable storage medium, 320 control device, 321 acquisition module, 322 selection module, 323 control module.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are merely used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore are only examples, and the protection scope of the present application is not limited thereby.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the application; the terms "including" and "having," and any variations thereof in the description and claims of this application and the description of the figures above, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", and the like are used only for distinguishing different objects, and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order, or primary-secondary relationship of the technical features indicated. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrase in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. It is explicitly and implicitly understood by one skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and/or" is only one kind of association relationship describing an associated object, and means that three relationships may exist, for example, a and/or B, and may mean: a exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, the character "/" herein generally indicates that the former and latter related objects are in an "or" relationship.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "plurality" refers to two or more (including two), and similarly, "plural sets" refers to two or more (including two), and "plural pieces" refers to two or more (including two).
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "vertical", "parallel", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", "axial", "radial", "circumferential" and the like indicate the indicated orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of describing the embodiments of the present application and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the embodiments of the present application.
In the description of the embodiments of the present application, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "fixed," and the like are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrated; mechanical connection or electrical connection is also possible; they may be directly connected or indirectly connected through intervening media, or may be connected through the use of two elements or the interaction of two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the embodiments of the present application can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to specific situations.
The existing electric arc synchronous preheating auxiliary laser welding process adopts electric arcs as preheating heat sources, relieves the crack condition of welding base metal in the welding process, effectively overcomes the defects of low laser absorption rate of the welding base metal, high energy consumption in the welding process and the like, and improves the laser utilization rate. However, in the welding process, besides laser welding process parameters, arc current, protective gas flow, welding gun inclination angle, and distance between the arc center and the laser spot center need to be controlled cooperatively, and the control parameters are more. Moreover, the welding process can only preheat the workpiece and cannot play a role of slow cooling to delay the cooling speed of the welding seam. The welding process is only suitable for V-groove joints, powder needs to be filled, a welding base material is connected by a newly formed material, and the welding process is not suitable for overlapped joints with workpieces distributed up and down. The laser welding method can play a slow cooling effect to delay the cooling speed of the welding line, so that the risk of cracks at the welding line is reduced.
The laser welding method is suitable for welding of the steel-copper alloy component and the aluminum alloy component, but is not limited to welding of the steel-copper alloy component and the aluminum alloy component.
In some embodiments of the present application, as shown in fig. 1 to 3, there is provided a laser welding method including: acquiring the type of a welding seam at a welding position; selecting a matched double-beam laser 100 according to the type of the welding seam; according to the matched dual-beam laser 100, the laser emitter is controlled to generate a central beam 10 corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam 20 surrounding the periphery of the central beam 10 and concentric with the central beam 10.
In this embodiment, the type of the weld includes the material of the welding parent metal 200 and the structure of the weld, different welding parent metals have different physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients, and the matched dual-beam laser 100 is selected according to the physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients of the welding parent metals, for example, the effective welding area and welding power of the dual-beam laser 100 are selected, so that the phenomenon that the weld of the welding parent metal 200 cracks under the stress action can be reduced.
Different weld joint structures also need to be matched with the double-beam laser 100 with different sizes and powers, for example, a V-groove joint and a lap joint with the welding base material 200 distributed up and down need to select the effective welding area and welding power of the double-beam laser 100, so that the phenomenon that the weld joint of the welding base material 200 cracks under the action of stress can be reduced.
As shown in fig. 4, the laser welding method provided in this embodiment uses the dual-beam laser 100 composed of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 to perform welding, the high-intensity laser of the central beam 10 can perform the function of melting the welding base material 200, the annular beam 20 is distributed around the central beam 10, and the weak-intensity laser of the annular beam 20 can not only perform the function of preheating the welding base material 200, but also can perform the function of delaying the cooling rate of the weld joint, so as to reduce the phenomenon that the metal material forms crack defects in the cooling process of the laser welding, and in particular, can reduce the phenomenon that the weld joint of different metal materials (such as steel and copper) and the lap joint has crack defects in the cooling process.
Further, since the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 disclosed in the present application are concentrically distributed, there is no need to cooperatively control the emission angles of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 and the distance between the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20, so that the control parameters of the dual-beam laser 100 are reduced, and compared with the prior art, the synchronization of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 can not only play a role of slow cooling to delay the cooling rate of the weld joint, but also can be applied to a V-groove joint and a lap joint in which the welding base material 200 is vertically distributed.
In some embodiments, controlling the dual-beam laser 100 to generate the central beam 10 corresponding to the central point of the welding location and the annular beam 20 surrounding the periphery of the central beam 10 and concentric with the central beam 10 specifically includes: the central beam 10 is controlled to be emitted in modulated pulses and/or the annular beam 20 is controlled to be emitted in continuous waves.
In the present embodiment, the Pulse-modulated emission refers to emission in a Pulse-width modulation (PWM) manner, which is a manner of reducing the average power delivered by the central beam 10 by dispersing the effective central beam 10 into a discrete form; continuous wave mode emission means that the laser outputs the annular beam 20 in a continuous mode rather than a pulsed mode, the annular beam 20 being emitted by a sine wave and a continuous wave synthesized by several sinusoidal components.
The central light beam 10 is set as modulated pulse laser, so that the heat input quantity of the central light beam 10 can be reduced, and the burning loss and evaporation of low-melting-point alloy elements are reduced; continuously preheating through the annular beam 20, can increase the absorptivity of welding base metal 200 to laser, improve welding stability, can also clean the surface of welding base metal 200, make low melting point pollutant volatilize, reduce the splashing that leads to by the low melting point pollutant, continuously preheating through the annular beam 20 can also delay the cooling rate of welding seam, reduce the local thermal stress of welding seam, avoid the production of welding seam crackle.
As shown in fig. 5, in some embodiments, the central beam 10 comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low, and/or the annular beam 20 comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low.
In this embodiment, the diameter of the central light beam 10 gradually increases from high to low, the outer wall surface 22 of the central light beam 10 may be set to be a slant line, an inner concave arc surface, or an outer convex arc surface, and the central light beam 10 is set to be a cone-shaped cylindrical light beam, so that the light spot area of the central light beam 10 acting on the welding parent metal 200 may be increased, the local heat input amount of the central light beam 10 acting on the welding parent metal 200 may be reduced, and the burning loss and evaporation of the low-melting-point alloy element may be reduced. The larger size of the central beam 10 can also reduce the stirring effect of the keyhole on the molten pool during welding, and avoid the excessive mixing between dissimilar metals, thereby reducing the cracks caused by different expansion coefficients during the cooling process of the dissimilar metals.
The diameter of the annular light beam 20 is gradually increased from high to low, the outer wall surface 22 of the annular light beam 20 can be set to be a slant line, an inner concave arc surface or an outer convex arc surface, the area of a light spot of the annular light beam 20 acting on the welding parent metal 200 can be increased by setting the annular light beam 20 to be a cone-shaped cylindrical light beam, the preheating is continuously performed, the laser absorption rate of a workpiece is increased, the welding stability is improved, the surface of the welding parent metal 200 can be cleaned, low-melting-point pollutants are volatilized, and the splashing caused by the low-melting-point pollutants is reduced; the cooling speed of the welding line can be delayed, the thermal stress is reduced, and the generation of cracks is avoided.
As shown in fig. 6, in some embodiments, the cone-shaped cylindrical beam includes an inner wall surface 21 and an outer wall surface 22 spaced apart from each other in a radial direction of the cone-shaped cylindrical beam, and a cross section formed by the inner wall surface 21 and the outer wall surface 22 in a height direction is an inverted V-shaped structure.
In this embodiment, the inner wall surface 21 and the outer wall surface 22 can increase the spot area of the annular beam 20 projected on the welding base material 200, thereby increasing the effective acting area of the annular beam 20, improving the preheating effect and the slow cooling effect of the annular beam 20, and reducing the occurrence of defects such as welding cracks in the welding process of the welding base material 200.
Further, the weld type includes a weld parent metal, and the selecting the matched dual-beam laser 100 according to the weld type specifically includes: and selecting a matched central beam 10 and an annular beam 20 according to the welding seam parent metal. Different welding seam parent metals have different physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients, the matched double-beam laser 100 is selected according to the physical and chemical properties such as the expansion coefficients of the welding seam parent metals, and if the effective welding area and the welding power of the double-beam laser 100 are selected, the phenomenon that the welding seam of the welding parent metal 200 cracks under the action of stress can be reduced.
In some embodiments, selecting the matched central beam 10 and annular beam 20 according to the type of weld specifically includes: determining the spot diameter of the central beam 10 as D and the spot diameter of the annular beam 20 as D according to the welding seam base material, wherein the ratio of D to D satisfies that D/D is more than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 10.
In the embodiment, the welding seam base material comprises steel and copper, D/D is more than or equal to 2, the light spot diameter of the annular light beam 20 can be ensured to be at least 1 time larger than that of the central light beam 10, and as the central light beam 10 is concentric with the annular light beam 20, the part of the annular light beam 20 with the diameter larger than that of the central light beam 10 can play a role in preheating and slow cooling and the effect of cleaning the surface of the welding seam; D/D is less than or equal to 10 to avoid the phenomenon that the performance of the base material is influenced by coarsening of crystal grains in the welding area of the welding base material 200 due to the fact that the range of a heat affected zone is too large because the spot diameter of the annular beam 20 is too large.
In some embodiments, selecting the matched dual-beam laser 100 according to the type of weld specifically includes: determining the spot diameter of the central beam 10 as D and the spot diameter of the annular beam 20 as D according to the welding seam base material, wherein the ratio of D to D satisfies that D/D is more than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 8.
In this embodiment, the welding seam parent metal includes an aluminum alloy, different welding seam parent metals have different physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients, and the double-beam laser 100 with a matched size is selected according to the physical and chemical properties such as the expansion coefficient of the aluminum alloy, so that the phenomenon that the welding seam of the welding seam parent metal 200 cracks under the stress action can be reduced.
In some embodiments, selecting the matched dual-beam laser 100 according to the type of weld specifically includes: and determining the power of the central beam 10 as P and the power of the annular beam 20 as P according to the welding seam base material, wherein the ratio of P to P satisfies that P/P is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6.
In this embodiment, the welding seam base material comprises steel and copper, where P/P is greater than or equal to 1, considering that the minimum spot diameter of the annular beam 20 is 2 times of the spot diameter of the central beam 10, and the beam energy distribution of a general laser is gaussian, the intermediate energy is high, and the peripheral energy is low, if the energy (power) of the annular beam 20 is too low, the energy of the peripheral part of the corresponding annular beam 20 beyond the diameter of the central beam 10 is lower, and the effects of preheating, slow cooling and surface cleaning are not significant; P/P is less than or equal to 6 to avoid burning loss and evaporation of the low-melting-point alloy element caused by too high heat input of the annular beam 20.
In some embodiments, selecting the matched dual-beam laser 100 according to the type of weld specifically includes: and determining the power of the central beam 10 as P and the power of the annular beam 20 as P according to the welding seam base material, wherein the ratio of P to P satisfies that P/P is more than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 4.
In this embodiment, the welding seam parent metal includes an aluminum alloy, and different welding seam parent metals have different physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients, and the double-beam laser 100 with matched power is selected according to the physical and chemical properties such as the expansion coefficient of the aluminum alloy, so that the phenomenon that the welding seam of the welding seam parent metal 200 cracks under the stress action can be reduced.
As shown in fig. 7 to 11, in some embodiments, controlling the emission of the central light beam 10 in modulated pulses specifically comprises: selecting at least one light beam of triangular, corrugated, sawtooth, trapezoid and step-shaped pulse wave as the central light beam.
In this embodiment, the central power of the central light beam 10 may be set to increase to the highest point and then decrease, because the central power reaches the highest point and breaks through the laser power threshold required for melting the welding base material 200 to form a keyhole, and the absorption rate of the welding base material 200 to the laser is increased, so that the power of the second half section of the pulse wave of the central light beam 10 may be properly reduced, and the heat input may be further reduced.
As shown in fig. 12-17, in some embodiments, controlling the emission of the annular light beam 20 in a continuous wave manner specifically includes: controlling the power of the annular light beam 20 to gradually increase to a preset working power in the welding arc starting stage; and/or controlling the power of the annular beam 20 to be gradually reduced from the preset working power during the welding arc-extinguishing phase.
In this embodiment, the welding starting stage refers to a welding starting stage, the welding receiving stage refers to a welding ending stage, arc craters are generated in the welding starting stage and the welding ending stage, and phenomena such as looseness, cracks, air holes and slag inclusion often occur. Specifically, in the welding arc starting stage, the power of the annular light beam 20 can be gradually increased to the preset working power from low to high, so as to avoid the appearance of a match head at the arc starting position; in the welding arc-ending stage, the power of the annular light beam 20 is gradually reduced, so that the energy density of a welding line can be reduced, the weld bead fusion width is gradually narrowed, and deep fusion pinholes are gradually shallower in the welding process, thereby improving the arc crater appearance at the arc-ending part of the weld bead.
The annular light beam 20 provided by the embodiment of the application slowly rises at the arc starting position, so that the appearance of the 'match head' with a high arc starting point of the welding line can be weakened, and the phenomenon that the arc pit is sunken at the arc closing position of the welding line can be reduced by slowly falling at the arc closing position.
In some embodiments, controlling the emission of the annular light beam 20 in a continuous wave manner further comprises: the power of the annular beam 20 is controlled to form a smooth working phase of preset working power between the welding arc starting phase and the welding arc receiving phase.
In this embodiment, the annular beam 20 can perform the functions of stable preheating and slow cooling in the stable working stage, so as to increase the absorption rate of the welding base material 200 to laser, improve the welding stability, delay the cooling rate of the weld joint, reduce the local thermal stress of the weld joint, and avoid the generation of weld joint cracks.
A second aspect of the present application provides a laser welding apparatus including a laser transmitter for applying the laser welding method of the first aspect of the present application to a welding position.
The laser welding method provided by the embodiment uses the dual-beam laser 100 composed of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 to weld, the high-intensity laser of the central beam 10 can play a role in melting the welding base material 200, the annular beam 20 is distributed around the central beam 10, the weak-intensity laser of the annular beam 20 not only can play a role in preheating the welding base material 200, but also can play a role in delaying the cooling speed of the weld joint, so that the phenomenon that the metal material forms crack defects in the cooling process of the laser welding is reduced, and particularly the phenomenon that the crack defects occur in the cooling process of dissimilar metal materials (such as steel and copper) and the weld joint of the lap joint can be reduced.
Further, since the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 disclosed in the present application are concentrically distributed, there is no need to cooperatively control the emission angles of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 and the distance between the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20, so that the control parameters of the dual-beam laser 100 are reduced, and compared with the prior art, the synchronization of the central beam 10 and the annular beam 20 can not only play a role of slow cooling to delay the cooling rate of the weld joint, but also can be applied to a V-groove joint and a lap joint in which the welding base material 200 is vertically distributed.
As shown in fig. 18, in some embodiments, the laser welding apparatus further includes a controller 300, the controller 300 is provided with a computer-readable storage medium 310 and a control device 320, the control device 320 includes: an obtaining module 321, configured to obtain a weld type of a welding position; a selection module 322 for selecting the matched dual-beam laser 100 according to the type of the welding seam; and the control module 323 is used for controlling the laser emitter to generate a central beam 10 corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam 20 which surrounds the periphery of the central beam 10 and is concentric with the central beam 10 according to the matched double-beam laser.
A third aspect of the present application provides a laser welding assembly welded by the laser welding apparatus according to the second aspect of the present application.
The laser welding assembly provided by the embodiment of the application is formed by welding the same metal material or different metal materials through the laser welding method of the first aspect of the application, and the laser welding method of the first aspect of the application can reduce the generation of defects such as cracks and air holes in a weld pool. Particularly for laser welding of dissimilar metal materials (such as steel and copper), the laser welding component can adapt to the difference of physical and chemical properties such as expansion coefficients of two metals in the welding process, and the phenomenon that the laser welding component cracks under the action of different stresses on a welding seam is reduced.
In some embodiments, the laser welded assembly includes a steel copper welded assembly and an aluminum alloy welded assembly. As shown in fig. 4, 19, 20 and 21, the technical solution of the present application is explained in detail by two embodiments.
Example 1: welding of steel and copper
The base steel plate 210 and the base copper plate 220 are arranged vertically, with the base steel plate 210 on top and the base copper plate 220 on bottom. The spot diameter of the central beam 10 of the double-beam laser 100 is 100 μm, the spot diameter of the annular beam 20 is 500 μm, the welding central power of the central beam 10 is 700 w-1200 w, the annular welding power of the annular beam 20 is 800 w-1800 w, the welding speed is 100 mm/s-200 mm/s, the defocusing amount is 0- +10mm, the shielding gas is nitrogen, and the flow rate is 15-30L/min. The waveform of the ring-shaped light beam 20 is selected from the ring-shaped light beam 20 of the third embodiment of the present application in fig. 14, the waveform of the central light beam 10 is selected from the central light beam 10 of the third embodiment of the present application in fig. 9, and the pulse width of the waveform of the central light beam 10 is 2ms to 10ms. The process parameters can obtain a crack-free weld. The appearance of the weld obtained according to this method is shown in fig. 19 without cracks, whereas the appearance of the weld without the modulated pulsed central beam 10 and/or without the continuous wave annular beam 20 is shown in fig. 20 with cracks evident at the weld.
Example 2: welding of steel and copper
The base steel plate 210 and the base copper plate 220 are arranged vertically, with the base steel plate 210 on top and the base copper plate 220 on bottom. The spot diameter of the central beam 10 of the double-beam laser 100 is 100 μm, the spot diameter of the annular beam 20 is 500 μm, the welding central power of the central beam 10 is 700 w-1200 w, the annular welding power of the annular beam 20 is 800 w-1800 w, the welding speed is 100 mm/s-200 mm/s, the defocusing amount is 0- +10mm, the shielding gas is nitrogen, and the flow rate is 15L/min-30L/min. The waveform of the ring-shaped light beam 20 is selected from the ring-shaped light beam 20 of the fourth embodiment of the present application in fig. 15, the waveform of the central light beam 10 is selected from the central light beam 10 of the first embodiment of the present application in fig. 7, and the pulse width of the waveform of the central light beam 10 is 2ms to 10ms. The process parameters can also obtain a crack-free weld. The appearance of the weld obtained according to this method is shown in fig. 21, with no cracks.
It should be noted that the embodiments of the present application only illustrate the structures of the laser welding apparatus related to the invention, and do not represent that the laser welding apparatus only has these structures, and other structures of the laser welding apparatus are not illustrated herein.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present application, and not for limiting the same; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; these modifications and substitutions do not depart from the spirit of the embodiments of the present application, and they should be construed as being included in the scope of the claims and description of the present application. In particular, the technical features mentioned in the embodiments can be combined in any way as long as there is no structural conflict. The present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed herein but is to cover all embodiments that may fall within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (13)
1. A laser welding method, characterized in that the laser welding method comprises:
acquiring the type of a welding seam at a welding position;
selecting matched double-beam laser according to the type of the welding seam;
and according to the matched double-beam laser, controlling a laser emitter to generate a central beam corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular beam which surrounds the periphery of the central beam and is concentric with the central beam.
2. The laser welding method according to claim 1, wherein the controlling the dual-beam laser to generate a central beam corresponding to a center point of the welding location and an annular beam that surrounds a periphery of the central beam and is concentric with the central beam specifically comprises:
controlling the central beam to be emitted in modulated pulses, and/or
Controlling the annular light beam to be emitted in a continuous wave mode.
3. The laser welding method of claim 1, wherein the central beam comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low, and/or the annular beam comprises a cone-shaped cylindrical beam with a gradually increasing outer diameter from high to low.
4. The laser welding method according to claim 3, wherein the cone-shaped cylindrical beam includes an inner wall surface and an outer wall surface that are spaced apart from each other in a radial direction of the cone-shaped cylindrical beam, and a cross section of the inner wall surface and the outer wall surface formed in a height direction is an inverted V-shaped structure.
5. The laser welding method according to claim 1, wherein the selecting the matched central beam and annular beam according to the weld type comprises in particular:
determining the spot diameter of the central beam as D and the spot diameter of the annular beam as D according to the type of the welding seam,
wherein the ratio of D to D satisfies 2 ≤ D/D ≤ 10.
6. The laser welding method according to claim 1, wherein the selecting a matched dual-beam laser according to the weld type comprises in particular:
determining the power of the central beam to be P and the power of the annular beam to be P according to the welding seam type,
wherein the ratio of P to P satisfies 1. Ltoreq. P/P. Ltoreq.6.
7. The laser welding method according to claim 2, wherein said controlling said annular beam to be emitted in a continuous wave manner comprises in particular:
controlling the power of the annular light beam to gradually increase to a preset working power in a welding arc starting stage; and/or
And controlling the power of the annular light beam to be gradually reduced from the preset working power in the welding arc-extinguishing stage.
8. The laser welding method of claim 7, wherein the controlling the ring beam to be emitted in a continuous wave further comprises:
and controlling the power of the annular light beam to form a stable working stage of the preset working power between the welding arc starting stage and the welding arc receiving stage.
9. The laser welding method according to claim 2, wherein said controlling said central beam to emit in modulated pulses comprises in particular:
selecting at least one light beam of triangular, corrugated, sawtooth, trapezoid and step-shaped pulse wave as the central light beam.
10. A laser welding apparatus, characterized in that it comprises a laser emitter for implementing the laser welding method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to a welding location.
11. The laser welding apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a controller provided with a computer-readable storage medium and a control device, the control device including:
the acquisition module is used for acquiring the type of the welding seam at the welding position;
the selection module is used for selecting the matched double-beam laser according to the type of the welding seam;
and the control module is used for controlling the laser emitter to generate a central light beam corresponding to the central point of the welding position and an annular light beam which surrounds the periphery of the central light beam and is concentric with the central light beam according to the matched double-beam laser.
12. A laser welded assembly, characterized in that it is welded by a laser welding apparatus according to claim 10 or 11.
13. The laser welded assembly of claim 12, wherein the laser welded assembly comprises a steel braze welded assembly and an aluminum alloy weld assembly.
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