CN115672364A - 具有作为外壳的活性相分布的加氢脱硫催化剂 - Google Patents
具有作为外壳的活性相分布的加氢脱硫催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115672364A CN115672364A CN202210861934.9A CN202210861934A CN115672364A CN 115672364 A CN115672364 A CN 115672364A CN 202210861934 A CN202210861934 A CN 202210861934A CN 115672364 A CN115672364 A CN 115672364A
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- catalyst according
- phosphorus
- support
- measured
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 133
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 title description 19
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910021472 group 8 element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 22
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 15
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 11
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical group OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 5
- WGLLSSPDPJPLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC(C)=C(C)C WGLLSSPDPJPLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylthiophene Chemical compound CC=1C=CSC=1 QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 Keggin Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl disulfide Chemical compound CSSC WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241001168730 Simo Species 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012072 active phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium heptamolybdate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.N.N.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo] QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011609 ammonium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003042 antagnostic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QGUAJWGNOXCYJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002638 heterogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L molybdic acid Chemical compound O[Mo](O)(=O)=O VLAPMBHFAWRUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ni+2] BFDHFSHZJLFAMC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005504 petroleum refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxomolybdenum Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012688 phosphorus precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- CGFYHILWFSGVJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1.O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 CGFYHILWFSGVJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CMPGARWFYBADJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L tungstic acid Chemical compound O[W](O)(=O)=O CMPGARWFYBADJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/0468—Compression means for stacks of electrodes and separators
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
- C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
- C10G45/08—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/88—Molybdenum
- B01J23/882—Molybdenum and cobalt
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
- B01J27/1853—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals with iron, cobalt or nickel
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- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
- B01J27/19—Molybdenum
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- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- B01J35/396—Distribution of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/397—Egg shell like
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/51—Spheres
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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Abstract
本发明公开了催化剂,其包括含有第VIB族元素、至少一种第VIII族元素和磷的活性相以及含有氧化铝的载体,所述催化剂的特征在于,至少80重量%的所述第VIB族元素、所述第VIII族元素和磷以外壳形式分布在所述载体的边缘,所述外壳的厚度为100‑1200µm,所述第VIB族元素相对于所述催化剂的总重量的含量为1重量%‑8重量%,所述第VIII族元素相对于所述催化剂的总重量的含量为0.5重量%‑5重量%,并且磷相对于所述催化剂的总重量的含量为0.2重量%‑3重量%,所述载体具有100m2/g‑250m2/g的比表面积。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及将汽油馏分,特别是产生自流化床催化裂化单元的汽油馏分加氢处理的领域。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种催化剂及其在将含硫的烯属汽油馏分,例如产生自催化裂化的汽油加氢脱硫的方法中的用途,其寻求的是降低含硫化合物的含量而不对烯烃和芳族化合物进行加氢。
背景技术
石油精炼和石油化学现在受到了新的限制。这是因为所有国家都逐渐采用严格的硫规格,其目标是在欧洲和日本销售的石油中达到例如10重量ppm的硫。降低硫含量的问题主要集中在通过裂化获得的汽油上,无论该裂化是催化的(FCC,流化催化裂化)还是非催化的(焦化,减粘裂化,蒸汽裂化),这是汽油池中硫的主要前体。
本领域技术人员公知的一种降低硫含量的解决方案在于在氢气和非均相催化剂的存在下对烃馏分(特别是催化裂化汽油)进行加氢处理(或加氢脱硫)。然而,如果所使用的催化剂不是足够选择性的,则这种方法具有引起辛烷值的非常显著的降低的主要缺点。辛烷值的这种降低尤其与这种类型的汽油中存在的烯烃的加氢(伴随着加氢脱硫)有关。因此,与其他加氢处理方法不同,汽油的加氢脱硫必须能够应对双重对抗约束:提供汽油的深度加氢脱硫和限制存在的不饱和化合物的加氢。
应对这种双重问题的一种方法在于采用加氢脱硫催化剂,这种催化剂不仅在加氢脱硫方面具有活性,而且相对于烯烃的加氢反应,对加氢脱硫非常具有选择性。
关于这一点,B. Liu等人(Fuel,第25卷,2012,第457-463页,JOURNAL OF NATURALGAS CHEMISTRY,第21卷,2012年3月2日发表,第194-199页)已经证明了当CoMoS相在催化剂内作为外壳分布时,使用CoMoS负载于γ-氧化铝上的催化剂,产生自催化裂化步骤的汽油的加氢脱硫性能水平得到改善。
此外,文献CN104275191公开了一种用于FCC汽油的选择性加氢催化剂,其包含沉积在氧化铝载体上的镍和钼,镍和钼以外壳形式分布在载体的边缘。
文献US 2018/0193823公开了一种使用基于镍、钴和钼的催化剂的加氢热解方法,镍、钴和钼以外壳形式分布在载体的边缘。
最后,文献US 2011/275856公开了一种包含基于Mo、V、W、Cu的活性相的催化剂,所述活性相位于载体的边缘。这种催化剂可以有利地用于将丙烯醛转化为丙烯酸。
在这种背景下,本发明的目的之一是提供一种催化剂及其在将含硫的烯属汽油馏分加氢脱硫的方法中的用途,所述催化剂的活性和选择性性能水平至少与现有技术中已知的催化剂一样好,甚至比其更好。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种催化剂,其包括含有至少一种第VIB族元素、至少一种第VIII族元素和磷的活性相以及含有至少氧化铝的多孔载体,所述催化剂的特征在于,至少80重量%的所述第VIB族元素、所述第VIII族元素和磷以外壳形式分布在所述载体的边缘,所述外壳的厚度为100-1200µm,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIB族元素的含量为1重量%-8重量%,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-5重量%,并且相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-3重量%,所述载体具有100m2/g-250m2/g的比表面积。
令人意外的是,本申请人已发现相比于现有技术中公开的催化剂,基于特定地分布在具有特定比表面积的载体中的至少一种第VIII族元素、至少一种第VIB族元素和磷的催化剂表现出更好的加氢脱硫活性和更好的加氢脱硫选择性。不希望受到任何理论约束,设想含硫化合物的加氢处理受到反应物在载体内扩散的限制;因此,主要存在于载体的边缘处的活性相使得选择性加氢的活性和选择性得到改善。这是因为磷与第VIII族元素和第VIB族元素的组合能够控制活性相与具有高比表面积的基于氧化铝的载体之间的相互作用,促进所述活性相作为外壳的定位,同时保持高分散度,从而使活性位点的数量最大化并促进含硫化合物的转化。活性相在特定载体上的优化使得可以使用活性相装载量较少、同时在活性和/或选择性方面表现出与现有技术催化剂一样好、甚至比其更好的性能水平的催化剂。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述第VIII族元素对所述第VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.1-2.0mol/mol。
根据一个或多个实施方案,磷对所述第VIB族金属的摩尔比为0.1-2.0 mol/mol。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述载体的比表面积为120m2/g-220m2/g。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述外壳的厚度为200-1000µm。
根据一个或多个实施方案,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIB族元素的含量为2重量%-7重量%。
根据一个或多个实施方案,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-4重量%。
根据一个或多个实施方案,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-2重量%。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述载体基于γ-氧化铝和/或χ-氧化铝,单独地或作为混合物使用。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述载体是珠粒的形式。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述第VIII族元素对所述第VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.35-0.45mol/mol。
根据一个或多个实施方案,磷对所述第VIB族金属的摩尔比为0.2-0.4 mol/mol。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述载体的比表面积为130m2/g-198m2/g。
根据一个或多个实施方案,所述载体具有通过压汞测孔法测得的0.3cm3/g-0.9cm3/g的总孔隙体积。
根据本发明的另一个主题涉及将含硫的烯属汽油馏分加氢脱硫的方法,其中使所述汽油馏分、氢气和根据本发明的所述催化剂接触,所述加氢脱硫方法在200℃-400℃的温度、1MPa-3MPa的总压力、1h-1-10h-1的时空速(定义为原料的体积流量对催化剂的体积之比)以及100-600 Sl/l的氢气/汽油馏分的体积比下进行。
发明详述
定义
在下文中,化学元素的族根据CAS分类法(CRC Handbook of Chemistry andPhysics,由CRC出版社出版,主编D.R.Lide,第81版,2000-2001)给出。例如,根据CAS分类法的第VIII族对应于根据新的IUPAC分类法的第8列、第9列和第10列的金属。
术语“比表面积”被理解为是指按照由期刊“The Journal of the AmericanChemical Society”,1938,60,309中描述的Brunauer-Emmett-Teller方法建立的标准ASTM3663-78,通过氮气吸附法测定的BET比表面积(SBET,m2/g)。
催化剂或用于制备催化剂的载体的总孔隙体积被理解为是指根据标准ASTMD4284、在4000巴(400MPa)的最大压力下使用484达因/cm的表面张力和140°的接触角、例如采用Microméritics®的Autopore III型仪器、通过压汞测孔法测得的体积。
根据Jean Charpin和Bernard Rasneur撰写的出版物“Techniques de l'ingénieur, traité analyse et caractérisation”[Techniques of the Engineer,Analysis and Characterization Treatise]第1050-1055页的建议,润湿角被取为140°。为了获得更好的准确性,总孔隙体积的值对应于在样品上通过压汞测孔法测得的总孔隙体积的值减去在同一样品上通过压汞测孔法对相当于30psi(约0.2MPa)的压力测得的总孔隙体积的值。
第VIII族元素、第VIB族元素和磷的含量通过X射线荧光法来测量。
分布系数R的定义
使用Castaing微探针获得催化剂颗粒内的元素分布曲线。沿着珠粒或挤出物的直径对至少30个点进行分析,采取在活性元素(在本文的情况下,第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素以及磷)的外壳上约10个左右的点以及在颗粒的中心约10个左右的点的比例。由此得到x€ [-r; +r]的分布曲线c(x),其中c是元素的局部重量浓度,r是珠粒或挤出物的半径,x是沿颗粒直径的分析点相对于该颗粒中心的位置。
元素分布通过无量纲(adimensional)分布系数R来表征,该系数通过随着直径上的位置的变化而增加的重量来加权局部浓度。根据定义:
因此,浓度一致的元素的分布系数R等于1,作为圆顶沉积的元素(核心处的浓度大于载体边缘处的浓度)具有大于1的系数,作为外壳分布的元素(边缘处的浓度大于载体核心处的浓度)具有小于1的系数。使用Castaing微探针的分析提供了x的有限数值数的浓度值,因此R是通过本领域技术人员公知的积分方法来进行数值评估的。优选地,R通过梯形法确定。
第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素以及磷的外壳厚度的定义
为了分析第VIB族元素、第VIII族元素和磷的活性相在载体内的分布,使用Castaing微探针(或电子微探针显微分析)测量外壳厚度。使用的设备是CAMECA® XS100,其配备有允许同时分析四种元素的四个晶体单色器。Castaing微探针分析技术包括检测固体元素被高能电子束激发后所发射的X射线。为了进行这种表征,将催化剂颗粒涂覆在环氧树脂块中。将这些块抛光,直到达到通过珠粒或挤出物的直径的横截面,然后通过在金属蒸发器中沉积碳来进行金属化。电子探针沿着五个珠粒或挤出物的直径进行扫描,以获得固体的组成元素的平均分布曲线。
当被分析的元素作为外壳分布时,当从催化颗粒的边缘开始向内部测量时,其局部浓度通常逐渐降低。为了测量对大多数的具有第VIB族元素、第VIII族元素和磷的颗粒显著的外壳厚度,外壳厚度被定义为距含有80%重量的所有第VIB族、第VIII族元素和磷的颗粒边缘的距离。
它被定义在L. Sorbier等人的出版物“Measurement of palladium crustthickness on catalyst by EPMA”, Materials Science and Engineering 32 (2012)中。为了测量对大多数的颗粒显著的外壳厚度,外壳厚度也可以定义为距含有80%重量的所有第VIB族元素、第VIII族元素和磷的颗粒边缘的距离。由使用Castaing微探针获得的分布曲线(c(x)),可以计算出颗粒中的每种元素作为距半径为r的颗粒边缘的距离y的函数的累积量Q(y)。
对于珠粒而言:
对于挤出物而言:
其中:
r:颗粒的半径。
y:距颗粒边缘的距离。
x:积分变量(曲线上的位置)。
假设浓度曲线沿着直径从x = - r取到x = + r(x = 0为中心)。
因此,Q(r)对应于颗粒中的元素总量。然后以y对以下方程进行数值解析:
c是严格的正函数,因此Q是严格递增的函数,并且该方程有唯一解,即外壳厚度。
催化剂
根据本发明的催化剂包括含有至少一种第VIB族元素、至少一种第VIII族元素和磷的活性相以及含有至少氧化铝的多孔载体,优选由其组成,所述催化剂的特征在于,至少80重量%的第VIB族元素、第VIII族元素和磷以外壳形式分布在所述载体的边缘,所述外壳的厚度为100-1200µm,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的第VIB族元素的含量为1重量%-8重量%,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-5重量%,并且相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-3重量%,所述载体具有100m2/g-250m2/g的比表面积。
有利地,所述第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素和磷以使用Castaing微探针测得的小于0.8、优选小于0.7的分布系数R分布在多孔载体的边缘。
有利地,至少80重量%的第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素以及磷以外壳形式分布在所述载体的边缘,所述外壳的厚度为100-1200µm,优选为200-1000µm。
相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的活性相的第VIB族元素的含量为1重量%-8重量%,优选为2重量%-7重量%,甚至更优选为3重量%-6重量%。所述第VIB族元素优选选自钼和钨。更优选地,所述第VIB族元素是钼。当该元素为钼或钨时,金属含量分别以MoO3或WO3表示。
相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的活性相的第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-5重量%,优选为0.5重量%-4重量%,甚至更优选为0.5重量%-3重量%。所述第VIII族元素优选选自镍、钴和铁。更优选地,所述第VIII族元素是钴。当该元素为钴或镍时,元素含量分别以CoO或NiO表示。
相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-3重量%,优选为0.2重量%-2重量%,甚至更优选为0.3重量%-1.5重量%。
所述催化剂中的第VIB族元素、第VIII族元素和磷的含量表示为校正了催化剂样品在马弗炉中在550℃下燃烧两小时的烧失量后的氧化物。这种烧失量是由于水分的损失。它根据ASTM D7348确定。
优选地,活性相的所述第VIII族元素对活性相的所述第VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.1-2.0mol/mol,优选为0.3-1.0mol/mol,更优选为0.3-0.5mol/mol,甚至更优选为0.35-0.45mol/mol。
优选地,磷对活性相的所述VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.1-2.0mol/mol,优选为0.2-1.0mol/mol,更优选为0.2-0.7mol/mol,甚至更优选为0.2-0.5mol/mol,甚至更优选为0.2-0.4mol/mol。
所述催化剂的比表面积为100m2/g-250m2/g,优选为120m2/g-220m2/g,更优选为120m2/g-200m2/g,甚至更优选为130m2/g-198m2/g。
所述催化剂有利地具有通过压汞测孔法测得的0.3cm3/g-0.9cm3/g、优选0.35cm3/g-0.8cm3/g、非常优选0.4cm3/g-0.7cm3/g的总孔隙体积。
载体
根据本发明的催化剂的载体可以是珠粒、任何几何形状的挤出物、板片、丸粒、压缩圆柱体、其他粉碎的固体或任何其他形状的形式。优选地,所述载体是直径为0.5-6mm的珠粒形式,或外接直径为0.8-3mm的圆柱形、三叶形或四叶形的挤出物的形式。更优选地,所述载体是珠粒的形式。
根据本发明的所述催化剂的载体包含氧化铝,优选选自以下氧化铝:γ-氧化铝、δ-氧化铝、θ-氧化铝、η-氧化铝、ρ-氧化铝、χ-氧化铝、κ-氧化铝,单独地或作为混合物使用。优选地,所述载体基于γ-氧化铝和/或χ-氧化铝,单独地或作为混合物使用。
所述载体的比表面积为100m2/g-250m2/g,优选为120m2/g-220m2/g,更优选为120m2/g-200m2/g,甚至更优选为130m2/g-198m2/g。
所述载体有利地具有通过压汞测孔法测得的0.3cm3/g-0.9cm3/g、优选0.35cm3/g-0.8cm3/g、非常优选0.4cm3/g-0.7cm3/g的总孔隙体积。
催化剂的制备
根据本发明的催化剂可以通过本领域技术人员已知的任何技术来制备,特别是通过在所选的多孔载体上浸渍第VIII族元素和第VIB族元素和磷。例如,浸渍可以按照本领域技术人员已知的方法以干法浸渍进行,其中只引入一定量的可溶于所选溶剂(例如去矿物质水)的盐形式的所需元素的前体,以便尽可能准确地填充载体的孔隙。优选地,在促进在溶液中形成杂多阴离子的pH条件下制备浸渍水溶液(当其含有钴、钼和磷时)。例如,这样的水溶液的pH为1-5。优选地,所述催化剂的制备在不添加作为与第VIII族元素和第VIB族元素和磷的前体的混合物的有机试剂的情况下进行。
例如,在钼的来源中,可以使用氧化物和氢氧化物、钼酸及其盐,特别是铵盐(例如钼酸铵、七钼酸铵)、磷钼酸(H3PMo12O40)及其盐,以及任选的硅钼酸(H4SiMo12O40)及其盐。钼的来源也可以是例如Keggin、缺位Keggin、取代的Keggin、Dawson、Anderson或Strandberg类型的任何杂多化合物。优选使用三氧化钼和Keggin、缺位Keggin、取代的Keggin和Strandberg类型的杂多化合物。
可以使用的钨前体也是本领域技术人员所公知的。例如,在钨的来源中,可以使用氧化物和氢氧化物、钨酸及其盐(特别是铵盐,例如钨酸铵或偏钨酸铵)、磷钨酸及其盐,以及任选的硅钨酸(H4SiW12O40)及其盐。钨的来源也可以是例如Keggin、缺位Keggin、取代的Keggin或Dawson类型的任何杂多化合物。优选使用氧化物和铵盐,例如偏钨酸铵,或Keggin、缺位Keggin或取代的Keggin类型的杂多阴离子。
可使用的钴前体有利地选自例如氧化物、氢氧化物、碱式碳酸盐、碳酸盐和硝酸盐。优选使用氢氧化钴和碳酸钴。
可使用的镍前体有利地选自例如氧化物、氢氧化物、碱式碳酸盐、碳酸盐和硝酸盐。优选使用氢氧化镍和碱式碳酸镍。
磷可以有利地单独地或作为与第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素中的至少一种的混合物引入。磷优选作为与第VIB族金属前体和第VIII族金属前体的混合物引入,通过使用含有这些元素前体和磷前体的溶液对所述多孔载体进行干法浸渍。优选的磷源是正磷酸H3PO4,但其盐和其酯,例如磷酸铵或其混合物,也适合使用。磷也可以与例如Keggin、缺位Keggin、取代的Keggin或Strandberg类型的杂多阴离子形式的一种或多种第VIB族元素同时引入。
可以将由此被溶液填充的载体置于低于50℃的温度、优选环境温度下熟化,时间不超过12小时,优选不超过6小时。
在熟化步骤之后,可以对获得的催化剂前体进行热处理。这种处理的目的通常是将元素的分子前体转化为氧化物相。在这种情况下,它是一种氧化处理,但也可以对该催化剂进行简单的干燥。
在干燥的情况下,在50℃-200℃、优选70℃-180℃的温度下干燥催化剂前体,时长通常为0.5小时-12小时,甚至更优选时长为0.5小时-5小时。
在氧化处理(也称为煅烧)的情况下,所述处理通常在空气或稀释氧气下进行,处理温度通常为200℃-550℃,优选为300℃-500℃,并且有利地时长通常为0.5小时-24小时,优选为0.5小时-12小时,甚至更优选为0.5小时-10小时。
在将其用作加氢处理催化剂之前,有利地对任选地经干燥或煅烧的催化剂实施通过硫化进行活化的步骤。这一活化阶段通过本领域技术人员公知的方法进行,并且有利地在氢气和硫化氢的存在下,在硫-还原性(sulfo-reductive)气氛下进行。硫化氢可以直接使用或由硫化物试剂(例如二甲基二硫醚)产生。
汽油的加氢脱硫方法
加氢处理方法包括在以下条件下使含硫的烯属汽油馏分与上述催化剂和氢气接触:
-200℃-400℃、优选230℃-330℃的温度;
-1MPa-3MPa、优选1.5MPa-2.5MPa的总压力;
-1h-1-10h-1,优选2h-1-6 h-1的时空速(HSV),其定义为原料的体积流量对催化剂的体积之比;
-100-600Sl/l、优选200-400Sl/l的氢气/汽油原料的体积比。
因此,根据本发明的方法可以处理任何类型的含硫的烯属汽油馏分,例如产生自焦化、减粘裂化、蒸汽裂化或催化裂化(FCC,流化催化裂化)单元的馏分。这种汽油可以任选地由显著份额的产生自其他生产方法(例如常压蒸馏(产生自直接蒸馏的汽油(或直馏汽油)))或转化方法(焦化或蒸汽裂化汽油)的汽油组成。所述原料优选由产生自催化裂化单元的汽油馏分组成。
所述原料有利地是含有含硫化合物和烯烃的汽油馏分,并且具有30℃-小于250℃、优选35℃-240℃、优选40℃-220℃的沸点。
由催化裂化(FCC)产生的汽油馏分的硫含量取决于通过FCC处理的原料的硫含量,取决于FCC原料是否经过预处理,还取决于终馏点。通常,整个汽油馏分、特别是产生自FCC的那些汽油馏分的硫含量大于100重量ppm,并且在大多数时候大于500重量ppm。对于具有大于200℃的终沸点的汽油,硫含量通常大于1000重量ppm;在某些情况下,它们甚至可以达到4000-5000重量ppm级别的值。
此外,产生自催化裂化(FCC)单元的汽油平均包含0.5重量%-5重量%的二烯烃,20重量%-50重量%的烯烃和10重量ppm-0.5重量%的硫,通常小于300 ppm的硫醇。硫醇通常被浓缩在汽油的轻馏分中,并且更具体而言,被浓缩在沸点小于120℃的馏分中。
应当注意的是,汽油中存在的硫化合物还可以包括杂环硫化合物,例如噻吩类、烷基噻吩类或苯并噻吩类。这些杂环化合物与硫醇不同,不能通过萃取方法除去。因此这些硫化合物通过加氢处理(其导致它们被转化为烃和H2S)除去。
优选地,通过根据本发明的方法处理的汽油是产生自蒸馏步骤的重质汽油(或HCN,即重质裂化石脑油),该蒸馏步骤的目的是将产生自裂化方法的汽油的宽馏分(或FRCN,即全范围裂化石脑油)分离成轻质汽油(LCN,即轻质裂化石脑油)和重质汽油HCN。确定轻质汽油和重质汽油的分馏点,以限制轻质汽油的硫含量并使其可以在汽油池中使用,优选不进行另外的后处理。有利地,在蒸馏步骤之前对宽馏分FRCN进行下文所述的选择性加氢步骤。
具体实施方式
随后,通过以下不限制本发明范围的实施例来描述本发明。
实施例1:催化剂A的制备(根据本发明)
提供载体A',该载体主要由粒度为2-4mm的珠粒形式的γ-氧化铝组成,并且具有194m2/g的比表面积和0.60ml/g的孔隙体积。
然后加入钴、钼和磷。通过在100℃下将氧化钼(1.14g,≥99.5%,Sigma-Aldrich®)、氢氧化钴(0.3g,96%,Alfa Aesar®)、85%重量的磷酸(0.24g,99.99%,Sigma-Aldrich®)溶解在16ml的去矿物质水中来制备浸渍溶液。在对20g的载体A'进行干法浸渍后,将经浸渍的氧化铝置于环境温度下的水饱和气氛中熟化4小时,然后在120℃下干燥4小时。将由此获得的催化剂表示为A。
然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂A的最终金属组成如下:MoO3 = 5.3 +/- 0.2重量%,CoO = 1.1 +/- 0.1重量%和P2O5 = 0.7 +/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比和P/Mo摩尔比分别为0.39和0.27。催化剂A的孔隙体积为0.55ml/g,比表面积为189m2/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂A的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例2:催化剂B的制备(根据本发明)
提供载体B',该载体主要由粒度为2-4mm的珠粒形式的γ-氧化铝组成,并且具有145m2/g的比表面积和0.63ml/g的孔隙体积。
然后加入钴、钼和磷。通过在100℃下将氧化钼(1.12g,≥99.5%,Sigma-Aldrich®)、氢氧化钴(0.3g,96%,Alfa Aesar®)、85%重量的磷酸(0.24g,99.99%,Sigma-Aldrich®)溶解在14.7ml的去矿物质水中来制备浸渍溶液。在对20g的载体B'进行干法浸渍后,将经浸渍的氧化铝置于环境温度下的水饱和气氛中熟化4小时,然后在120℃下干燥4小时。将由此获得的催化剂表示为B。
然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂B的最终金属组成如下:MoO3 = 5.2 +/- 0.2重量%,CoO = 1.1 +/- 0.1重量%和P2O5 = 0.7 +/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比和P/Mo摩尔比分别为0.38和0.26。催化剂B的孔隙体积为0.57ml/g,比表面积为141m2/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂B的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例3:催化剂C的制备(不根据本发明;低SBET)
提供载体C',该载体主要由粒度为2-4mm的珠粒形式的θ-氧化铝和δ-氧化铝组成,并且具有81m2/g的比表面积和1.03ml/g的孔隙体积。
然后加入钴、钼和磷。通过在100℃下将氧化钼(0.63g,≥99.5%,Sigma-Aldrich®)、氢氧化钴(0.16g,96%,Alfa Aesar®)、85%重量的磷酸(0.14g,99.99%,Sigma-Aldrich®)溶解在14.8ml的去矿物质水中来制备浸渍溶液。在对20g的载体C'进行干法浸渍后,将经浸渍的氧化铝置于环境温度下的水饱和气氛中熟化4小时,然后在120℃下干燥4小时。将由此获得的催化剂表示为C。
然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂C的最终金属组成如下:MoO3 = 3.0 +/- 0.2重量%,CoO = 0.6 +/- 0.1重量%和P2O5 = 0.4+/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比和P/Mo摩尔比分别为0.38和0.27。催化剂C的孔隙体积为1.02ml/g,比表面积为80m2/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂C的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例4:催化剂D的制备(不根据本发明,不含磷)
提供载体D',该载体与实施例1的载体A'相同。
然后加入钴和钼。通过在90℃下将四水合七钼酸铵(1.39g,99.98%,Sigma-Aldrich®)和六水合硝酸钴(0.89g,98%,Sigma-Aldrich®)溶解在16ml水中来制备浸渍溶液。在对20g的载体D'进行干法浸渍后,将经浸渍的氧化铝置于环境温度下的水饱和气氛中熟化4小时,然后在120℃下干燥4小时。然后将固体在空气中于450℃下煅烧2小时。将由此获得的催化剂表示为D。
然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂D的最终金属组成如下:MoO3 = 5.3 +/- 0.2重量%和CoO = 1.1 +/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比为0.39。催化剂D的孔隙体积为0.58ml/g,比表面积为182m2/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂D的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例5:催化剂E的制备(不根据本发明,高Mo含量)
提供载体E',该载体与实施例2的载体B'相同。
然后加入钴、钼和磷。通过在90℃下将氧化钼(2.45g,≥99.5%,Sigma-Aldrich®)、氢氧化钴(0.60g,96%,Alfa Aesar®)、85%重量的磷酸(0.53g,99.99%,Sigma-Aldrich®)溶解在14.7ml的去矿物质水中来制备浸渍溶液。在对20g的载体E'进行干法浸渍后,将经浸渍的氧化铝置于环境温度下的水饱和气氛中熟化4小时,然后在120℃下干燥4小时。将由此获得的催化剂表示为E。
然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂E的最终金属组成如下:MoO3 = 10.5 +/- 0.2重量%,CoO = 2.0 +/- 0.1重量%和P2O5 = 0.4+/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比和P/Mo摩尔比分别为0.37和0.27。催化剂E的孔隙体积为0.52ml/g,比表面积为136m2/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂E的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例6:催化剂F的制备(不根据本发明,高SBET+不含磷)
提供载体F',该载体主要由粒度为2-4mm的珠粒形式的γ-氧化铝组成,并且具有264m2/g的比表面积和0.46ml/g的孔隙体积。
根据Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 21(2012)194-199一文的实验部分提供的方案,基于28g的载体F'制备催化剂,以便将浸渍溶液的量调整至所用载体F'的孔隙体积,浸渍时间设定为15分钟。
获得催化剂F。然后,以氧化物的形式和相对于干催化剂的重量表示的催化剂F的最终元素组成如下:MoO3 =6.8+/- 0.2重量%和CoO = 1.8 +/- 0.1重量%。Co/Mo摩尔比为0.57。催化剂F的比表面积为242m2/g,孔隙体积为0.44ml/g。
表1中给出了使用Castaing微探针测得的催化剂F的活性相中元素的分布和外壳的厚度。
实施例7:评估用于加氢脱硫的催化剂A至催化剂F的性能水平
在该实施例中,评估了催化剂A至催化剂F在催化裂化汽油的加氢脱硫中的性能水平。
使用代表催化裂化(FCC)汽油的模型原料来评估各种催化剂的催化性能品质,该模型原料含有10重量%的2,3-二甲基丁-2-烯和0.33重量%的3-甲基噻吩(即原料中含有1000重量ppm的硫)。使用的溶剂是庚烷。
在固定床横向反应器(fixed traversed bed reactor)中、在1.5MPa的总压力、210℃、HSV=6h-1(HSV=原料的体积流量/催化剂的体积)和300 Sl/l的H2/原料体积比下、在4ml催化剂的存在下进行加氢脱硫反应(HDS)。在HDS反应之前,在大气压力下、在含有15mol%的H2S的氢气流下将催化剂在350℃下原位硫化2小时。
将每种催化剂依次放入所述反应器中。在不同的时间间隔取样并通过气相色谱法进行分析,以便观察反应物的消失和产物的形成。
就催化活性和选择性来评估催化剂的催化性能品质。加氢脱硫(HDS)活性由3-甲基噻吩的HDS反应的速率常数(kHDS)表示,其通过引入的催化剂体积进行标准化,并假设为关于硫化合物的一级动力学。烯烃的加氢活性(HydO)由2,3-二甲基丁-2-烯的加氢反应的速率常数表示,其通过引入的催化剂体积进行标准化,并假设为关于烯烃的一级动力学。
催化剂的选择性由速率常数的标准化比率kHDS/kHydO表示。随着催化剂变得更具选择性,kHDS/kHydO比率将增加。通过将催化剂A作为参照(相对HDS活性和相对选择性等于100)对获得的值进行标准化。因此,性能水平是相对HDS活性和相对选择性。
表1
催化剂A至催化剂F的元素分布、外壳厚度测量值和加氢脱硫性能水平。
应注意的是,根据本发明的催化剂A和催化剂B在活性和选择性方面表现出更好的性能水平,同时使活性相的效率更高,因此使用少量的第VIB族元素和第VIII族元素。
Claims (15)
1.催化剂,其包括含有至少一种第VIB族元素、至少一种第VIII族元素和磷的活性相以及含有至少氧化铝的多孔载体,所述催化剂的特征在于,至少80重量%的所述第VIB族元素、所述第VIII族元素和磷以外壳形式分布在所述载体的边缘,所述外壳的厚度为100-1200µm,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIB族元素的含量为1重量%-8重量%,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-5重量%,并且相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-3重量%,所述载体具有100m2/g-250m2/g的比表面积。
2.根据权利要求1的催化剂,其特征在于,所述第VIII族元素对所述第VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.1-2.0mol/mol。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2的催化剂,其特征在于,磷对第VIB族金属的摩尔比为0.1-2.0 mol/mol。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体的比表面积为120m2/g-220m2/g。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述外壳的厚度为200-1000µm。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIB族元素的含量为2重量%-7重量%。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以氧化物形式测得的所述第VIII族元素的含量为0.5重量%-4重量%。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,相对于所述催化剂的总重量以其氧化物形式P2O5测得的磷的含量为0.2重量%-2重量%。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体基于γ-氧化铝和/或χ-氧化铝,单独地或作为混合物使用。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体是珠粒的形式。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述第VIII族元素对所述第VIB族元素的摩尔比为0.35-0.45mol/mol。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,磷对第VIB族金属的摩尔比为0.2-0.4 mol/mol。
13.根据权利要求1-12中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体的比表面积为130m2/g-198m2/g。
14.根据权利要求1-13中任一项的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体具有通过压汞测孔法测得的0.3cm3/g-0.9cm3/g的总孔隙体积。
15.将含硫的烯属汽油馏分加氢脱硫的方法,其中使所述汽油馏分、氢气和根据权利要求1-14中任一项的所述催化剂接触,所述加氢脱硫方法在200℃-400℃的温度、1MPa-3MPa的总压力、1h-1-10h-1的时空速,定义为原料的体积流量对催化剂的体积之比,以及100-600Sl/l的氢气/汽油馏分的体积比下进行。
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