CN115551356A - 改善的含钨抗微生物复合材料 - Google Patents
改善的含钨抗微生物复合材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115551356A CN115551356A CN202180021593.8A CN202180021593A CN115551356A CN 115551356 A CN115551356 A CN 115551356A CN 202180021593 A CN202180021593 A CN 202180021593A CN 115551356 A CN115551356 A CN 115551356A
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- tungsten
- composite material
- blue
- tungsten blue
- composite
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Abstract
本发明涉及钨蓝作为抗微生物剂的用途、包含钨蓝的复合材料及其生产方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及钨蓝作为抗微生物剂的用途、包含钨蓝的复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
为了防止微生物的积聚,制品的表面用抗微生物剂处理或者配备有抗微生物特性。其中,分别使用消毒剂(disinfectant)和杀生物剂(biocide),以对抗微生物。然而,使用有机杀生物剂的主要缺点是产生抗性和微生物之间的交叉抗性。因此,越来越多地寻求替代品,以有效地对抗微生物并且防止微生物在表面定殖。一种可能性是使用金属和金属化合物。由于它们良好的抗微生物效果,特别是银和铜经常被使用。在第一变型中,以具有最大可能表面积的形式提供单质金属,以实现高水平的活性。特别地,在这方面考虑纳米颗粒、泡沫金属、或固定在载体上的纳米颗粒。第二变型提供可溶性金属盐的供应,例如将所述可溶性金属盐引入沸石中或者直接引入复合材料中。然而,缺点是所提及的贵金属或贵金属离子分别相对昂贵,此外,含硫化合物或高电解质浓度使所述贵金属或贵金属离子几乎完全失活。
最近,还讨论了使用含钼和钨的化合物、特别是钼酸盐和钼氧化物以及钨酸盐和钨氧化物作为抗微生物剂。这些化合物相对便宜并且也是无毒的,因为它们几乎不溶于水。氧化钨(VI)(WO3)为在室温下具有深黄色并且当加热时为橙色的晶体粉末。菱形WO3的晶格由在三个空间方向上通过公共角(common corner)连接的WO6八面体组成。三氧化钨完全不溶于水和酸,但可以与水反应以形成钨酸。三氧化钨的杀生物效果是基于周围介质中的pH值的相关降低。然而,迄今为止研究的WO3和其它钼化合物和钨化合物的抗微生物功效通常不足。
WO 2015/091993描述了抗微生物活性复合物和相应的抗微生物活性材料的制备方法。该印刷文献没有公开钨蓝作为抗微生物复合活性材料的用途,其中钨蓝是氧缺陷型WO3减去1-10摩尔%氧或WO3减去5摩尔%的氧。此外,没有描述具有优选粒径的颗粒的氧缺陷型WO3(oxygen-deficient WO3)的高效制备。印刷文献WO 2015/091993中没有给出WO3的氧含量的参考。氧饱和型钨黄和氧缺陷型钨蓝的混合物呈现蓝色,并且因此经常错误地统称为钨蓝。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供具有改善的活性的抗微生物剂,以及提供有效保护材料和表面免受微生物定殖的成本有效的可能性。
除了三氧化钨以外,还已知其它钨的氧化物。当暴露于还原剂时,黄色氧化钨(VI)最终变成棕色的氧化钨(IV)。通过还原新沉淀的氧化钨(VI)水合物,根据
WO3+xH→WO3-x(OH)x
获得六价钨至五价钨的水合混合氧化物的深蓝色溶液。这些蓝色钨(VI)-钨(V)混合氧化物统称为"钨蓝"。
在本发明中,令人惊讶地发现钨蓝示出比三氧化钨显著更高的抗微生物活性。在相同的粒径下,钨蓝的功效显著优于三氧化钨的功效。
具体实施方式
因此,本发明的第一方面涉及钨蓝作为抗微生物剂的用途。
根据本发明,"钨蓝"是指氧缺陷型三氧化钨,其中钨以VI和V之间的氧化态存在。相比之下,"钨黄"为氧饱和型三氧化钨。特别是,钨蓝可以描述为WO3减去约1至10摩尔%氧,更优选WO3减去约4-6摩尔%氧,优选WO3减去约5摩尔%氧,最优选减去5摩尔%氧。因此,根据本发明的"氧缺陷型WO3"优选描述WO3减去约5摩尔%氧。发现特别是根据本发明的钨蓝,即优选为5%氧缺陷型钨蓝具有优异的抗微生物活性,并且对多种病菌是具有活性的。在该情况下,应当注意,含有少量钨蓝的钨氧化物已经具有蓝色。钨黄与钨蓝的混合物呈现蓝色,并且因此经常(错误地)统称为钨蓝。优选地,在相应的钨蓝制剂中不存在钨黄或氧饱和型WO3。然而,为了根据本发明的目的,钨蓝实际上理解为仅意指氧缺陷型WO3,特别是WO3减去约5摩尔%氧。优选地,不存在氧饱和型WO3(钨黄)。
根据本发明,优选使用分别基本上不含或不含氧饱和型WO3(钨黄)的钨蓝制剂。优选地,根据本发明的抗微生物复合物因此不具有氧饱和型WO3(钨黄)含量。由于氧饱和型WO3没有抗微生物活性,因此可以通过完全除去氧饱和型WO3来在不损失抗微生物活性的情况下将复合材料中所含的钨的比例保持在较低的水平。
钨蓝对人类和动物是无毒的,并且由此显示优异的生物相容性。其可以相对便宜地生产,并且即使少量也示出较强的抗微生物活性。
钨蓝对包括真菌和病毒以及革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性微生物的多种微生物具有高抗微生物活性,而不论它们的抗生素抗性如何。根据本发明,钨蓝对其有效的微生物的实例包括但不限于嗜酸乳杆菌、例如铜绿假单胞菌等假单胞菌、例如金黄色葡萄球菌等沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、例如白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和热带念珠菌等念珠菌属、军团菌属、李斯特菌属;例如流感、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(Ebstein-Barr viruses)、轮状病毒和诺如病毒等病毒;以及黑曲霉、烟曲霉和黄曲霉。与氧化钨(VI)(黄色)相比,在相同的粒度下,抗微生物活性显著提高。
在特别优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的氧缺陷型钨蓝用作抗金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和/或铜绿假单胞菌的抗微生物剂。
根据本发明,对于平均粒径在0.1μm和0.9μm之间的颗粒形式的钨蓝,发现了特别良好的抗微生物功效。优选地,钨蓝的平均粒径在0.2至0.7μm的范围内,进一步优选0.25至0.5μm的范围内。根据本发明,不设置小于0.1μm的颗粒、特别是纳米颗粒。发现用粒径在上述范围内的钨蓝实现了优异的抗微生物功效,使得可以避免与纳米颗粒相关的风险。特别优选的实施方案涉及使用氧缺陷型WO3,即,WO3减去约5摩尔%氧(钨蓝)作为抗微生物剂,其中所述钨蓝为平均粒度在0.20至0.5μm之间并且更优选0.25至0.5μm之间的颗粒形式,并且钨蓝制剂优选不具有粒度小于0.1μm的颗粒。现有技术未向本领域技术人员提供关于特征的相应优越组合的任何启示。这特别适用于现有技术中引用的"钨蓝组合物"。
有利地,根据本发明,使用基本上不具有粒度小于0.1μm的颗粒的钨蓝。进一步优选基本上不包含粒度大于0.9μm的颗粒。窄的粒径分布确保了特别高的抗微生物功效,同时避免与纳米颗粒相关的风险。
钨蓝自身不溶于水。当与水或大气水分接触时,钨蓝引起pH值的降低。钨蓝自身不会溶解,并且不会降解或从材料中洗出。
对于抗微生物用途,钨蓝可以单独使用,或者与其它活性成分和/或赋形剂组合使用。优选地,不存在WO3。
当将钨蓝与至少一种亲水剂或吸湿剂组合使用时,得到进一步的优点。以下描述特别优选的亲水剂和吸湿剂。
根据本发明,可以将钨蓝引入或者至少沉积在要配备有抗微生物特性的材料的表面上。以该方式,产生抗微生物活性复合材料。
因此,本发明的另一个目的是包含钨蓝和至少一种另外的材料的抗微生物活性复合材料。由此,如上所述,钨蓝的平均粒度优选在0.1μm和0.9μm之间,进一步优选0.2至0.7μm,并且特别优选在0.25μm至0.5μm的范围内。根据本发明,不设置小于0.1μm的颗粒、特别是纳米颗粒。根据本发明的复合材料优选不含氧饱和型WO3(钨黄)。
为了本发明的目的,将复合材料理解为由结合在一起的两种或更多种材料构成的材料,其中至少一种材料是如上所限定的钨蓝。另外的材料原则上可以由任意材料形成,并且例如自身也可以构成复合材料。
钨蓝的存在赋予根据本发明的复合材料抗微生物作用。使病原菌的附着性大大降低。微生物的增殖以及生物膜的形成受到抑制。例如,这在医院、疗养院等中是特别重要的,因为生物膜中的微生物无法通过抗生素、有机杀生物剂和消毒剂等除去,或者至少无法永久除去。由于仅在复合物或由其制成的部件或产品的表面边界层的区域中需要降低pH,因此表面的区域中相应少量的钨蓝足以实现期望的抗微生物功效。
钨蓝基本上不溶于水,因此其不会从复合物中洗出,而是保留在那里并且在复合材料的整个寿命期间保持其抗微生物功效。
复合材料的至少一种另外的材料原则上可以选自任意材料类别。例如,其可以是无机材料、金属材料、陶瓷材料或有机材料,或者其任意组合。原则上,另外的材料可以为例如塑料、涂料、漆、有机硅、橡胶、天然橡胶、三聚氰胺、丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、蜡、环氧树脂、玻璃、金属、陶瓷及其它。在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的复合材料包含至少一种有机聚合物或者化合物和/或有机硅作为另外的材料。有机聚合物的实例包括聚乙烯(PE)和聚丙烯(PP)。
为了抗微生物设备的目的而在其中或其上引入钨蓝的材料可以形成固体和/或液体基质。可以规定添加钨蓝使得其构成总重量或总体积的0.1%和10%之间(重量百分比或体积百分比)。优选地,钨蓝的量为1–3重量%。
原则上,复合材料可以形成为层状复合物、纤维复合物、颗粒复合物或互穿复合物(interpenetration composite)。
原则上,根据本发明的复合材料可以在标准条件下以固体形式或液体形式存在。例如,复合材料可以为溶液、悬浮液和/或分散体的形式,例如分别作为漆或液体涂覆剂。
钨蓝可以设置在复合材料的表面上和/或分布在复合材料中。优选地,根据本发明,钨蓝至少配置在复合材料的表面的区域中,因为此处期望抗微生物作用。例如,钨蓝可以作为层或层的组分应用于基材或载体材料。在该情况下,基材或载体材料几乎不受结构限制或材料限制。原则上,仅复合材料的表面的一个或更多个区域或整个表面可以抗微生物性地(antimicrobially)配备有钨蓝。可选地或附加地,钨蓝也可以分别配置在复合材料内或者可以分布在复合材料内。这确保了即使在复合材料在其表面磨损的情况下也永久地维持抗微生物作用。
根据预期用途,本发明上文中的复合材料基本上可以作为半成品存在,即,作为仅在进一步加工步骤之后获得其最终使用形式的半成品材料。可选地,复合材料可以已经设计为可以用于其期望的预期目的而无需进一步的加工步骤的成品部件。
在根据本发明的复合材料中,钨蓝可以单独存在,或者以与其它活性成分和/或佐剂(adjuvant)的组合存在。
在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的复合材料除了钨蓝之外不具有任意附加的抗微生物活性化合物例如银或银化合物、特别是纳米银或例如硝酸银等可溶性银化合物。铜、有机杀生物剂、和沸石等也优选不存在于根据本发明的复合材料中。以该方式,实现了改善的环境相容性和成本的显著降低。优选地,也不存在钨黄。
钨蓝相对于复合物的总质量的质量含量有利地在0.1至80重量%之间,特别是在1.0和30重量%之间并且优选在1.5和5.0重量%之间。在该质量比下,以尽可能低的钨蓝材料输入确保了特别高的抗微生物功效。
原则上,本领域中常见的任意佐剂均可以被认为是根据本发明的复合材料中的佐剂。应当理解,可能的佐剂可以根据复合材料的特定材料而变化。优选地,使用常规的分散剂、抗静电剂、润湿剂、乳化剂等。
使用具有上述平均粒径的颗粒提供了特别的优点,一方面,可以实现特别高的抗微生物功效,并且另一方面,根据本发明的复合材料不含纳米颗粒。
当钨蓝与至少一种至少配置在复合材料的表面的区域中的亲水剂或吸湿剂组合使用时,得到进一步的优点。以该方式,在特别干燥的环境中,即,例如,在对于形成酸性表面边界层是重要的非常低的湿度和相应较低的可用水量的情况下,使抗微生物功效显著提高。适合的亲水剂和/或吸湿剂的实例包括SiO2,特别是以硅胶的形式或者作为气相二氧化硅。这些形成一种水分缓冲剂,并且由此确保产品中的最小水分含量。还发现钨蓝与SiO2的缔合导致钨蓝特别好地保留在复合材料中,并且可以完全防止被洗出。优选使用粒径分布在平均粒径为0.25μm和25μm之间的范围内的SiO2。
根据本发明可以使用的其它亲水剂和/或吸湿剂的其它实例为有机酸,例如枞酸、花生四烯酸、花生酸、山萮酸、癸酸、己酸、蜡酸、芥酸、镰刀菌酸、富马酸、胆汁酸、二十碳烯酸(icosenoic acid)、间苯二甲酸、内酯酸、月桂酸、二十四烷酸、亚麻酸、左旋海松酸、亚油酸、十七烷酸、蜂花酸、褐煤酸、肉豆蔻酸、新枞酸、神经酸、十九烷酸、油酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、壬酸(pelargonic acid)(壬酸(nonanoic acid))、海松酸、长叶松酸、棕榈酸、蓖麻油酸、硬脂酸、山梨酸、单宁酸、十三烷酸、十一烷酸和吴耳酸(vulpinic acid)。此外,已证明丙二酸、马来酸和马来酸酐、乳酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、水杨酸和抗坏血酸及其盐是有利的。也可以使用酸酐、两性物质、缓冲体系、聚合物酸、离子交换树脂、以及酸性磺酸盐和酰基卤。
亲水剂和/或吸湿剂相对于复合材料的总重量的质量含量有利地在0.1%和15%的范围内。例如,该质量含量可以为0.5%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%、9%、10%、11%、12%、13%或14%。特别有利的是在1%和5%之间的范围内、优选在2–4%的范围内的质量含量。此外,可以调节亲水剂和/或吸湿剂的质量含量或质量比,使得其对应于所选择的钨蓝的质量含量。
在特别优选的实施方案中,钨蓝至少部分地用亲水剂和/或吸湿剂、特别是SiO2覆盖和/或附聚。这以简单的方式确保使两类化合物空间上接近,使得即使在特别干燥的条件下,也为钨蓝直接供给降低pH值所需的水分。
在本发明的另一方面,提供了如上限定的抗微生物活性复合材料用于制造抗微生物活性产品的用途。
本发明的另一方面涉及如上限定的抗微生物活性复合材料的生产方法。为了该目的,使钨蓝与至少一种另外的材料组合。
有利地,在复合材料的制备中,使钨蓝与至少一种如上限定的亲水剂和/或吸湿剂组合,其中将亲水剂和/或吸湿剂至少配置在复合材料的表面的区域中。已经证明特别有利的是,将钨蓝至少部分地用亲水剂和/或吸湿剂、特别是SiO2覆盖和/或附聚。
将通过以下附图和实施例进一步说明本发明。
附图
图1示出钨蓝(WO3 5%氧缺陷型,在TPU中为1%)对细菌金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抗微生物功效。仅9小时后,试验的样品完全无病菌。
图2示出钨蓝与氧化钼(VI)、氧化钨(VI)和各种混合物对金黄色葡萄球菌的有效性比较。
样品No.1:MoO3,
No.2、3、6:WO3(钨黄),
No.4、7:钨蓝(WO3 5%氧缺陷型),
No.5、8、9:WO3(黄色)/钨蓝混合物,
No.10:对照
钨蓝明显优于WO3(黄色)并且在6小时之后显示试验样品几乎完全无菌。钨蓝和钨黄的混合物也远不如纯钨蓝有效。
图3示出不同浓度的钨黄和钨蓝的抗微生物功效比较。
G11:1%WO3(黄色)
G12:2%WO3(黄色)
G13:1%钨蓝
G14:2%钨蓝
在较低的浓度下,钨蓝已经明显更有效。
图4示出取决于粒径的、钨蓝对金黄色葡萄球菌的功效,以及与钨黄的比较。各自以2%的浓度使用钨氧化物。对于钨蓝(5%氧缺陷型),比较0.25μm和5μm的粒度。钨黄的粒度为0.5μm。
图5示出对钨蓝和钨黄与各种添加剂组合的有效性的试验。病菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(左)、大肠杆菌(右)和铜绿假单胞菌(下)。对以下材料进行考察:
5A:62:PE+2%WO3(蓝色)+1%Disperplast 1150
63:PE+2%WO3(黄色)+1%Disperplast 1018
64:PE+2%WO3(蓝色)+1%Atmer 129MB
65:PE+2%MoO3+1%Palsgaard DMG0093
66:PE+1%Lubrophos LM-400E
5B:15:PP+2%WO3(黄色/蓝色)+1%Crodafos MCA-SO
16:PP+2%WO3(蓝色)+1%Lubrophos LM-400E
17:PP+2%WO3(蓝色)+1%Pluronic PE 8100
18:PP+2%WO3(黄色)+1%Surfynol 440
19:PP+2%WO3(黄色)+1%十二烷基硫酸钠
另外,示出了试验开始时(T=0小时)和12小时之后的平均细菌负荷。
与所有其它考察的药剂相比,钨蓝对所有病菌的功效明显更好。还示出,钨黄和钨蓝的混合物明显比单独的钨蓝效果差。
Claims (12)
1.钨蓝作为抗微生物剂的用途,其中钨蓝是氧缺陷型WO3,特别是WO3减去1至10摩尔%氧,优选WO3减去约5摩尔%氧,并且其中钨蓝以平均粒径为0.1μm至0.9μm之间、优选平均粒径在0.2至0.7μm范围内、更优选在0.25至0.5μm范围内的颗粒的形式存在,并且其中不存在粒径小于0.1μm的颗粒。
2.一种抗微生物活性复合材料,其包含根据权利要求1所述的钨蓝和至少一种另外的材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的抗微生物活性复合材料,其进一步包含至少设置在所述复合材料的表面的区域中的至少一种亲水剂和/或吸湿剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的复合材料,
其中所述钨蓝至少部分地用所述亲水剂和/或吸湿剂覆盖和/或附聚。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的复合材料,其中所述亲水剂和/或吸湿剂包含SiO2,特别是硅胶或气相二氧化硅。
6.根据权利要求2至5中任一项所述的复合材料,
其中钨蓝相对于所述复合材料的总质量的质量含量为0.1%至80%,特别是1.0%至30%,并且优选1.5%至5.0%。
7.根据权利要求2至6中任一项所述的复合材料,
其中所述另外的材料包含至少一种有机聚合物和/或有机硅。
8.根据权利要求2至7中任一项所述的复合材料,
其形成为层状复合物、纤维复合物、颗粒复合物、或互穿复合物。
9.根据权利要求2至8中任一项所述的抗微生物活性复合材料用于抗微生物活性产品的制造的用途。
10.一种根据权利要求2至8中任一项所述的抗微生物活性复合材料的制备方法,
其中将钨蓝与至少一种另外的材料组合。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,
其中至少在所述复合材料的表面的区域中设置至少一种亲水剂和/或吸湿剂。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,
其中将钨蓝至少部分地用所述亲水剂和/或吸湿剂覆盖和/或附聚。
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CN101610679A (zh) * | 2006-11-13 | 2009-12-23 | 约瑟夫·彼得·古根比齐勒 | 具有抗菌作用的物质 |
US20150104488A1 (en) * | 2012-04-10 | 2015-04-16 | AMiSTec GmbH & Co. KG | Composite material with a supporting material and an antimicrobial agent |
WO2015091993A1 (de) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-25 | AMiSTec GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zum herstellen eines antimikrobiell wirksamen verbundwerkstoffs und antimikrobiell wirksamer verbundwerkstoff |
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CN101610679A (zh) * | 2006-11-13 | 2009-12-23 | 约瑟夫·彼得·古根比齐勒 | 具有抗菌作用的物质 |
DE102007061965A1 (de) * | 2007-12-21 | 2009-06-25 | Guggenbichler, Joseph Peter | Reduzierung der mikrobiellen Kontamination in Kühltürmen |
US20150104488A1 (en) * | 2012-04-10 | 2015-04-16 | AMiSTec GmbH & Co. KG | Composite material with a supporting material and an antimicrobial agent |
WO2015091993A1 (de) * | 2013-12-19 | 2015-06-25 | AMiSTec GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zum herstellen eines antimikrobiell wirksamen verbundwerkstoffs und antimikrobiell wirksamer verbundwerkstoff |
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