CN115529958A

CN115529958A - Stock and ear combination for improving fruit quality of grapefruit cocktail

Info

Publication number: CN115529958A
Application number: CN202211275471.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 柯甫志; 黄秀; 孙立方; 聂振朋; 徐建国; 王罗云; 孙建华
Original assignee: Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute
Current assignee: Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute
Priority date: 2022-10-18
Filing date: 2022-10-18
Publication date: 2022-12-30

Abstract

The invention discloses a stock and ear combination for improving the quality of grapefruit fruits. Belongs to the technical field of citrus cultivation. According to the invention, the grapefruit cocktail scion is highly grafted to the adult grapefruit stock without undergoing the juvenile growth stage of the young seedling, the grapefruit scion is put into production in the 2 nd year, the grapefruit scion is high in yield in the 3 rd year, the rapid production can be realized, the citrus varieties are rapidly changed, the reasonable adjustment of the variety structures can be realized, and the yield and the quality of grapefruit fruits can be improved. The combination of the rootstock and the scion for improving the fruit quality of the grapefruit cocktail does not need the growth and juvenile process of the young seedling, can be put into production quickly, improve the fruit quality and increase the economic benefit of orange farmers.

Description

Stock and ear combination for improving fruit quality of grapefruit cocktail

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of citrus cultivation, in particular to a stock and spike combination for improving the quality of grapefruit tail fruits.

Background

Oranges are the fruits with the largest planting area and yield in China, the new orange variety is updated at a high speed, and in order to meet the market demand, many orange farmers cut off the existing varieties and re-plant seedlings or perform high grafting and changing to update and adjust the varieties. The cocktail grapefruit variety is one of orange special varieties mainly popularized in Zhejiang province in two years, the fruit is moderate in sour and sweet, soft and juicy, good in flavor, thin in peel, easy to peel, good in storage resistance, and deeply popular with consumers, and is also a new variety selectively planted by orange farmers. Related research and patents (grant publication No. CN 112314140B) exist for a planting method of a new variety of grapefruit cocktail, and a fertilization management method of adult grapefruit cocktail is disclosed. However, necessary research on selection of the grapefruit cocktail intermediate stocks is lacked, and during production, an orange farmer blindly cuts off the existing varieties to breed new varieties or does not consider whether the combination of the stock scions is suitable or not, and randomly performs high grafting for breeding, so that the grapefruit cocktail fruit is uneven in quality during maturation, and the commodity price is influenced.

The citrus stocks are used as transmitters of nutrients, and affect the tree vigor and the fruit quality. Therefore, the reasonable allocation of the scion and the interstock is an important subject for research on citrus production. In order to research the optimal combination of stocks and scions for the high grafting and variety changing of the grapefruit in the process of rapidly changing varieties, the intermediate stock with the best compatibility of the stock and the scions, the best quality after production and the good high yield is selected, and the technical support is provided for the variety structure adjustment of the citrus industry. The invention provides a stock-ear combination for improving the quality of cocktail grapefruit fruits, which can ensure that the cocktail grapefruit can be rapidly put into production, the yield is increased, the fruit quality can be obviously improved, and the economic benefit of orange farmers is further improved when the new orange variety is updated at a higher speed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention provides a stock-ear combination for improving the quality of grapefruit fruits, which is not required to go through the juvenile stage of growth of young seedlings, can be put into production in2 nd year, is high in yield in 3 rd year, can realize rapid production, can reasonably adjust the structure of citrus varieties when the citrus varieties are rapidly changed, and can improve the yield and the quality of grapefruit fruits. The method does not need the process of young seedling growth in the juvenile stage, can be put into production quickly, improves the fruit quality and increases the economic benefit of orange farmers.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a combination of stock and scion for improving the quality of grapefruit is characterized in that the grapefruit scion is grafted to the large branch of adult citrus trees of other citrus varieties and planted under the condition of a greenhouse.

Preferably, the grafting time of the high grafting is as follows: grafting is carried out 2 times in one year, in the middle of 8 months to 10 months, and in the middle of 2 months to 4 months in the next year, spring supplementary grafting is carried out on dead scion big branches according to the survival condition of grafting in autumn.

Preferably, the grafting method comprises the following steps: in autumn grafting, a belly grafting method is adopted, a position needing to be grafted is selected, a grafting knife is used for slightly inwards and obliquely longitudinally cutting a cut along the junction of the cortex and the xylem from top to bottom, the cut is preferably a small amount of white xylem, the cut is slightly longer than the cut of a bud slice by 1.3-1.7cm, the cut is smooth, and one third of the bark is cut off;

selecting a branch with a fully mature and plump bud head as a scion, selecting a plump bud, obliquely cutting at an angle of 40-45 degrees from 0.6-0.7 cm of a leaf stalk base part below the bud, slightly cutting inwards from a cut at a position 0.4-0.5 cm above the bud, horizontally cutting, taking off a small bud with the length of about 1.5 cm, embedding a bud piece scion at a cut part of a stock, ensuring that cambiums at one side of the stock are aligned, the direction of the scion is consistent with that of the stock, wrapping the embedded scion and the stock with a film, tightly combining the scion and the stock, ensuring that the wound part is not exposed, and the attaching position of the scion and the stock is correct;

and cutting off upper branches 1-2 cm above the grafting buds from 2 last month to 2 last month of the next year. And (4) scratching the tied thin film by using a grafting knife, releasing the film from the tie and exposing the grafting bud.

Preferably, when the grafting survives in autumn, the supplementary grafting is carried out in spring by adopting a cutting grafting method, or the grafting is carried out only in spring, wherein the grafting method comprises the following steps: determining a grafting part, cutting the upper end of the grafting part by using a saw or a pruning shear, wherein the cut is smooth, cutting 2-3 mm of edge xylem at an angle of 45 degrees from bottom to top on one side of the edge of the cut of a middle anvil by using a grafting knife, the width is about the diameter of a scion, longitudinally cutting a cut in parallel along the junction of the phloem and the xylem of the stock by using the grafting knife, the cut is preferably just seen white xylem, the length of the cut is 1.3-1.7cm longer than that of a bud slice, and the width of the cut is equal to or slightly wider than that of the bud slice;

selecting a branch with a fully mature bud as a scion, wherein one diamond-shaped surface of the scion faces upwards, and cutting the branch into short cut surfaces at an angle of 45 degrees at a position 1-1.5 cm below the bud; turning the scion, making the plane upward, cutting off the cortex from the lower part of the bud by using the tip of a cutter to form a cut surface, wherein the cut surface is yellow-white, is not green, but is not white, and is flat, and the scion is cut by one cutter; then laterally turning the scions, cutting the scions at a position 1-1.5 cm above the buds, and respectively embedding the cut qualified scions into the cut positions of the rootstocks; ensuring that cambiums on one side of the rootstock are aligned and the direction of the scion is consistent with that of the rootstock, and binding the embedded scion and the rootstock by using a binding film; the scion and the rootstock are tightly combined, the wound part is not exposed, the joint position of the scion and the rootstock is correct, the scion and the rootstock are slightly exposed, the prevention and the treatment of plant diseases and insect pests are enhanced after sprouting, the bud length is 12-18 cm, and the top is picked

Preferably, the citrus variety is grapefruit.

Through the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

the invention provides a reasonable matched cultivation measure for a new variety of the cocktail grapefruit, solves the problems of long seedling cultivation juvenile period, slow production, low quality and the like in the cultivation and production process of the cocktail grapefruit, adopts an adult tree as an intermediate stock for high grafting and seed changing at the moment of fast new variety updating and updating, is a good method for fast adjusting variety structure, does not need to go through the long juvenile period of orange tree growth, can fast produce again, has good fruit quality and good economic benefit, can fast and greatly improve the economic benefit of orange farmers, and simultaneously provides cultivation technical support for the high-quality production of the cocktail grapefruit in production.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 shows the effect of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on the yield of grapefruit cocktail fruits;

FIG. 2 shows the effect of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on the color of grapefruit peel;

FIG. 3 shows the effect of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on the sugar content of grapefruit cocktail fruits;

FIG. 4 shows the influence of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on the Vc content and the acid fixation ratio of the grapefruit cocktail fruit.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1

Test and method

Experimental materials and methods: and (4) scion grafting of the citrus cocktail grapefruit. The interstock (also rootstock) variety is: grapefruit, ponkan, satsuma mandarin, and trifoliate orange; the planting conditions are greenhouse conditions and open field conditions, in the subsequent data analysis, the open field condition planting is marked as L, and the greenhouse planting conditions are not marked.

In 2017 and 3 months, the cocktail grape fruit scions are highly grafted to 20-year-old grapefruit, ponkan and satsuma mandarin, meanwhile, the cocktail grape fruit is grafted to a 2-year-old hovenia dulcis stock by a method commonly used in production, one treatment of grafting the cocktail grape fruit to the grapefruit stock is planting under the open field condition, and the rest treatments are planting under the greenhouse condition. Then counting the first fruit bearing time, calculating the fruit yield of the 1 st year and the fruit yield of the 2 nd year by counting the yield of 9 trees every time, and sampling when the fruits are ripe at 11 months and 22 days in 2021; each tree is treated by 15 trees, 2 fruits are randomly picked from each tree, and 30 fruits are taken in total and taken back to a laboratory to measure the fruit quality.

And (3) measuring the fruit quality:

the fruit weight, longitudinal and transverse diameter were measured separately, and the fruit shape index = fruit longitudinal diameter/fruit transverse diameter.

Taking 10 fruit mixed liquids, weighing 1g of juice from the 10 fruit mixed liquids, fixing the volume to 50mL, and measuring the contents of sucrose, glucose, fructose, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and Vc in the fruits by a liquid chromatography-chromatography method, wherein 10 fruits are 1 sample, and each treatment is repeated for 3 times. Solid acid ratio = total sugar content/total acid content.

And (5) measuring fruit color parameters. The peel colour was measured using a hand-held Konica Minolta CR-400 (japan) colour difference meter, randomly selecting 5 fruits per treatment, randomly and uniformly selecting 5 points at the transverse positions of each fruit, and recording the L, a, b values. Wherein L denotes luminance, the larger the value the better the luminance; a is red saturation, b is yellow saturation, and when a and b are positive values, the surface of the fruit is red and yellow respectively; when the value is negative, it indicates that the fruit faces are green and blue. The color was evaluated by using the color difference value CCI, positive values were red, negative values were cyan, 0 was a mixture of red, yellow, and cyan, CCI =1000 × a/(L × b), and photographs of fruits were recorded.

Data analysis

Excel 2010 is adopted for data statistics and analysis, a D.B. Duncan new repolarization method is adopted for difference significance analysis, origin2019 software is used for data drawing, and different lower case letters show that the difference is significant at the level of 0.05.

Table 1: influence of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on fruiting period of grapefruit cocktail

Stock variety	Grafting time	First harvest time
			Grapefruit (L)	Year 2017, month 3	12 months in 2018
Grapefruit	3 months in 2017	12 months in 2018
			Ponkan orange	Year 2017, month 3	12 months in 2018
Wenzhou mandarin orange	3 months in 2017	12 months in 2018
			Fruit of immature citron	3 months in 2017	12 months in 2020

As shown in table 1, the grapefruit tail was grafted by top grafting using an adult tree as a stock, and fruit bearing began in the 2 nd year after grafting; the conventional method is adopted for grafting and planting, and a small amount of fruiting starts in the 4 th year, so that the adult trees are adopted as the stocks for high-grafting and seed changing, the production is fast, the yield is high, and the benefit is early; and the small tree is used as the stock, so that the growth period is long, the production is slow, the fruit quality is poor in the last few years of production, and the economic benefit of the orange farmer is seriously influenced.

As shown in fig. 1, different rootstock varieties and cultivation conditions have a great influence on the yield of grapefruit cocktail. By adopting a conventional planting mode in production and grafting the grapefruit cocktail to the trifoliate orange as a stock for planting, the yield in the first year and the second year is extremely lower than that of the grapefruit (open field and greenhouse planting conditions), the mandarin orange and the wenzhou mandarin orange. Under the greenhouse planting condition, the fruit yield of the grapefruit with the grapefruit as the rootstock and the grapefruit with the cocktail is obviously higher than that of ponkan and satsuma mandarin; the yield of the grapefruit stock fruits under the greenhouse planting condition is higher than that of the grapefruit stock fruits in the open field; the conventional trifoliate orange in production is used as a stock for grafting and planting, and the yield of the cocktail grapefruit fruits is low 2 years before the production; the grapefruit is used as a stock and is grafted with the cocktail grapefruit at a high position, the grapefruit is planted under the greenhouse condition, the yield is high, and the economic benefit of an orange farmer can be improved.

Table 2: influence of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on phenotypic characteristics of grapefruit cocktail fruits

Stock variety	Fruit weight (g)	Fruit shape index	Skin thickness (mm)
				Grapefruit (L)	433.06±3.71b	0.86±0.01ab	4.46±0.29a
Grapefruit	474.11±12.18a	0.83±0.01b	3.30±0.15b
				Ponkan orange	488.92±10.71a	0.83±0.00b	3.76±0.06ab
Wenzhou mandarin orange	434.11±4.41b	0.84±0.01	4.52±0.21a
				Fruit of immature citron	484.11±7.46a	0.86±0.01a	4.28±0.48a

As shown in Table 2, different stock varieties and cultivation conditions have great influence on the quality of the grafted grapefruit cocktail fruit. The weight of a single fruit of a grapefruit grafted by using the grapefruit as a stock is not obviously different from that of a ponkan and a ponkan, and is obviously higher than that of the grapefruit (cultivated in open field) and satsuma mandarin; the peel thickness of fruit of grapefruit cocktail grafted by using grapefruit as a stock is lower than that of ponkan citrus, and is obviously lower than that of grapefruit stock grafted by Citrus aurantium, citrus unshiu and grapefruit stock under the open field cultivation condition; as shown above, under the greenhouse planting conditions, the grapefruit used as the rootstock to graft the cocktail grapefruit has the advantages of single fruit weight, thin peel and good quality.

As shown in figure 2, different stock varieties and cultivation conditions have certain influence on the appearance and quality of the grapefruit cocktail fruit. Grapefruit cocktail fruit peel L grafted by using grapefruit as stock under greenhouse planting condition ^* All the values of a, b and CCI are higher than those of ponkan, wenzhou mandarin orange and trifoliate orange; pericarp L under greenhouse planting condition ^* The values of a, b and CCI are obviously higher than those of the open field, which shows that the appearance quality of the grapefruit cocktail fruit grafted by using the grapefruit as the stock is higher than that of ponkan, wenzhou mandarin orange and hovenia dulcis stock, and the appearance quality and color of the fruit planted in the greenhouse are better than those of the fruit planted in the open field.

Different stock varieties and cultivation conditions have different influences on the sugar content of the grafted grapefruit tail fruits. As shown in fig. 3A, B, C, D, under the greenhouse cultivation condition, the citrus medica dulcis fruit grafted by using a grapefruit as a rootstock has higher sucrose, fructose, glucose and total sugar contents than those of ponkan, wenzhou mandarin orange and hovenia dulcis, the greenhouse cultivation condition is significantly higher than that of the open field, which indicates that the citrus medica dulcis fruit grafted by using a grapefruit as a rootstock has higher sugar content, and the greenhouse cultivation is favorable for improving the sugar content of the citrus medica dulcis fruit.

Table 3: influence of different stock varieties and cultivation conditions on acid content of grapefruit cocktail fruits

Oxalic acid is not easy to be oxidized and decomposed in a human body, if the oxalic acid is taken too much, the pH value in the human body is unbalanced, the influence on the health of the human body is caused, the oxalic acid is also a main reason for forming kidney stones, and the oxalic acid also has more adverse effects on damage to the development of nerves of children and the like. According to the test result, the content of oxalic acid in the grapefruit cocktail fruit grafted by using the grapefruit as the rootstock is remarkably lower than that of ponkan, satsuma mandarin and hovenia dulcis rootstock, and is also remarkably lower than that of the grapefruit rootstock under the open field condition (Table 3).

Tartaric acid in the fruit helps digestion, and proper intake of tartaric acid can strengthen spleen and stomach, but is not easy to overdose. The tartaric acid content of the fruit grafted cocktail grapefruit by using the grapefruit as the rootstock is lower than that of a ponkan stock and higher than that of satsuma mandarin and a hovenia dulcis stock under the greenhouse planting condition, and the method has no significant difference from the planting under the open field condition (table 3).

The acidity of the malic acid is larger, the acidity is 20% stronger than that of the citric acid, and if the malic acid in the fruit is too high, the acidity of the fruit is obvious, and the using mouthfeel is influenced. The experimental result shows that the malic acid content of the fruit grafted with the grapefruit as the rootstock under the greenhouse planting condition is remarkably lower than that of the citrus unshiu, the poncirus trifoliata and the grapefruit in the open field, and is also remarkably lower than that of the ponkan rootstock (Table 3).

The citric acid is edible acid, and the normal metabolism of a body can be enhanced by taking the citric acid in a proper amount, so that excessive gastric acid is easily caused; citric acid in the fruit can improve the flavor of the fruit and promote the conversion of sucrose. Therefore, the fruits contain a proper amount of citric acid, which is beneficial to the improvement of the fruit quality and the body health. Experiments show that the fruit citric acid content of the grapefruit grafted with the grapefruit as the rootstock is moderate under the greenhouse planting condition, is lower than that of the ponkan stock and is higher than that of the citrus unshiu stock, the ponkan stock and the grapefruit stock which are cultivated in the open.

If the total acid content in the fruit is higher, the eating taste is influenced. The total acid content of fruits planted by grafting the grapefruit cocktail onto the grapefruit by taking the grapefruit as a stock under the greenhouse condition is remarkably lower than that of fruits planted by citrus unshiu, hovenia dulcis and grapefruit stocks under the open field condition, and is remarkably lower than that of citrus ponkan stocks.

In conclusion, the grapefruit serving as the rootstock is grafted to the grapefruit cocktail and planted under the greenhouse condition, so that the fruit has appropriate content of various acids, relatively low total acid and relatively high quality.

The flavor of the citrus fruit is not only simple superposition of sweet taste and sour taste, but also depends on the sugar-acid ratio of the fruit to a certain extent, namely the acid-solid ratio, generally speaking, the acid-solid ratio is high, and the fruit flavor is better; vc can promote metabolism of human body, expel toxin, beautify face, prolong life and the like, has high Vc content and has higher fruit nutritive value. As shown in fig. 4, different stock varieties and different cultivation conditions have different influences on the Vc content and the acid fixation ratio of the grapefruit cocktail fruit, and the Vc content and the acid fixation ratio of the grapefruit cocktail fruit using grapefruit as a stock are significantly higher than those of ponkan, satsuma mandarin and hovenia dulcis, and also significantly higher than those of the grapefruit stock under the open field condition. The results show that the grapefruit tail fruit has high Vc content and acid fixation ratio and high fruit quality and nutritive value under the greenhouse condition by taking the grapefruit as the rootstock.

The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other. The device disclosed by the embodiment corresponds to the method disclosed by the embodiment, so that the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the method part for description.

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A rootstock-ear combination for improving the fruit quality of grapefruit cocktail is characterized in that the grapefruit scion is grafted to the bough of adult citrus trees of other varieties and planted under the condition of a greenhouse.

2. The combination of the scion and the rootstock for improving the fruit quality of the grapefruit cocktail of claim 1, wherein the grafting time of the top grafting is: grafting is carried out 2 times in one year, in the middle of 8 months to 10 months, and in the middle of 2 months to 4 months in the next year, spring supplementary grafting is carried out on dead scion big branches according to the survival condition of grafting in autumn.

3. The combination of the rootstock and the scion for improving the quality of the grapefruit fruits as claimed in claim 2, wherein the grafting method comprises the following steps: in autumn grafting, a belly grafting method is adopted, a position needing to be grafted is selected, a grafting knife is used for slightly inwards and obliquely longitudinally cutting a cut along the junction of the cortex and the xylem from top to bottom, the cut is preferably a small amount of white xylem, the cut is slightly longer than the cut of a bud slice by 1.3-1.7cm, the cut is smooth, and one third of the bark is cut off;

selecting a branch with a full and completely mature bud head as a scion, selecting a full bud, obliquely cutting at an angle of 40-45 degrees from a position 0.6-0.7 cm below a base part of a leaf stalk under the bud, slightly cutting downwards from a cut 0.4-0.5 cm above the bud by a knife, taking off a small bud with a length of about 1.5 cm, embedding a bud slice scion to a cut part of a stock, ensuring that cambiums at one side of the stock are aligned, the direction of the scion is consistent with that of the stock, binding the embedded scion and the stock by a wrapped film, tightly combining the scion and the stock, keeping the cut part unexposed, and ensuring that the joint position of the scion and the stock is correct;

4. The combination of shoots and ears for improving the fruit quality of grapefruit cocktail according to claim 3,

when the grafting survives in autumn, the cutting grafting method is adopted for supplementary grafting in spring or the grafting is carried out only in spring, and the grafting method comprises the following steps: determining a grafting part, cutting the upper end of the grafting part by using a saw or a pruning shear, wherein the cut is smooth, cutting 2-3 mm of edge xylem at an angle of 45 degrees from bottom to top on one side of the edge of the cut of a middle anvil by using a grafting knife, the width is about the diameter of a scion, longitudinally cutting a cut in parallel along the junction of the phloem and the xylem of the stock by using the grafting knife, the cut is preferably just seen white xylem, the length of the cut is 1.3-1.7cm longer than that of a bud slice, and the width of the cut is equal to or slightly wider than that of the bud slice;

selecting a branch with a fully mature bud as a scion, wherein one diamond-shaped surface of the scion faces upwards, and cutting the branch into short cut surfaces at an angle of 45 degrees at a position 1-1.5 cm below the bud; turning the scion, making the plane upward, cutting off the cortex from the lower part of the bud by using the tip of a cutter to form a cut surface, wherein the cut surface is yellow-white, is not green, but is not white, and is flat, and the scion is cut by one cutter; then laterally turning the scions, cutting the scions at a position 1-1.5 cm above the buds, and respectively embedding the cut qualified scions into the cut positions of the rootstocks; ensuring that cambiums on one side of the rootstock are aligned and the direction of the scion is consistent with that of the rootstock, and binding the embedded scion and the rootstock by using a binding film; the scion and the rootstock are tightly combined, the wound part is not exposed, the joint position of the scion and the rootstock is correct, the scion and the rootstock slightly expose out of buds, the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests are enhanced after the buds sprout, and the top of the buds is picked up at the length of 12-18 cm.

5. The combination of rootstock and scion for improving the quality of the fruit of cocktail grapefruits according to claim 4, wherein the citrus variety is grapefruit.