CN115516135A - 经磨损保护覆层的构件以及用于对该经磨损保护覆层的构件进行覆层的方法 - Google Patents

经磨损保护覆层的构件以及用于对该经磨损保护覆层的构件进行覆层的方法 Download PDF

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CN115516135A
CN115516135A CN202180031804.6A CN202180031804A CN115516135A CN 115516135 A CN115516135 A CN 115516135A CN 202180031804 A CN202180031804 A CN 202180031804A CN 115516135 A CN115516135 A CN 115516135A
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component
layer
adhesion layer
steel
chromium
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B·曼德尔
H·格罗伊斯
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种经磨损保护覆层的构件(1)，所述构件由钢合金构成，所述构件尤其是燃料喷射系统的构件，所述构件的受摩擦负荷的表面至少部分地通过等离子体方法包覆有坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层(2)，所述磨损保护层施加在金属附着层(3)上，其中，所述金属附着层(3)施加在Fe缓冲层(4)上，所述Fe缓冲层施覆在所述构件(1)的表面上，以便将所述构件(1)的起扩散前沿作用的表面与所述附着层(3)分离。

Description

经磨损保护覆层的构件以及用于对该经磨损保护覆层的构件 进行覆层的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种经磨损保护覆层(Verschleiβschutzbeschichtet)的构件，所述构件由钢合金构成，所述构件尤其是燃料喷射系统的构件，所述构件的受摩擦负荷的表面至少部分地通过等离子体方法包覆(überzogen)有坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层，所述磨损保护层施加在金属附着层上。
本发明的应用领域尤其延伸到机动车技术、尤其是燃料喷射系统。所述燃料喷射器的通常由高合金钢构成的构件，例如燃料喷射器的阀座、在高压泵的情况下的滑动轴承部位和类似物，在运行时暴露在高压和摩擦应力下，使得在此引人关注的构件的受这种类型的高摩擦负荷的表面通常设有坚硬的磨损保护层，该磨损保护层尤其明显降低摩擦接触中的摩擦值。
这样的磨损保护层包含例如氮化铬、氮化钛或者DLC(类金刚石碳)。除了机动车技术外，所述磨损保护层还可以结合别的构件应用，例如在工具技术方面并且在这方面用作工具涂层。
背景技术
一般已知的用于将这种类型的磨损保护层沉积在构件表面上的方法，是PVD方法(PVD＝Physical Vapor Deposition，物理气相沉积)，该PVD方法主要可以根据真空电弧蒸发的原理工作。为了增加层结合力(Schichtanbindung)，通常使用由具有良好粘附性能的材料——例如铬——组成的附加的附着层作为中间层，该附加的附着层通常直接布置到钢构件的表面上、即布置在该钢构件与坚硬的磨损保护层之间。
由DE 10 2009 003 192 A1得知一种磨损保护层组件，该磨损保护层组件在PVD方法中优选在真空的情况下施加到构件的待保护的表面上。磨损保护层组件具有外侧的磨损保护层以及在构件的表面与磨损保护层之间的附着层，该磨损保护层由四面体结合的非晶碳形成或者具有一定比例的四面体结合的非晶碳。设置为中间层的附着层基本上由钛构成，此外具有至少一个抗氧化的元素。由此减小钛的高化学反应性，并且增加附着层中的抗氧化性，这有助于整个磨损保护组件的耐久性。在此，附着层也在PVD方法中施加。
如果待覆层的构件由高合金的、经硬化的、表面渗碳的或者渗氮的钢构成，则通过扩散过程在PVD覆层(Beschichtung)期间或者在构件运行中形成钢与附着层之间的界面上的附加的材料相位，所述附加的材料相位导致所谓的分层(Delamination)、即层脱落。不期望的扩散过程通过在构件的钢材料与附着层之间的界面上各个元素的浓度差来触发。如果附着层材料和扩散材料可以连接(verbinden)成稳定的相位，则产生附加的中间层；例如，在此，中间层中的钛与构件的钢材料的碳结合成碳化钛。即，并非有针对性地施覆(auftragen)该附加的中间层，而是通过合金元素或者构件的钢材料的硬化过程中的碳或氮在与附着层的界面上的扩散过程来产生。由此导致在附加的中间层中形成裂纹的问题，这在极端情况下最终可能导致上述分层。
因此，本发明的任务在于，以下述方式进一步改进根据本类属的类型的经磨损保护覆层的构件：借助简单的技术手段实现外侧的磨损保护层在高合金的、经硬化的或者经氮化的钢构件的表面本身上的可靠的层附着。
发明内容
该任务基于根据权利要求1前序部分所述的经磨损保护覆层的构件结合该权利要求的特征性特征来解决。关于用于构件的覆层的制造方法，参考权利要求6。权利要求9给出一种具有根据本发明的经磨损保护覆层的构件的燃料喷射系统作为优选的应用。各自相关的从属权利要求用于本发明的有利扩展。
本发明包含以下技术启示：在由钢合金构成的经磨损保护覆层的构件的情况下，该构件的受摩擦负荷的表面包覆有坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层，该磨损保护层施加在金属附着层上。该金属附着层又不直接施覆到构件上，而是施覆在Fe缓冲层(Fe＝Eisen，铁)上，该Fe缓冲层作为另外的中间层施覆在构件的表面上。
由此将构件的用作扩散前沿的表面与附着层分离，因此不必担心分层。因为，附加的铁层起扩散缓冲作用，并且吸收构件的钢材料的合金元素，使得铁与附着层之间的界面被保护以防形成附加的材料相位。
换言之，根据本发明，金属附着层结合在构件的先前施覆的Fe缓冲层上，使得来自钢材料的合金元素的扩散的浓度梯度存在于该钢材料与Fe缓冲层之间的过渡部上，而并非存在于附着层上。在此，Fe缓冲层选择得如此厚，使得扩散前沿在构件的整个使用寿命内始终保留在Fe缓冲层中。视构件材料和应用情况而定地，这可以借助用于Fe缓冲层的、优选在0.01与50μm之间的层厚度来保证。
由此，有利地在Fe缓冲层与附着层之间的界面上不再存在浓度梯度，使得不必担心分层。
根据用于构件材料的一种优选实施方式，可以考虑以下材料作为高合金的、经硬化的或者渗氮的钢：该材料从钢组中选择，该钢组包括铬钢、铬钼钢、铬钒钢、铬钼钒钢。例如，经磨损保护覆层的构件可以由渗氮的X40CrMoV5-1构成，该渗氮的X40CrMoV5-1可以用于燃料喷射器的部件或者类似物。
为了在此确保足够的外侧层硬度，该外侧的磨损保护层优选由四面体无氢非晶碳层(Ta-C)构成。
上述经磨损保护覆层的构件能够优选通过覆层方法来制造，该覆层方法包括下述步骤：
-提供由钢合金构成的构件，
-优选通过真空电弧蒸发将Fe缓冲层施覆到该构件的表面上，
-优选通过真空电弧蒸发将金属附着层施覆到Fe缓冲层上，
-优选通过反应性真空电弧蒸发将坚硬的磨损保护层施覆到金属附着层上。
所有施覆步骤可以在此在同一覆层机器中执行。优选地，借助PVD方法或者CVD方法(CVD＝Chemical Vapor Deposition，化学气相沉积)施覆所述层中的一部分，尤其是，脉冲式或非脉冲式真空电弧蒸发适合用于这一点。
金属附着层优选由高纯度的铬、钛、钨和/或钼构成。同样能够考虑由钛-铝或者类似物组成的混合物。该附着层增加坚硬的磨损保护层的耐久性，并且可以同样通过等离子体覆层自动化地在真空覆层机器中施加，为此目的，该真空覆层机器使附着层元素沉积。附着层也可以多层式地施加。
附图说明
改进本发明的其他措施在下文中与对本发明的优选实施例的描述一起根据附图更详细地示出。附图示出：
图1示出根据本发明的经磨损保护覆层的构件的示意性纵剖面，
图2示出用于对根据图1的构件进行覆层的方法步骤的流程计划。
具体实施方式
根据图1，在此仅示意性示出的构件1由硬化的高合金铬钼钢构成。硬化过程导致材料组构中的碳。构件1设有坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层2，该磨损保护层构造为一般已知的四面体无氢非晶碳层并且在这方面形成用于构件1的受摩擦负荷的表面的保护。
坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层2施加在由高纯度的铬构成的金属附着层3上。该金属附着层3又施加在Fe缓冲层4上，该Fe缓冲层施覆在构件1的表面上。通过Fe缓冲层4将构件1的起扩散前沿作用的表面与附着层3分离，以便防止分层。具体而言，在此来自构件1的钢合金的碳不能够与附着层3中的铬连接成碳化铬，由碳化铬会产生附加的材料相位，该附加的材料相位会由于裂纹形成导致分层。取而代之地，扩散过程完全在Fe缓冲层4中进行，使得构件1的合金元素不能够渗透(Vordringen)直至附着层3。
根据图2，借助根据本发明进行抵抗的磨损保护来对构件1进行覆层，其方式是，在步骤A中首先提供由钢合金构成的构件1。随后，在步骤B中，将Fe缓冲层4通过等离子体方法沉积到构件1的表面上。随后，在步骤C中，将金属附着层3通过等离子体方法施覆到Fe缓冲层4上。最后，在步骤D中，将外侧的、坚硬的磨损保护层2通过等离子体方法施覆到金属附着层3上。
在该实施例中，在提供纯净状态中的构件1之后，Fe缓冲层4、金属附着层3以及坚硬的磨损保护层2的施覆通过借助作为等离子体方法的PVD方法进行的沉积在同一PVD机器中实现，具体而言通过真空电弧蒸发。
本发明不限于上述优选实施例。相反，能够考虑该优选实施例的变型，所述变型一起包含在下述权利要求的保护范围中。因此，例如也可能的是，替代真空电弧蒸发器，还使用别的用于将层构造施覆到构件的表面上的等离子体覆层方法。该构件也可以由上文给出的钢组的别的高合金钢构成，该高合金钢是经硬化的、渗碳的或者渗氮的，以便实现用于优选在燃料喷射系统的框架中出现的摩擦负载的高构件强度。

Claims (9)

1.一种经磨损保护覆层的构件(1)，所述构件由钢合金构成，所述构件尤其是燃料喷射系统的构件，所述构件的受摩擦负荷的表面至少部分地通过等离子体方法包覆有坚硬的、外侧的磨损保护层(2)，所述磨损保护层施加在金属附着层(3)上，
其特征在于，所述金属附着层(3)施加在Fe缓冲层(4)上，所述Fe缓冲层施覆在所述构件(1)的表面上，以便将所述构件(1)的起扩散前沿作用的表面与所述附着层(3)分离。
2.根据权利要求1所述的构件(1)，
其特征在于，施覆有具有在0.01与50微米之间的厚度的Fe缓冲层(4)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的构件(1)，
其特征在于，所述金属附着层(3)由高纯度的铬、钛、钼和/或钨构成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的构件(1)，
其特征在于，所述构件实施为合金的、高合金的、经硬化的、渗碳的或者渗氮的钢，所述钢从以下钢组中选择，所述钢组包括：铬钢、铬钼钢、铬钒钢、铬钼钒钢。
5.根据权利要求1所述的构件(1)，
其特征在于，所述外侧的磨损保护层(2)构造为四面体无氢非晶碳层(ta-C)或者构造为由氮化铬、氮化钛或者氮化铝构成的层。
6.一种用于对根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的构件(1)进行覆层的方法，所述方法包括下述步骤：
-提供(A)由钢合金构成的构件(1)，
-将Fe缓冲层(4)施覆(B)到所述构件(1)的表面上，
-将金属附着层(3)施覆(C)到所述Fe缓冲层(4)上，
-将坚硬的磨损保护层(2)施覆(D)到所述金属附着层(3)上。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其特征在于，借助PVD方法或者CVD方法施覆所述Fe缓冲层(4)、所述金属附着层(3)和/或所述坚硬的磨损保护层(2)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，
其特征在于，通过真空电弧蒸发执行所述施覆。
9.一种机动车的燃料喷射系统，所述燃料喷射系统具有受摩擦负载的、根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的至少一个经磨损保护覆层的构件(1)。
CN202180031804.6A 2020-04-30 2021-04-23 经磨损保护覆层的构件以及用于对该经磨损保护覆层的构件进行覆层的方法 Pending CN115516135A (zh)

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