CN115502536A - Low-stress electron beam welding method for closed curve welding seam - Google Patents
Low-stress electron beam welding method for closed curve welding seam Download PDFInfo
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- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 214
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0053—Seam welding
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0026—Auxiliary equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0033—Preliminary treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Abstract
The invention relates to a low-stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve welding seam, which comprises the following steps of: designing corresponding welding track schemes according to different closed curve welding seam forms; placing a workpiece in a vacuum chamber, vacuumizing to a first set vacuum degree, and preheating; after the vacuum pumping is continued to the second set vacuum degree, welding the workpiece according to a preset track, and preserving heat of the rest parts of the welding line of the workpiece; after welding, cooling the workpiece to room temperature, then vacuumizing, and carrying out X-ray detection on the workpiece; wherein, the starting arc section and the closing arc section in the preset track are both positioned outside the track of the welding section. The low-stress electron beam welding method of the closed curve welding line aims to solve the problem that the closed curve welding line is easy to generate welding defects in the welding process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electron beam machining, in particular to a low-stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve welding seam.
Background
The electron beam welding is one of the welding methods commonly used in the aerospace field because of its advantages of pure weld, large depth-to-width ratio, precise and controllable energy, etc. Materials such as high-strength titanium alloy, ultrahigh-strength steel, intermetallic compounds and the like have high quenching tendency and high brittleness, and are different from welding of straight-line welding seams in welding of closed-curve welding seams, and the stress distribution is complex. Not only have circumference and radial stress that sharp hot rapid cooling arouses in the welding process, still have the restraint stress that the assembly was fixed and is produced, the residual stress that the welding process accumulation produced, these three kinds of stresses are very easily caused defects such as crackle in the release process after the welding. At present, the main stress relief method adopted for the closed curve welding seam of the material is postweld heat treatment, and residual stress is eliminated through local plastic deformation in the material.
For materials with high crack sensitivity, reducing stress generated in the welding process is the key for reducing the generation probability of cracks, the residual stress generated in the welding process is removed by adopting postweld heat treatment at present, the mode cannot avoid the generation of cracks in the welding process, and reheat cracks possibly occur along with the release of the stress in the heat treatment process. For closed curve welds with higher overall stress levels, the likelihood of crack initiation is greatly increased.
Accordingly, the inventors provide a low stress electron beam welding method of closed curve welds.
Disclosure of Invention
(1) Technical problem to be solved
The embodiment of the invention provides a low-stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve welding seam, which solves the technical problem that the closed curve welding seam is easy to generate welding defects in the welding process.
(2) Technical scheme
The invention provides a low-stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve welding seam, which comprises the following steps of:
designing corresponding welding track schemes according to different closed curve welding seam forms;
placing a workpiece in a vacuum chamber, vacuumizing to a first set vacuum degree, and preheating;
after the vacuum pumping is continued to a second set vacuum degree, welding the workpiece according to a preset track, and preserving the heat of the rest parts of the workpiece;
after welding, cooling the workpiece to room temperature, then vacuumizing, and carrying out X-ray detection on the workpiece;
and the starting arc section and the ending arc section in the preset track are both positioned outside the track of the welding section.
Further, the workpiece is placed in a vacuum chamber, is vacuumized to a first set vacuum degree and then is preheated, and the preheating method specifically comprises the following steps:
and assembling the workpiece and the heating system in the vacuum chamber, controlling the heating element to preheat the workpiece when the vacuum chamber is vacuumized to the first vacuum degree, and simultaneously moving the workpiece at a set speed according to the preset track by the workpiece following motion system so as to enable the temperature of the workpiece to rise and be kept at the set temperature.
Further, the first set vacuum degree is less than 5 × 10 -1 Pa。
Further, the second set vacuum degree is less than 5 × 10 -2 Pa。
Furthermore, the acceleration voltage of the welding parameters is 90kV to 150kV, and the focusing current is 1360 to 2590mA.
Furthermore, the welding beam current in the welding parameters is 3 mA-50 mA, and the welding speed is 2 mm/s-10 mm/s.
Further, the arc starting section and the welding section, and the welding section and the arc ending section are transited through transition regions.
And further, when welding defects exist, performing repair welding on the local position of the workpiece.
Furthermore, the starting arc section and the ending arc section during repair welding are both positioned on a process test plate, and the process test plate is fixed on the workpiece.
And further, performing heat preservation on the rest parts of the welding line of the workpiece during repair welding.
(3) Advantageous effects
In conclusion, the invention adopts a reasonable welding track design and an arc starting section design mode, and is matched with a local heating device in a vacuum chamber, so that the thermal stress caused by weld metal melting and uneven heating in the welding process is reduced, the welding requirement of a complex closed curve weld joint structural member can be realized, the welding quality of materials such as high-strength titanium alloy, ultrahigh-strength steel, intermetallic compounds and the like can be effectively improved, the reduction of the welding stress is beneficial to improving the surface forming of the weld joint, reducing the welding thermal stress and residual stress, reducing the probability of crack generation and improving the structure performance of a joint. The method has important significance for improving the welding quality of the closed curve welding seam, and is suitable for the fields of aviation, aerospace, ships and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required to be used in the embodiments of the present invention will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a front view of a typical closed curve weld trace;
FIG. 2 is a left side view of a typical closed curve weld trace;
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a low stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve weld joint according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a closed curve weld trace provided in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a front view of a closed curve seam welding process test panel provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a top view of a closed curve seam welding process test panel according to embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a front view of a closed curve seam welding tool provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
fig. 8 is a structural top view of a closed curve weld seam welding tool provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a repair welding track for a closed curve weld defect provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view of a defective repair welding track of another closed curve welding seam provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a closed curve weld trace provided in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a front view of a closed curve seam welding process test panel according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a top view of a closed curve seam welding process test panel according to embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 14 is a front structural view of a closed curve weld joint welding tool provided in embodiment 2 of the present invention;
fig. 15 is a structural plan view of a closed curve seam welding tool provided in embodiment 2 of the present invention.
In the figure:
1-closed curve weld; 2-an arcing section; 3-welding a section; 4-arc closing section; 5-a workpiece to be processed; 6-technological test plate; 7-a heating device; 8-a heating element; 9-a control system; 10-weld defects; 11-repair welding track.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples. The following detailed description of the embodiments and the accompanying drawings are provided to illustrate the principles of the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, i.e., the invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but covers any modifications, alterations and improvements in the parts, components and connection means, without departing from the spirit of the invention.
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in fig. 1-2, when the parts are made of high-strength titanium alloy, ultra-high-strength steel or intermetallic compound, the main problems and difficulties of electron beam welding for closed curve weld seams are as follows:
welding stress and restraint stress caused by assembly exist simultaneously in the welding process, and reheating cracks are easily generated in the postweld heat treatment releasing process of the caused stress;
the arc starting area and the arc ending area are welded, because the beam current change of the electron beam is severe, the energy difference before and after the beam current is large in the welding process, the local thermal stress is high, and the welding crack defect is easy to occur in the materials after twice remelting and solidification processes in a short time;
when the closed curve welding seam performs repair welding aiming at defects, the defects at local positions need to be subjected to repair welding along an original track according to the sequence of arc starting, welding and arc ending, and the remelting at the local positions of the welding seam can also cause the generation of new cracks.
FIG. 3 is a schematic flow chart of a low stress electron beam welding method for a closed curve weld joint according to an embodiment of the present invention, which may include the following steps:
s100, designing corresponding welding track schemes according to different closed curve welding seam forms;
s200, placing the workpiece in a vacuum chamber, vacuumizing to a first set vacuum degree, and preheating;
s300, after the vacuum pumping is continued to the second set vacuum degree, welding the workpiece according to a preset track, and preserving heat of the rest parts of the workpiece;
s400, cooling the workpiece to room temperature after welding, then vacuumizing, and carrying out X-ray detection on the workpiece;
wherein, the starting arc section and the closing arc section in the preset track are both positioned outside the track of the welding section.
In the above embodiment, the welding method is designed for plane curve or rotating trajectory electron beam welding as follows: for a specific closed curve form, as shown in fig. 4 and 9, the arc starting section and the arc ending section are designed outside the closed curve track separately in the welding track, the welding track is welded in sequence according to the sequence of the arc starting section → the welding section → the arc ending section, the tracks of the arc starting section and the welding section and the tracks of the welding section and the arc ending section are transited through a transition area, and the width d of the transition area is designed according to the parameter change degree. Since the arc starting section and the arc ending section are not positioned at the welding seam, a process test plate 6 is required to be arranged in the area before welding. The process test plate 6 is designed as shown in fig. 5-6, and enough margin needs to be reserved in the corresponding area and removed through machining after welding.
The method comprises the following steps of designing a corresponding welding track scheme according to the characteristics of a closed curve welding seam, designing an arc starting area and an arc ending area in an area outside the welding seam, reducing the fluctuation of process parameters of the welding area, greatly reducing the area of repeated welding of an annular welding seam, improving the uniformity of welding seam tissues and reducing the probability of forming defects; the welding track design scheme can also be used for repair welding of the closed curve welding seam defects, and the special welding track is designed according to the positions of the defects so as to realize accurate repair welding of the defects in the welding seam;
in order to reduce the temperature gradient in the welding process and the thermal stress caused by welding, the unwelded area is continuously heated and insulated in the welding process, and the probability of welding defects such as cracks, air holes and the like is reduced; in order to avoid the influence of an electromagnetic field formed after the heating belt is electrified, an electromagnetic protection baffle is arranged between the heating belt and an electron beam acting area, and the electron beam is ensured to complete welding in an environment without electromagnetic interference.
As an optional implementation manner, in step S100, the workpiece is placed in a vacuum chamber, and is preheated after being vacuumized to a first set vacuum degree, specifically:
and assembling the workpiece and the heating system in the vacuum chamber, controlling the heating element to preheat the workpiece when the vacuum chamber is vacuumized to a first vacuum degree, and simultaneously moving the workpiece at a set speed along a preset track by the workpiece following motion system to enable the temperature of the workpiece to rise and be kept at the set temperature.
As an alternative embodiment, the first set vacuum is less than 5 × 10 -1 Pa. The selection of the vacuum degree belongs to the conventional design, and is not described herein.
As an alternative embodiment, the second set vacuum is less than 5 × 10 -2 Pa. The selection of the vacuum degree belongs to the conventional design, and is not described herein.
In an alternative embodiment, the acceleration voltage is 90kV to 150kV and the focusing current is 1360 to 2590mA. The selection of the accelerating voltage and the focusing current is a conventional design, and will not be described herein.
As an optional embodiment, the welding beam current in the welding parameters is 3 mA-50 mA, and the welding speed is 2 mm/s-10 mm/s. The selection of the welding beam current and the welding speed belongs to a conventional design, and is not described herein.
In an alternative embodiment, the arc starting section and the welding section, and the welding section and the arc ending section are transited by a transition region. The transition area is in a smooth transition mode generally, welding parameters of the transition area are kept consistent with welding parameters of welding seams, and the transition area is gradually transited to an arc striking area/arc closing area, so that welding defects caused by welding parameter fluctuation in the transition area are avoided.
As an alternative embodiment, when a welding defect exists, the local position of the workpiece is subjected to repair welding. The method comprises the following steps of welding, repairing and welding, wherein accurate repairing welding is carried out aiming at defects generated by welding, and new welding defects are prevented from occurring in the repairing welding process.
As an optional implementation mode, the starting arc section and the ending arc section during repair welding are both positioned on a process test plate, and the process test plate is fixed on a workpiece. Specifically, the process test plate is arranged to facilitate the independent arrangement of the arc starting section and the arc ending section in the area outside the welding seam.
As an optional implementation mode, the rest parts of the welding seams of the workpieces are subjected to heat preservation during repair welding. The rest areas of the workpiece are continuously heated and insulated in the repair welding process, so that the temperature gradient in the repair welding process and the thermal stress caused by welding are reduced, and the probability of generating welding defects is reduced.
Example 1: plane closed curve weld
In this embodiment, two 30 crmnseni 2A ultra-high strength steel flat plates shown in fig. 6 are welded, the welding thickness is 9mm, the size of the flat plate is 300 × 400mm, and as shown in fig. 4-10, the specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) Polishing, cleaning and assembling a workpiece 5 to be processed, wherein a welding gap is ensured to be less than 0.1mm during assembly;
(2) Designing a track aiming at a closed curve welding seam form, dividing an arc starting section 2, a welding section 3 and an arc ending section 4 (shown in figure 4), wherein the width d =3mm of a transition zone;
(3) Installing a local heating device: fixing a heating device 7 on the wall of the vacuum chamber, and adjusting the distance between the heating device and the flat plate according to the size of the flat plate;
(4) Loading a workpiece 5 to be processed into a vacuum chamber of an electron beam welding machine, closing a door of the vacuum chamber, and starting vacuumizing;
(5) Before welding, starting a heating device 7 to preheat a workpiece 5 to be processed, keeping the workpiece to move according to a preset track in the step (2) in the heating process, wherein the moving speed is 2mm/s, the preheating target temperature is 400 ℃, and the preheating time is 90min;
(6) Loading an accelerating voltage to 90kV after the pressure of the vacuum chamber meets the welding requirement, and starting spot welding after the accelerating voltage is stable; during spot welding, the focusing current is adjusted to 1468mA, and the beam current of the spot welding is not more than 5mA; then, the focusing current is adjusted to 1575mA, sealing welding is carried out at the speed of 10mm/s according to the preset track in the step (2), and the electron beam current is controlled to be 7mA; after sealing welding, welding is carried out by using an electron beam of 34.5mA and a track with the same speed of 10mm/s, and a heating device keeps working in the welding process, so that the temperature of a workpiece is maintained to be more than 400 ℃;
(7) After welding, the workpiece is kept to continuously move at the speed of 2mm/s according to the welding track, and the heating device 7 is used for continuously carrying out slow cooling and heat preservation on the workpiece after welding, so that the temperature of the workpiece is slowly reduced to the room temperature after 5 hours;
(8) And after the slow cooling is finished, the vacuum is unloaded, and the part is taken out of the vacuum chamber for welding quality detection. The X-ray detection result shows that two crack defects appear at the welding seam, the repair welding track is designed according to the graph shown in FIGS. 9-10, the workpiece is re-installed in the vacuum chamber to be re-welded according to the designed repair welding track, and the heating device 7 is started to maintain the temperature of the workpiece to be more than 400 ℃ during welding;
(9) And after the repair welding is finished, the workpiece is taken out to carry out welding quality detection again, and the original cracks are completely eliminated after the repair welding, so that the HB first-level welding seam quality standard is achieved.
Example 2: rotating circular curve weld
This example uses two pieces of Ti of 400mm diameter and 3mm thickness 2 AlNb rings, nominally consisting of Ti-22Al-27Nb, are described in FIGS. 11-15, with the following steps:
(1) Polishing, cleaning and assembling a workpiece 5 to be processed, wherein a welding gap is ensured to be less than 0.1mm during assembly;
(2) Designing a track according to a closed curve welding seam form, dividing an arc section 2, a welding section 3 and an arc closing section 4 (as shown in fig. 9), wherein the width d of a transition zone is =5mm;
(3) Installing a local heating device: fixing a heating device 7 on the wall of the vacuum chamber, and adjusting the distance between the heating device and the flat plate according to the size of the flat plate;
(4) Loading a workpiece 5 to be processed into a vacuum chamber of an electron beam welding machine, closing a door of the vacuum chamber, and starting vacuumizing;
(5) Before welding, a heating device 7 is started to preheat a workpiece 5 to be processed, the workpiece is kept to move according to a preset track in the step (2) in the heating process, the moving speed is 1.5mm/s, the preheating target temperature is 600 ℃, and the preheating time is 180min;
(6) Loading an accelerating voltage to 120kV after the pressure of the vacuum chamber meets the welding requirement, and starting spot welding after the accelerating voltage is stable; during spot welding, the focusing current is adjusted to 1724mA, and the beam current of the spot welding is not more than 5mA; then, the focusing current is adjusted to 1968mA, sealing welding is carried out at the speed of 8mm/s according to the track of a teaching program, and the electron beam current is controlled at 5mA; after sealing welding is finished, welding is carried out at the speed of 8mm/s by using an electron beam current of 25 mA; the heating device 7 keeps working in the welding process, so that the temperature of the workpiece is maintained above 600 ℃;
(7) After welding, the workpiece is kept to continuously move at the speed of 1.5mm/s according to the welding track, and the heating device 7 is used for continuously carrying out slow cooling and heat preservation on the workpiece after welding, so that the temperature of the workpiece is slowly reduced to the room temperature after 5 hours;
(8) And after the slow cooling is finished, the vacuum is unloaded, the part is taken out of the vacuum chamber for welding quality detection, and the X-ray detection result shows that the quality of the welding seam reaches HB first-grade welding seam quality standard.
It should be clear that the embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, and the same or similar parts in the embodiments are referred to each other, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from the other embodiments. The present invention is not limited to the specific steps and structures described above and shown in the drawings. Also, a detailed description of known process techniques is omitted herein for the sake of brevity.
The above are merely examples of the present application and are not intended to limit the present application. Numerous modifications and variations could be made to the present disclosure by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of the claims of the present application.
Claims (10)
1. A low stress electron beam welding method of a closed curve weld is characterized by comprising the following steps:
designing corresponding welding track schemes according to different closed curve welding seam forms;
placing a workpiece in a vacuum chamber, vacuumizing to a first set vacuum degree, and preheating;
after the vacuum pumping is continued to a second set vacuum degree, welding the workpiece according to a preset track, and preserving the heat of the rest parts of the workpiece;
after welding, cooling the workpiece to room temperature, then vacuumizing, and carrying out X-ray detection on the workpiece;
and the starting arc section and the ending arc section in the preset track are both positioned outside the track of the welding section.
2. The low-stress electron beam welding method for the closed curve weld according to claim 1, characterized in that the workpiece is placed in a vacuum chamber and preheated after being vacuumized to a first set vacuum degree, specifically:
and assembling the workpiece and the heating system in the vacuum chamber, controlling the heating element to preheat the workpiece when the vacuum chamber is vacuumized to the first vacuum degree, and simultaneously moving the workpiece at a set speed according to the preset track by the workpiece following motion system so as to enable the temperature of the workpiece to rise and be kept at the set temperature.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the first set vacuum is less than5×10 -1 Pa。
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the second set vacuum is less than 5 x 10 -2 Pa。
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the acceleration voltage is 90kV to 150kV and the focusing current is 1360 to 2590mA.
6. The method for low stress electron beam welding of closed curve weld joint according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that the welding beam current in the welding parameters is 3 mA-50 mA, and the welding speed is 2 mm/s-10 mm/s.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the start-up section transitions from the welding section and the welding section transitions from the welding section to the run-out section through a transition zone.
8. The method of closed curve seam welding with low stress electron beam according to claim 1, wherein the local position of the workpiece is repaired when the welding defect exists.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the start and end arc sections during the repair welding are located on a process test plate secured to the workpiece.
10. The closed curve seam low stress electron beam welding process of claim 8 wherein the remainder of the workpiece is held warm during repair welding.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116441696A (en) * | 2023-06-19 | 2023-07-18 | 中国航发成都发动机有限公司 | Vacuum electron beam welding method and clamping device for stator assembly of aero-engine |
| CN116673581A (en) * | 2023-07-28 | 2023-09-01 | 中国航空制造技术研究院 | Welding method for plane sector-shaped closed weld joint, terminal equipment and storage medium |
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