CN115462449A - 一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法 - Google Patents
一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:(1)将风干油菜秸秆切至2~3 cm;(2)将油菜秸秆和豆腐渣按干物质基础的重量比2:1充分混匀后,装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60 d,即得油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草。本发明操作简单,原料易得,成本低廉,促进了农业资源和加工副产品资源的利用,具有工业化生产的潜力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业技术领域,涉及农业资源利用,农产品加工和环境保护,具体涉及一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法。
背景技术
油菜是我国五大油料作物之首,其全身均有较高的利用价值,油菜花可用作观赏,油菜籽是食用菜籽油的榨取原料,油菜秸秆则可作为粗饲料资源。2020年全国油菜总播种面积达到6765000公顷,主要分布于河南、四川、湖南、湖北和内蒙等地,油菜秸秆产量估算为4049.24万吨,可收集量约为3441.85万吨。油菜秸秆属于大宗农业副产物资源,营养价值好并具有可再生性,但油菜秸秆存在质地坚硬、体积大和适口性差等缺陷,通常作为废弃物丢弃或焚烧,造成了资源的浪费和严峻的环境污染问题。我国反刍家畜养殖业对粗饲料有巨大的需求,急需提高现有粗饲料资源的饲用价值并开发出质优、价廉、量大的非常规饲料以保证畜牧业快速、稳定以及可持续发展。我们迫切需要利用相关技术软化油菜秸秆,提高其适口性和营养价值。研究表明黄贮是提高秸秆营养和利用价值的有效手段,但秸秆类饲料含水量、可溶性糖和有益微生物含量均较低,在黄贮过程中易发酵变质,最终导致失败。豆腐渣是豆制品生产过程中的副产物,其蛋白含量高,但因含水量较高,不易保存,饲料化程度低。通过与干秸秆进行混贮是保存高水分含量的农业加工副产物如废弃的蔬菜、番茄皮和酒渣等的有效手段。但目前未见有关油菜秸秆和豆腐渣进行混贮的报道,因此将油菜秸秆和豆腐渣混贮或许可达到有效保存和饲料化利用豆腐渣,并提高油菜秸秆饲用价值的目的。
发明内容
本发明旨在促进油菜秸秆和豆腐渣的饲料化利用,提供一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案为:
所述制备油菜秸秆与豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干油菜秸秆切至2~3cm;
(2)将油菜秸秆和豆腐渣按干物质基础的重量比2:1充分混匀后,装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60d,即得油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草。
优选地,油菜秸秆和豆腐渣混合后的水分含量控制在60%~65%。
下面对本发明作进一步说明:
本发明中,油菜秸秆和豆腐渣的添加比例控制为2:1(干物质基础),以调节混贮水分含量在60%~65%左右,以弥补油菜秸秆蛋白质含量低的缺陷、提高油菜秸秆和营养和饲用价值、有效保存豆腐渣,并最简化油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的制作工艺。利用豆腐渣的高水分和高蛋白,以干物质比(油菜秸秆:豆腐渣)=2:1比例混合,刚好可调节水分至60%左右,不需要额外加水,最大限度的使用了油菜秸秆。
混贮后油菜秸秆和豆腐渣的发酵品质良好,主要表现为质地柔软,酸香舒适,较低的pH和丁酸含量,及高乳酸和乙酸含量。本发明采用油菜秸秆与豆腐渣混合饲草(油菜秸秆:豆腐渣=2:1<质量比>,干物质基础)作为对照组,以油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草为试验组,探究混贮对其营养和利用价值的影响。结果表明试验组的粗蛋白和中性洗涤可溶物含量显著升高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量则显著降低。体外发酵结果表明,试验组的干物质降解率显著高于对照组,其体外72h的氢气总产量和氢气浓度显著低于对照组。虽然对照组和试验组的体外瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量无差异,但混贮改变了瘤胃发酵途径,降低了其乙酸摩尔比例,导致试验组乙丙比显著低于对照组,并促进了丁酸和戊酸的生成。
另外,本发明之所以选择油菜秸秆,还有个重要原因是发明人还曾尝试过水稻秸秆,但是混贮未达到提升两者混贮营养和利用价值的目的。
总之,混贮后的油菜秸秆豆腐渣提质效果明显,是提高油菜秸秆营养和利用价值,以及有效保存豆腐渣的有效手段,可促进农作物秸秆资源和农业加工副产物的饲料化利用,为反刍家畜生产提供优质粗饲料;同时,本发明操作简单,原料易得,成本低廉,具有工业化生产的潜力。
附图说明
图1为油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草产品,发酵后该产品质地柔软、松散不粘手,颜色黄亮,气味酸香舒适。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。下述实施例中的定量试验,均设置三次重复实验,结果取平均值。实施例中以油菜秸秆与豆腐渣混合饲草(油菜秸秆:豆腐渣=2:1<质量比>,干物质基础)作为对照组,以油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草为试验组。
实施例1
所述制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干油菜秸秆切至2~3cm。
(2)取600g油菜秸秆,1400g豆腐渣,充分混匀,放入真空自封袋中,压实,抽真空并密封,置于20~25℃,厌氧发酵45~60d。
(3)发酵结束后,打开真空袋,即得油菜秸秆-豆腐渣混贮产品。采取样品对其发酵后的pH、乳酸、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量进行测定。
(4)采集部分对照组和试验组样品经烘干、粉粹和过筛后用于常规养分测定(干物质,粗蛋白,中性洗涤纤维,酸性洗涤纤维和粗灰分),中性洗涤可溶物(g/kg,干物质基础)=1000-中性洗涤纤维(g/kg,干物质基础),半纤维素(g/kg,干物质基础)=中性洗涤纤维(g/kg,干物质基础)-酸性洗涤纤维(g/kg,干物质基础)。
由图1可知,油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合发酵后,呈黄绿色,酸香适宜,质地柔软松散。由表1可知,混贮后油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草的发酵品质良好,主要表现为发酵液的低pH和丁酸含量,及较高的乳酸和乙酸含量。对照组和试验组的营养成分比对可知(表2),混贮后的油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的营养价值有所提升,主要表现为混贮后的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著降低,中性洗涤可溶物和粗蛋白含量显著升高。
表1混贮后油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草的发酵指标测定
表2混贮对油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草营养成分的影响
实施例2
体外模拟瘤胃发酵试验
试验步骤1:
人工瘤胃液的配制:于晨饲前采集新鲜瘤胃液于预先充满CO2的保温瓶中,4层脱脂棉纱布过滤后,与通满二氧化碳的缓冲液按1:4比例混合均匀配置成人工瘤胃液,整个过程一直通入CO2以保持厌氧环境,温度控制在39.5℃。分别称取1.0g对照组和试验组样品于150ml厌氧发酵瓶中,并加入60ml人工瘤胃液,整个过程持续通入二氧化碳以保持厌氧环境,每个处理6个平行,后利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备进行发酵72h。试验重复3批次进行,以保证数据结论的可靠性。
试验步骤2:发酵72h内实时监测气体总产量,自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备的排气压力设置为10.0kPa,释放的气体自动进入气相色谱仪进行CH4和H2浓度的测定。
试验步骤3:发酵结束后,取部分发酵液用于测定pH、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮以及微生物蛋白,剩余的发酵液经抽滤后用于干物质降解率测定。
试验结果:由表3可知,试验组的体外干物质降解率较对照组提高了12.1%,72h氢气总产量和氢气产气速率均显著低于对照组。由表4可知,混贮后体外发酵生成的乙酸含量显著降低,丁酸和戊酸含量则显著升高。
体外模拟瘤胃发酵试验表明混贮提高了油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草的利用价值,具备成为反刍家畜优质粗饲料资源的潜能。
表3混贮对油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草体外产气和干物质消失率的影响
表4混贮对油菜秸秆豆腐渣混合饲草体外瘤胃发酵参数影响
Claims (2)
1.一种制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干油菜秸秆切至2~3 cm;
(2)将油菜秸秆和豆腐渣按干物质基础的重量比2:1充分混匀后,装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25 ℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60 d,即得油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草。
2.如权利要求1所述的制备油菜秸秆豆腐渣混贮饲草的方法,其特征在于,油菜秸秆和豆腐渣混合后的水分含量控制在60%~65%。
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