CN115452180B - High-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement method and measurement device - Google Patents
High-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement method and measurement device Download PDFInfo
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- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
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- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
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- 229910001006 Constantan Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of high-enthalpy airflow parameter diagnosis and measurement in a ground wind tunnel test, in particular to a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement method and a measurement device. According to the measuring method, the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring, the circular foil induction element is arranged at one end of the heat sink body, a wire which is the same as the heat sink body in material is led out from the center of the circular foil induction element and the position which is 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil induction element and is away from the center, two temperature difference thermocouples are formed, two groups of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one group of temperature difference signals is used for calculating the actual heat flux density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flux and the heat flux calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained through pushing, the two groups of data are combined for calculation, and the airflow recovery temperature can be obtained.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of high-enthalpy airflow parameter diagnosis and measurement in a ground wind tunnel test, in particular to a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement method and a measurement device.
Background
In the ground wind tunnel test, the recovery temperature (recovery enthalpy) of the air flow is one of the most important parameters for the diagnostic measurement of the test air flow. In practical operation, the total enthalpy of the air flow is measured and determined, and then the recovery temperature mode is determined according to an empirical formula. For high enthalpy (greater than 3000K) gas flow, the enthalpy is difficult to be measured directly, indirect measurement methods are adopted, and 5 measurement methods are currently used: firstly, an energy balance method is to calculate the total input power of equipment by utilizing an energy balance principle and subtract cooling water to take away energy so as to obtain heat energy contained in air flow; secondly, measuring effective throat area, arc chamber pressure and air flow by using an equilibrium sound velocity flow method, and calculating by using approximate relation between the effective throat area, the arc chamber pressure and the air flow and the enthalpy value; thirdly, a probe method is adopted, namely, a standing point probe is utilized to collect the air flow of the small sample, and the air flow is directly measured after being cooled, and the temperature of the original air flow is calculated; fourthly, a stagnation point parameter method, namely measuring stagnation point pressure, stagnation point heat flow and head radius, and calculating by using approximate relation between the stagnation point pressure, the stagnation point heat flow and the head radius; fifthly, a spectrum method is adopted, namely, the light intensity of the incident light of the gas and the light intensity of the emitted light after absorption are measured by a spectrum instrument, and the temperature of the gas flow is obtained through inversion analysis.
The measurement method is difficult to ensure the accuracy and precision of the measurement results because of the superposition of measurement errors of various indirect parameters or the difference of applicable intervals or the difference of approximation relation, and the relative error between the measurement results is even more than 50%. This results in a greater uncertainty and lower reliability of the resulting recovery temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
First, the technical problem to be solved
The invention aims to provide a high-enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring method and a measuring device, which can improve the accuracy of measuring the high-enthalpy air flow recovery temperature, can also obtain the heat flux density at the same time, and reduce the cost and period of ground wind tunnel test flow field diagnosis.
(II) technical scheme
To achieve the above object, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement method, including the steps of:
the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring and comprises a round foil induction element, a heat sink body, a first wire, a second wire and a third wire, wherein the round foil induction element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the round foil induction element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the first wire, the second wire and the third wire are made of the same material as the heat sink body, the third wire is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first wire penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the center of the round foil induction element, one end of the second wire penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the round foil induction element and is arranged at intervals with the first wire, the first wire and the second wire form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire and the third wire form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between connecting points of the first wire and the second wire on the round foil induction element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the round foil induction element;
the thermoelectric voltages measured by the second thermoelectric couple and the first thermoelectric couple are E respectively 1 、E 2 The sensitivity coefficient S is obtained through the calibration of the radiant heat source 1 、S 2 The corresponding heat flux density is obtained as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flux density q 2 Is the actual heat flux density;
in the convection environment, the heat flux density q and the surface temperature T, the convection heat exchange coefficient h and the air flow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r The following relationship is satisfied:
q＝h(T r -T ) (3)
the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is deduced through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
wherein K is a constant;
when the distance between the connection points of the first wire and the second wire on the circular foil induction element is less than or equal to 1/5,S of the radius of the circular foil induction element 1 Smaller, is affected by convective heat transfer negligible, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to (1), (2) and (4):
calculating a convective heat transfer coefficient h according to formulas (1), (2) and (5); thermoelectric potential E measured by a first thermoelectric thermocouple 2 Obtaining the center temperature T of the round foil induction element 1 The gas flow recovery temperature is calculated according to equation (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
optionally, the round foil induction element is constantan material, and the heat sink body is copper material.
Optionally, the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil sensing element is:
wherein T is the temperature of the circular foil induction element at a certain moment r, r is the radial position of the circular foil induction element, ρ, c and L are the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the circular foil induction element respectively, and a is the thermal diffusivity; t (T) r And h is the convection heat transfer coefficient.
Optionally, the process of deriving the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity according to the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil sensing element is as follows:
and (3) carrying out homogenization on a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element and solving a separation variable, so as to obtain a solution containing a modified Bessel function, and obtaining the relative error of the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity by expanding the Bessel function, omitting higher order terms, omitting small amount and the like.
Optionally, the circular foil sensing element is flush with an outer edge of the heat sink body.
The invention also provides a high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring device, which comprises a round foil induction element, a heat sink body, a first wire, a second wire and a third wire, wherein the round foil induction element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the round foil induction element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the first wire, the second wire and the third wire are made of the same materials as the heat sink body, the third wire is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first wire passes through the heat sink body and is connected with the center of the round foil induction element, one end of the second wire passes through the heat sink body and is connected with the round foil induction element and is arranged with the first wire at intervals, the first wire and the second wire form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire and the third wire form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between connecting points of the first wire and the second wire on the round foil induction element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the round foil induction element.
Optionally, the round foil induction element is constantan material, and the heat sink body is copper material.
Optionally, the circular foil sensing element is flush with an outer edge of the heat sink body.
(III) beneficial effects
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages: according to the high-enthalpy airflow restoration temperature measurement method provided by the invention, the high-enthalpy airflow restoration temperature measurement device is used for measuring, the circular foil induction element of the measurement device is covered at one end of the heat sink body, one wire which is the same as the heat sink body in material is led out from the center of the circular foil induction element and the position which is 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil induction element from the center, so that two temperature difference thermocouples are formed, two groups of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one group of temperature difference signals is used for calculating the actual heat flow density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained through the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element, and the two groups of data are combined for calculation to obtain the airflow restoration temperature.
Drawings
The drawings of the present invention are provided for illustrative purposes only and the proportion and the number of the parts in the drawings do not necessarily coincide with the actual product.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a semi-section structure of a high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a semi-sectional structure of the conventional circular foil type heat flow sensor.
In the figure:
1: a circular foil inductive element; 2: a heat sink body; 3: a first wire; 4: a second wire; 5: a third wire;
6: constantan round foil; 7: a copper heat sink body; 8: copper leads; 9: copper wire.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement device, including a circular foil sensing element 1, a heat sink body 2, a first wire 3, a second wire 4 and a third wire 5, where the circular foil sensing element 1 and the heat sink body 2 are made of different materials, the heat sink body 2 is in a cylindrical structure, the circular foil sensing element 1 is covered at one end of the heat sink body 2 and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body 2, a reference thermocouple node is formed at the connection position, the materials of the first wire 3, the second wire 4 and the third wire 5 are the same as those of the heat sink body 2, the third wire 5 is connected with the heat sink body 2, one end of the first wire 3 passes through the heat sink body 2 and is connected with the center of the circular foil sensing element 1, one end of the second wire 4 passes through the heat sink body 2 and is connected with the circular foil sensing element 1, and is spaced from the first wire 3, the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 form a first temperature difference, the first wire 3 and the third wire 5 form a second temperature difference, the distance D between the connection points of the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 and the circular foil sensing element 1 on the heat sink body 1 is smaller than the radius D1/7, for example, and the distance D between the first wire and the second wire 4 is smaller than 1/7. More specifically, the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 have a spacing, i.e., are arranged in a non-contact manner. The distance between the second wire 4 and the first wire 3 is a linear distance, and the second wire 4 may be disposed at any position in the circumferential direction with the center of the first wire as a circle point and the set distance as a radius. The distance between the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 refers to the center distance of the two wires.
The high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring device in the embodiment is obtained by improving the structure and the function of a traditional circular foil type heat flow sensor.
Referring to fig. 2, the basic principle of a conventional circular foil type heat flow sensor is as follows: the constantan round foil 6 is arranged in the copper heat sink body 7, and the constantan round foil 6 and the constantan round foil are connected along the peripheral edge of the constantan round foil 6 to form a reference thermocouple junction, and a copper wire 9 is led out of the copper heat sink body 7, wherein the copper wire 9 and the copper heat sink body 7 are made of the same material. A copper lead wire 8 of the same material as the copper heat sink body 7 is connected to the center of the constantan round foil 6 to form another thermocouple junction. When the constantan round foil 6 is exposed to a uniform thermal environment, the constantan round foil 6 absorbs heat and is radially conducted to the copper heat sink body 7, a parabolic temperature gradient is formed between the center and the edge of the constantan round foil 6, and a potential difference is generated between the two, and the potential difference is proportional to the heat flow density. Therefore, the heat flow can be obtained by calculating the following formula only by measuring the output voltage of the thermocouple of the sensor:
q＝S·E
where q is the heat flux density, S is the sensitivity coefficient, and E is the thermocouple voltage. The sensitivity coefficient S is related to the radius, thickness and heat conductivity coefficient of the constantan round foil, and is usually determined after calibration in a radiation source due to errors in processing and manufacturing.
The traditional circular foil type heat flow sensor can be used for measuring heat flow density, but cannot realize air flow recovery temperature measurement, and the technical teaching of arranging two thermoelectric couples does not exist in the prior art.
In the high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring device in this embodiment, the circular foil induction element 1 is covered at one end of the heat sink body 2, a wire (a first wire 3 and a second wire 4) made of the same material as the heat sink body is led out from the center of the circular foil induction element 1 and the 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil induction element 1 from the center, the three wires form two temperature difference thermocouples (the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 form the first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire 3 and the third wire 5 form the second temperature difference thermocouple), two sets of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one set is used for calculating the actual heat flow density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained through the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element, the air flow recovery temperature can be obtained through combining the two sets of data calculation, and the setting support is provided for the measurement of the high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature.
In a preferred embodiment, the circular foil inductive element 1 is a constantan material and the heat sink body 2 is a copper material.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1, the circular foil induction element 1 is connected by a cover mode, and is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink 2, so that the assembly connection is more convenient.
The embodiment also provides a high enthalpy airflow enthalpy measurement method based on any high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement device.
In the measurement method, the thermoelectricity measured by the second thermoelectric couple and the first thermoelectric couple in the high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measurement device is E respectively 1 、E 2 The sensitivity coefficient S is obtained through the calibration of the radiant heat source 1 、S 2 The corresponding heat flux density is obtained as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flux density q 2 Is the actual heat flux density;
in the convection environment, when the high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring the convection heat flow, the incident heat flow no longer meets the assumption of uniform heat flow, and the value of the incident heat flow is related to the surface temperature and the convection heat exchange coefficient, namely, the heat flow density q is related to the surface temperature T, the convection heat exchange coefficient h and the air flow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r The following relationship is satisfied:
q＝h(T r -T ) (3)
the convective heat transfer is different from the radiant heat transfer, the convective heat transfer heat flow and the wall temperature are in a linear function relationship, and the wall temperature is uneven on the heated surface, so that the incident heat flow is uneven, and the sensor is directly used for measuring the convective heat flow to generate errors after being calibrated under the radiation condition.
The relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is deduced through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
where K is a constant.
It can be seen from equation (4) that the relative error is proportional to the calibration sensitivity coefficient and the convective heat transfer coefficient, so when using the high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measurement device to perform heat flow measurement with a large convective heat transfer coefficient, the sensor sensitivity coefficient should be designed to be smaller (i.e. the diameter of the circular foil sensing element is small) in theory, so as to reduce the error. In the solution of the present embodiment, the diameter of the circular foil induction element 1 can be designed to be larger, for example, 4mm, by two thermoelectric couples, and the second wire is led out from the center of the circular foil induction element 1 at a distance of 0.4 mm. And still be able to measure high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature with higher accuracy.
When the distance between the connection points of the first wire and the second wire on the circular foil sensing element is less than or equal to 1/5,S of the radius of the circular foil sensing element 1 Smaller, is affected by convective heat transfer negligible, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to formulae (1), (2) and (4):
calculating a convective heat transfer coefficient h according to formulas (1), (2) and (5); thermoelectric potential E measured by a first thermoelectric thermocouple 2 Obtaining the center temperature T of the round foil induction element 1 The gas flow recovery temperature is calculated according to equation (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
in a convection environment, the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is:
wherein T is the temperature of a radial position of the circular foil induction element at a certain moment, r is the radial position of the circular foil induction element, rho, c and L are the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the circular foil induction element respectively, and a is the thermal diffusivity; t (T) r And h is the convection heat transfer coefficient.
In one embodiment, the process of deriving the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity according to the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil sensing element in the convection environment is as follows:
and (3) carrying out homogenization on a heat transfer control equation and solving a separation variable, so as to obtain a solution containing a modified Bessel function, and obtaining the relative error of the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity by expanding the Bessel function, omitting higher-order terms, omitting small amount and the like.
The high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method improves accuracy of measuring the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature, can obtain surface heat flow and airflow recovery temperature at the same time, and greatly reduces cost and period of ground wind tunnel test flow field diagnosis.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention, and are not limiting; although the invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: not every embodiment contains only one independent technical scheme, and all technical features mentioned in every embodiment can be combined in any way to form other implementations which can be understood by those skilled in the art in case of no scheme conflict.
In addition, modifications may be made to the embodiments described in the foregoing, or equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention, so that the essence of the corresponding embodiments does not depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method for measuring the recovery temperature of a high enthalpy gas stream, comprising the steps of:
the high-enthalpy air flow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring and comprises a round foil induction element, a heat sink body, a first wire, a second wire and a third wire, wherein the round foil induction element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the round foil induction element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the first wire, the second wire and the third wire are made of the same material as the heat sink body, the third wire is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first wire penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the center of the round foil induction element, one end of the second wire penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the round foil induction element and is arranged at intervals with the first wire, the first wire and the second wire form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire and the third wire form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the radius of the first wire and the second wire on the induction element is smaller than or equal to the radius of the round foil element 1;
the second thermoelectric coupleAnd the thermoelectric voltages measured by the first thermoelectric couple are E respectively 1 、E 2 The sensitivity coefficient S is obtained through the calibration of the radiant heat source 1 、S 2 The corresponding heat flux density is obtained as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flux density q 2 Is the actual heat flux density;
in the convection environment, the heat flux density q and the surface temperature T, the convection heat exchange coefficient h and the air flow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r The following relationship is satisfied:
q＝h(T r -T) (3)
the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is deduced through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
wherein K is a constant;
when the distance between the connection points of the first wire and the second wire on the circular foil induction element is less than or equal to 1/5,S of the radius of the circular foil induction element 1 Smaller, is affected by convective heat transfer negligible, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to (1), (2) and (4):
calculating a convective heat transfer coefficient h according to formulas (1), (2) and (5); the thermoelectric potential E measured by the first thermoelectric couple 2 Obtaining the center temperature T of the round foil induction element 1 The gas flow recovery temperature is calculated according to equation (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
2. the high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement method of claim 1, wherein: the round foil induction element is made of constantan material, and the heat sink body is made of copper material.
3. The high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement method of claim 1, wherein: the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is as follows:
wherein T is the temperature of the circular foil induction element at a certain moment r, r is the radial position of the circular foil induction element, ρ, c and L are the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the circular foil induction element respectively, and a is the thermal diffusivity; t (T) r And h is the convection heat transfer coefficient.
4. A high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement method according to claim 3, characterized in that: the process of deriving the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity according to the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is as follows:
and (3) homogenizing a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element and solving a separation variable to obtain a solution containing a modified Bessel function, and obtaining the relative error of the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity by expanding the Bessel function, omitting a higher order term, omitting a small amount and the like.
5. The high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement method of claim 1, wherein: the circular foil sensing element is flush with an outer edge of the heat sink body.
6. A high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement device, comprising:
the circular foil induction element is of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the circular foil induction element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the materials of the first wire, the second wire and the third wire are the same as those of the heat sink body, the third wire is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first wire penetrates through the heat sink body and is connected with the center of the circular foil induction element, one end of the second wire penetrates through the heat sink body and is connected with the circular foil induction element and is arranged at intervals with the first wire, the first wire and the second wire form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire and the third wire form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between the first wire and the second wire and the circular foil induction element is smaller than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil induction element.
7. The high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement device of claim 6, wherein: the round foil induction element is made of constantan material, and the heat sink body is made of copper material.
8. The high enthalpy gas stream recovery temperature measurement device of claim 6, wherein: the circular foil sensing element is flush with an outer edge of the heat sink body.
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| CN115452180B true CN115452180B (en) | 2024-03-29 |
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