CN115452180A - High-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method and measuring device - Google Patents
High-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method and measuring device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of diagnosis and measurement of high-enthalpy airflow parameters in a ground wind tunnel test, in particular to a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method and a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device. The measuring method is characterized in that the measurement is carried out by a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device, a round foil sensing element of the measuring device is covered at one end of a heat sink body, a lead wire which is made of the same material as the heat sink body is respectively led out at the center of the round foil sensing element and at the position which is 1/5 of the radius of the round foil sensing element away from the center to form two thermoelectric couples, two groups of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one group of the thermoelectric couples is used for calculating the actual heat flow density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained, and the airflow recovery temperature can be obtained by combining two groups of data calculation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of diagnosis and measurement of high-enthalpy airflow parameters in a ground wind tunnel test, in particular to a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method and a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device.
Background
In a ground wind tunnel test, the air flow recovery temperature (recovery enthalpy) is one of the most important parameters for the diagnosis and measurement of test air flow. In practice, the total enthalpy of the gas flow is usually measured and determined, and then the temperature recovery mode is determined from the total enthalpy of the gas flow according to an empirical formula. While the enthalpy value of the airflow with high enthalpy (more than 3000K) is difficult to be directly measured, indirect measurement methods are adopted, and the currently more common measurement methods comprise 5 methods: the method comprises the following steps of firstly, utilizing an energy balance principle to calculate the total input power of equipment and subtract the energy carried by cooling water to obtain the heat energy contained in the airflow; the second is a balanced sonic flow method, namely measuring the effective throat area, the pressure of an arc chamber and the air flow, and calculating by using the approximate relational expression of the effective throat area, the pressure of the arc chamber and the air flow and the enthalpy value; thirdly, a probe method, namely, a stagnation point probe is used for collecting small sample airflow, the small sample airflow is directly measured after being cooled, and the original airflow temperature is calculated; fourthly, a stagnation point parameter method, namely, the stagnation point pressure, the stagnation point heat flow and the head radius are measured and calculated by utilizing an approximate relational expression of the stagnation point pressure, the stagnation point heat flow and the head radius and the enthalpy value; and fifthly, performing spectroscopy, namely measuring the incident light intensity and the emergent light intensity after absorption by using a spectrometer, and performing inversion analysis to obtain the temperature of the gas flow.
The accuracy and precision of the measurement result are difficult to guarantee and the relative error between the measurement method and the measurement method even exceeds 50 percent because of the superposition of measurement errors of various indirect parameters or because of different application intervals or different approximation degrees of the approximate relational expression. This results in a large uncertainty and low reliability of the resulting recovery temperature.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
The invention aims to provide a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method and a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device, which can improve the accuracy of measuring the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature, can also obtain the heat flow density at the same time, and reduces the cost and the period of ground wind tunnel test flow field diagnosis.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the above object, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measurement method, including the steps of:
the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring and comprises a circular foil sensing element, a heat sink body, a first lead, a second lead and a third lead, wherein the circular foil sensing element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the circular foil sensing element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the materials of the first lead, the second lead and the third lead are the same as those of the heat sink body, the third lead is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first lead penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the center of the circular foil sensing element, one end of the second lead penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the circular foil sensing element and is arranged at intervals with the first lead, the first lead and the second lead form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first lead and the third lead form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between connection points of the first lead and the second lead on the circular foil sensing element is smaller than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil sensing element;
the thermoelectric potentials measured by the second thermoelectric couple and the first thermoelectric couple are respectively E 1 、E 2 Respectively obtaining sensitivity coefficients S through calibration of a radiation heat source 1 、S 2 Then, the corresponding heat flux density is obtained as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flow density q 2 Actual heat flux density;
in a convection environment, the heat flow density q and the surface temperature T, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the airflow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r Satisfies the following relationship:
q＝h(T r -T ) (3)
and (3) deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibrated sensitivity through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment as follows:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
wherein K is a constant;
when the distance between the connection points of the first lead wire and the second lead wire on the circular foil sensing element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil sensing element 1 Small, negligible effect of convective heat transfer, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to (1), (2) and (4):
calculating according to the formulas (1), (2) and (5) to obtain a convective heat transfer coefficient h; thermoelectric potential E measured by a first thermoelectric couple 2 Obtaining the central temperature T of the circular foil sensing element 1 And calculating the airflow recovery temperature according to the formula (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
optionally, the circular foil sensing element is made of constantan material, and the heat sink is made of copper material.
Alternatively, the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is:
wherein T is the temperature of the round foil sensing element at a certain moment r, r is the radial position of the round foil sensing element, rho, c and L are the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the round foil sensing element respectively, and a is the thermal diffusivity; t is r For the air flow recovery temperature, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient.
Optionally, the process of deriving the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity according to the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil inductive element is as follows:
the heat transfer control equation of the round foil sensing element is homogenized and the variable is separated for solving, a solution containing a modified Bessel function can be obtained, and the relative error between the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained by expanding the Bessel function, omitting high-order terms, omitting small quantities and the like.
Optionally, the circular foil induction element is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink.
In a second aspect, the invention further provides a high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device, which comprises a circular foil sensing element, a heat sink body, a first lead, a second lead and a third lead, wherein the circular foil sensing element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the circular foil sensing element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the first lead, the second lead and the third lead are made of the same material as the heat sink body, the third lead is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first lead penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the center of the circular foil sensing element, one end of the second lead penetrates through the heat sink body to be connected with the circular foil sensing element and is arranged at an interval with the first lead, the first lead and the second lead form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first lead and the third lead form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between connection points of the first lead and the second lead on the circular foil sensing element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil sensing element.
Optionally, the circular foil sensing element is made of constantan material and the heat sink is made of copper material.
Optionally, the circular foil induction element is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink.
(III) advantageous effects
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages: the invention provides a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method, which is used for measuring by a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device, wherein a round foil sensing element of the measuring device is covered at one end of a heat sink body, two temperature difference thermocouples are formed by leading out a conducting wire which is made of the same material as the heat sink body respectively at the center of the round foil sensing element and at the position which is 1/5 of the radius of the round foil sensing element away from the center of the round foil sensing element, two groups of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one group of the two groups of temperature difference signals is used for calculating the actual heat flow density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained by a heat transfer control equation of the round foil sensing element, and the airflow recovery temperature can be obtained by combining the two groups of data calculation.
Drawings
The drawings of the present invention are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the proportion and the number of the respective parts in the drawings do not necessarily correspond to those of an actual product.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a half-section of a high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a half-section structure of the conventional circular foil type heat flow sensor.
In the figure:
1: a circular foil sensing element; 2: heat sinking; 3: a first conductive line; 4: a second conductive line; 5: a third conductive line;
6: constantan round foil; 7: copper heat sinking body; 8: a copper lead; 9: a copper wire.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring apparatus, including a circular foil sensing element 1, a heat sink 2, a first wire 3, a second wire 4, and a third wire 5, where the circular foil sensing element 1 and the heat sink 2 are made of different materials, the heat sink 2 is a cylindrical structure, the circular foil sensing element 1 is covered on one end of the heat sink 2 and concentrically connected to the heat sink 2, a reference thermocouple junction is formed at a connection point, the materials of the first wire 3, the second wire 4, and the third wire 5 are the same as those of the heat sink 2, the third wire 5 is connected to the heat sink 2, one end of the first wire 3 penetrates through the heat sink 2 and is connected to the center of the circular foil sensing element 1, one end of the second wire 4 penetrates through the heat sink 2 and is connected to the circular foil sensing element 1 and is spaced from the first wire 3, the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 form a first thermocouple, the first wire 3 and the third wire 5 form a second thermocouple, a distance between the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 is smaller than a distance between the sensing element 1/8, such as a distance between the sensing element 1/1 of the circular foil sensing element 1, and the second wire 4, and the sensing element 1/8. More specifically, the first conductor 3 and the second conductor 4 have a spacing, i.e. are arranged in a non-contacting manner. The distance between the second conductive line 4 and the first conductive line 3 is a linear distance, and the second conductive line 4 may be disposed at any position in the circumferential direction with the center of the first conductive line as a circular point and a set distance as a radius. Note that the distance between the first wire 3 and the second wire 4 refers to the center distance between the two wires.
The high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device in the embodiment is obtained by improving the structure and the function of the traditional circular foil type heat flow sensor.
Referring to fig. 2, the basic principle of the conventional circular foil type heat flow sensor is as follows: the constantan round foil 6 is arranged in the copper heat sink 7, the constantan round foil and the constantan round foil are connected along the periphery of the constantan round foil 6 to form a reference thermocouple node, a copper wire 9 is led out from the copper heat sink 7, and the copper wire 9 is the same as the copper heat sink 7 in material. And connecting a copper lead 8 which is made of the same material as the copper heat sink 7 to the center of the constantan circular foil 6 to form another thermocouple junction. When the constantan circular foil 6 is exposed to a uniform thermal environment, the surface of the constantan circular foil 6 absorbs heat and conducts the heat to the copper heat sink 7 in the radial direction, a parabolic temperature gradient is formed between the center and the edge of the constantan circular foil 6, and a potential difference is generated between the center and the edge of the constantan circular foil 6, wherein the potential difference is in direct proportion to the heat flux density. Therefore, only the output voltage of the sensor thermocouple needs to be measured, and the heat flow can be calculated according to the following formula:
q＝S·E
wherein q is the heat flux density, S is the sensitivity coefficient, and E is the thermocouple voltage. The sensitivity coefficient S is related to the radius, thickness and thermal conductivity of the constantan circular foil, and is usually determined after calibration in the radiation source due to processing and manufacturing errors.
The traditional circular foil type heat flow sensor can be used for measuring the heat flow density, but cannot realize the air flow recovery temperature measurement, and the prior art does not have the technical inspiration of arranging two temperature difference thermocouples.
In the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device in this embodiment, the circular foil sensing element 1 is covered at one end of the heat sink body 2, a lead (a first lead 3 and a second lead 4) with the same material as the heat sink body is respectively led out from the center of the circular foil sensing element 1 and a position 1/5 of the distance from the center as the radius of the circular foil sensing element 1, the three leads form two thermoelectric couples (the first lead 3 and the second lead 4 form the first thermoelectric couple, and the first lead 3 and the third lead 5 form the second thermoelectric couple), two groups of temperature difference signals can be measured simultaneously, one group of the two groups of temperature difference signals is used for calculating the actual heat flow density, the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity is obtained by pushing the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil sensing element, the airflow recovery temperature can be obtained by combining the two groups of data calculation, and support is provided for measuring the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature.
In a preferred embodiment, the circular foil inductive element 1 is a constantan material and the heat sink 2 is a copper material.
In some embodiments, as shown in fig. 1, the connection is facilitated by the cover-mounted manner, and the circular foil sensing element 1 is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink body 2.
The embodiment also provides a high enthalpy airflow enthalpy value measuring method based on any one of the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring devices.
In the measuring method, thermoelectricity measured by a second thermoelectric couple and a first thermoelectric couple in the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is respectively E 1 、E 2 Respectively obtaining sensitivity coefficients S through calibration of a radiation heat source 1 、S 2 Then, the corresponding heat flux density is obtained as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flow density q 2 Actual heat flux density;
in a convection environment, when the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring the convection heat flow, the incident heat flow no longer satisfies the uniform heat flow hypothesis, and the value thereof is related to the surface temperature and the convection heat transfer coefficient, i.e. the heat flow density q is related to the surface temperature T, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the airflow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r Satisfies the following relationship:
q＝h(T r -T ) (3)
the convective heat transfer is different from the radiant heat transfer, the convective heat transfer heat flow and the wall temperature form a linear function relationship, and the wall temperature is uneven on a heated surface, so that the incident heat flow is uneven, and the sensor is calibrated under the radiation condition and then directly used for convective heat flow measurement to generate errors.
And (3) deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibrated sensitivity through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment as follows:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
wherein K is a constant.
It can be seen from the formula (4) that the relative error is directly proportional to the calibration sensitivity coefficient and the convective heat transfer coefficient, so that when the high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device is used for measuring the heat flow with a large convective heat transfer coefficient, theoretically, the sensitivity coefficient of the sensor should be designed to be small (namely, the diameter of the circular foil sensing element is small) so as to reduce the error. In the solution of the present embodiment, the diameter of the circular foil sensing element 1 can be designed to be larger, for example, 4mm, and the second wire can be led out from the position 0.4mm away from the center of the circular foil sensing element 1 through two thermoelectric thermocouples. And still can measure the high enthalpy air flow recovery temperature with higher accuracy.
When the first conductive line and the second conductive line are connected to the connection point on the circular foil sensing deviceThe distance between the two pieces of foil is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the round foil induction element 1 Small, negligible effect of convective heat transfer, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to the formulae (1), (2) and (4):
calculating according to the formulas (1), (2) and (5) to obtain a convective heat transfer coefficient h; thermoelectric potential E measured by a first thermoelectric couple 2 Obtaining the central temperature T of the circular foil sensing element 1 And calculating the airflow recovery temperature according to the formula (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
in a convection environment, the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is as follows:
wherein T is the temperature of a certain radial position of the circular foil sensing element at a certain moment, r is the radial position of the circular foil sensing element, rho, c and L are respectively the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the circular foil sensing element, and a is thermal diffusivity; t is r For the air flow recovery temperature, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient.
In one embodiment, the process of deriving the relative error between the actual convective heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity from the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil inductive element in the convective environment is as follows:
and (3) homogenizing the heat transfer control equation and separating variables to solve to obtain a solution containing a corrected Bezier function, and deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity by expanding the Bezier function, omitting high-order terms, omitting small quantities and the like.
The high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method in the embodiment improves the accuracy of measuring the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature, can obtain surface heat flow and airflow recovery temperature simultaneously, and can greatly reduce the cost and the period of flow field diagnosis of a ground wind tunnel test.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: each embodiment does not include only one independent technical solution, and in the case of no conflict between the solutions, the technical features mentioned in the respective embodiments can be combined in any way to form other embodiments which can be understood by those skilled in the art.
Furthermore, modifications may be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalents may be substituted for some of the technical features thereof, without departing from the scope of the present invention, and the essence of the corresponding technical solutions does not depart from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A high enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
measuring by using a high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device, wherein the high-enthalpy airflow recovery temperature measuring device comprises a circular foil sensing element, a heat sink body, a first lead, a second lead and a third lead, the circular foil sensing element and the heat sink body are made of different materials, the heat sink body is of a cylindrical structure, the circular foil sensing element is covered at one end of the heat sink body and is concentrically connected with the heat sink body to form a reference thermocouple node, the first lead, the second lead and the third lead are made of the same material as the heat sink body, the third lead is connected with the heat sink body, one end of the first lead penetrates through the heat sink body and is connected with the center of the circular foil sensing element, one end of the second lead penetrates through the heat sink body and is connected with the circular foil sensing element and is arranged at an interval with the first lead, the first lead and the second lead form a first thermocouple, the first lead and the third lead form a second thermocouple, and the distance between the first lead and the second lead on the circular sensing element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil sensing element;
the thermoelectric potentials measured by the second thermoelectric couple and the first thermoelectric couple are respectively E 1 、E 2 Respectively obtaining sensitivity coefficients S through calibration of radiation heat sources 1 、S 2 And obtaining the corresponding heat flux density as follows:
q 1 ＝S 1 ·E 1 (1)
q 2 ＝S 2 ·E 2 (2)
wherein the heat flow density q 2 Actual heat flux density;
in a convection environment, the heat flow density q and the surface temperature T, the convection heat transfer coefficient h and the airflow recovery temperature T of the circular foil induction element r Satisfies the following relationship:
q＝h(T r -T) (3)
and (3) deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibrated sensitivity through a heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element under the convection environment as follows:
η＝KS 1 h (4)
wherein K is a constant;
when the distance between the connection points of the first lead wire and the second lead wire on the circular foil sensing element is less than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the circular foil sensing element 1 Small, negligible effect of convective heat transfer, and S 2 With significant deviations, it is therefore possible to obtain, according to (1), (2) and (4):
calculating according to the formulas (1), (2) and (5) to obtain a convective heat transfer coefficient h; thermoelectric potential E measured by the first thermoelectric thermocouple 2 Obtaining the central temperature T of the circular foil sensing element 1 And calculating the air flow recovery temperature according to the formula (6):
q＝h(T r -T 1 ) (6)。
2. the high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring method according to claim 1, characterized by: the round foil induction element is made of constantan material, and the heat sink body is made of copper material.
3. The high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring method according to claim 1, characterized by: the heat transfer control equation of the round foil induction element is as follows:
wherein T is the temperature of the round foil sensing element at a certain moment r, r is the radial position of the round foil sensing element, rho, c and L are the density, specific heat capacity and thickness of the round foil sensing element respectively, and a is the thermal diffusivity; t is r For the air flow recovery temperature, h is the convective heat transfer coefficient.
4. The high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring method according to claim 3, characterized in that: the process of deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow and the heat flow calculated according to the calibration sensitivity according to the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil induction element is as follows:
and (3) homogenizing the heat transfer control equation of the circular foil sensing element and separating variables for solving to obtain a solution containing a modified Bessel function, and deducing the relative error between the actual convection heat flow density and the heat flow density calculated according to the calibration sensitivity by expanding the Bessel function, omitting higher-order terms, omitting small quantities and the like.
5. The high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring method according to claim 1, characterized by: the circular foil induction element is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink.
6. A high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measurement device, comprising:
the round foil sensing element comprises a round foil sensing element body, a heat sinking body, a first wire, a second wire and a third wire, wherein the round foil sensing element body and the heat sinking body are made of different materials, the heat sinking body is of a cylindrical structure, one end of the heat sinking body is covered by the round foil sensing element body and is concentrically connected with the heat sinking body to form a reference thermocouple node, the materials of the first wire, the second wire and the third wire are the same as those of the heat sinking body, the third wire is connected with the heat sinking body, one end of the first wire penetrates through the heat sinking body and is connected with the center of the round foil sensing element body, one end of the second wire penetrates through the heat sinking body and is connected with the round foil sensing element body and is arranged at intervals with the first wire, the first wire and the second wire form a first temperature difference thermocouple, the first wire and the third wire form a second temperature difference thermocouple, and the distance between the first wire and the round foil sensing element connecting point is smaller than or equal to 1/5 of the radius of the round foil sensing element body.
7. The high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that: the round foil induction element is made of constantan material, and the heat sink body is made of copper material.
8. The high enthalpy gas flow recovery temperature measuring apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that: the circular foil induction element is flush with the outer edge of the heat sink.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
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| CN116296227A (en) * | 2023-05-26 | 2023-06-23 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所 | Test method for measuring radiant heat flow on surface of high-enthalpy expansion wind tunnel model |
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