CN115418272A - 一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/02—Recovery or refining of essential oils from raw materials
- C11B9/025—Recovery by solvent extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/02—Recovery or refining of essential oils from raw materials
- C11B9/022—Refining
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明属于精油提取技术领域,具体涉及一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,是以乙醇水溶液、丙二醇水溶液中任一种作为萃取溶剂,向生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂,于20‑60℃下恒温搅拌15‑120min后,于4000‑9000r/min的转速下离心分离5‑25min,取下层物即得脱萜生姜精油,上层物为富含萜烯类化合物的生姜精油;本发明工艺简单可行、易规模化生产,本发明制备的脱萜生姜精油最大程度地保留了生物活性成分及香气成分,脱萜生姜精油在常室温庇荫储存过程中表观品质不会发生变化。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于精油提取技术领域,具体涉及一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法。
背景技术
植物精油中的生姜精油口味温热,香辛,有特殊的芳香味。生姜精油中的化学成分除萜烯类外还含有以6-姜酚为代表的含氧化合物等生物活性成分,对人的身体有医药及营养保健作用,是一种抗氧化剂和抗炎剂,被应用于医药保健领域可降低胆固醇、防治肿瘤、增强免疫力等,包括生姜精油在内的植物精油对皮肤还具有很好的调节作用,可以调理油性皮肤,滋养头发等多种生物活性,在日用化学品及化妆品的开发应用中也具有重要价值,同时众所周知的生姜精油还大量被应用于食物保鲜、食品饮料和香料中。
生姜精油的化学组分中含有萜烯类化合物,一方面其对精油的呈香及生物活性作用贡献不大,另一方面其存在会使精油在水溶液或醇溶液中溶解度下降,或长期与空气、光线接触,会逐渐氧化变质,使精油的相对密度增加,黏度增大,颜色变深,失去原有香味和挥发性,甚至树脂化,从而严重影响精油品质,阻碍了精油的应用推广,因此需对精油进行脱萜以提高品质,拓展应用范围和提升应用水平。目前国内外植物精油脱萜制备及工艺研究主要集中于柑橘类精油,尚未见有对生姜精油的脱萜研究、脱萜生姜精油的工业化生产制造研究。
柑橘类精油脱萜主要有真空蒸馏、溶剂法萃取、减压蒸馏、分子蒸馏、超临界流体萃取等方法。在工业上,蒸馏提取柑橘精油所存在着含氧萜类化合物馏分沸点范围通常和萜烯经类化合物沸点范围重合的问题,且在分离过程中会有大量能量消耗;相较于蒸馏法,溶剂法萃取与超临界流体萃取能够避免加热,且溶剂法还具有设备简单、操作方便、分离选择性高、应用广、处理量大等优点,超临界流体萃取还具有天然性好﹑提取效率高、功能活性不破坏、传质快、工艺简便﹑操作方便等优点。但溶剂法存在萃取时间较长、生产效率较低、有机溶剂残留、提取物中杂质含量较多等不利因素,超临界流体萃取脱萜过程虽然绿色无溶剂但实际应用过程中对精油的一次性批处理量较小,难以规模化。
中国授权发明专利(ZL202010220795.2)提供了一种低共熔溶剂法进行精油脱萜的方法,即:首先将有机盐缔合萃取剂与精油混合,进行缔合萃取,得到萜烯相和低共熔溶剂相,然后以烷烃溶剂作为第一反萃剂,对所述低共熔溶剂相进行第一步反萃取,再以烷烃溶剂-水双相体系作为第二反萃剂,对所述第一萃取余相进行第二步反萃取,最后除去所述烷烃溶剂相中的烷烃溶剂,得到含氧萜类化合物纯品;所述精油为柑橘类精油、玫瑰精油、迷迭香精油和丁香精油中的一种或几种,并未见针对生姜精油。《基于季铵盐低共熔溶剂的柑橘精油脱萜过程研究》(吴明尧,华东理工大学,2021年)以柑橘精油中关键组分柠檬烯和芳樟醇组合成的混合物为研究对象,重点考察了不同低共熔溶剂对芳樟醇萃取分离性能的影响,首先基于COSMO-RS模型计算和低共熔溶剂形成预实验,筛选了19种低共熔溶剂对模拟柑橘精油进行液液萃取实验,筛选出以四丁基氯化铵和1,3-丁二醇在1:2摩尔比下形成的低共熔溶剂TBAC:13BD(1:2)为最优萃取剂,以萃取性能PI值为68.98,对实际柑橘精油表现出良好的萃取效果。上述低共熔溶剂以及离子液体的新方法存在制备工艺过程较复杂,使用较多有机溶剂和较昂贵的化学试剂,并且部分研究尚处于实验室应用基础研究阶段,实际应用受限或距离实际应用还有一定距离。
《减压蒸馏分离柑桔皮精油中柠檬烯的研究》(徐宁,谭兴和,王锋,等.食品工业技术,2014,35(2):222-225)采用减压蒸馏分离椪柑皮精油中柠檬烯,探讨蒸馏时间、蒸馏温度对柠檬烯分离效果的影响,结果表明,在真空度为0.1MPa下,柠檬烯最佳分离条件为:蒸馏温度170℃、蒸馏时间10min,此条件下的脱萜率约为92.38%。《分子蒸馏用于精油精制及在芳香疗法中的应用》(罗吉,黄妙玲,冀红斌,等.香料香精化妆品,2008,(6):40-43)综述了分子蒸馏在精油精制及芳香疗法中的应用,指出在精油脱萜过程中与普通真空蒸馏相比分子蒸馏能更好避免热分解,而且理论上可以使精馏更精确,避免其他重要香味成分的损失。申请号为201710268736.0的中国专利公开了一种脐橙果皮精油的提取方法,其脱萜处理是将粗制脐橙果皮精油置于分子蒸馏仪的反应釜中,进行分子蒸馏,收集馏余物,得到脐橙果皮精油,但其脱萜目标仅为柠檬烯。上述蒸馏技术除高温加热易热分解、工艺过程时间较长等问题外,植物精油真空蒸馏和分子蒸馏法等在实际规模化生产中同样也存在批次处理量较小的问题。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的不足,为了便于生姜精油储存,预防变质、增加稳定性和其在水、醇或其它溶剂中的溶解度,本发明对生姜精油的香气成分、活性成分进行研究,同时研究目标成分的理化性能,以期脱除对香气和生物活性贡献不大且会导致在水基或醇基环境中溶解度不佳的萜烯类化合物成分,兼顾对香气贡献大、具生物活性且溶解性能优的含氧类化合物的最大程度保留,因此提出了一种能够适用于大批量生产制造的脱萜生姜精油的制备方法。
具体是通过以下技术方案来实现的:
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,是以乙醇水溶液、丙二醇水溶液中任一种作为萃取溶剂,向生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂,于20-60℃下恒温搅拌15-120min后,于4000-9000r/min的转速下离心分离5-25min,取下层物即为脱萜生姜精油,上层物为富含萜烯类化合物的生姜精油。
所述乙醇水溶液的浓度为50%。
所述丙二醇水溶液的浓度为80%。
进一步优选,所述恒温搅拌的温度为30℃,时间为30min。
进一步优选,所述离心分离的转速为5000r/min,时间为15min。
所述生姜精油与萃取溶剂的料液比为3g:(20-60)mL。
进一步地,所述生姜精油与萃取溶剂的料液比为3g:50mL。
所述生姜精油是采用水蒸气蒸馏或超临界CO2萃取技术萃取所得。
所述脱萜指脱除目标萜烯类化合物,具体是以姜烯、β-红没药烯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半水芹烯为目标成分进行脱除。
本发明考虑到萜烯类化合物对热、光敏感,在空气中容易被氧化、颜色变深、粘度增大,使精油失去原有香味和挥发性,因此以水蒸气蒸馏法或超临界CO2萃取法制备的生姜精油为原料,采用溶剂法分离生姜精油中对香气贡献不大的萜烯类化合物的同时,最大程度保留对香气贡献大的含氧化合物,具体以姜烯、β-红没药烯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半水芹烯为生姜精油脱萜目标成分,同时以α-蒎烯,(D)-、β-月桂烯、β-水芹烯、桉油精、芳樟醇、香叶醇、α-柠檬醛、2-十一酮、可巴烯、β-榄香烯为香气化合物保留目标成分。
有益效果:
本发明工艺简单可行、易规模化生产,本发明制备的脱萜生姜精油最大程度地保留了生物活性成分及香气成分,脱萜生姜精油在常室温庇荫储存过程中表观品质不会发生变化,即难以出现颜色变深、混浊、分层等现象,并且脱萜生姜精油在水基、醇基环境中更易溶解、扩散快速,还能达到均匀平衡地释放特征香味及保持生物活性。
由于脱萜后生姜精油是在水溶性溶剂中,因此其的各类终端产品的溶解性能优异、易于保存、不易变质、尤其是其水溶性产品中的各性能更为优异。
附图说明
图1为生姜精油原料的色谱图;
图2为实施例1中脱萜生姜精油的色谱图;
图3为实施例2中脱萜生姜精油的色谱图。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明,但本发明并不局限于这些实施方式,任何在本实施例基本精神上的改进或代替,仍属于本发明权利要求所要求保护的范围。
实施例1-实施例6
以经过OAV(香气活性值)分析对香气贡献不大的生姜精油中的姜烯、β-红没药烯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半水芹烯这四种化合物作为生姜精油代表性脱萜目标成分,同时以生姜精油中对香气贡献大的α-蒎烯,(D)-、β-月桂烯、β-水芹烯、桉油精、芳樟醇、香叶醇、α-柠檬醛、2-十一酮、可巴烯、β-榄香烯这十种化合物作为代表性香气化合物保留目标成分,采取以下方法对目标产物即下层脱萜生姜精油进行相关目标成分的检测,具体如下:
一、分析仪器与方法
1.1仪器:萃取头:50/30μm DVB/CAR/PDMS、GC/MS Agilent7000D型、离心机、晨力搅拌器、电子天平。
1.2方法:称取2g样品加入15mL样品瓶中,使用老化后SPME萃取纤维头在60℃进行吸附4min,快速插入GC-MS仪器进样口,进样口温度260℃,解吸4min,进行GC-MS检测分析。其中萃取头老化:使用气相质谱仪进样口作为老化装置,氦气吹扫保持环境惰性,50μmDVB/CAR/PDMS,老化温度270℃,老化时间1h。
1.3气相色谱-质谱条件:
色谱柱:HP-5MS(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm);载气:高纯He,流速为0.8ml/min;柱箱温度:程序升温,即50℃保持1min;50~100℃,2℃/min;100~130℃,1℃/min;130~250℃,20℃/min;继续保持2min;进样方式:顶空进样,分流比100:1。
1.4质谱:离子源温度230℃;MS传输线温度260℃;扫描范围10~800amu。
1.5定性及归一化法分析:(1)通过谱库NIST MS Search 2.2进行检索,要求正、反匹配度都大于80%以上给予确认作为定性结果;(2)在样中添加C5~C40烷烃的混合标样,采用相同的气质升温程序,根据保留时间计算样品中化合物的保留指数,并与文献中使用相同气相色谱柱的同种物质保留指数进行比较确认。保留公式计算公式如下:
RI=100Z+100×(TX-TZ)/(T(Z+1)-TZ)
式中:TX为化合物X的保留时间,min;Z和Z+1分别为化合物X出峰前后相邻正构烷烃标准品的碳原子数;TZ与T(Z+1)分别为Z和Z+1个碳原子对应正构烷烃的保留时间,min。
采用峰面积百分比进行归一化法分析。
1.6 OAV(香气活性值)分析:在定量分析基础上,通过查找已发表文献中的生姜精油组成成分的气味阈值,进行计算而得。
以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油作为原料为例,色谱图如图1,经归一化法检测,其溶剂法脱萜前:四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为49.06%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化含量和为19.08%。
实施例1
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以50%乙醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌60min后,于5000r/min的转速下离心分离20min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行分析检测。
经检测生姜精油原料色谱图见图1,本实施例中脱萜生姜精油的色谱图见图2,经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为37.21%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化含量和为23.86%。
实施例2
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以80%丙二醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌60min后,于5000r/min的转速下离心分离20min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行分析检测。
经检测生姜精油原料的色谱图见图1,本实施例中脱萜生姜精油的色谱图见图3,经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为39.51%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化法含量和为27.19%。
实施例3
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以50%乙醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌60min后,于8000r/min的转速下离心分离20min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行分析检测。
经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为33.59%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化法含量和为25.95%。
实施例4
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以50%乙醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌30min后,于5000r/min的转速下离心分离20min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行检测。
经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量为30.93%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化法含量和为24.48%。
实施例5
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以50%乙醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌30min后,于5000r/min的转速下离心分离20min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行检测。
经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为31.01%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化法含量和为26.51%。
实施例6
一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,以超临界CO2萃取得到的生姜精油为原料,以50%乙醇水溶液为萃取溶剂,向30g生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂500mL,于30℃下恒温搅拌30min后,于5000r/min的转速下离心分离15min,取下层产物脱萜生姜精油进行分析检测。
经测定,四种脱萜目标成分归一化法含量和为31.78%,十种香气化合物保留目标成分归一化法含量和为27.85%。
Claims (9)
1.一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,以乙醇水溶液、丙二醇水溶液中任一种作为萃取溶剂,向生姜精油中加入萃取溶剂,于20-60℃下恒温搅拌15-120min后,于4000-9000r/min的转速下离心分离5-25min,取下层物即得脱萜生姜精油,上层物为富含萜烯类化合物的生姜精油。
2.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述乙醇水溶液的浓度为50%。
3.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述丙二醇水溶液的浓度为80%。
4.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述恒温搅拌的温度为30℃,时间为30min。
5.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述离心分离的转速为5000r/min,时间为15min。
6.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述生姜精油与萃取溶剂的料液比为3g:(20-60)mL。
7.如权利要求1或6所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述生姜精油与萃取溶剂的料液比为3g:50mL。
8.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述生姜精油是采用水蒸气蒸馏或超临界CO2萃取技术萃取所得。
9.如权利要求1所述一种脱萜生姜精油的制备方法,其特征在于,所述脱萜是以姜烯、β-红没药烯、α-法呢烯、β-倍半水芹烯为目标成分进行脱除。
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