CN115287277A - 一种复合酶微胶囊及基于其的厨余垃圾堆肥方法 - Google Patents
一种复合酶微胶囊及基于其的厨余垃圾堆肥方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种复合酶微胶囊及基于其的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,是对由蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪氧化酶组成的复合酶进行微胶囊化,然后再将其用于厨余垃圾的好氧堆肥中。通过本发明的方法可以显著提升堆肥品质、缩短堆肥周期。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及垃圾资源化利用领域,具体涉及一种复合酶微胶囊及基于其的厨余垃圾堆肥方法。
背景技术
厨余垃圾是指餐馆、家庭产生的食品废物,来源多、分布广、产量大,具有高含水率、高盐、高油等特点。依据厨余垃圾丰富的营养成分,将其进行堆肥化处理是目前研究的热点。
堆肥是将厨余垃圾中大量大分子物质转化为小分子物质,是利用微生物释放的胞外酶完成的,胞外酶主要包括水解酶类和氧化还原酶类。但胞外酶的活性受到微生物活动的影响,微生物活动易受堆肥环境的影响,造成酶的作用不稳定。目前常用的方法是直接加入单一酶类或氧化酶类,酶的作用底物较为单一,不适用于底物复杂的厨余垃圾,堆肥持续时间长、环境因素变化大,酶容易失活或流失,酶的作用发挥不明显。如何提高酶制剂的耐受性和作用时间是当前需解决的问题之一。
发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供一种复合酶微胶囊及基于其的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,该微胶囊结构可以将复合酶有效包裹起来,随着堆体环境的改变,微胶囊通透性改变,包裹的复合酶逐渐释放,在整个堆肥过程中发挥作用,辅助堆肥前期降解有机质使堆体快速起温和堆肥后期难降解的大分子物质快速降解,缩短堆肥周期,提高堆肥效率。
本发明为实现目的,采用如下技术方案:
本发明首先公开了一种复合酶微胶囊的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)按照复合酶与CMC粉末的质量比为1:1~3,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为2%~5%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液;
(2)配置质量分数为2%~4%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入金属盐至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为0.5%~3%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为10%~20%的碱性溶液调节pH至6~7,获得壳聚糖溶液;
(3)按照所述复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将所述复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌3~6h,静置2~5h;
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10~15小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
进一步地,所述复合酶是由蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪氧化酶按质量比1:1.5~2.0:0.6~1.0混合而成。所述蛋白酶是木瓜蛋白酶或枯草芽孢杆菌蛋白酶,耐热性强;所述纤维素酶是指含纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、果胶酶等成分的复合酶;所述脂肪氧化酶是一类能有效分解脂肪的酶类。上述酶均可由市场购买。
进一步地,所述金属盐为氯化镁、氯化钙或硫酸镁。
进一步地,所述CMC溶液的配制方法为:称取20g~50g CMC加入到950g~980g蒸馏水中,搅拌均匀,得到质量分数为2%~5%的CMC胶体溶液。
进一步地,所述壳聚糖乙酸溶液的配制方法为:称取20g~40g壳聚糖加入到960g~980g质量浓度为2%的乙酸水溶液中,搅拌均匀,得到质量分数为2%~4%的壳聚糖溶液,壳聚糖溶液在酸性溶液中溶解。
本发明还提供了基于上述复合酶微胶囊的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与农业废弃物混合,得到含水率为50%~65%、C/N比为25:1~35:1的堆肥原料;
(2)将所述复合酶微胶囊加入到堆肥原料,充分混合,其中复合酶微胶囊与堆肥原料的质量比为1:600~1000;
(3)将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为20~30d,得到腐熟产物。
进一步地,所述农业废弃物为破碎粒径至0.5~1cm的小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、油菜壳和稻壳中的至少一种,优选油菜壳。
进一步地,所述堆肥场所铺设通风管道(管径选择80~100mm,优选80mm管径),在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期(升温期)和中期(高温期),每3天翻堆一次,每间隔20~30h通风10~20min,通风量为1.0~1.5m3/min;在堆肥的后期(降温期),每5天翻堆一次,每间隔15~25h通风20~30min,通风量为1.0~1.5m3/min,减少局部厌氧发酵。
本发明中使用的CMC是一类安全无毒的纤维素衍生物,溶于水后形成具有粘性的水凝胶,复合酶吸附在其表面,在二价金属离子的作用下会形成固化膜;壳聚糖不溶于水和碱性溶液,溶于酸性溶液,具有良好的生物相容性和安全无毒的特性,在遇到带负电荷的CMC时会通过正负电荷吸引形成聚电解质膜。将含有CMC的溶液加入到壳聚糖和氯化镁的混合溶液中时,Mg2+与CMC反应生成凝聚层,得到含有酶的芯材和外面包裹着聚电解质膜及壳聚糖膜的壁材,随着反应的进行,络合层加厚,液滴进一步收缩,最终得到含有酶液的微胶囊。酶溶液通过微胶囊化后得到细微粉末状物质,称之为“拟固体”,虽然在使用上它具有固体的特征,但其内部仍然是液体,因而可以良好地保持酶的应用性能,且在一定条件下可有效调控复合酶释放速率,有效避免复合酶的失活或活性流失。
本发明中堆肥反应初期由于有机质的降解溶液呈弱酸性,壳聚糖溶解性较大,包裹在内部的CMC遇水溶解,复合酶释放出来,弥补堆肥初期土著微生物活性不强、有机质分解慢、升温时间长、NH3释放多的问题;随着堆肥反应进行,微生物和复合酶分解有机物释放的热量使堆体温度升高,pH值逐渐升高,壳聚糖溶解度开始缓慢下降,但内部CMC随着温度升高,分子延展性增强,酶的释放量变化不大,高温期微生物活性强,堆肥反应强烈,复合酶的作用不是特别显著,当温度高于65℃时,壳聚糖分子的膜通透性降低,酶释放量大幅度降低;在堆肥后期,有机质减少,微生物可以利用的物质减少,生命活动减弱,温度降低,pH值降低,此时微胶囊内的酶又开始缓慢释放,促进纤维素等难降解物质的继续降解,加快堆肥反应进程。
与已有技术相比,本发明的有益效果体现在:
1、本发明制备复合酶微胶囊的方法简单、条件温和,避免了有机试剂和有害成分对酶活性的影响,极大程度的保持了复合酶的活性。随着堆肥反应的进行,堆体环境改变,使壳聚糖通透性发生改变,复合酶的释放速率随之变化,尽可能避免复合酶的失活,提高了复合酶的利用率。
2、本发明中复合酶能充分降解厨余垃圾中的蛋白质、粗脂肪、糖类等有机质,使其转化为小分子有机物促进微生物生长,短时间内使堆体温度升高至50℃以上,提高堆肥效率,减少不良反应发生,保留了更多的成分在堆肥产品中,腐熟产物中有机质含量提高15.6%~43.3%、总养分含量提高39.5%~63.9%,实现厨余垃圾减量化、资源化和无害化处置,经济效益、环境效益明显。
3、本发明中厨余垃圾与辅料中均含有木质结构,其成分主要是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,木质素与纤维素、半纤维素等往往相互连接,形成木质素-碳水化合物复合体难以降解,导致堆肥时间长。纤维素酶、半纤维素酶具有高效性和专一性,能快速降解纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,复合酶经微胶囊处理后能极大程度保留活性用于堆肥后期,加快堆肥效率,与常规堆肥相比,堆肥时间缩短7~10d,种子发芽率提高9.72%~35.4%,即加入含复合酶的微胶囊在缩短堆肥时间的同时,物料腐熟程度也有一定的提升,对作物的毒害作用进一步降低。
具体实施方式
实施例1
本实施例按如下步骤制备复合酶微胶囊:
(1)按照复合酶(由木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:1.5:1.0组成)与CMC粉末的质量比为1:1,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为2%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液。
(2)配置质量分数为2%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入氯化镁至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为1%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为20%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.4,获得壳聚糖溶液。
(3)按照复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌3h,静置2h。
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
将制备的复合酶微胶囊依据堆肥环境的变化进行稳定性模拟测试,在不同温度和pH的缓冲溶液中保存10h~24h,以直接加入复合酶溶液(木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:1.5:1.0组成)为对照组,进行酶活的测定。
(1)在30~35℃、pH=5.5~6.5的缓冲溶液中,与初始酶活力相比复合酶微胶囊的活性损失了10%~15%,对照组损失了18%~25%。
(2)在40~50℃、pH=6.5~7.5的缓冲溶液中,与初始酶活力相比复合酶微胶囊的活性损失了20%~25%,对照组损失了30%~40%。
(3)在60~65℃、pH=7.5~8.5的缓冲溶液中,考虑到堆肥后期主要是纤维素等难降解的物质居多,所以主要以纤维素酶活作为重点,与初始酶活力相比复合酶微胶囊中纤维素酶的活性损失了45%~60%,对照组损失了65%~75%。
综上所述,经微胶囊技术处理后,复合酶在不同环境中的活性均有一定程度的改善,说明复合酶包括在微胶囊中,很好的保留了酶活性。
实施例2
本实施例首先按如下步骤制备复合酶微胶囊:
(1)按照复合酶(由木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:1.5:1.0组成)与CMC粉末的质量比为1:1,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为2%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液。
(2)配置质量分数为2%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入氯化镁至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为1%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为20%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.4,获得壳聚糖溶液。
(3)按照复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌3h,静置2h;
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
基于本实施例所得复合酶微胶囊进行厨余垃圾堆肥的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与油菜壳混合,得到含水率为55%、C/N比为25:1的堆肥原料。
(2)将复合酶微胶囊加入到堆肥原料,充分混合,其中复合酶微胶囊与堆肥原料的质量比为1:1000。
(3)将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为23d,得到腐熟产物。其中:堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔30h通风20min,通风量为1.5m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔25h通风30min,通风量为1.5m3/min。
实施例3
本实施例首先按如下步骤制备复合酶微胶囊:
(1)按照复合酶(由木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:1.8:0.8组成)与CMC粉末的质量比为1:2,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为4%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液。
(2)配置质量分数为2%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入氯化镁至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为1.5%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为10%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.6,获得壳聚糖溶液。
(3)按照复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌4h,静置2h。
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
基于本实施例所得复合酶微胶囊进行厨余垃圾堆肥的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与油菜壳混合,得到含水率为55%、C/N比为25:1的堆肥原料。
(2)将复合酶微胶囊加入到堆肥原料,充分混合,其中复合酶微胶囊与堆肥原料的质量比为1:800。
(3)将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为21d,得到腐熟产物。其中:堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔25h通风15min,通风量为1.2m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔20h通风25min,通风量为1.3m3/min。
实施例4
本实施例首先按如下步骤制备复合酶微胶囊:
(1)按照复合酶(由木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:2.0:0.8组成)与CMC粉末的质量比为1:1,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为2%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液。
(2)配置质量分数为4%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入氯化镁至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为1%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为20%的氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至6.4,获得壳聚糖溶液。
(3)按照复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌3h,静置2h。
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
基于本实施例所得复合酶微胶囊进行厨余垃圾堆肥的方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与油菜壳混合,得到含水率为55%、C/N比为25:1的堆肥原料。
(2)将复合酶微胶囊加入到堆肥原料,充分混合,其中复合酶微胶囊与堆肥原料的质量比为1:600。
(3)将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为20d,得到腐熟产物。其中:堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔20h通风10min,通风量为1.0m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔15h通风20min,通风量为1.0m3/min。
对照组1
将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与油菜壳混合,得到含水率为55%、C/N比为25:1的堆肥原料。将堆肥原料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为30d,得到堆肥产物。其中:堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔30h通风20min,通风量为1.5m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔25h通风30min,通风量为1.5m3/min。
对照组2
将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与油菜壳混合,得到含水率为55%、C/N比为25:1的堆肥原料。将复合酶溶液(木瓜蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪氧化酶按照质量比为1:1.5:1.0组成)加入到堆肥原料,充分混合,其中复合酶溶液与堆肥原料的质量比为1:600。将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为30d,得到堆肥产物。其中:堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔30h通风20min,通风量为1.5m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔25h通风30min,通风量为1.5m3/min。
使用效果:
表1复合酶的微胶囊处理对厨余垃圾堆肥产品性质的影响
本实施例2-4中复合酶微胶囊处理对厨余垃圾堆肥产品性质的影响,通过与不添加复合酶的、添加复合酶但不进行微胶囊处理的两组对照组进行对比发现:
(1)对照组1、对照组2的堆肥时间在30d左右时物料达到腐熟条件,而加入复合酶微胶囊的实施例2~4的堆肥时间在20~23d时物料即达到腐熟,腐熟物料性质可见表1,堆肥时间缩短7~10d。
(2)表1中实施例2~4中腐熟产物的技术指标量均符《有机肥料》(NYT 525-2021)标准。实施例2~4与对照组相比:有机质含量提高15.6%~43.3%,总养分含量提高39.5%~63.9%,说明加入复合酶可以有效提高堆肥效率,保留更多营养成分在产物中。种子发芽率提高9.72%~35.4%,说明加入复合酶在短时间内可以提高物料腐熟程度,产物中对种子生长的抑制作用进一步减弱。加入复合酶以及制备微胶囊成分未对产物的重金属含量有影响,添加物安全无毒。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种复合酶微胶囊的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)按照复合酶与CMC粉末的质量比为1:1~3,将复合酶溶液加入到质量分数为2%~5%的CMC溶液中,搅拌均匀,获得复合酶与CMC的混合液;
(2)配置质量分数为2%~4%的壳聚糖乙酸溶液,加入金属盐至其在壳聚糖乙酸溶液中的质量浓度为0.5%~3%,搅拌均匀,用质量浓度为10%~20%的碱性溶液调节pH至6~7,获得壳聚糖溶液;
(3)按照所述复合酶与CMC的混合液和壳聚糖溶液的体积比为1:2,将所述复合酶与CMC的混合液缓慢加入到壳聚糖溶液中,搅拌3~6h,静置2~5h;
(4)将步骤(3)所得溶液在60℃条件下干燥10~15小时,将所得块体粉碎,即获得复合酶微胶囊粉末,在4℃条件下保存备用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述复合酶是由蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂肪氧化酶按质量比1:1.5~2.0:0.6~1.0混合而成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述金属盐为氯化镁、氯化钙或硫酸镁。
4.一种权利要求1~3中任意一项所述制备方法所获得的复合酶微胶囊。
5.一种基于权利要求4所述复合酶微胶囊的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)将厨余垃圾经分拣后破碎至2~3cm,然后与农业废弃物混合,得到含水率为50%~65%、C/N比为25:1~35:1的堆肥原料;
(2)将所述复合酶微胶囊加入到堆肥原料中,充分混合,其中复合酶微胶囊与堆肥原料的质量比为1:600~1000;
(3)将混合均匀的物料在堆肥场所进行好氧堆肥,堆肥时间为20~30d,得到腐熟产物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,其特征在于:所述农业废弃物为破碎粒径至0.5~1cm的小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、油菜壳和稻壳中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求5所述的厨余垃圾堆肥方法,其特征在于:所述堆肥场所铺设通风管道,在处理反应过程开启强制通风:在堆肥的前期和中期,每3天翻堆一次,每间隔20~30h通风10~20min,通风量为1.0~1.5m3/min;在堆肥的后期,每5天翻堆一次,每间隔15~25h通风20~30min,通风量为1.0~1.5m3/min。
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