CN115286909B - 基于poss改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽聚乳酸复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
基于poss改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽聚乳酸复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽、高强高耐热聚乳酸复合材料,属于新材料技术领域,其制备方法为先用含特定有机基团的POSS对适当粒径的竹粉进行化学接枝改性,然后加入到聚乳酸中熔融共挤即得;本发明充分利用竹粉中含有的30%的木质素,来源广泛、生物可代谢、价格低廉,与深色的木质素相比,竹粉的浅黄色可赋予PLA基复合材料更好的透明性;无需传统无机紫外屏蔽剂,也无需从天然材料中提取纯化木质素,直接以价格便宜、容易得到的竹粉为主要原料,通过少量添加,和简单热熔加工,即实现了PLA紫外线屏蔽性能的大幅提升,以及力学性能和热稳定性的强化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及新材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽聚乳酸复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
紫外线(UV)为波长范围200~400nm的有害电磁波,按波长可分为UVC(200~280nm)、UVB(280~320nm)和UVA(320~400nm)三个波段。其中,UVC波段主要被臭氧层吸收,而UVB和UVA波段可对人体皮肤、食物、材料等造成长期伤害。聚乳酸(PLA)是目前用量最大的生物可降解塑料,已被广泛应用于包装材料中,但其结晶度较低、热稳定性较差,质脆,且紫外屏蔽性能差。因此,利用聚乳酸制备包装材料或各类容器,难以有效保护其中的物品在长期运输和储存中不受紫外线的损害。
为了解决上述问题,现有的主要策略和方法,是在PLA中添加UV屏蔽剂,包括有机和无机两大类,其中,最常用的为无机材料类,包括TiO2,CeO2,ZnO,Al2O3等。这些屏蔽剂,一方面因为带隙较宽而不能吸收所有波段紫外线,且添加量较大;另一方面又因为表面化学性质与PLA基体差别较大而导致PLA基复合材料的力学性能劣化;最为重要的是,其存在一定的光催化活性,容易导致PLA长期使用过程中发生紫外线催化降解。
因此,近年开始兴起使用基于天然原料的UV屏蔽剂,其既能提升PLA屏蔽紫外线的能力,又因本身的生物质属性可与PLA一同被环境代谢,从而保留废弃PLA制品对环境无害的特性。目前,最常见的这类UV屏蔽剂是木质素(一种天然有机物),其表现出了在较低含量即具有较高的UV屏蔽能力。但从木材等生物质材料中提纯木质素过程复杂,且要用到多种化学试剂,对环境负面影响大,同时,其本身颜色较深,与PLA复合后会极大的影响PLA的可见光透过率。
另外,目前也有报道通过对竹纤维进行改性,然后与聚乳酸熔融共混以改善聚乳酸的力学性能、紫外屏蔽性能的报道,比如中国专利公开号:CN114621573A、专利名称:一种竹纤维增强聚乳酸抗氧化抗紫外全降解复合材料的制备方法及该复合材料,就公开了一种上述的复合材料,该材料是先对竹纤维进行微波辅助乙酰化改性,然后连同抗氧剂、二氧化钛等功能助剂与聚乳酸熔融共混,得到高填充复合材料,拉伸强度>68MPa,弯曲强度>110MPa,氧化诱导时间>45min,300nm波长紫外线屏蔽率>99%。但是,竹纤维是新型再生纤维素纤维,以毛竹为原料,在竹浆中加入功能性助剂,经湿法纺丝加工而成。竹纤维的形态为纤维状,不能直接获得,是二次加工产物,且加工过程用到大量试剂,加工后产生的大量废浆,对环境造成严重负担,竹纤维中的纤维素占比较原竹更高,而且,其仅仅是对300nm固定波长处的紫外屏蔽,实用性较差。
因此,寻找和制备新的基于天然物质的UV屏蔽剂,并将其与PLA复合,制备高性能紫外屏蔽可降解塑料,将有利促进环境无害塑料产业的发展,改善环境质量。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一,就在于提供一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽、高强高耐热聚乳酸复合材料的制备方法,以解决上述问题。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案是这样的:一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽、高强高耐热聚乳酸复合材料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)将400目~2000目竹粉加入0.5~0.8mol/L NaOH溶液中,在70~80℃下搅拌3~5h,干燥除去溶剂;
(2)搅拌下,将改性POSS加入四氢呋喃溶剂中,所述改性POSS与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:200mL~1g:400mL,搅拌均匀后,再将步骤(1)处理后的竹粉加入同一四氢呋喃溶剂中,所述步骤(1)处理后的竹粉与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:20mL~1g:40mL,在50-80℃下持续搅拌反应3~4h;期间采用冷凝回流装置,防止溶剂损失;
(3)搅拌反应结束后,反应产物过滤,并经四氢呋喃溶剂洗涤后,干燥除去溶剂,得到POSS改性竹粉POSS-BP;
(4)将步骤(3)得到POSS-BP与聚乳酸按质量比2:98~10:90,即POSS-BP的添加比例为2wt%-10wt%,经混合均匀后,熔融共挤出,然后经牵丝水浴冷却切粒后,干燥,即得。
本发明利用POSS与竹粉表面发生接枝化学反应,从而获得POSS改性竹粉,然后将其作为新型生物质UV屏蔽剂与PLA熔融共混,并经现有常规热塑加工方式获得PLA基复合材料制品,该制品具有极好的UV屏蔽性能,高结晶度,以及良好的力学性能和热稳定性。
本发明所采用的原料之一竹粉,为原竹粉碎后直接得到或从原竹材物理加工后产生的废粉中得到,其中含有30wt%左右的木质素,来源广泛、生物可代谢、价格低廉。与深色的木质素相比,竹粉的浅黄色可赋予PLA基复合材料更好的透明性。POSS中文名为多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷,为一种新型有机/无机杂化材料,其内核由Si-O-Si键形成笼形结构,表面可接枝大量有机基团,拥有出色的热稳定性和力学性能,同时可以通过表面有机基团强化与聚合物间的相容性。通过简单化学反应,本发明成功使POSS接枝于竹粉表面,制备了微量POSS改性竹粉的PLA用生物质UV屏蔽剂,该UV屏蔽剂通过竹粉与POSS的协效作用,通过少量添加,既大幅提升PLA的UV屏蔽性能,又实现其热稳定性、结晶度,以及拉伸模量、强度和断裂伸长率等力学性能的强化,同时较好的保留了PLA对可见光的透过率。
作为优选的技术方案:步骤(1)中,竹粉的粒径为800~1000目。因为粒径太小,竹粉易自身团聚且不利于热熔加工(不容易与PLA在高混机中均匀混合,且不利于双螺杆挤出时下料);粒径太大,竹粉化学反应活性降低,同时根据弥散增强原理,易劣化PLA力学性能。
作为优选的技术方案:步骤(1)中,在80℃下搅拌5h。
作为优选的技术方案:步骤(2)中,所述改性POSS选自缩水甘油基改性POSS或甲基丙烯酸改性POSS或马来酰胺酸改性POSS中的一种或多种混合。
作为进一步优选的技术方案:所述改性POSS采用缩水甘油基改性POSS。
作为优选的技术方案:步骤(2)中,所述改性POSS与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:400ml,所述步骤(1)处理后的竹粉与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:40ml。
作为优选的技术方案:步骤(4)中,采用高混机混合,利用双螺杆挤出机熔融共挤出。
作为进一步优选的技术方案:所述熔融共挤出时,挤出温度从料筒到口模分别为:160℃,180℃,180℃,180℃,螺杆转速为120rpm。
本发明的目的之二,在于提供一种采用上述方法制备得到的材料。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:
(1);本发明通过简单化学反应,成功使改性POSS接枝于竹粉表面,制备了微量POSS改性竹粉的PLA用生物质UV屏蔽剂,该UV屏蔽剂通过竹粉与POSS的协效作用,少量添加,既大幅提升PLA的UV屏蔽性能,又实现其热稳定性、结晶度,以及拉伸模量、强度和断裂伸长率等力学性能的强化;另外,本发明充分利用竹粉中含有的30%的木质素,来源广泛、生物可代谢、价格低廉;并且与目前报道的采用深色的木质素相比,本发明采用的竹粉的浅黄色可赋予PLA基复合材料更好的透明性,因此,本发明所得的复合材料更好地保留了PLA对可见光的透过率;
(2)本发明无需传统无机紫外屏蔽剂,也无需从天然材料中提取精练木质素,直接以价格便宜、容易得到的原竹竹粉为主要原料,经微量POSS化学改性,即实现了PLA对UVA和UVB波段屏蔽性能的大幅提升;
(3)综合考虑竹粉和PLA的加工特性,在温和条件下实现了POSS-BP改性PLA复合材料的制备,且可采用多种传统热塑加工方式实现相关产品制造。
附图说明
图1为竹粉改性处理前后的SEM照片及改性处理后的EDS图;
图2为常规竹粉与改性处理后竹粉升温热失重测试结果;
图3为不同制品在200~800nm波段光谱透过率测试结果;
图4为竹粉改性前后的红外光谱图。
图1中:a、未处理竹粉;b、POSS处理后的竹粉;c、经POSS处理竹粉的Si元素分布EDS结果。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图对本发明作进一步说明。
下述实施例中,除非特别说明,所用原料均为市购,其中,商用竹粉购自六安兴竹新材料科技有限公司(材质:原竹粉),缩水甘油基改性POSS购自西安齐岳生物科技有限公司。
实施例1:
一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽聚乳酸复合材料的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)将商用竹粉(1000目)加入0.5mol/L NaOH溶液中,在80℃下搅拌5h,然后在80℃干燥12h至除去水分;
(2)在500rpm快速搅拌下,将缩水甘油基改性POSS按1g(缩水甘油基改性POSS):400ml(四氢呋喃)的比例加入四氢呋喃溶剂中,搅拌均匀后,再将步骤(1)所得的竹粉按1g(竹粉):40ml(四氢呋喃)的比例加入前述四氢呋喃溶液中,在70℃下持续快速搅拌4h,期间采用冷凝回流装置,防止溶剂损失;
(3)在搅拌反应结束后,将反应产物过滤,并经四氢呋喃溶剂洗涤后,再在80℃干燥12h,得到POSS改性竹粉(简称POSS-BP);
竹粉改性处理前后的显微图及改性处理后的EDS参见图1,图1中,a为未处理竹粉,b为本实施例的POSS处理后的竹粉,c为本实施例的经POSS处理竹粉的Si元素分布EDS结果,从图1中可以看出,未处理竹粉a表面平整,POSS处理后,竹粉表面覆盖有一层膜,且表面粗糙,EDS结果表明,改性竹粉表面含有大量Si元素,POSS已成功接枝于竹粉表面;
常规竹粉与本实施例改性处理后竹粉升温热失重测试结果参见图2,从图2中可以看出,经缩水甘油基POSS改性的竹粉(POSS-Bamboo)与常规竹粉(Bamboo)相比,前者的热分解温度更高,表现出更好的热稳定性;
另外,竹粉改性前后的红外光谱图如图4所示;从图4中可以看出:3026-3800cm-1范围内的宽特征吸收峰是竹粉中-OH的伸缩振动吸收峰,在2910cm-1处有肩峰的吸收峰是甲基和亚甲基的对称和不对称伸缩振动吸收峰,是纤维素的特征吸收峰,1740cm-1处的吸收峰是半纤维素和果胶中羰基的伸缩振动峰,1250cm-1处的吸收峰是木质素中苯环和CH3-CO-的伸缩振动峰;
POSS-BP在3026-3800cm-1范围内吸收峰强度的降低是由于竹粉中的-OH基团与POSS的环氧基团发生反应,在POSS-BP的FTIR光谱中,1740cm-1处的吸收峰消失,这是由于NaOH溶液在碱处理过程中与半纤维素和果胶中的羰基发生反应,1250cm-1处吸收峰的消失归因于木质素中的CH3-CO-基团与POSS反应,POSS-BP在1106cm-1和853cm-1处出现新的吸收峰,分别对应Si-O-Si和环氧基团的特征峰,表明POSS通过简单化学反应成功接枝在BP上;
(4)将步骤(3)所得的POSS-BP与聚乳酸按质量比10:90,经高混机混合均匀后,利用双螺杆挤出机熔融共挤出,挤出温度从料筒到口模分别为:160℃,180℃,180℃,180℃,螺杆转速为120rpm,经牵丝水浴冷却切粒后,在80℃真空干燥12h,得到POSS-BP改性PLA复合材料;
(5)将步骤(4)得到的POSS-BP改性PLA复合材料,经模压成型得到样品,用于性能测试,模压温度为190℃,压力为20MPa,热压时间为5分钟。
对所得样品进行相关性能测试:
拉伸测试:使用Instron 5566电子万能拉伸机测定了POSS-BP/PLA复合材料的拉伸性能。样品为从模压成型样品裁剪得到的哑铃型样条,尺寸为75×4×1mm3,拉伸速度5mm/min,每组样品测试10次取平均值。
紫外屏蔽性能测试:模压制备平均厚度为100um左右的POSS-BP/PLA复合材料薄膜,使用可紫外-可见分光光度计(Agilent Cary 60)对其进行200~800nm范围内的波长扫描,扫描分辨率为1nm,测试结果以透过率表示,其中:
热稳定性测试:利用Netzsch公司TGA-209F1热失重分析仪,对样品进行升温热失重分析,升温范围为30℃至800℃,升温速率为10℃/min。
得到的样品性能如下:
对UVA屏蔽率为87.9%,对UVB屏蔽率93.0%;复合材料热失重10%时对应温度为373.6℃;拉伸模量1.87GPa,拉伸强度87.9MPa,断裂伸长率16.3%。
图3为采用实施例1的方法,不同POSS-BP添加比例制得的复合材料在200~800nm波段光谱透过率测试结果,图3中的“PLA-BP2”表示POSS-BP的添加比例为2wt%,以此类推。从图3中可以看出,将经缩水甘油基POSS改性的竹粉与PLA复合后,PLA的紫外波段屏蔽性能明显改善,可见光波段透过率受到的影响相对较小,保留了可观的可见光波段的透过率。
实施例2
本实施例与实施例1相比,仅商用竹粉的粒径为2000目,其余均与实施例1相同。
实施例3
本实施例与实施例1相比,仅商用竹粉的粒径为400目,其余均与实施例1相同。
实施例4
本实施例与实施例1相比,仅改性POSS采用马来酰胺酸改性POSS,其余均与实施例1相同。
实施例5
本实施例与实施例1相比,仅缩水甘油基改性POSS按1g(氧丙基改性POSS):200ml(四氢呋喃)的比例加入四氢呋喃溶剂中,其余均与实施例1相同。
实施例6
本实施例与实施例1相比,仅步骤(1)所得的竹粉按1g(竹粉):20ml(四氢呋喃)的比例加入前述四氢呋喃溶液中,其余均与实施例1相同。
上述实施例2-6所得的制品,其相关性能数据如下表
表1实施例1-7的材料性能
对比例1
(1)与实施例1相比,取消步骤(1)-(4),将未改性PLA,在80℃真空干燥12h,直接经模压成型得到样品,用于性能测试。模压温度为190摄氏度,压力为20MPa,热压时间为5分钟;
得到的样品性能如下:
对UVA屏蔽率为10.0%,对UVB屏蔽率13.0%;复合材料热失重10%时对应温度为333.7℃;拉伸模量1.36GPa,拉伸强度66.4MPa,断裂伸长率6.2%。
对比例2
本对比例与实施例1相比,采用相同的竹粉,但是不预先采用缩水甘油基改性POSS进行改性,即先将竹粉加入0.5mol/L NaOH溶液中,在80℃下搅拌5h,并在80℃干燥12h;然后在快速搅拌下,将前述处理所得的竹粉按1g(竹粉):40ml(四氢呋喃)的比例加入四氢呋喃溶液中,在70℃下持续快速搅拌4小时,期间采用冷凝回流装置,防止溶剂损失;其余与实施例1相同,
得到的样品性能如下:
对UVA屏蔽率为25.6%,对UVB屏蔽率33.7%;复合材料热失重10%时对应温度为331.9℃;拉伸模量1.47GPa,拉伸强度52.4MPa,断裂伸长率4.3%。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种基于POSS改性竹粉强化的高紫外屏蔽聚乳酸复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
(1)将400目~2000目竹粉加入0.5~0.8 mol/L NaOH溶液中,在70~80℃下搅拌3~5h,清洗过滤后,干燥除去溶剂;
(2)搅拌下,将改性POSS加入四氢呋喃溶剂中,所述改性POSS与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:200mL~1g:400mL,搅拌均匀后,再将步骤(1)处理后的竹粉加入同一四氢呋喃溶剂中,所述步骤(1)处理后的竹粉与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:20mL~1g:40mL,在50-80℃下持续搅拌反应3~4h;期间采用冷凝回流装置,防止溶剂损失;所述改性POSS选自缩水甘油基改性POSS 或 甲基丙烯酸改性POSS 或马来酰胺酸改性POSS中的一种或多种混合;
(3)搅拌反应结束后,反应产物过滤,并经四氢呋喃溶剂洗涤后,干燥除去溶剂,得到POSS改性竹粉POSS-BP;
(4)将步骤(3)得到POSS-BP与聚乳酸按质量比2:98~10:90,经混合均匀后,熔融共挤出,然后经牵丝水浴冷却切粒后,干燥,即得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,竹粉的粒径为800~1000目。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,在80℃下搅拌5h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述改性POSS采用缩水甘油基改性POSS。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述改性POSS与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:400mL,所述步骤(1)处理后的竹粉与四氢呋喃溶剂的比例为1g:40mL。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,采用高混机混合,利用双螺杆挤出机熔融共挤出。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于:所述熔融共挤出时,挤出温度从料筒到口模分别为:160℃,180℃,180℃,180℃,螺杆转速为120rpm。
8.采用权利要求1-7任意一项所述的方法制备得到的材料。
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US11920031B1 (en) | 2024-03-05 |
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