CN115260163B - 一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子及其制备方法和作为荧光探针的应用 - Google Patents
一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子及其制备方法和作为荧光探针的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115260163B CN115260163B CN202210721839.9A CN202210721839A CN115260163B CN 115260163 B CN115260163 B CN 115260163B CN 202210721839 A CN202210721839 A CN 202210721839A CN 115260163 B CN115260163 B CN 115260163B
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- carbazole
- imidazole
- fluorescent molecule
- bromo
- molecule containing
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- -1 3-bromo-9- (4-trifluoromethyl phenyl) -9H-carbazole Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 58
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- 229940043376 ammonium acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000019257 ammonium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- LTBWKAYPXIIVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-9h-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC(Br)=CC=C3NC2=C1 LTBWKAYPXIIVPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
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- VXWBQOJISHAKKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-formylphenyl)boronic acid Chemical compound OB(O)C1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 VXWBQOJISHAKKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- GZPPANJXLZUWHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-naphtho[2,1-e]benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(N=CN1)=C1C=C2 GZPPANJXLZUWHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
- C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
- C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1029—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing one nitrogen atom as the heteroatom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
- C09K2211/1025—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands
- C09K2211/1044—Heterocyclic compounds characterised by ligands containing two nitrogen atoms as heteroatoms
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种荧光分子,具体涉及一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子,还涉及其制备方法以及作为检测Fe3+的荧光探针应用,属于传感技术领域。
背景技术
咪唑衍生物是指化合物结构中含有一个或多个咪唑环结构单元的一类物质的总称。咪唑是一个含有两个氮原子的五元环,属于1,3-唑类化合物,其化学性质稳定,广泛存在于天然产物与生物活性物质中。咪唑衍生物因其抗菌、消炎等药理特性在药物合成、蛋白酶活性抑、固化剂等方面均有报道,由于咪唑环反应位点多,所以被修饰改造出来的衍生物在光电材料、传感器和荧光探针等领域的研究也层出不穷。
近年来,研究者报道了大量以咔唑为基本单元所设计的具有AIE效应的荧光分子和具有室温磷光、电致发光性质的OLED,咔唑因其良好的空穴传输能力、共轭性强的芳香性结构、价廉易得等优点,受到了广大科研人员的青睐。同样,咪唑作为芳香性五元杂环,在室温磷光、深蓝色发光材料、力致变色、荧光传感和离子检测方面应用广泛。如Wang等设计合成了一种新的吩嗪-咪唑基席夫碱(PIS)荧光探针,已被开发用于在生理pH条件下对水性介质中的Cd2+离子进行比率检测。
Wang等共合成了三种新型双靶向荧光探针,并分别通过咪唑和一种半乳糖(IM-Gal-1)、两种半乳糖(IM-Gal-2)和三种半乳糖(IM-Gal-3)相连。这些探针对Fe3+显示出良好的选择性和灵敏度,化学计量比为1:2识别模式。
目前,分子中同时含有咪唑和咔唑结构的有机发光分子也相继被设计合成出来。如Yu等设计并合成了四种双极蓝色发光材料。其中,咔唑、咪唑和联苯分别作为供体、受体和π桥。咔唑的3、6号位被叔丁基所取代的分子具有更好的分子内电荷转移特性,应用于非掺杂的深蓝色OLED,具备了更优的性能。Tagare等设计了一系列基于咪唑-烷基间隔基-咔唑的荧光发射体。所有荧光团均表现出良好的热稳定性和近紫外发射,在固态下具有高达约59%的高光致发光量子产率(PLQY),为实现超深蓝色发射提供了新的方法。但是,目前还未见同时含有咪唑和咔唑结构的有机发光分子用于荧光探针检测铁离子的相关报道。
现有技术中合成咪唑衍生物的方法也很多,如Debus-Radziszewski咪唑合成法是最经典的合成咪唑化合物的方法之一。二酮化合物和醛类化合物在胺或铵盐存在下,可以用来合成2,4,5-三芳基咪唑、菲并咪唑、双咪唑衍生物等。
Sundar和Rengan报道了以苯甲醇,1,2-二酮和过量乙酸铵为原料,进行三组分反应,在通入氧气的情况下,以0.25mol%的负载双钌(II)催化该氧化过程,唯一的副产物是水。
Wang等用各种双取代的炔烃、醛和胺为原料,通过新戊酸介导发生多组分反应,简便、高效地合成了四取代咪唑衍生物。
Naidoo和Jeena采用廉价的碘/二甲基亚砜(DMSO)体系,通过“一锅、两步”法合成了2,4,5-三取代咪唑。该反应不需要借助酸性条件和金属,产率中等到良好。第一步是炔烃在I2/DMSO条件下反应得到中间体:为二取代的苯偶酰,第二步醛和乙酸铵原位反应生成三取代的咪唑化合物。
Grigg等通过异氰乙酸酯在银盐催化下均二聚化合成了咪唑化合物。在催化量的AcOAg条件下,异氰基乙酸甲酯与丙烯酸甲酯的反应形成吡咯啉,而在化学计量的AcOAg条件下,反应会发生异氰化物的均二聚化生成1,4-二取代咪唑。
Shao等报道了基于酰胺基乙腈和苯硼酸的环化反应,形成了双取代的咪唑化合物。
Xie等发明了一种新型的碱介导的活性亚甲基异氰酸酯与烯酮亚胺[3+2]环化反应。该反应具有区域选择性,烯酮亚胺在t-BuOK这种强碱的条件下与活性亚甲基异氰酸酯反应得到了1,4,5-三取代咪唑衍生物。
现有技术中合成咪唑的方法很多,并各自存在优点和缺点,目前为止还未见通过经典Suzuki偶联和Debus-Radziszewski反应构建含咔唑结构的咪唑环,并同时引入三氟甲基来构建荧光探针的相关报道。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的缺陷,本发明的第一个目的是在于提供一种修饰有三氟甲基的含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子,该荧光分子物理和化学稳定性好,且在可见光和紫外光下表现出良好的荧光性能。
本发明的第二个目的是在于提供一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的制备方法,该方法原料易得,且合成步骤较为简单,产率可观,有利于扩大生产。
本发明的第三个目的是在于提供一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的应用,将其作为检测Fe3+的荧光探针使用,荧光分子能够高选择性与Fe3+结合并产生荧光淬灭,且受Al3 +、Ca2+、Li+、Cu2+、Na+、In3+、Ba2+、Ni3+等金属离子干扰小,可以用于Fe3+的荧光检测,具有灵敏度高,检测下限低等特点。
为了实现上述技术目的,本发明提供了一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子,其具有式1或式2结构:
其中,
R为氢或芳基。芳基可以为苯基或者苯基衍生基团,如含有常规取代基的苯基,常规取代基为C1~C5烷基、C1~C5烷氧基、卤素取代基等等,芳基可以延长咪唑环的共轭体系。
本发明的荧光分子由咪唑与咔唑通过苯环偶联形成典型的D-π-A结构,具有大共轭体系,刚性较强,其HOMO与LUMO的能隙最大差距能(ET)在2.89~2.86eV。从分子构型上看,咔唑为电子给体(Donor)、苯环为π桥、咪唑为电子受体(Acceptor),咔唑3号位引入的苯基,增大了咔唑的共轭性并改变了分子的空穴传输性能。三氟甲基的引入旨在修饰苯环,有利于调控咔唑给电子能力。此外,三氟甲基的引入还能够提高荧光分子的溶解性能和热稳定性,如热稳定性均达到了300℃左右,有利于加工并拓宽其应用范围。
本发明还提供了一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
1)3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯通过N-取代反应,得到3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑;
2)3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸通过Suzuki偶联反应,得到4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛;
3)4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌通过Debus-Radziszewski咪唑合成反应,即得式1或式2结构化合物。
本发明首先在咔唑的N原子上引入4-三氟甲基苯基,然后与对甲酰基苯硼酸进行Suzuki偶联反应,合成4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛,再利用4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与二酮化合物和胺进行经典的Debus-Radziszewski咪唑合成反应,得到修饰有三氟甲基,且兼具咔唑结构和咪唑结构的共轭发光分子。
作为一个优选的方案,3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯在碘化亚铜/1,10-邻菲咯啉及碳酸钾作用下,于120~140℃温度下,反应10~12h。作为一个较优选的方案,3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯的摩尔比为1:1.1~1.2。作为一个较优选的方案,3-溴-9H-咔唑与碘化亚铜的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.15。作为一个较优选的方案,3-溴-9H-咔唑与1,10-邻菲咯啉的摩尔比为1:0.05~0.1。作为一个较优选的方案,3-溴-9H-咔唑与碳酸钾的摩尔比为1:1~1.5。
作为一个优选的方案,3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸在四(三苯基膦)钯和碳酸钾作用下于75~85℃温度下,反应18~20h。作为一个较优选的方案,3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸的摩尔比为1:1.4~1.6。作为一个较优选的方案,四(三苯基膦)钯摩尔量为对甲酰基苯硼酸摩尔量的4~6%。作为一个较优选的方案,碳酸钾摩尔量为对甲酰基苯硼酸摩尔量的0.5~1倍。
作为一个优选的方案,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛和苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌在乙酸铵和冰醋酸作用下,于115~125℃温度下,反应8~12h;其中,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌的摩尔比1~1.1:1~1.1(最优选为1:1);乙酸铵与4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛的摩尔量比为4~5:1。
作为一个优选的方案,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛和苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌及芳基胺在乙酸铵和冰醋酸作用下,于115~125℃温度下,反应8~12h;其中,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌及芳基胺的摩尔比1~1.1:1~1.1:1~1.1(最优选为1:1:1);乙酸铵与4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛的摩尔量比为3~4:1。
本发明的含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成路线具体如下(四种目标荧光分子目标产物分别为M1、M2、M3和M4):
本发明还提供了一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的应用,其作为检测Fe3+的荧光探针使用。本发明的含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子不但具有较好的荧光性能,而且其能够与Fe3+进行高选择性配位结合,Fe3+能够使其荧光发生淬灭,从而利用该特点,可以实现Fe3+的荧光检测,且具有检测灵敏度高,检测下限低等特点。
作为一个优选的方案,含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子应用于Al3+、Ca2+、Li+、Cu2+、Na+、In3+、Ba2+、Ni3+中至少一种与Fe3+共存体系中Fe3+的荧光检测。本发明的含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子对Fe3+作用是高选择性的,各类金属离子对铁离子的干扰小。
相对现有技术,本发明技术方案带来的有益技术效果:
本发明的荧光分子具有较好的热稳定性,如荧光分子M1和M4,均达到了300℃左右。
本发明的荧光分子具有较好的荧光性能,荧光分子M1、M2、M4在可见光下为白色固体,在365nm紫外灯下发蓝色荧光;荧光分子M3在可见光下为淡黄色固体,紫外灯下呈黄绿色荧光;通过稳态瞬态荧光测试发现荧光分子M4的荧光性能较好,其量子产率达到了40.24%,荧光分子M3的荧光寿命最长,达4.5922ns。根据荧光分子M1、M2、M3和M4分子结构的比较,共轭程度越高,越有利于提高其荧光寿命和荧光量子产率。
本发明的荧光分子具有特殊分子结构,对铁离子表现出较高的选择性,其在溶剂中的荧光强度随着铁离子的加入而受到明显削弱,甚至淬灭,从而可以作为三价铁离子检测的荧光探针。特别突出的是,荧光分子M3具备最低的离子检出限,说明它在检测铁离子时最为灵敏。
本发明的荧光分子合成方法和步骤简单,可以通过经典的取代反应、Suzuki偶联和Debus-Radziszewski咪唑合成反应等合成,且原料易得,产率可观,有利于扩大生产。
附图说明
图1为荧光分子M1的核磁氢谱图。
图2为荧光分子M1的核磁碳谱图。
图3为荧光分子M1~M4的红外图谱。
图4为M1~M4经归一化处理后的紫外可见吸收光谱。
图5为M1~M4的固态荧光发射光谱及其归一化光谱。
图6(a)为M1~M4的色度坐标;(b)为M1~M4分子在自然光(i)和365nm紫外光(ii)下的照片。
图7(1)为M1在五种不同极性溶剂(1×10–5mol/L)中的PL光谱;(2)M2在五种不同极性溶剂中的PL光谱(1×10–5mol/L)。
图8(3)为M3在五种不同极性溶剂中的PL光谱(1×10–5mol/L);(4)M4在五种不同极性溶剂中的PL光谱(1×10–5mol/L-1)。
图9为M1~M4在365nm紫外线照射下的荧光图像;THF/H2O(fW=20%)溶液中的样品浓度为1×10–5mol/L。
图10为荧光分子M1~M4在不同离子溶液中的荧光发射光谱(1a,2a,3a,4a)和直方图(1b,2b,3b,4b)。
图11(1a)为M1在不同Fe3+浓度溶液中的荧光光谱;(1b)为M1的荧光发射强度随Fe3 +浓度的变化而变化;THF/H2O(fW=20%)溶液中的样品浓度为1×10–5mol/L;Fe3+的浓度为0~1×10–2M。
图12为荧光分子M1~M4的CV曲线。
具体实施方式
以下实施例旨在进一步详细说明本发明内容,而不是限制权利要求的保护范围。
以下实施例中涉及的检测方法和仪器:
用Bruker-Avance 400MHz核磁共振仪,测试1H(400MHz)和13C(100MHz)核磁共振谱,以CDCl3或DMSO-d6为溶剂,以四甲基硅烷(TMS)为内标,化学位移以ppm表示,所有耦合常数(J值)以赫兹(Hz)表示。
用Perkin-Elmer SP One红外分光光度计,进行红外光谱分析,采用溴化钾(KBr)压片。
用WC-1型显微熔点仪测定所制备化合物的熔点,温度未经校正。
用日立U-3100分光光度计测试紫外-可见吸收光谱(波长:200–800nm)。
用Hamamatsu稳态瞬态荧光光谱仪(Edinburgh Instruments,FLS980),在325nm条件下的HeCd激光激发下测试荧光光谱。
在AV1301A电化学工作站(上海辰华仪器有限公司)上进行循环伏安法(CV)测量,扫描速率为50mV/s,三个电极由铂丝工作电极、铂丝对电极和银/氯化银参比电极组成。
以下实施例中涉及的化学药剂,如果没有特殊说明,均为常规的市售药剂。
实施例1
3-溴-9H-咔唑的合成:
将咔唑(5.01g,30mmol)溶于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)(5mL),在冰水浴下,通过恒压滴液漏斗,缓慢滴加NBS(5.34g,30mmol)的DMF(10mL)溶液。滴加完毕后撤去冰浴,室温下用磁力搅拌器搅拌12h。反应完毕后倒入水中,抽滤、干燥后用无水乙醇重结晶得到片状白色结晶,产率为80%。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ(ppm)=11.51(s,1H),8.43(s,1H),8.23(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.61–7.46(m,4H),7.24(t,J=7.4Hz,1H).
3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑(1)的合成:
在氮气保护下,在100mL的三颈烧瓶,依次加入3-溴-9H-咔唑(2mmol)、对三氟甲基溴苯(2.2mmol)、碘化亚铜(0.2mmol)、无水碳酸钾(2mmol)、1,10-邻菲咯啉(0.1mmol)和二甲亚砜(DMSO)(15mL)。油浴加热,维持130℃左右,反应10h,体系逐渐变为红棕色,反应完毕后,转变为黑色黏稠状浊液,经过硅藻土过滤、水洗,用二氯甲烷萃取,浓缩得到粗产品,再经柱色谱分离(洗脱剂为石油醚)后得到白色粉末状固体,产率为86%;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=8.26(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.10(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.89(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.69(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.50(dd,J=8.7,1.9Hz,1H),7.45(dd,J=6.8,1.1Hz,1H),7.42(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.35–7.28(m,2H).
4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛(2)的合成:
在氮气气氛下,将3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑(0.5mmol),对甲酰基苯硼酸(0.75mmol)、四(三苯基膦)钯(0.025mmol)、碳酸钾(0.5mmol)、30mL甲苯和10mL去离子水加入至三颈烧瓶种,在80℃下反应20h,体系由红棕色变为黑色。反应完毕后硅藻土过滤除去反应体系中的钯碳,水洗,二氯甲烷萃取后加入无水硫酸镁干燥,滤液浓缩,以石油醚和乙酸乙酯(V/V=20/1)为洗脱剂,经柱色谱分离得到白色固体,产率为87%;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=10.08(s,1H),8.42(d,J=1.4Hz,1H),8.22(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),8.00(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.90(t,J=8.6Hz,4H),7.78–7.71(m,3H),7.50(dd,J=19.8,6.9Hz,3H),7.37(ddd,J=7.9,5.5,2.6Hz,1H);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=191.87,147.71,140.94,140.81,140.46,134.78,132.44,130.37,129.38,127.66,127.27,127.24,127.05,126.79,125.74,125.26,124.50,123.70,122.56,121.05,120.62,119.38,110.13,109.90.
N-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-[4-(4,5-二苯基-1H-咪唑-2-基)苯基]-9H-咔唑(M1):
在氮气保护下,将4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛(2mmol)、苯偶酰(0.42g,2mmol)、乙酸铵(0.62g,8mmol)和20mL冰醋酸加入到100mL圆底瓶,油浴加热,升温至120℃,反应约10h。结束后静置冷却至室温,加入水中,有灰色固体析出,抽滤、干燥,用无水乙醇重结晶,真空干燥,得到白色粉末状固体(0.80g),产率65.5%。Mp=308.5℃(byDSC);1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ(ppm)=12.75(s,1H),8.72(d,J=1.0Hz,1H),8.42(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),8.23(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),8.07(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.96(t,J=8.8Hz,4H),7.87(dd,J=8.7,1.4Hz,1H),7.59(dd,J=7.8,4.9Hz,3H),7.56–7.43(m,6H),7.38(dd,J=14.5,7.4Hz,2H),7.33(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),7.24(t,J=7.3Hz,1H);13CNMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ(ppm)=145.89,141.05,140.66,140.58,139.70,137.79,135.71,132.89,131.60,129.12,128.93,128.66,127.85,127.81,127.62,127.55,127.34,126.25,124.42,121.47,121.34,119.10,110.63,110.32.
M2~M4的合成方法参考M1的合成方法:
N-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-3-[4-(1,4,5-三苯基-1H-咪唑-2-基)苯基]-9H-咔唑(M2)(与M1合成过程中不同之处在于采用苯胺2mmol+乙酸铵6mmol替代乙酸铵8mmol):
白色粉末状固体(1.07g),产率78.8%。Mp=172.5℃(by DSC);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=8.33(s,1H),8.17(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),7.89(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.73(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.66–7.59(m,5H),7.56(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.45(t,J=6.1Hz,3H),7.37–7.26(m,7H),7.22(d,J=10.3Hz,3H),7.18–7.10(m,4H);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=146.67,141.41,141.02,140.81,139.94,138.24,137.21,134.24,133.27,131.20,131.05,130.58,129.37,129.22,128.57,128.43,128.40,128.23,128.07,127.52,127.21,127.18,127.14,127.00,126.85,126.75,126.51,125.57,124.35,123.86,120.84,120.58,118.86,109.88,109.77.
2-((4-(N-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯基)-1H-菲并[9,10-d]咪唑(M3):
黄色粉末状固体(0.69g),产率56.8%。Mp=192℃(by DSC);1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6):δ(ppm)=13.52(s,1H),8.92–8.79(m,2H),8.76(d,J=1.3Hz,1H),8.64(dd,J=19.4,7.4Hz,2H),8.47(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),8.42(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),8.06(d,J=8.3Hz,4H),7.93(d,J=8.3Hz,2H),7.88(dd,J=8.7,1.6Hz,1H),7.75(s,2H),7.64(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),7.56(d,J=8.6Hz,1H),7.49(q,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.41–7.34(m,1H);13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6):δ(ppm)=149.48,141.63,141.03,140.61,139.81,137.64,132.71,129.23,128.24,128.22,128.20,128.06,127.90,127.86,127.83,127.56,127.25,127.21,125.92,125.82,125.62,124.55,124.44,124.19,123.84,123.22,122.92,122.51,122.45,121.47,121.36,119.22,110.67,110.34.
1-苯基-2-((4-(N-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯基)-1H-菲并[9,10-d]咪唑(M4):(与M1合成过程中不同之处在于采用苯胺2mmol+乙酸铵6mmol替代乙酸铵8mmol):
淡白色粉末状固体(0.83g),产率62.3%。Mp=297.3℃(by DSC);1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=8.92(d,J=7.9Hz,1H),8.74(d,J=8.4Hz,1H),8.68(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),8.31(s,1H),8.15(d,J=7.7Hz,1H),7.86(d,J=8.2Hz,2H),7.74(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.69(d,J=8.8Hz,4H),7.63(dd,J=9.9,7.9Hz,7H),7.54(d,J=6.8Hz,2H),7.48(t,J=7.6Hz,1H),7.42(d,J=4.3Hz,3H),7.34–7.28(m,1H),7.25–7.21(m,1H),7.17(d,J=8.1Hz,1H);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ(ppm)=150.73,141.86,141.00,140.81,139.98,138.95,137.55,133.13,130.25,129.85,129.80,129.31,129.24,128.85,128.33,128.29,127.32,127.26,127.22,127.18,127.00,126.92,126.54,126.29,125.64,125.57,124.87,124.36,124.14,123.83,123.15,123.09,122.83,120.86,120.58,118.89,109.89,109.78.
M1~M4经掺杂KBr压片测试的傅里叶红外测试光谱如图3所示:分析它们的官能团和化学键可知,3051cm–1处为苯环上=C–H吸收峰,1580cm–1、1600cm–1处为苯环中C=C特征吸收峰,1300cm–1为C–F键特征吸收峰,咪唑环中C=N键吸收峰在1603cm–1左右。
紫外测试:
分别称取M1(0.0061mg)、M2(0.0068mg)、M3(0.0060mg)和M4(0.0068mg)溶于10mLTHF溶液中,使其浓度为1×10–3mol/L,再用移液枪量移取30μL该溶液于石英比色皿中并加四氢呋喃稀释至3mL,轻轻振荡,即可得浓度为1×10–5mol/L的待测液。为了方便进行分析和判断,M1~M4经归一化处理后的紫外可见吸收光谱如图4。分析可知:M1和M2有两个明显的吸收峰,M3和M4有5~6个吸收峰,在225nm附近的吸收峰应该是咔唑单元中的π–π*电子跃迁产生的,275nm处的吸收峰应该是苯环上π–π*跃迁产生的,后325nm以上的吸收峰应该是由整个共轭体系π–π*电子跃迁造成。而且对比发现:苯环的引入会使得化合物在330nm处的吸收峰往短波的方向移动,即蓝移,如对比分析M2对M1、M4对M3,因为这两组分子只相差一个苯环,这很可能是因为随着苯环的加入分子共轭性得到了增加。而分析比较M1和M3、M2和M4可以观察到,菲并咪唑M3较之M1最大吸收波长往长波方向移动,即红移,可能是由于苯环的引入导致菲并咪唑的共平面性更强。同样地,M4与M2相比,吸收峰发生了红移,可能是M4的共轭程度更大所致。
固态荧光分析:
为进一步探究化合物的光谱性能,对化合物进行了固态荧光激发、发射光谱、荧光寿命、量子产率等测试。
表1.荧光分子M1~M4荧光数据
a固体粉末的最大激发波长.
b固体粉末的最大发射波长.
c固体粉末的荧光强度.
d固体粉末的荧光寿命.
e固体粉末的荧光量子产率.
图5为M1~M4的固态荧光发射光谱及其归一化光谱。图6(a)为M1~M4色坐标图,它们在自然光和365nm紫外灯下的照片图6(b),为了全面了解其固体荧光性能,其余稳态瞬态荧光测试结果汇总于表1。
从固态荧光发射光谱图中可以发现:M2的荧光发射强度最大,为2.27×105(a.u.),且M2较M1有一定程度的蓝移,M4较M3也有蓝移现象,而且随着苯环的引入,化合物的发光强度和荧光量子产率都得到了显著的提升。从色坐标图可以看出,除M3在蓝光与绿光交界区外,其余均在蓝光区。在可见光下,M1、M2、M4均为白色固体,且在365nm紫外灯下发射蓝色荧光,不同的是,M3在可见光下为黄色固体,发黄绿色荧光,且其荧光寿命最长达4.5922ns。M4的荧光量子产率最高,为40.24%,说明提高分子的共轭程度和共平面性有利于分子的荧光量子产率,这对提高发光分子的荧光量子产率具有一定的参考意义。
溶剂化效应:
溶剂化效应是荧光分子具备的随着溶剂极性变化荧光颜色也随之改变的光学效应,也是一种常见的光学性能测试手段,为了很好的判断M1~M4有无该效应,将M1~M4溶于溶解度较好的五种溶剂中,分别为二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、DMF、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃和甲苯,然后使其测试液浓度恒为1×10–5M,后进行液态荧光发射测试,绘制了如图7和图8所示的液态荧光发射光谱,表2是M1~M4在五种不同溶剂中的最大吸收波长,且为了清楚地观察到有无明显荧光颜色变化,按同个化合物不同溶剂将其置于365nm紫外灯下,发现均没有明显的溶剂化变色效应,其溶液在365nm紫外灯下均为蓝色荧光,说明M1~M4的最大液态荧光吸收波长基本不受溶剂的影响。
表2.M1~M4在五种溶剂中的最大发射波长a
a溶液浓度:1×10–5mol/L.
金属离子检测性能分析:
选择AlCl3、CuCl2、LiCl、NaCl、CaCl2、InCl3和FeCl3,选用THF/H2O的混合溶液为溶剂,配制含有Al3+、Ca2+、Li+、Cu2+、Na+、In3+、Ba2+、Ni3+、Fe3+的样品浓度为1×10–5M的四氢呋喃/水溶液(fw=20%),经过超声、静置老化等操作步骤后进行了荧光测试。
M1~M4含不同离子的四氢呋喃/水溶液在365nm紫外灯下的液态荧光照片、荧光发射光谱及不同离子最大荧光强度柱状图如图9和图10所示。通过分析荧光发射光谱图可以发现:该系列咪唑化合物在含不同离子的四氢呋喃/水溶液中的荧光呈三通道发射,就M1和M4来说,加入不同离子均有不同程度的荧光抑制作用,且Cu2+较为明显,其中Fe3+抑制尤为严重,荧光几近消失不见;从M2和M3来看,除去Cu2+、Fe3+荧光抑制现象尤为明显外,其余离子的加入都对其荧光强度产生了一定的削弱作用,于是,这为选择铁离子作为该系列咪唑化合物的检测传感进行了前期性的探索,而且可以尝试配制不同浓度的铜离子溶液,这有待后续进行完善和补充。
金属离子灵敏性检测:
M1在不同Fe3+浓度下的荧光发射曲线图和其相对不加Fe3+的荧光强度比值柱状图如图11所示:为了得到M1能用于Fe3+检测的线性方程,配制了Fe3+浓度分别为0、0.006×10- 2M、0.009×10-2M、0.012×10-2M、0.018×10-2M、0.021×10-2M、0.024×10-2M、0.1×10-2M、1×10-2M的样品溶液(四氢呋喃/水溶液(fw=20%)。先摇振均匀后置于超声清洗仪中超声30min、静置老化一天,立即进行不同浓度Fe3+的液态荧光强度测试。
Stern-Volmer方程:I0/I=1+KSV[Fe3+]被用来拟合其线性方程,其中I0和I分别是M1不加Fe3+的纯四氢呋喃水溶液下的荧光强度和加Fe3+后的荧光发射强度,[Fe3+]代表铁离子浓度变化值,KSV是Stern–Volmer常数。检出限根据公式LOD=3σ/K算出,其中LOD代表离子检出限,σ为测量15次空白溶剂的荧光发射强度的标准偏差,K表示拟合的线性函数斜率,即KSV值。
由于荧光发射光谱仪存在一定的测量误差,所以每组数据需要多测2~3组,以便于得到具有可以拟合线性关系的数据。为了尽量较小误差,应当保证同一化合物不同浓度Fe3+的四氢呋喃水溶液尽量同一批次测量,并必要时,需要重复配制该批次溶液,因为不同浓度间体积相差很小,于是未得到有效数据很有可能是浓度配制不够精确造成的。
经过反复测定,后根据Stern–Volmer方程拟合出M1的线性方程为I0/I=0.2657+11721[Fe3+](R2=0.9988),其中R2达到0.99左右,LOD为8.84×10–5M;M2的线性方程为I0/I=0.9789+3861[Fe3+](R2=0.9998),LOD为2.02×10–5M;M3的线性方程为I0/I=0.9299+4294[Fe3+](R2=0.9981),LOD为2.84×10–5M;M4的线性方程为I0/I=0.88+2155[Fe3+](R2=0.999),LOD为8.46×10–5M,它们的离子检出限均达到10–5。
电化学分析:
表3.荧光分子M1~M4的电化学性能
aThe onset of oxidation potentials relative to Fc–Fc+couple.
bEstimated from absorption onset.
cDetermined from Eonset OX.
dEstimated from Eonset OX and Eg.
同样地对M1~M4进行CV测试,以M1为例:以四丁基六氟磷酸铵为电解质、脱氧二氯甲烷为溶剂,称取一定质量的M1,配成浓度为1mg/mL的待测液,除氧后立即进行CV测试。扫描速率设定6.25mV/s,圈数定为4,后得到M1–M4的循环伏安测试曲线如图12,根据图和计算公式将其氧化及还原电位和电化学数据列入表3。用Eg=(1240/λ起始)(eV)、ELUMO=(EHOMO+Eg)(eV)公式计算最高分子轨道(HOMO)能级和最低分子轨道(LUMO)能级,λ起始可由紫外可见吸收的起始波长估计。
通过上述计算公式得到:M1、M2、M3、M4的HOMO/LUMO的结果分别为–4.49/–1.6eV;–5.41/–2.52eV;–4.66/–1.74eV;–5.32/–2.45eV。同样地,计算出了M1~M4的电化学能量间隙分别是2.89eV、2.89eV、2.86eV、2.87eV。能隙相差不大。
Claims (9)
2.权利要求1所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
1)3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯通过N-取代反应,得到3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑;
2)3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸通过Suzuki偶联反应,得到4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛;
3)4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌通过Debus-Radziszewski咪唑合成反应,即得式1或式2结构化合物。
3.权利要求2所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯在碘化亚铜/1,10-邻菲咯啉及碳酸钾作用下,于120~140℃温度下,反应10~12h。
4.权利要求3所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:
3-溴-9H-咔唑与对三氟甲基溴苯的摩尔比为1:1.1~1.2;
3-溴-9H-咔唑与碘化亚铜的摩尔比为1:0.1~0.15;
3-溴-9H-咔唑与1,10-邻菲咯啉的摩尔比为1:0.05~0.1;
3-溴-9H-咔唑与碳酸钾的摩尔比为1:1~1.5。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸在四(三苯基膦)钯和碳酸钾作用下,于75~85℃温度下,反应18~20h。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:
3-溴-9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑和对甲酰基苯硼酸的摩尔比为1:1.4~1.6;
四(三苯基膦)钯的摩尔量为对甲酰基苯硼酸摩尔量的4~6%;
碳酸钾的摩尔量为对甲酰基苯硼酸摩尔量的0.5~1倍。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的合成方法,其特征在于:4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛和苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌在乙酸铵和冰醋酸作用下,于115~125℃温度下,反应8~12h;其中,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌的摩尔比1~1.1:1~1.1;乙酸铵与4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛的摩尔量比为4~5:1;或者,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛和苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌及芳基胺在乙酸铵和冰醋酸作用下,于115~125℃温度下,反应8~12h;其中,4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛与苯偶酰或9,10-菲醌及芳基胺的摩尔比1~1.1:1~1.1:1~1.1;乙酸铵与4-(9-(4-三氟甲基苯基)-9H-咔唑-3-基)苯甲醛的摩尔量比为3~4:1。
8.权利要求1所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的应用,其特征在于:作为检测Fe3+的荧光探针使用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种含咔唑结构的咪唑型荧光分子的应用,其特征在于:应用于Al3+、Ca2+、Li+、Cu2+、Na+、In3+、Ba2+、Ni3+中至少一种与Fe3+共存体系中Fe3+的荧光检测。
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