CN115088544B - Branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus - Google Patents
Branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus. The method is light, simple and convenient to operate, strong in operability, small in side effect, easy to obtain raw materials, capable of remarkably improving the cold resistance of the citrus tree body, and meanwhile, has good effects in promoting and controlling the branch tips, promoting flower bud differentiation, improving flower formation rate, overcoming the annual results of citrus fruits, greatly reducing the damage degree of leaf miners and the like, and is widely suitable for cultivation management of early, middle and late matured citrus varieties.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus.
Background
The citrus is warm and moist, and can be used for extracting new shoots all year round as long as the environmental conditions are suitable, and the new shoots can be divided into spring shoots, xia Shao shoots, autumn shoots and winter shoots according to different shoot extraction periods. The spring tip pulling period coincides with the flowering period and the late-maturing citrus fruit maturing period, excessive pulling can compete for nutrients in the flowering period, a large number of flowers and fruits fall, the annual yield is influenced, the quality of the late-maturing citrus fruits is also influenced, and the problems of withered fruit, granulation, floating skin, solid matter reduction and the like are caused. Spring tips are good fruiting branches and fruiting parent branches in the next year, and have a critical effect on fruiting in the next year and expanding crowns of young orange trees and updating functional leaves of adult orange trees. The summer-tip pulling period is positive, the young citrus fruits develop, the pulling amount of the summer-tip pulling period is too large, a large amount of nutrients can be consumed, normal growth of the fruits is affected, and even the risk of fruit drop and yield reduction occurs, so that the growth of the fruits is promoted in a tip-changing mode by commonly adopting the method of removing the summer-tip in production, but most of the summer in a citrus main planting area is in high-temperature rainy weather, the pulling amount of the summer-tip is generally large, the obvious labor cost is too high when the summer-tip pulling is repeatedly removed, and the current industry development trend is not met. The autumn tip extraction period overlaps with the citrus fruit quality forming period and the flower bud differentiation period, the autumn tip is also a good fruiting parent branch of the next-year citrus flowering and fruiting, but the conditions of reduced citrus fruit quality, insufficient flower bud differentiation and the like are caused by excessive extraction amount, the comprehensive benefits of the orchard in the current year and the next year are directly related, in addition, the autumn tip extraction period is positive, the autumn is cooled in a rainy continuous weather, the nutrients of the manufactured leaves are less, the nutrient consumption of the fruits in the mature period is large, the autumn tip grows slowly, especially the autumn tip grows loose late, the low-temperature freezing injury loss is easily caused, and the epidemic burst risk of leaf miners and anthracnose is also caused. Winter shoots are easy to extract in warm winter or in areas with abundant heat in the south, the north-biased production area is relatively less, the situation of extracting winter shoots is easy to occur in an orchard with few nitrogenous fertilizers used in autumn and winter, the winter shoots extract nutrients accumulated in summer and Qiu Shao, the quality of fruits in the mature period of late-maturing citrus is reduced, and the problem of weak and unfreezing tree bodies is caused.
In conclusion, the relationship between young shoots and citrus flowering and fruiting is complicated, and the high-quality and high-yield citrus successive years can be realized only by balancing the relationship between young shoots and citrus flowering and fruiting according to local conditions by the soil, climate, tree vigor and self rules of the stand orange garden.
The prior art mainly adopts a mode of facility cultivation or tree crown coverage to prevent low-temperature freezing injury, and has better antifreezing effect, but the prior art has large investment, high facility maintenance cost and complex management procedure, and is a mode adopted by a fine orchard with sufficient light, high economic benefit, insufficient accumulated temperature or extremely low temperature frequently in winter; the crown film covering mode is only suitable for areas with less sunlight, weak sunlight and continuous low temperature at the electrodeless end in winter, and meanwhile, the temperature and humidity change condition in the film needs to be concerned at any time, if the film is required to be uncovered at any time in the weather with strong sunlight, the branches and leaves are easy to burn and a large number of fruits drop before picking are easy to induce; the non-woven fabric material is covered without uncovering a film, but the light transmittance is low, and the flower bud differentiation of citrus is directly affected, so that the yield is greatly reduced in the next year; the bagging of late-maturing citrus fruits can improve the lowest temperature in the crown by 0.3-0.9 ℃, but the bagging cost is high, and the bagging is not feasible for small and medium-sized fruits such as Wo-orange, satay orange and the like. The smoke heating effect is good for preventing radiation frost, but the environment pollution is caused, and meanwhile, the frost damage of the orchard mainly occurs in the early morning in the evening, thereby adding inconvenience to smoke operation.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention provides a branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus so as to solve the problem of difficult control and management of citrus branch tips under different soil nutrition conditions and tree vigor conditions.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: the branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus comprises the following steps:
(1) Pruning after fruit picking or before 3 months, and applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to roots in the last 3 months;
(2) For varieties with less flowers, flowers are preserved by using a flower-preserving regulator when flowers bloom by 70-90%, and fruits are preserved by using a fruit-preserving regulator when fruits are dropped for the first time in orange gardens with less fruits and strong tree vigor;
(3) Applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to roots in the last ten days of 6 months, and performing summer shearing in the last ten days of 6 months; the summer tips drawn out from the middle and late 7 months after the summer shearing are all erased from the base part, and the new tips drawn out after the summer shearing are all reserved;
(4) For the variety with easy flower formation, thinning fruits in the late 6 months;
(5) Putting autumn tips in the middle and late 7 months, and spraying a nutrient solution for promoting the aging of the autumn tips on leaf surfaces in the late 7 months;
(6) Applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer to roots in the last ten days of 9 months, and spraying nutrient solution for promoting the aging of autumn branches on leaves again in the middle ten days of 9 months to the middle ten days of 10 months;
(7) Cutting off phloem in the last 9 to last 10 months with a cutting knife;
(8) In the last ten days of 9 months to 1 month of the next year, root breaking and water control are carried out, branch pulling and flower promotion are carried out in 10 months, and then the autumn shoots are controlled by using a shoot control regulator in 10-12 months;
(9) Injecting antifreeze fluid into trunk in the last 12 months, and continuously supplementing nutrients;
(10) After 2 months or late maturing citrus fruits are picked, branch pressing and flower promotion are carried out.
According to the invention, the nutrient balance of the tree body is bidirectionally regulated by means of water and fertilizer regulation and branch tip promotion and control measures, and from the aspect of nutrient supply, fertilizer and water regulation and root breaking and water control are utilized to timely supplement and block (regulate) the soil fertilizer supply and root system absorption capacity from the lower part of plant roots, so that the healthy tree vigor is cultivated; in terms of nutrient absorption, branch tip promotion and control and regulator promotion and control are combined with the promotion and control of different varieties, tree ages, tree vigor and tip periods, measures of promotion, control, killing and protection are flexibly applied, flower and tip protection are promoted, accumulation of dry matters in plants is promoted, and the cold resistance of citrus trees is improved.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention can be improved as follows.
Further, the total dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer used in the steps (1), (3) and (6) is 15-38 kg/mu, 10-25 kg/mu and 10-33 kg/mu respectively; the mass ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizers used in the steps (1), (3) and (6) is 4:3:3, the mass ratio of the phosphate fertilizers is 3:4:3, and the mass ratio of the potash fertilizers is 5:8:7.
Wherein, aiming at the effective nitrogen content of the orange field soil less than 50mg/kg, the total amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is 35-37.5 kg/mu; aiming at the effective nitrogen content of the orange field soil of 50-100mg/kg, the total amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is 30-35 kg/mu; aiming at the effective nitrogen content of the orange field soil of 100-200mg/kg, the total amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is 20-30 kg/mu; aiming at the effective nitrogen content of the orange field soil being more than 200mg/kg, the total amount of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer is within 20 kg/mu;
aiming at the effective phosphorus content of the orange field soil less than 5mg/kg, the total amount of the dressing phosphate fertilizer is 20-25 kg/mu; aiming at the condition that the content of effective phosphorus in the orange field soil is 5-15mg/kg, the total amount of dressing phosphate fertilizer is 17.5-20 kg/mu; aiming at the condition that the effective phosphorus content of the orange field soil is 15-80mg/kg, the total amount of the dressing phosphate fertilizer is 12.5-17.5 kg/mu; aiming at the fact that the effective phosphorus content of the orange field soil is more than 80mg/kg, the total amount of the dressing phosphate fertilizer is within 12.5 kg/mu;
aiming at the quick-acting potassium content of the orange soil less than 50mg/kg, the total amount of the topdressing potassium fertilizer is 27.5-32.5 kg/mu; aiming at the condition that the quick-acting potassium content of the orange soil is 50-100mg/kg, the total amount of the dressing potash fertilizer is 22.5-27.5 kg/mu; aiming at the condition that the quick-acting potassium content of the orange soil is 100-200mg/kg, the total amount of the dressing potash fertilizer is 15-22.5 kg/mu; aiming at the quick-acting potassium content of the orange soil being more than 200mg/kg, the total amount of the additional applied potassium fertilizer is within 15 kg/mu.
Further, the flower-protecting regulator is prepared from gibberellin, forchlorfenuron, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, quick-acting boron and water according to the mass ratio of 40-50:2-4:2000-3000:2000-3000:1000000 and mixing.
Further, the fruit retention regulator is prepared by mixing gibberellin, an expanding agent, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, quick-acting boron and water according to a mass ratio of 30-50:2-4:2000-3000:2000-3000:1000000 and mixing.
Further, the fruit thinning method in the step (4) is to thinning the pest fruits, the small fruits, the malformed fruits, the top fruits, the peripheral fruits and the coarse skin big fruits; the summer oranges and the blood oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 40-50:1, the late-maturing navel oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 50-60:1, the small-fruit type hybrid oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 30:1, the late-maturing hybrid oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 60-70:1, and the late-maturing pomelos are reserved according to the proportion of 200-300:1.
Further, in the step (5), the nutrient solution is prepared from an amino acid liquid fertilizer or a medium-micro nutrient solution, urea, monopotassium phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 0.2-0.4/0.2-0.6:0.2-0.3:0.1-0.3: 98.4-99.3; the nutrient solution in the step (6) is prepared from alginic acid or amino acid, trace element fertilizer and water according to the mass ratio of 0.1-0.4:0.1-0.3:99.3-99.8, and the spraying method is that the whole leaf is sprayed for 1-2 times.
Further, root breaking and water control comprises the following steps: for the orange trees which are vigorous in growth, not easy to flower and less in fruit bearing, when base fertilizer is applied in autumn, a strip-shaped ditch with the depth of 30-40cm is opened for airing roots for 1-2 weeks; meanwhile, water is controlled in the whole garden from the last 9 months to the next 1 month, and the field water holding capacity of the soil is kept at 60% -80%.
Further, the method for controlling autumn tips by the tip control regulator comprises the following steps: aiming at orange gardens with warm and rainy days or plants with vigorous growth or few fruits in autumn and winter, the whole tree is uniformly sprayed for 2-3 times at intervals of 10-15 days in 10-12 months, and the weight ratio of paclobutrazol or flumetralin, bifei, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water is 0.12-0.16:0.16-0.2:0.2-0.3:0.34-0.58 of regulator; in severe cold weather at 0 deg.c, 0.1wt% S-attractant 250-300 times liquid is used 5-7d before spraying for 2-3 times.
Further, the antifreeze fluid is prepared by the following steps:
(1) Burning corn straw or bean-osmunda into plant ash, and mixing the plant ash with quicklime powder according to the mass ratio of 10:1, mixing to prepare an organic fertilizer catalyst;
(2) The plant organic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer catalyst are mixed according to the mass ratio of 80:1, mixing the mixture with water according to the mass ratio of 1:3, after mixing, fermenting, and stirring for 1 time every 20 days;
(3) After fermentation for 2 months, taking out supernatant of the fermentation liquor, and respectively mixing fermentation residues at the lower part of the fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1:2 and 1:1 adding water to refine for 2 times, taking out supernatant, and combining the three obtained supernatants;
(4) Mixing the mixed clear solution, monopotassium phosphate, calcium chloride, urea, ferrous sulfite, sucrose, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax and S-induction antibiotic according to the mass ratio of 10:2:2:1:1:1:0.8:0.5:0.5-1, and diluting by 800-1200 times to obtain the final product.
Further, the method for promoting the flowering by the pruning comprises the following steps of: for plants with branches randomly pulled out due to irrational growth, improper pruning or unbalanced nutrient, the methods of branch pulling, branch taking, branch pressing and branch twisting are adopted to control the branches and promote the flowers; the branch pulling is to pull the main side branches to the outer edge or the vacant place of the crown to 30-45 degrees horizontally aiming at the orchard with disordered tree shapes and dense branches; the branch taking and twisting period is a new-tip semi-lignification period, the branches are stroked from the base to the top of the new tip section by section or from the base to the position of 5-10cm, the branches are twisted by 180 degrees, and the xylem is broken on the basis of keeping phloem connection.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the method is light, simple and convenient to operate, strong in operability, small in side effect, easy to obtain raw materials, capable of remarkably improving the cold resistance of the citrus tree body, and meanwhile, has good effects in promoting and controlling the branch tips, promoting flower bud differentiation, improving flower formation rate, overcoming the annual results of citrus fruits, greatly reducing the damage degree of leaf miners and the like, and is widely suitable for cultivation management of early, middle and late matured citrus varieties.
Detailed Description
The following describes the present invention in detail with reference to examples.
Example 1
A branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of 7-year old late-maturing citrus 'unknown fire' (the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the citrus orchard soil are 92.1mg/kg, 11.8mg/kg and 115.3mg/kg respectively) comprises the following steps:
(1) Fruits are collected from 3 months to 3 months 5;
(2) The roots are opened outside 15-20cm shallow grooves after 3 months and 9 days, 13kg of nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) are applied 2 O 5 ) 5.25kg, potash fertilizer (k) 2 O)4.5kg；
(3) Pruning dense branch groups, weak branches, cross branches, sick and weak branches and overgrown branches from day 3 to day 12 to form a concave-convex surface on the crown; for orange trees with disordered tree shapes and inner bores and shade, the main side branches are pulled to 45 degrees upwards horizontally by using a plastic rope towards the outer edge or a vacant place of the crown, so that ventilation and light transmission of the inner bores of the crown are promoted;
(4) For citrus trees with larger flower quantity (flower quantity is more than 15 flowers/small branch), thinning flowers in a mode of firstly thinning ears, then thinning flower buds, removing weakness, keeping strength, removing heads and tails and keeping middle, and cutting citrus defoliating inflorescences from a basal part;
(5) Applying 9.8kg of nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) for 6 months and 10 days 2 O 5 ) 7kg, potash fertilizer (k) 2 O)8.6kg；
(6) For 26 days in 6 months, firstly thinning the pest fruits, small fruits, malformed fruits, top fruits, peripheral fruits and thick-skin big fruits, and then leaving fruits according to the leaf-fruit ratio of 65:1;
(7) Manually erasing summer shoots which are extracted after 28 days for 6 months until autumn shoots are uniformly placed in the whole garden for 7 months and 20 days (new shoots are not erased, and are naturally extracted), so that the autumn shoots are promoted to thrive; in summer, the branches grow vigorously, in the semi-lignification period of the new tips, the branches are stroked from the base parts to the top ends of the new tips one by one, the branches are twisted by 180 degrees, and the xylem is broken off on the basis of keeping phloem connection, so that tip control is realized;
(8) At day 7 and 21, the nutrition liquid formed by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate, amino acid liquid fertilizer (amino acid chelated calcium) and water according to the ratio of 0.2:0.3:0.3:99.2 is sprayed on whole-garden leaves in combination with controlling the fruit flies and leaf miners;
(9) Before base fertilizer is applied in the last 9 months, annular grooves with the depth and the width of 30cm are formed around the citrus lines, and roots are sun-cured for 1 week;
(10) After 9 months and 12 days, applying 9.8kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 5.3kg of phosphate fertilizer and 8kg of potash fertilizer, covering soil after fertilizer application, and filling water;
(11) Pouring decomposed organic fertilizer (fermented chicken manure with the dosage of 1.2 t/mu) into the ditch in the late 9 months, and covering soil after water filling;
(12) 9 months and 25 days, and combining with controlling bactrocera dorsalis and leaf miner, spraying a nutrient solution which is prepared by mixing urea, monopotassium phosphate, amino acid liquid fertilizer (amino acid chelated calcium) and water according to the mass ratio of 0.2:0.3:0.3:99.7 on whole-garden leaves;
(13) Spraying a regulator prepared by mixing paclobutrazol, bifei, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water according to the mass ratio of 0.15:0.18:0.3:0.37 on the whole field of 10 late ten days to promote flowers and control autumn tips; after 10-15d, spraying tip controlling medicine for 1 time on the whole citrus tree with vigorous growth vigor or with late autumn tip extraction to promote flower bud differentiation;
(14) Because the mature period of 'fire is not known' is late, aiming at plants with fruit bearing quantity of more than 30kg and green or yellowish leaves, adding 0.33 percent of S-induced resistance element into the antifreeze solution for 12 months and 25 days, uniformly mixing, filling into a tree body infusion bag, and injecting into a trunk to continuously supplement nutrients in the fruit bearing period; after 1 month, the chemical pesticide was stopped.
The antifreeze fluid is prepared by the following steps:
(1) After the corn stalks are burnt into plant ash, the plant ash is mixed with quicklime powder according to the mass ratio of 10:1, mixing to prepare an organic fertilizer catalyst;
(2) The plant organic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer catalyst are mixed according to the mass ratio of 80:1, mixing the mixture with water according to the mass ratio of 1:3, after mixing, fermenting, and stirring for 1 time every 20 days;
(3) After fermentation for 2 months, taking out supernatant of the fermentation liquor, and respectively mixing fermentation residues at the lower part of the fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1:2 and 1:1 adding water to refine for 2 times, taking out supernatant, and combining the three obtained supernatants;
(4) Mixing the mixed clear solution, monopotassium phosphate, calcium chloride, urea, ferrous sulfite, sucrose, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax and S-induction antibiotic according to the mass ratio of 10:2:2:1:1:1:0.8:0.5:0.7, and diluting by 1000 times to obtain the final product.
Example 2
A branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of medium-ripe sweet oranges of 10 years old (the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the orange field soil are 132mg/kg, 14.5mg/kg and 84.6mg/kg respectively) comprises the following steps:
(1) The roots are opened outside by 15-20cm in 3 months and 7 days, 10.4kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 5.7kg of phosphate fertilizer and 4.5kg of potash fertilizer are applied;
(2) Flower preservation treatment is carried out on sweet oranges twice in 15 days of 3 months and 30 days of 3 months (flower preservation regulator prepared by mixing gibberellin, forchlorfenuron, monopotassium phosphate, quick-acting boron and water according to the mass ratio of 40:35:3:2000:2000:1000000 is sprayed), then the sick worm fruits, small fruits, malformed fruits, top fruits, peripheral fruits and coarse skin big fruits are removed, and fruits are left on the orange trees with excessive fruiting according to the leaf-fruit ratio of 60:1;
(3) Applying 7.8kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 7.6kg of phosphate fertilizer and 8.6g of potash fertilizer for 6 months and 8 days;
(4) The liquid fertilizer with the concentration of mixed high phosphorus potassium fertilizer, humic acid liquid fertilizer and water according to the mass ratio of 0.5:0.3:99.2 is sprayed on the rhizosphere for 15 days, and 15kg of water solution is irrigated for each plant;
(5) Manually erasing the summer shoots which are extracted after 28 days of 6 months until the autumn shoots are uniformly placed in the whole garden after 7 months and 20 days, so as to promote the growth of the autumn shoots; in summer, the branches grow vigorously, in the semi-lignification period of the new tips, the branches are stroked from the base parts to the top ends of the new tips one by one, the branches are twisted by 180 degrees, and the xylem is broken off on the basis of keeping phloem connection, so that tip control is realized;
(6) The liquid fertilizer with the concentration of mixed high phosphorus potassium fertilizer, humic acid liquid fertilizer and water according to the mass ratio of 0.5:0.3:99.2 is sprayed on the rhizosphere for 8 months and 20 days, and 15kg of water solution is irrigated for each plant;
(7) After 9 months and 4 days, applying 7.8kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 5.7kg of phosphate fertilizer and 8kg of potash fertilizer, covering soil after the fertilizer is applied, and filling water;
(8) In the last 9-10 months, paclobutrazol, bifeverfew, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water are used according to the mass ratio of 0.14:0.18:0.3:0.38, and the interval is 10 days, and 2 times of full-garden spraying are used for promoting flowers and controlling autumn tips; in the last 9-10 months, paclobutrazol, bifeverfew, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water are used according to the mass ratio of 0.14:0.18:0.3:0.38, and the interval is 10 days, and 2 times of full-garden spraying are used for promoting flowers and controlling autumn tips;
(9) After fruit picking (12 middle ten days), a ring-shaped ditch with the depth and the width of 40cm is formed at the position of applying base fertilizer in autumn, roots are sun-cured for 1 week, thoroughly decomposed organic fertilizer (fermented chicken manure with the dosage of 2 t/mu) is poured into the ditch in the last ten days of 12 months, and soil is covered after water filling;
(10) After fruit picking, pruning dense branch groups, weak branches, cross branches, sick and weak branches and overgrown branches from the tree crown to form a concave-convex surface after 12 months and 21 days; for orange trees with disordered tree shapes and inner bores and shade, the main side branches are pulled to 45 degrees upwards horizontally by using a plastic rope towards the outer edge or a vacant place of the crown, so that ventilation and light transmission of the inner bores of the crown are promoted;
(11) And in the last ten days of 1 month, 0.1% of S-lure antibiotic is used for carrying out full-round spraying for 1-2 times in 250 times of liquid, so that the cold resistance of branch tips is enhanced.
Example 3
A branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of 3-year-old citrus (the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the citrus orchard soil are 89mg/kg, 57.2mg/kg and 154mg/kg respectively) comprises the following steps:
(1) Pruning dense branch groups, weak branches, cross branches, sick and weak branches and overgrown branches from 2 months and 5 days after fruit picking to form a concave-convex surface on the crown; for orange trees with disordered tree shapes and inner bores and shade, the main side branches are pulled to 45 degrees upwards horizontally by using a plastic rope towards the outer edge or a vacant place of the crown, so that ventilation and light transmission of the inner bores of the crown are promoted;
(2) The young orange garden is mainly cultivated, ventilated and transparent and the main and secondary clear tree forms are used for promoting the outward expansion of tree crowns, and all flowers and fruits are erased;
(3) For 3 months 2 days and 3 months 20 days, 13.2kg of nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) are applied by rhizosphere spraying 2 O 5 ) 3.9kg, potash fertilizer (k) 2 O)5g；
(4) After 1 day 6 and 18 days 6 months, 9.9kg of nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) are applied by rhizosphere spraying 2 O 5 ) 5.2kg, potash fertilizer (k) 2 O)8g；
(5) Manually erasing the summer shoots which are extracted after 28 days of 6 months until the autumn shoots are uniformly placed in the whole garden after 7 months and 20 days, so as to promote the growth of the autumn shoots; in summer, the branches grow vigorously, and in the semi-lignification period of the new shoots, the shoots are controlled by taking the branches and twisting the shoots.
(6) 9 months 5 and 24 days, 9.9kg of nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) and phosphorus fertilizer (P) are applied by rhizosphere spraying 2 O 5 ) 5.2kg, potash fertilizer (k) 2 O)7g；
(7) After 9 months and 12 days, combined with the prevention and treatment of citrus leaf miners and red spiders, the whole-garden foliar spray comprises potassium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid liquid fertilizer (amino acid chelated calcium), magnesium sulfate, chelated iron, spirodiclofen, prochloraz and water according to the mass ratio of 0.3:0.3:0.2:0.2:0.0048:0.0375:99, and accelerating the aging of the branches.
(8) And applying the fermented organic fertilizer for 0.6t in the next ten days of 9 months in ditches per mu.
Comparative example 1
Only the fertilizer water controlling operations (i.e., steps (1), (2), (5), (8), (10), (12)) in example 1 were included, and the remaining operations were canceled.
Comparative example 2
Only the shoot control operations (i.e., steps (1), (3), (4), (6), (7)) in example 1 were included, and the remaining operations were canceled.
Comparative example 3
Only the root-breaking water control operation (i.e., steps (1), (9), (11)) in example 1 was included, and the rest was canceled.
Comparative example 4
Only the regulator-actuation operations in example 1 (i.e., steps (1), (13), (14)) were included, and the remaining operations were canceled.
Comparative example 5
Only the operations of fertilizer water regulation and branch tip promotion in the embodiment 1 (namely steps (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (10) and (12)) are included, and the rest operations are canceled.
Comparative example 6
Only fertilizer water control and root breaking water control operations (namely steps (1), (2), (5), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12)) in the embodiment 1 are included, and the rest operations are canceled.
Comparative example 7
Only fertilizer water control and regulator promotion operations (i.e., steps (1), (2), (5), (8), (10), (12), (13), (14)) in example 1 are included, and the rest of the operations are canceled.
Comparative example 8
Only fertilizer water control, branch tip promotion and root breaking water control operations (namely steps (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12)) in the embodiment 1 are included, and the rest operations are canceled.
Comparative example 9
Only fertilizer water control, branch tip control and regulator control operations (namely steps (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (10), (12), (13) and (14)) in the embodiment 1 are included, and the rest of operations are canceled.
The conventional method manages the citrus orchard:
(1) And (3) fertilization: 1kg of urea, 1kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, 0.4kg of urea, 1kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and 1.2kg of urea are applied to each plant in the beginning of 3 months, and 0.5kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is applied to each plant in the last 9 months;
(2) Branch tip management: pruning summer shoots and late autumn shoots which are extracted in the middle ten days of 6 months, thinning off the top and the pest fruits, and leaving 5-6 fruits on single branch; the girdling and the pruning treatment are not carried out;
(3) Root cutting and water control are not performed;
(4) No regulator is used.
The test effect of the citrus orchard managed in example 1 was investigated, counted and tested, and meanwhile, the citrus orchard managed in a conventional method was set as a control, the physical and chemical conditions of the soil are shown in table 1, and the flowering and fruiting conditions are shown in table 2.
TABLE 1 physical and chemical Condition of soil between orange rows
TABLE 2 flowering and fruiting status of citrus
Example 1 compared to the control, the results show that: the method can improve and balance the condition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients of the soil without knowing fire, and adopts a conventional management mode, so that soil organic matters, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil in a lower state are more deficient; by adopting the method, the organic matters, available nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil are gradually increased, and the soil fertility effect is obvious. In addition, compared with a control, the method has the advantages that the late autumn tips and winter tips of the oranges are controlled to be extracted, the flower bud differentiation promoting effect is remarkable, meanwhile, due to the fact that the new and slightly aged degree is high, the low-temperature freezing injury rate of late matured oranges is greatly reduced, the branch tips are controlled in an acceleration mode to enable the summer and autumn tips to be extracted neatly, the harmful period of leaf miners is greatly shortened, and the single yield and the high-quality fruit rate of the oranges are both greatly improved.
The test effect of the citrus orchard managed in example 2 was investigated, counted and tested, and meanwhile, the citrus orchard managed in conventional method was set as a control, the physical and chemical conditions of the soil are shown in table 3, and the flowering and fruiting conditions are shown in table 4.
TABLE 3 physical and chemical Condition of soil between orange rows
TABLE 4 flowering and fruiting status of citrus
Example 2 compared to the control: the method of the invention can improve and balance: the nutrient status of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the orange soil is greatly deficient due to the adoption of a conventional management mode and soil organic matters, available phosphorus and available potassium which are in a lower state; by adopting the method, the organic matters, the available phosphorus and the available potassium of the soil are gradually increased, and the soil fertility effect is obvious. In addition, the method of the invention reasonably promotes and controls spring, summer and autumn tips, the branch is slightly aged to a high degree, the control effect of the extraction of late autumn tips and winter tips is remarkable, the frost resistance of citrus is greatly improved, meanwhile, the branch promotion and control mode ensures that the extraction of summer and autumn tips is tidy, the harmful period of leaf-diving moths is greatly shortened, the flower bud differentiation is greatly promoted by a strong new tip, the flower bud quality of sweet oranges is remarkably improved, and the single yield and the high-quality fruit rate of citrus are both greatly improved.
The test effect of the citrus orchard managed in example 3 was investigated, counted and tested, and meanwhile, the citrus orchard managed in conventional method was set as a control, the physical and chemical conditions of soil are shown in table 5, and the growth of plants is shown in table 6.
TABLE 5 physical and chemical Condition of soil between orange rows
TABLE 6 citrus growth
Example 3 compared to the control: the method can improve and balance the condition of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil of the young orange garden, and the soil organic matters, available phosphorus and available potassium are gradually unbalanced by adopting a conventional management mode; the soil fertilizing effect is obvious by adopting the method of the invention. The orange flower bud growth promoting agent has the advantages that fertilizer and water management is proper, the spring, summer and autumn tips are orderly extracted, the branch tips grow well, the aging degree is high, the orange freezing resistance is greatly improved, the orange flower bud differentiation is promoted, the leaf miner injury degree is greatly reduced, the orange rapid garden forming is realized, and a foundation is laid for early fruiting and high yield of young orange gardens.
The test effect of the citrus orchard managed in example 1 was investigated, counted and tested, and the citrus orchard managed in conventional manner was set as a control, and flowering and fruiting conditions are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7 flowering and fruiting status of citrus
As can be seen from table 7, compared with the citrus orchard (control) managed by the conventional method, each embodiment has remarkable excellent effects in controlling the pumping of the late autumn tips and the winter tips of the citrus without fire, promoting the differentiation of flower buds and improving the cold resistance of citrus trees, and the steps in the method can be used singly or in a superimposed manner to improve the cold resistance of citrus; from the perspective of improving the cold resistance of citrus fruits by each treatment, the embodiment 1> comparative example 9> comparative example 8> comparative example 7> comparative example 5> comparative example 6> comparative example 1> comparative example 4> comparative example 2> comparative example 3> contrast, and the four treatment steps have the superposition benefits, the use effect of the four treatment combinations is better than that of the three treatment combinations, the superposition effect of the three treatment combinations is better than that of the two treatment combinations, the quality improvement synergy and the freezing injury occurrence reduction effect can be achieved by using each treatment alone, but the comprehensive effect is the worst, and the embodiment 1 used by the four treatment combinations simultaneously has the best effect on improving the cold resistance and freezing resistance of the citrus fruits, so that the citrus fruits are slightly frozen in short-term low-temperature weather of 0 ℃ to-3 ℃ in winter. The comprehensive analysis is that the method cultures the strong tree vigor and adjusts the growth and nutrient balance of branch tips in each season, thereby improving the accumulation of self dry matters in the tree body and promoting the aging degree of new tips, thereby achieving the purposes of improving the quality of citrus, increasing the yield and improving the efficiency and reducing the freezing risk of the tree body; meanwhile, as the new and slightly aged degree is high, the low-temperature freezing injury rate of late-matured oranges is greatly reduced, the branch tip promotion and control mode enables the summer tips and autumn tips to be regularly extracted, the damage period of leaf miners is greatly shortened, and the single yield and the high-quality fruit rate of the oranges are both greatly improved. In conclusion, the method has remarkable effect on improving the cold resistance of the citrus and realizing the continuous high yield and stable yield of the citrus.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail in connection with the examples, it should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the patent. Various modifications and variations which may be made by those skilled in the art without the creative effort are within the scope of the patent described in the claims.
Claims (6)
1. The branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Pruning after fruit picking or before 3 months, and applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to roots in the last 3 months;
(2) For varieties with less flowers, when flowers are 70-90%, flowers are preserved by using a flower-preserving regulator, and for orange gardens with less fruit quantity and strong tree vigor, fruits are preserved by using the fruit-preserving regulator when fruits fall in the first physiology;
(3) Applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to roots in the last ten days of 6 months, and performing summer shearing in the last ten days of 6 months; the summer tips drawn out from the middle and late 7 months after the summer shearing are all erased from the base part, and the new tips drawn out after the summer shearing are all reserved;
(4) For the variety with easy flower formation, thinning fruits in the late 6 months;
(5) Putting autumn tips in the middle and late 7 months, and spraying a nutrient solution for promoting the aging of the autumn tips on leaf surfaces in the late 7 months;
(6) Applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer to roots in the last ten days of 9 months, and spraying nutrient solution for promoting the aging of autumn branches on leaves again in the middle ten days of 9 months to the middle ten days of 10 months;
(7) Cutting off phloem in the last 9 to last 10 months with a cutting knife;
(8) In the last ten days of 9 months to 1 month of the next year, root breaking and water control are carried out, branch pulling and flower promotion are carried out in 10 months, and then the autumn shoots are controlled by using a shoot control regulator in 10-12 months;
(9) Injecting antifreeze fluid into trunk in the last 12 months, and continuously supplementing nutrients;
(10) After 2 months in the next year or after the fruit is picked, the citrus fruits are pressed to promote the flowers;
the flower-protecting regulator is prepared from gibberellin, forchlorfenuron, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, quick-acting boron and water according to the mass ratio of 40-50:2-4:2000-3000:2000-3000:1000000 and mixing;
the fruit retention regulator is prepared from gibberellin, an expanding agent, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, quick-acting boron and water according to a mass ratio of 30-50:2-4:2000-3000:2000-3000:1000000 and mixing;
the root breaking and water controlling method comprises the following steps: for the orange trees which are vigorous in growth, not easy to flower and less in fruit bearing, when base fertilizer is applied in autumn, a strip-shaped ditch with the depth of 30-40cm is opened for airing roots for 1-2 weeks; simultaneously controlling water in the whole garden from the last 9 months to the next 1 month, and keeping the field water holding capacity of the soil at 60% -80%;
the method for controlling autumn tips by the tip control regulator comprises the following steps: aiming at orange gardens with warm and rainy days or plants with vigorous growth or few fruits in autumn and winter, the whole tree is uniformly sprayed for 2-3 times at intervals of 10-15 days in 10-12 months, and the weight ratio of paclobutrazol or flumetralin, bifei, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water is 0.12-0.16:0.16-0.2:0.2-0.3:0.34-0.58 of regulator; in severe cold weather at 0 deg.c, 0.1wt% S-attractant 250-300 times liquid is used 5-7d before spraying for 2-3 times.
2. The method for promoting and controlling branch tips for improving cold resistance of citrus according to claim 1, wherein: the total dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer in the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphate fertilizer and the potash fertilizer used in the steps (1), (3) and (6) is 15-38 kg/mu, 10-25 kg/mu and 10-33 kg/mu respectively; the mass ratio of the nitrogenous fertilizers used in the steps (1), (3) and (6) is 4:3:3, the mass ratio of the phosphate fertilizers is 3:4:3, and the mass ratio of the potash fertilizers is 5:8:7.
3. The method for promoting and controlling branch tips for improving cold resistance of citrus according to claim 1, wherein: the fruit thinning method in the step (4) is to thinning the insect fruits, small fruits, malformed fruits, top fruits, peripheral fruits and coarse peel big fruits; the summer oranges and the blood oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 40-50:1, the late-maturing navel oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 50-60:1, the small-fruit type hybrid oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 30:1, the late-maturing hybrid oranges are reserved according to the proportion of 60-70:1, and the late-maturing pomelos are reserved according to the proportion of 200-300:1.
4. The branch tip promotion and control method for improving cold resistance of citrus according to claim 1, wherein the nutrient solution in the step (5) is prepared from an amino acid liquid fertilizer or a medium-micro nutrient solution, urea, monopotassium phosphate and water according to a mass ratio of 0.2-0.4/0.2-0.6:0.2-0.3:0.1-0.3: 98.4-99.3; the nutrient solution in the step (6) is prepared from alginic acid or amino acid, trace element fertilizer and water according to the mass ratio of 0.1-0.4:0.1-0.3:99.3-99.8, and the spraying method is that the whole leaf is sprayed for 1-2 times.
5. The method for promoting and controlling branch tips for improving cold resistance of citrus according to claim 1,
the antifreeze fluid is prepared by the following steps:
(1) Burning corn straw or bean-osmunda into plant ash, and mixing the plant ash with quicklime powder according to the mass ratio of 10:1, mixing to prepare an organic fertilizer catalyst;
(2) The plant organic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer catalyst are mixed according to the mass ratio of 80:1, mixing the mixture with water according to the mass ratio of 1:3, after mixing, fermenting, and stirring for 1 time every 20 days;
(3) After fermentation for 2 months, taking out supernatant of the fermentation liquor, and respectively mixing fermentation residues at the lower part of the fermentation liquor according to the mass ratio of 1:2 and 1:1 adding water to refine for 2 times, taking out supernatant, and combining the three obtained supernatants;
(4) Mixing the mixed clear solution, monopotassium phosphate, calcium chloride, urea, ferrous sulfite, sucrose, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax and S-induction antibiotic according to the mass ratio of 10:2:2:1:1:1:0.8:0.5:0.5-1, and diluting by 800-1200 times to obtain the final product.
6. The method for promoting and controlling branch tips for improving cold resistance of citrus according to claim 1, wherein: the pruning and flower promotion method comprises the following steps of: for plants with branches randomly pulled out due to irrational growth, improper pruning or unbalanced nutrient, the methods of branch pulling, branch taking, branch pressing and branch twisting are adopted to control the branches and promote the flowers; the branch pulling is to pull the main side branches to the outer edge or the vacant place of the crown to 30-45 degrees horizontally aiming at the orchard with disordered tree shapes and dense branches; the branch taking and twisting period is a new-tip semi-lignification period, the branches are stroked from the base to the top of the new tip section by section or from the base to the position of 5-10cm, the branches are twisted by 180 degrees, and the xylem is broken on the basis of keeping phloem connection.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN107750804A (en) * | 2017-12-10 | 2018-03-06 | 贺州佳成技术转移服务有限公司 | A kind of citrus autumn slightly promotees colored method |
| CN112840939A (en) * | 2021-01-20 | 2021-05-28 | 南充市农业科学院 | High-quality and high-efficiency cultivation method for late-maturing citrus |
| CN113179832A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-07-30 | 衢州市农业林业科学研究院 | Method for improving freezing resistance of citrus |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107750804A (en) * | 2017-12-10 | 2018-03-06 | 贺州佳成技术转移服务有限公司 | A kind of citrus autumn slightly promotees colored method |
| CN112840939A (en) * | 2021-01-20 | 2021-05-28 | 南充市农业科学院 | High-quality and high-efficiency cultivation method for late-maturing citrus |
| CN113179832A (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2021-07-30 | 衢州市农业林业科学研究院 | Method for improving freezing resistance of citrus |
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