CN115084649A - 高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质和全固态电池 - Google Patents
高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质和全固态电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115084649A CN115084649A CN202210917075.0A CN202210917075A CN115084649A CN 115084649 A CN115084649 A CN 115084649A CN 202210917075 A CN202210917075 A CN 202210917075A CN 115084649 A CN115084649 A CN 115084649A
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- solid
- electrolyte
- polymer
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- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
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- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920002677 supramolecular polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Na+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YLKTWKVVQDCJFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allylamine Chemical compound NCC=C VVJKKWFAADXIJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VYXHVRARDIDEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5-cyclooctadiene Chemical compound C1CC=CCCC=C1 VYXHVRARDIDEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004912 1,5-cyclooctadiene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical compound CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- HECLRDQVFMWTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dicyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C2C3CC=CC3C1C=C2 HECLRDQVFMWTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910009178 Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CFKDIWJRWVUNTF-UHFFFAOYSA-J [F-].[Na+].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[V+5] Chemical compound [F-].[Na+].P(=O)([O-])([O-])[O-].[V+5] CFKDIWJRWVUNTF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SBWRUMICILYTAT-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;cobalt(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O SBWRUMICILYTAT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- IYHPPEDNKYRLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;hydrogen phosphate;iron(2+);fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-].[Fe+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O IYHPPEDNKYRLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ILXAVRFGLBYNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L peroxydisulfate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound FS(=O)(=O)N([Na])S(F)(=O)=O VCCATSJUUVERFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- DNXDYHALMANNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N furan-2,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=1C=COC=1C(O)=O DNXDYHALMANNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F214/22—Vinylidene fluoride
- C08F214/225—Vinylidene fluoride with non-fluorinated comonomers
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质和全固态电池,通过自由基/阳离子型引发剂,将刚性单体、柔性单体、抗氧化剂及掺杂剂通过共价键进行有序组装,最终原位聚合固化获得高度离子离域化的超分子聚合物固态电解质。本发明中的自由基引发法具有环境污染小、固化速度快、能耗低、易大规模制备等特点。所制备的电解质膜室温下锂/钠离子电导率高、界面接触相容稳定性好、自修复特性、耐高压、并能有效抑制锂/钠枝晶生长,使用该膜制备的全固态电池,循环500周,容量保持率为80%以上。
Description
技术领域
本发明提供了一种高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质和全固态电池,可以大规模制备,属于全固态电池技术领域。
背景技术
传统锂/钠离子电池体系采用易挥发、易燃烧、低沸点液态有机电解质,具有易泄露、易腐蚀、安全性差等缺点,严重制约液态电池发展。电池固态化是解决安全性-高能量密度矛盾的有效解决途径。固态电池以固态电解质替代液态电解质、隔膜,根本上解决安全性问题,还能突破传统锂/钠离子电池能量密度极限,有望获得符合安全性标准、更高能量密度和更长寿命的锂/钠离子电池,将会在新能源汽车、大规模储能等领域具有广阔的应用价值及前景。固态电池结构包括正极、负极、电解质,均由固体材料组成,其中固态电解质担任传导锂离子和隔膜作用,优势在于:①高安全性;②能量密度高,工作温度范围宽;③封装简化,电芯内部为串联结构。然而目前固态电解质均有性能短板,聚合物室温电导率低;氧化物与电极之间界面阻抗大;硫化物空气中不稳定。此外,电极/电解质固固界面处存在空间电荷层、接触不良、副反应、机械匹配性差等问题,均对电池容量和倍率性能有重大影响。
在上述各类固态电解质材料中,聚合物电解质材料具有成本低、易加工、质量轻、高弹性模量和易大规模制备等优势,是极具工程化潜质的固态电解质。聚环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷P(EO-PO)、聚丙烯氧化物(PPO)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)等,均可用作固态电解质基体,均有优异的灵活性和加工性,具有较高工程化潜质。然而,由于聚合物的高玻璃化转变温度(Tg),及较高的最高占有分子轨道(HOMO)能量,导致聚合物在工程化应用中存在两大瓶颈,首先,聚合物在室温下的锂/钠离子电导率较低(10-8~10-6S·cm-1);其次,聚合物电解质在高电位下容易被氧化,无法与高电压正极进行适配。
专利CN 101735589 B提供了一种聚合物电解质,该聚合物电解质含有聚氧化乙烯、锂盐和掺杂剂,其中,所述掺杂剂为非水溶性的金属硫化物。本发明还提供了制备该聚合物电解质以及包括该聚合物电解质的聚合物电池。其中,所述制备聚合物电解质的方法包括在聚氧化乙烯存在下将含有金属离子的溶液与含有硫离子的溶液接触,将接触后的产物与锂盐混合均匀,并将混合均匀后的产物进行成膜,所述金属离子为非水溶性的金属硫化物的金属离子。在本发明中通过使用非水溶性的金属硫化物作为掺杂剂,从而显著提高了聚合物电解质員的室温电导率和锂离子迁移数。
但是该技术存在以下缺点:由于掺杂剂是非水溶性的,因此需要耗费大量有毒有害的有机溶剂,包括溶解聚氧化乙烯、配置含有金属离子的溶液与含有硫离子的溶液,最后让它们接触发生原位反应,并需要再充满保护气体的条件下进行,最后再和锂盐混合,成膜。此工艺配置溶液较多,步骤较多较为复杂繁琐,反应时间较长(54小时),且原位生成金属硫化物颗粒尺寸无法控制(30-100纳米),因此最终成的膜很难均匀。最终导致制备工艺成本高昂,很难获得放大。最重要的是该发明,并未解决聚合物不耐高压的瓶颈缺陷。
专利201910674515.2提供了一种固态电解质的聚合物基材及其制备方法以及聚合物固态电解质和电池,聚合物基材为星型结构,具有中心核和与所述中心核键合的臂部,中心核含有无机纳米粒子,臂部由式(1)所示的化合物聚合得到,其中A含有基团-C=C-或-C≡C-,R1选自取代或未取代的C1-C10的烷基、H中的一种,n大于零且为整数。本发明提供的聚合物电解质的离子电导率大大提高。含有聚合物电解质的锂离子电池,电池的安全性能和实用寿命大大提高。但是该技术存在以下缺点:该专利应用无机粒子作为中心核,在无机粒子外壳生长聚合物分子链段,合成过程中需要使用惰性气体,还需要金属催化剂,实验中所使用为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、水和二氧六环有毒有害,提高废液处理成本,不利已大规模生产。此外,该专利所述的无机粒子有SiO2、MgO、CaO、CeO2、ZnO等,均是锂离子绝缘体,因此将这些粒子作为中心核反而还会降低电解质的电导率,不能满足商业锂离子电池的要求。
申请号202210040187.2提供了一种聚合物固态电解质膜及其制备方法和全固态电池,属于全固态电池技术领域,本发明中腈类单体为电解质膜提供刚性,乙烯酯类单体为电解质膜提供柔性,使得电解质膜在保证机械性能的同时加强界面接触,同时改善固/固接触阻抗提升界面相容性,加入增塑剂产生交联网络为锂离子传输提供通道,便于锂离子迁移,加入交联剂提高了电解质膜的机械强度,能够抑制锂枝晶生长。实施例的结果显示,本发明制备的电解质膜室温离子电导率为6.16×10-4S cm-1,制备的全固态电池在0.2C的倍率下最高放电比容量可达154.82mAh g-1,第60圈循环的容量保持率为92%。但是该技术存在以下缺点:该专利中,制备聚合物所使用的增塑剂也是一种有机液体,具有易燃易爆的特点,加入聚合物电解质中虽然能提高离子电导率,但是安全性无法保证。此外,该发明技术使用溶液法来合成聚合物,不能彻底清除有机溶剂的残留物,不利于大规模量产。该技术所制备的聚合物膜较厚:200μm,会极大增加固态电池内阻,影响电池倍率特性。
专利申请202110503667.3公开了聚合物固态电解质膜及制备方法和全固态电池,该聚合物固态电解质膜包括:刷状PEO交联网络、PEO线性分子链和锂盐;刷状PEO交联网络由PEO大分子单体和交联剂通过自由基聚合反应制得。本发明的聚合物电解质膜具有较好的室温电导率和机械强度,能解决液态电解质或准固态电解质锂离子电池安全性问题和全固态电池室温离子电导率不够问题,能够用于高能量密度的锂金属电池,解决高能量密度锂金属电池安全性不够的问题,具有可观的应用前景。但是该技术存在以下缺点:该方法为PEO的共聚改性,但共聚物制备时间花费时间太长,且反应条件中需要大量使用四氢呋喃、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基亚砜和乙腈中有毒有机溶剂,干燥过程中,无法完全清除有机溶剂残留,这会大大影响产物的纯度,且此种方法所需要条件要求很高(真空干燥,惰性气氛),无法大规模制备。
发明内容
本发明提供一种高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质和全固态电池,提高离子导电基材—聚合物电解质材料的室温电导率和高电压稳定性(抑制聚合物基团被氧化)。本发明的聚合物电解质材料具有较高的室温电导率和高电压稳定性。本发明无需高压高温的容器设备和特殊的环境,反应程度可控,且可一步法制备,适用于大规模生产。
要解决的技术问题具体为:
技术问题一:解决聚合物电解质材料(PEO、PMMA、P(EO-PO)、PPO、PAN、PVC和PVDF等)作为基体在≤室温下的低离子电导率的本征缺点。因为在此类聚合物中,均认为离子传导主要发生在玻璃化转变温度(Tg)以上的无定形区域,在该区域内锂/钠离子通过分子链段的蠕动来实现迁移,然而聚合物的Tg通常高于60摄氏度,严重阻碍聚合物作为锂/钠离子导体的商品化使用。
技术问题二:聚合物固态电解质在高电压下会发生氧化反应,进而无法与高电压电极材料进行匹配,导致锂/钠离子电池的能量密度受到影响。这是由于聚合物的HOMO能量通常较高(—OH等官能团存在的影响),导致了聚合物在高压下发生氧化分解反应。
聚合物固态电解质的离子传导机制,均认为主要发生在玻璃化转变温度(Tg)以上的无定形区域,在该区域内锂离子通过分子链段的蠕动来实现迁移。在本发明中,提出的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质材料技术方案,通过自由基/阳离子型引发剂,将刚性单体(联苯结构单体、卤化苯基、共轭骨架等)、柔性单体(乙烯酯、乙二醇等)、抗氧化剂及掺杂剂通过共价键进行有序组装,最终原位聚合固化获得高度离子离域化的超分子聚合物固态电解质。本发明中的自由基引发法具有环境污染小、固化速度快、能耗低、易大规模制备等特点。所制备的电解质膜室温下锂/钠离子电导率高、界面接触相容稳定性好、自修复特性、耐高压、并能有效抑制锂/钠枝晶生长,使用该膜制备的全固态电池,循环1000周,容量保持率为80%以上。
本发明提供了如下技术方案:
高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质,制备方法包括:
步骤1:将自由基/阳离子引发剂、刚性小分子单体、柔性小分子单体及抗氧化剂材料放入自由基引发设备中,控制反应温度30~90℃,搅拌速度为50~250rpm,反应时间控制在6~14h,得到超分子聚合物基材;
步骤2:将步骤1得到的超分子聚合物基材与复合锂盐、掺杂剂均匀混合,并喷涂流延成膜,得到所述高度离子离域化的固态电解质薄膜材料。
其中,步骤1中,所述自由基/阳离子引发剂为过氧化苯甲酰、叔丁基过氧化氢、过氧化甲乙酮、偶氮二异丁腈、过硫酸盐中任一种或多种。
其中,步骤1中,所述刚性小分子为丙烯酸、烯丙基胺、联二苯甲酸、联呋喃-二甲酸、十二烷基硫酸根/层状双羟基氧化物、环戊二烯二聚体、1,5-环辛二烯中任一种或多种。
其中,步骤1中,所述柔性小分子为PEGDMA、碳酸亚乙烯酯、乙酸乙烯酯、烯二甲酰亚胺、丙烯腈和丙烯酸酯中任一种或多种。
其中,步骤1中,所述抗氧化剂为具有高介电常数、强吸电子基团、稳定极性官能团(-C-F/C≡N)的单体或链段功能基元,包括:单酚、双酚、多酚、氮杂环多酚、亚磷酸酯抗氧剂和含硫抗氧剂中任一种或多种;
其中,步骤1中,各物质的量为:
所述刚性分子含量为总单体量的15%~50%;
所述柔性分子含量为总单体量的15%~50%;
所述抗氧化剂含量为总单体量的0.1~0.5%;
所述的总单体量为刚性小分子、柔性小分子、抗氧化剂三者的质量和,三者的质量含量合计为100%;
所述自由基/阳离子引发剂含量为总单体量的0.5%~3%。
其中,步骤2中,所述锂/钠盐为LiBF4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiFSI、LiTFSI、NaPF6、NaClO4、NaFSI、NaTFSI中任一种或多种。
其中,步骤2中,所述掺杂剂为Al2O3、SiO2、LiS2、NaS2、PS5、Na3PS4、Na3PSe4、Li7La3Zr2O12、Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3中任一种或多种。
其中,步骤2中,各物质的量为:
所述锂/钠盐含量为总量的质量分数15%~55%;
所述掺杂剂含量为质量分数2%~10%;
其余为超分子聚合物基材;
总量为超分子聚合物基材、复合锂盐、掺杂剂的质量和。
本发明还提供一种全固态电池,所述全固态电池包括电解质,所述的电解质为所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质;厚度15~200微米。
其中,全固态电池的正极材料为磷酸铁锂、磷酸锰锂、磷酸钴锂、氟化磷酸铁锂、碳包覆磷酸铁锂、磷酸钒钠、氟化磷酸钒钠,或者三元层状电极材料LiTMO2、NaTMO2,其中TM是AxByCz,A、B、C是由Ni、Co、Mn、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cu、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sn、Sb中任意三种阳离子元素组成,其中x+y+z=1。
正极材料占整个正极片的质量比例为50%-95%。
全固态电池的负极材料为石墨、硬碳、硅/碳负极材料,或者氧化硅/碳负极材料、锡基负极材料。
负极材料占整个负极片的质量比例为50%-95%。
其中,按照一定比例质量比将上述负极材料、导电剂、电解质、粘结剂混合,分散剂搅拌均匀,制成电极浆料;
另外,负极可以是纯金属锂带或者锂合金,厚度1-200μm。
本发明中的提供的技术方案,具有环境污染小、固化速度快、能耗低、易大规模制备等特点。所制备的电解质膜室温下锂/钠离子电导率高、界面接触相容稳定性好、自修复特性、耐高压、并能有效抑制锂/钠枝晶生长,使用该膜制备的全固态电池,循环1000周,容量保持率为80%以上。
附图说明
图1是本发明的流程示意图。
图2是实施例1中电解质膜的电化学阻抗图;
图3是实施例3中电解质膜的电化学窗口;
图4是实施例3中电解质膜的电镜图;
图5是实施例3中固态电池的充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
结合实施例说明本发明的具体技术方案。
实施例1:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
①取丙烯酸、环氧丙烷、丙烯腈、乙酸乙烯酯、亚磷酸酯、过氧化苯甲酰,按照质量比(2.3:2.3:2.3:2.3:0.6:0.2)称量相应的材料,加入密封的反应釜中,充入二氧化碳,之后将该混合物升温至70℃,并在该温度下保温搅拌6小时。
②将①中获得的超分子基材作有机骨架基底,LiTFSI及LiClO4作为锂盐(锂盐浓度为0.6mol/L),碳酸乙烯酯作为掺杂剂,加入适量的溶剂中,置于磁力搅拌器上充分搅拌6h,搅拌均匀得到聚合物电解质前驱体。
③通过将前驱体喷涂在烘干的干净玻璃板表面,置于真空干燥箱内30℃下干燥12h,然后再升温至60℃干燥24h,得到厚度在30~50μm左右的聚合物电解质膜。
④在氩气手套箱中,将LiFePO4极片作为正极,锂片作为负极,裁成合适的尺寸后依次按照不锈钢片、正极、③电解质、锂片的顺序置入2032扣式模具中制备纽扣电池,用封口机封实后存放于手套箱中以备测试。
图2是实施例1中电解质膜的电化学阻抗图。
实施例2:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例1的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的盐是NaTFSI及NaPF6,磷酸钒钠作为正极,钠片作为负极。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导钠聚合物电解质膜样品。
实施例3:
①取联二苯甲酸、偏氟乙烯、丙烯酸酯、乙酸乙烯酯、亚磷酸酯、过氧化苯甲酰,按照质量比(2.3:2.3:2.3:2.3:0.6:0.2)称量相应的材料,加入密封的反应釜中,之后将该混合物升温至50℃,并在该温度下保温搅拌6小时。
②将①中获得的超分子基材作有机骨架基底,LiTFSI及LiClO4作为锂盐(锂盐浓度为0.6mol/L),碳酸亚乙烯酯作为掺杂剂,加入适量的溶剂中,置于磁力搅拌器上充分搅拌6h,搅拌均匀得到聚合物电解质前驱体。
③通过将前驱体喷涂在烘干的干净玻璃板表面,置于真空干燥箱内30℃下干燥12h,然后再升温至60℃干燥24h,得到厚度在30~50μm左右的聚合物电解质膜。
④在氩气手套箱中,将LiFePO4极片作为正极,锂片作为负极,裁成合适的尺寸后依次按照不锈钢片、正极、③电解质、锂片的顺序置入2032扣式模具中制备纽扣电池,用封口机封实后存放于手套箱中以备测试。
图3是实施例3中电解质膜的电化学窗口;图4是实施例3中电解质膜的电镜图;图5是实施例3中固态电池的充放电曲线。
实施例4:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例3的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的盐是NaTFSI及NaPF6,磷酸钒钠作为正极,钠片作为负极。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导钠聚合物电解质膜样品。
实施例5:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例3的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的质量比是2.4:2.4:2.2:2.2:0.6:0.2。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导锂聚合物电解质膜样品。
实施例6:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例5的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的盐是NaTFSI及NaPF6,磷酸钒钠作为正极,钠片作为负极。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导钠聚合物电解质膜样品。
实施例7:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例3的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的质量比是2.4:2.4:2.2:2.2:0.6:0.2。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导锂聚合物电解质膜样品。
实施例8:
本实施例用于说明本发明提供的聚合物电解质和固态电池及其制备方法。
根据实施例7的方法制备聚合物电解质,不同的是:使用的盐是NaTFSI及NaPF6,磷酸钒钠作为正极,钠片作为负极。从而制得厚度为30~50μm左右的导钠聚合物电解质膜样品。
以上实施例的聚合物固态电解质的性能参数如表1所示。
表1不同实施例的聚合物固态电解质的性能参数
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明专利的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。
Claims (10)
1.高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:将自由基/阳离子引发剂、刚性小分子单体、柔性小分子单体及抗氧化剂材料放入自由基引发设备中,控制反应温度30~90℃,搅拌速度为50~250rpm,反应时间控制在6~14h,得到超分子聚合物基材;
步骤2:将步骤1得到的超分子聚合物基材与复合锂盐、掺杂剂均匀混合,并喷涂成膜,得到所述高度离子离域化的固态电解质薄膜材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1中,所述自由基/阳离子引发剂为过氧化苯甲酰、叔丁基过氧化氢、过氧化甲乙酮、偶氮二异丁腈、过硫酸盐中任一种或多种;
所述刚性小分子为丙烯酸、烯丙基胺、联二苯甲酸、联呋喃-二甲酸、十二烷基硫酸根/层状双羟基氧化物、环戊二烯二聚体、1,5-环辛二烯中任一种或多种;
所述柔性小分子为PEGDMA、碳酸亚乙烯酯、乙酸乙烯酯、烯二甲酰亚胺、丙烯腈和丙烯酸酯中任一种或多种;
所述抗氧化剂为具有高介电常数、强吸电子基团、稳定极性官能团-C-F/C≡N的单体或链段功能基元,包括:单酚、双酚、多酚、氮杂环多酚、亚磷酸酯抗氧剂和含硫抗氧剂中任一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求2所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,各物质的量为:
所述刚性分子含量为总单体量的15%~50%;
所述柔性分子含量为总单体量的15%~50%;
所述抗氧化剂含量为总单体量的0.1~0.5%;
所述的总单体量为刚性小分子、柔性小分子、抗氧化剂三者的质量和,三者的质量含量合计为100%;
所述自由基/阳离子引发剂含量为总单体量的0.5%~3%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2中,所述锂/钠盐为LiBF4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiClO4、LiFSI、LiTFSI、NaPF6、NaClO4、NaFSI、NaTFSI中任一种或多种;
所述掺杂剂为Al2O3、SiO2、LiS2、NaS2、PS5、Na3PS4、Na3PSe4、Li7La3Zr2O12、Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3中任一种或多种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质的制备方法,其特征在于,各物质的量为:
所述锂/钠盐含量为总量的质量分数15%~55%;
所述掺杂剂含量为质量分数2%~10%;
其余为超分子聚合物基材;
总量为超分子聚合物基材、复合锂盐、掺杂剂的质量和。
6.高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质,其特征在于,根据权利要求1到5任一项所述的制备方法所得。
7.一种全固态电池,其特征在于,包括正极材料、负极材料、电解质,所述的电解质为权利要求6所述的高度离子离域化聚合物固态电解质;厚度15~200微米。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种全固态电池,其特征在于,所述的正极材料为磷酸铁锂、磷酸锰锂、磷酸钴锂、氟化磷酸铁锂、碳包覆磷酸铁锂、磷酸钒钠、氟化磷酸钒钠,或者三元层状电极材料LiTMO2、NaTMO2,其中TM是AxByCz,A、B、C是由Ni、Co、Mn、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cu、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sn、Sb中任意三种阳离子元素组成,其中x+y+z=1。
9.根据权利要求7所述的一种全固态电池,其特征在于,所述的负极材料为石墨、硬碳、硅/碳负极材料,或者氧化硅/碳负极材料、锡基负极材料;所述的负极材料、导电剂、电解质、粘结剂混合,分散剂搅拌均匀,制成电极浆料。
10.根据权利要求7所述的一种全固态电池,其特征在于,所述的负极材料是纯金属锂带或者锂合金,厚度1-200μm。
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