CN115039693A - Method for pollinating large cherry bees in facility - Google Patents
Method for pollinating large cherry bees in facility Download PDFInfo
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- CN115039693A CN115039693A CN202210877329.0A CN202210877329A CN115039693A CN 115039693 A CN115039693 A CN 115039693A CN 202210877329 A CN202210877329 A CN 202210877329A CN 115039693 A CN115039693 A CN 115039693A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K47/00—Beehives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K47/00—Beehives
- A01K47/06—Other details of beehives, e.g. ventilating devices, entrances to hives, guards, partitions or bee escapes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K53/00—Feeding or drinking appliances for bees
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/033—Rearing or breeding invertebrates; New breeds of invertebrates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention relates to a bee pollination method for large cherries under a facility, and belongs to the technical field of large cherry planting under the facility. The queen bee pollination method is adopted, a special queen bee pollination beehive is configured, queen bees are imprisoned to stop spawning, a scientific pollination overall process management method is applied, labor cost is reduced, fruit setting rate and yield are obviously improved, and malformed fruit rate is reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a bee pollination method for large cherries under a facility, and belongs to the technical field of large cherry planting under the facility.
Background
The large cherry is a Rosaceae and Prunus plant, has bright color, good taste and rich nutrition, and has larger and larger facility cultivation area along with the living demand of people and the development of modern agriculture. The vast majority of large cherries are self-flowering and non-bearing or have extremely low self-flowering bearing rate, pollinated trees are required to be configured, and pollination is carried out through anemophily or entomophily, because no anemophily or natural pollination insects exist in the closed planting environment of the facility greenhouse, and the anemophily pollination efficiency is low, so that artificial supplementary pollination or hormone spraying is usually adopted in the facility large cherry production to promote fruit setting, the labor cost is increased, and the fruit setting hormone easily influences the fruit quality. The honeybees are used for pollinating the large cherries, so that the fruit setting rate and the yield of the large cherries can be obviously improved, and the abnormal fruit rate can be reduced.
In nature, a bee colony has thousands to tens of thousands of bees, and consists of a queen bee, a small number of male bees and a large number of worker bees. The main function of the queen bee is oviposition, all individuals in a bee colony, including a new queen bee, a male bee and a worker bee, are formed by oviposition development of the queen bee, the queen bee inhibits the ovary development of the worker bee by secreting specific pheromones of the queen bee and attracts the worker bee to form a feeding ring, a mated Chinese bee queen bee is filled with 700 ten thousand of sperms in a germ cell, 800 plus 1300 eggs can be produced in one day and a night, and the annual total number of oviposition of a good Chinese bee queen bee can reach more than 10 ten thousand; the worker bees undertake all the work except spawning and copulating in bee colonies, and can be divided into young bees, adult bees and old bees according to the growth and development of the worker bees, and the labor division varies with the day age. Wherein the young bees are mainly worker bees 1-8 days after emergence, and are mainly responsible for nest work, including heat preservation, flaring, cleaning of nests, honey powder preparation, larva feeding and nest recognizing and flying; the young bee is 8-20 days old worker bee, and is mainly used for secreting royal jelly to feed larva and queen bee, cleaning honeycomb, dragging dead bee or scrap, tamping pollen, brewing honey, building honeycomb, filling pores with propolis, defending honeycomb, etc.; the adult bees refer to the dominant worker bees engaged in collection, which mainly collect nectar, pollen, gum, water and the like, and generally the worker bees over 18 days old undertake the collection task, namely, come out of the nest to pollinate crops; old bees are mostly engaged in searching honey sources and collecting water. When the temperature is lower than 18 ℃, worker bees are clustered around the queen bee to get warm mutually.
The flowering period of the large cherry facility is generally 20 days, the temperature in the greenhouse is low at night and the temperature difference between day and night is large at the beginning of 1-3 months, bees are held together and get warm, bee larvae are not protected by worker bees and are easily damaged or even killed at low temperature, and the order of the whole bee colony and the pollination efficiency are affected. The conventional bee pollination method has the problem of bee colony damage caused by low temperature, and reduces bee pollination efficiency and large cherry yield.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a novel method for pollination of large cherry bees in a facility, which has high pollination efficiency and high cherry yield and quality.
The method for pollinating the large cherry bees in the facility provided by the invention is to breed pollinated bee colonies, and adopts a prisoner pollination method to prisoner queen bees to stop spawning during pollination.
Preferably, the pollination bee colony starts to breed 40-45 days before the flowering of the large cherry in the facility, and the worker bees are maintained at 2/3 and above for the outworker bees with the age of 18 days at the time of pollination, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 1/4-2/5.
Preferably, the pollinating bee is selected from Italian bee and its hybrid or Chinese bee.
Preferably, a standard pollinating bee colony should include 1 young healthy and oviposition-capable queen bee and 3-queen-frame apter bees.
Preferably, the pollinated trees are planted in 2-3 varieties in the same facility greenhouse, and the ratio of the main planted variety to the pollinated variety is 1: 1/5-1.
Further preferably, the positions of the pollinating trees are determined according to the number and the proportion of the main cultivars to the pollinating varieties, and the proportion of the main cultivars to the pollinating varieties is 1: 1/5-1/2, planting in a distributed or central mode; the ratio of main cultivated variety to pollinated variety is 1: 1/2-1, planting in determinant.
Further preferably, the pollinator needs to select a variety with large pollen amount, good affinity with a main cultivated variety, high flowering phase coincidence degree, excellent economic benefit and high selling price, the main cultivated variety is American early, and the pollinator can select Labinsi, red light and early big fruits; the main cultivated variety is Samituo, and the pollinated variety can be selected from Hongdan and Xianfeng; the main cultivated species is Qizao, and the pollinated species can be selected from Hongyan and Codiya.
Further preferably, the ridge height of the large cherry planting facility is 40cm-50cm, the planting distance is 2.0m-3.0m, and the row distance is about 2.5m-4 m.
Preferably, the pollination uses a beehive with a queen trapping device.
Further preferably, the beehive with the queen trapping device consists of a box body, a box cover, an auxiliary cover, a honeycomb and a queen trapping cage, and the descriptions are as follows:
(1) a box cover: the box body and the box cover are made of hard foam materials, the side of the box cover is provided with a vent hole, and the box cover is tightly fit with the box body;
(2) an auxiliary cover: the auxiliary cover is arranged below the box cover and is of a net structure, the mesh openings are smaller than the body size of bees, the bees are prevented from flying out of the vent holes, and a Japanese-shaped wood frame with the height and width of 2cm is arranged on the bottom surface of the auxiliary cover along the edge and the central line to form a space for the bees to pass through;
(3) a box body: the inner side of the upper edge of the box body is provided with limiting grooves with the depth of 1cm-1.5cm, the spacing of each limiting groove is 1cm-1.2cm, the long edge of the honeycomb can be inserted into the limiting groove and used for fixing the honeycomb, the bottom of the box body is provided with a tray which can be transversely pulled out, a tray handle is arranged on the outer side surface of the box body and used for cleaning bee bodies, sundries and the like which fall on the bottom of the box body, and the distance between the bottom of the installed honeycomb and the tray at the bottom of the box body is 2 cm; the other side surface of the box body is provided with a common nest door and a powder removal nest door, the powder removal nest door is provided with a powder remover, the two nest doors are provided with clapboards and can be closed or opened, the common nest door is opened under normal conditions, the powder removal nest door is closed, and when powder removal is needed, the common nest door is closed and the powder removal nest door is opened; the beehive is characterized in that a water feeder and a syrup feeder are arranged beside a hive door of the beehive, are communicated with the inside of the hive and can be detached, and the connecting holes are blocked by a partition plate.
(4) And (3) honeycomb: two comb foundation lines are respectively arranged at the positions 6cm-9cm above and below the median line of the honeycomb, and the prisoner's king cage is placed at the central position of the honeycomb, is arranged between the two comb foundation lines and is tied on the comb foundation lines.
(5) The prisoner cage: the queen bee activity space is enlarged by forming a cross structure with a length of 10cm-15cm, a width of 3cm-4cm and a thickness of 1.2cm-1.5 cm; the distance between the cage bars is 3.5mm-4mm, which is convenient for feeding queen bees by worker bees; the cage door is buckled through concave-convex buckles, and 4 cross points of the cross part are respectively provided with a suspension point which can be tied on a comb foundation line.
Preferably, the total amount of the bees returning to the nest and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door are observed and recorded in a time period of 10:00-11:00 of a sunny day during pollination, if the number of the bees with pollen returning to the nest within 20min exceeds 60% of the total amount, the pollen removal nest door is opened, the common nest door is closed, and the positivity of bee collection is enhanced through pollen removal.
Preferably, saline solution with the concentration of 0.1 percent is added into a water feeder of the pollination beehive and is replaced every 2 days; the syrup feeder is disassembled daily and the connecting holes are plugged by the partition plate, and when honey does not exist on the honeycomb in the beehive, syrup with a syrup-water ratio of 2:1 can be fed.
Preferably, the effect of pollination requires early examination using fluorescence microscopy.
Further preferably, the fluorescence microscopy comprises the steps of:
(1) after facility large cherries bloom, randomly collecting 20 large cherry flowers which bloom for 2 days on different plants every 3 days, taking pistils, putting the pistils into FAA fixing liquid for fixing for more than 4 hours, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the FAA fixing liquid is formaldehyde: glacial acetic acid: 70% ethanol 1:1: 18.
(2) The fixed pistils are soaked in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for overnight or 12h-18 h.
(3) Washing with distilled water for 3 times, adding a dyeing solution for dyeing for 5 minutes, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the dyeing solution is aniline blue: 2% potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ═ 1: 999.
(4) after tabletting, observing the germination rate of the pollen tube by using a fluorescence microscope, wherein if the germination rate is 70% or more, the pollination condition is good; the germination rate is lower than 70%, whether standard pollination bee colonies need to be fed or diseases and other emergencies need to be checked, and the pollination bee colonies need to be replaced as soon as necessary.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with artificial pollination, the bee pollination method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the labor cost is reduced, the adverse effect of fruit setting hormone on the quality of large cherry fruits is avoided, the fruit setting rate and the yield of the large cherry fruits can be obviously improved, and the malformed fruit rate is reduced.
2. Compared with the conventional bee pollination method, the bee pollination method for the prisoner queen can reduce the problem of bee colony damage caused by low temperature and improve the bee pollination efficiency and the large cherry yield. Because the flowering period of the large cherry in the facility is generally 1-3 months earlier, the temperature is lower, the queen bee does not lay eggs after the queen bee is trapped, and the number of son spleens is controlled, the enthusiasm of worker bee collection can be ensured, the heat preservation consumption can be reduced, the number of feeding bees in the honeycomb can be reduced, and more worker bees can come out of the honeycomb and pollinate; the temperature difference is big day and night in the flowering phase, and the temperature is lower than daytime in the big-arch shelter night, and the honeybee is held a group and is warmed up, and the honeybee larva is not guarded by worker bee, very easily damages the death even at low temperature, and partly worker bee clears up the honeycomb, drags to abandon dead bee, can not go out the honeycomb pollination, and behind the prisoner's queen bee breaker, reducible larva leads to damaging or dead quantity because of the low temperature, maintains the bee colony order in order to ensure pollination efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a determinant layout diagram of main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties of a greenhouse, wherein the main cultivated varieties are four-star, the excellent O is a pollinated tree variety, and the same applies below;
FIG. 2 is a distributed layout diagram of main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties of a facility greenhouse;
FIG. 3 is a central layout of the main cultivated species and pollinated species in the greenhouse;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a pollination beehive;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a honeycomb structure of a beehive;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a prisoner cage;
in the figure: 1. the device comprises a box cover, 2, vent holes, 3, an auxiliary cover, 4, a box body, 5, a limiting groove, 6, a tray, 7, a tray handle, 8, a common nest door, 9, a powder removal nest door, 10, a syrup feeder, 11, a water feeder, 12, a honeycomb, 13, a comb foundation line, 14, a honeycomb long edge, 15, a trapping king cage, 16, a suspension point, 17, a cage door, 18 and a concave-convex buckle.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
According to the cherry planting method, a large cherry planter is arranged in a certain large cherry greenhouse in Yunshan town of Qingdao flatness city, the plastic greenhouse is of a steel frame structure, three greenhouse A, B, C are selected, the greenhouse A adopts a Italian bee prisoner pollination method, the greenhouse B adopts a Italian bee pollination method, the greenhouse C adopts an artificial pollination method, and the area of each greenhouse is 2000m 2 Factors such as the height, the orientation and the temperature in the greenhouse of the greenhouse are basically consistent with conditions such as the variety, the growth vigor and the water and fertilizer management of the large cherries; the main planting variety of the large cherry is Qizao, the tree age is 6 years, 128 plants are planted in each greenhouse, the pollination variety is Hongyan and Cadiya, 30 plants and 24 plants are respectively planted, distributed planting is adopted, as shown in figure 2, the ridge height is 45cm, the row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the flowering period of the large cherry is from 2021 year 2 month 28 days to 2021 year 3 month 20 days.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the pollination beehives used by the greenhouse A and the greenhouse B are made of hard foam materials, wherein a box body 4 and a box cover 1 are made of hard foam materials, the side of the box cover 1 is provided with a vent hole 2, and the box cover 1 is tightly matched with the box body 4; the auxiliary cover 3 is arranged below the box cover 1 and is of a net structure, the mesh openings are smaller than the body size of bees, the bees are prevented from flying out of the vent holes 2, and the bottom surface of the auxiliary cover 3 is provided with a 'ri' -shaped wood frame with the height and the width of 2cm along the edge and the central line to form a space for the bees to pass through; the inner side of the upper edge of the box body 4 is provided with limiting grooves 5 with the depth of 1.2cm, the spacing of each limiting groove 5 is 1.2cm, the long sides 14 of the honeycomb are inserted into the limiting grooves 5 to fix the honeycomb 12, the bottom of the box body 4 is provided with a tray 6 which can be transversely pulled out, a tray handle 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the box body 4 and used for cleaning bee corpses, sundries and the like falling at the bottom of the box body, and the distance between the bottom of the installed honeycomb 12 and the tray 6 at the bottom of the box body is 2 cm; a common nest door 8 and a powder removal nest door 9 are arranged on the other side face of the box body 4, a powder removal device is arranged on the powder removal nest door 9, the two nest doors are provided with partition plates and can be closed or opened, the common nest door 8 is opened under normal conditions, the powder removal nest door 9 is closed, and when powder removal is needed, the common nest door 8 is closed and the powder removal nest door 9 is opened; a water feeder 11 and a syrup feeder 10 are arranged beside a hive entrance of the beehive, are communicated with the inside of the hive and can be detached, and a connecting hole is blocked by a partition plate; two comb-based lines 13 are respectively arranged at the upper and lower 8cm positions of the middle line of the comb 12.
The queen trapping pollination beehive used in the greenhouse A is provided with a queen trapping cage 15, as shown in FIG. 6, the queen trapping cage 15 is of a cross structure, is 12cm long, 4cm wide and 1.5cm thick, and increases the activity space of queen bees; the distance between the cage bars is 4.0mm, so that the worker bees can feed queen bees conveniently; the cage door 17 is buckled through a concave-convex buckle 18, a suspension point 16 is respectively arranged at each of the 4 connecting points of the cross part and is arranged at the central position of the honeycomb 12, and the middle of the two comb foundation lines 13 is tied on the comb foundation lines 13 through the suspension points 16; queen bees are imprisoned in the imprisoned queen bee cage 15 during pollination, and stop laying eggs.
Big-arch shelter B uses the beehive of no prisoner's king cage 15, and other structures of beehive are the same with prisoner's king pollination beehive, and big-arch shelter A and big-arch shelter B remove pollination beehive and are different, and other operations are all the same. Selecting Italian bees for pollinating bees, breeding 45 days before the blooming of the large cherry, placing a beehive in a greenhouse 3 days before the blooming of the large cherry, wherein 2/3 worker bees are outworker bees with the age of more than 18 days, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 1/4, the standard pollinating bee colony comprises 1 queen bee and 3 queen-framed bees of suitable age. In the pollination process, the total amount of the comb honey bees and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door are observed and recorded in a time period of 10:00-11:00 on a sunny day, if the number of the bees with pollen in the nest door exceeds 60% of the total amount within 20min, the pollen removal nest door 9 is opened, the common nest door 8 is closed, and the positivity of bee collection is enhanced through pollen removal. Saline solution with the concentration of 0.1 percent is added into the water feeder 11 and is replaced every 2 days; the syrup feeder 10 is detached daily and the connecting hole is blocked by the partition plate, so that the nectar is sufficient in the pollination period, and the syrup is not fed additionally.
And (3) carrying out artificial pollination for 1 time every 3 days from the initial flowering phase by adopting the greenhouse C, wherein the pollination medicine is gibberellin and is sprayed by a sprayer.
In the pollination period of the greenhouse A, B, C, the early detection of the pollination effect is carried out by using a fluorescence microscopy, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) after facility large cherries bloom, randomly collecting 20 large cherry flowers which bloom for 2 days on different plants every 3 days, taking pistils, putting the pistils into FAA fixing liquid for fixing for 4 hours, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the FAA fixing liquid is formaldehyde: glacial acetic acid: 70% ethanol 1:1: 18.
(2) The fixed pistils are soaked in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for 12 h.
(3) Washing with distilled water for 3 times, adding a dyeing solution for dyeing for 5 minutes, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the dyeing solution is aniline blue: 2% potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ═ 1: 999.
(4) after tabletting, the germination rate of the pollen tube was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
The fruit was fully ripe at 2021, 5 months and 9 days, and the test was finished. As can be seen from the table 1, the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 12.53 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the artificial pollination, the malformed fruit rate is reduced by 3.19 percent, and the yield is increased by 105.6 kg/mu; the contents of vitamin C and iron are respectively 10.0mg/100g and 6.33mg/100g, which are obviously higher than those of artificial pollination; the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 6.57 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the conventional bee pollination method, and the yield is increased by 45.3 kg/mu. In conclusion, the queen bee pollination method of the invention improves the yield of the large cherries in the facility, improves the fruit quality and improves the planting benefit and the product quality.
TABLE 1 big cherry pollination effect data sheet of facility
Example 2
According to the implementation, a large cherry grower in a Tangen street in Ringxi city in Qingdao selects three plastic greenhouses A, B, C with steel frame structures, wherein the greenhouse A adopts a Zhongfeng queen pollination method, the greenhouse B adopts a Zhongfeng conventional bee pollination method, the greenhouse C adopts an artificial pollination method, and the area of each greenhouse is 4000m 2 Factors such as the height and orientation of the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse and the like are basically consistent with conditions such as the variety, growth vigor and water and fertilizer management of the large cherries; the main variety of the large cherry is American early, the tree age is 5 years, 350 plants are planted in each greenhouse, 58 plants are planted per mu, the pollination variety is Labinsi and red lantern, 57 plants and 64 plants are respectively planted, central planting is adopted, as shown in figure 3, the ridge height is 45cm, the row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the flowering phase of the large cherry is from 2 months and 3 days in 2020 to 2 months and 22 days in 2021.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the pollination beehives used by the greenhouse A and the greenhouse B are made of hard foam materials, wherein a box body 4 and a box cover 1 are made of hard foam materials, the side of the box cover 1 is provided with a vent hole 2, and the box cover 1 is tightly matched with the box body 4; the auxiliary cover 3 is arranged below the box cover 1 and is of a net structure, the mesh openings are smaller than the body size of bees, the bees are prevented from flying out of the vent holes 2, and the bottom surface of the auxiliary cover 3 is provided with a 'ri' -shaped wood frame with the height and the width of 2cm along the edge and the central line to form a space for the bees to pass through; the inner side of the upper edge of the box body 4 is provided with limiting grooves 5 with the depth of 1.5cm, the spacing of each limiting groove 5 is 1.0cm, the long sides 14 of the honeycomb are inserted into the limiting grooves 5 to fix the honeycomb 12, the bottom of the box body 4 is provided with a tray 6 which can be transversely pulled out, a tray handle 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the box body 4 and used for cleaning bee corpses, sundries and the like falling at the bottom of the box body, and the distance between the bottom of the installed honeycomb 12 and the tray 6 at the bottom of the box body is 2 cm; a common nest door 8 and a powder removal nest door 9 are arranged on the other side face of the box body 4, a powder removal device is arranged on the powder removal nest door 9, the two nest doors are provided with partition plates and can be closed or opened, the common nest door 8 is opened under normal conditions, the powder removal nest door 9 is closed, and when powder removal is needed, the common nest door 8 is closed and the powder removal nest door 9 is opened; a water feeder 11 and a syrup feeder 10 are arranged beside a hive entrance of the beehive, are communicated with the inside of the hive and can be detached, and a partition plate is used for blocking the connecting hole; two comb-base lines 13 are respectively arranged at the upper and lower 9cm positions of the median line of the honeycomb 12.
The queen trapping pollination beehive used in the greenhouse A is provided with a queen trapping cage 15, as shown in FIG. 6, the queen trapping cage 15 is of a cross structure, is 12cm long, 4cm wide and 1.5cm thick, and increases the activity space of queen bees; the distance between the cage bars is 3.5mm, so that the worker bees can feed queen bees conveniently; the cage door 17 is buckled through a concave-convex buckle 18, a suspension point 16 is respectively arranged at each of the 4 connecting points of the cross part and is arranged at the central position of the honeycomb 12, and the middle of the two comb foundation lines 13 is tied on the comb foundation lines 13 through the suspension points 16; queen bees are imprisoned in the imprisoned queen bee cage 15 during pollination, and stop laying eggs.
Greenhouse B uses beehives without the queen bee cage 15, other structures of the beehives are the same as those of the queen bee pollination beehives, the pollination beehives of greenhouse A and greenhouse B are different, and other operations are the same. Selecting Italian bees for pollinating bees, breeding 43 days before the blooming of the large cherry, placing a beehive in a greenhouse 3 days before the blooming of the large cherry, wherein 2/3 worker bees are outworker bees with the age of more than 18 days, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 1/3, the standard pollinating bee colony comprises 1 queen bee and 3 queen-framed bees of suitable age. In the pollination process, the total amount of the comb honey bees and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door are observed and recorded in a time period of 10:00-11:00 on a sunny day, if the number of the bees with pollen in the nest door exceeds 60% of the total amount within 20min, the pollen removal nest door 9 is opened, the common nest door 8 is closed, and the positivity of bee collection is enhanced through pollen removal. Saline solution with the concentration of 0.1 percent is added into the water feeder 11 and is replaced every 2 days; the syrup feeder 10 is detached daily and the connecting hole is blocked by the partition plate, so that the nectar is sufficient in the pollination period, and the syrup is not fed additionally.
The greenhouse C adopts artificial pollination, artificial pollination is carried out for 1 time every 3 days from the initial flowering phase, and the pollination drug is fruitling and is sprayed by a sprayer.
In the pollination period, the greenhouse A, B, C uses a fluorescence microscope method to carry out early detection on the pollination effect, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) after facility large cherries bloom, randomly collecting 20 large cherry flowers which bloom for 2 days on different plants every 3 days, taking pistils, putting the pistils into FAA fixing liquid for fixing for 4 hours, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the FAA fixing liquid is formaldehyde: glacial acetic acid: 70% ethanol 1:1: 18.
(2) The fixed pistils are soaked in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for 12 h.
(3) Washing with distilled water for 3 times, adding a staining solution for dyeing for 5 minutes, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the staining solution is aniline blue: 2% potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ═ 1: 999.
(4) after tabletting, the germination rate of the pollen tube was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
The fruit was fully ripe at 2021, 5 months and 4 days, and the test was finished. As can be seen from the table 2, the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the caging queen pollination is improved by 11.46 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the artificial pollination, the malformed fruit rate is reduced by 4.26 percent, and the yield is increased by 105.6 kg/mu; the contents of vitamin C and iron are respectively 11.1mg/100g and 7.01mg/100g, which are obviously higher than those of artificial pollination; the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 4.93 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the conventional bee pollination method, and the yield is increased by 36.5 kg/mu. In conclusion, the queen bee pollination method of the invention improves the yield of the large cherries in the facility, improves the fruit quality and improves the planting benefit and the product quality.
TABLE 2 data table of pollination effect of large cherries in facility
Example 3
According to the method, a large cherry planting house in Yanghe town of Qingdao, Guzhou city is provided, a plastic greenhouse is of a steel frame structure, three greenhouses A, B, C are selected, the greenhouse A adopts a Italian bee hybrid (Italian bee and Carneae Oldham bee hybrid) imprison pollination method, the greenhouse B adopts a Italian bee hybrid conventional pollination method, the greenhouse C adopts an artificial pollination method, and the area of each greenhouse is 3300m 2 Factors such as the height and orientation of the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse and the like are basically consistent with conditions such as the variety, growth vigor and water and fertilizer management of the large cherries; the main variety of the large cherry is Samituo, the tree age is 8 years, 298 plants are planted in each greenhouse, 778 plants and 73 plants are planted in pollinating varieties of red light and pioneer respectively, and the large cherry is planted in a row and column manner, as shown in figure 1, the ridge height is 50cm, the row spacing is 3.8m multiplied by 3m, and the flowering phase of the large cherry is from 2 months and 15 days in 2020 to 3 months and 6 days in 2020.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the pollination beehives used by the greenhouse A and the greenhouse B are made of hard foam materials, wherein a box body 4 and a box cover 1 are made of hard foam materials, the side of the box cover 1 is provided with a vent hole 2, and the box cover 1 is tightly matched with the box body 4; the auxiliary cover 3 is arranged below the box cover 1 and is of a net structure, the mesh openings are smaller than the body size of bees, the bees are prevented from flying out of the vent holes 2, and the bottom surface of the auxiliary cover 3 is provided with a 'ri' -shaped wood frame with the height and the width of 2cm along the edge and the central line to form a space for the bees to pass through; the inner side of the upper edge of the box body 4 is provided with limiting grooves 5 with the depth of 1.2cm, the spacing of each limiting groove 5 is 1.2cm, the long sides 14 of the honeycomb are inserted into the limiting grooves 5 to fix the honeycomb 12, the bottom of the box body 4 is provided with a tray 6 which can be transversely pulled out, a tray handle 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the box body 4 and used for cleaning bee corpses, sundries and the like falling at the bottom of the box body, and the distance between the bottom of the installed honeycomb 12 and the tray 6 at the bottom of the box body is 2 cm; a common nest door 8 and a powder removal nest door 9 are arranged on the other side face of the box body 4, a powder removal device is arranged on the powder removal nest door 9, the two nest doors are provided with partition plates and can be closed or opened, the common nest door 8 is opened under normal conditions, the powder removal nest door 9 is closed, and when powder removal is needed, the common nest door 8 is closed and the powder removal nest door 9 is opened; a water feeder 11 and a syrup feeder 10 are arranged beside a hive entrance of the beehive, are communicated with the inside of the hive and can be detached, and a connecting hole is blocked by a partition plate; two comb-base lines 13 are respectively arranged at positions 7cm above and below the median line of the honeycomb 12.
The queen trapping pollination beehive used in the greenhouse A is provided with a queen trapping cage 15, as shown in FIG. 6, the queen trapping cage 15 is of a cross structure, is 12cm long, 4cm wide and 1.5cm thick, and increases the activity space of queen bees; the distance between the cage bars is 4.0mm, so that the worker bees can feed queen bees conveniently; the cage door 17 is buckled through a concave-convex buckle 18, a suspension point 16 is respectively arranged at each of the 4 connecting points of the cross part and is arranged at the central position of the honeycomb 12, and the middle of the two comb foundation lines 13 is tied on the comb foundation lines 13 through the suspension points 16; queen bees are imprisoned in the imprisoned queen bee cage 15 during pollination, and stop laying eggs.
Big-arch shelter B uses the beehive of no prisoner's king cage 15, and other structures of beehive are the same with prisoner's king pollination beehive, and big-arch shelter A and big-arch shelter B remove pollination beehive and are different, and other operations are all the same. Selecting Italian bees for pollinating bees, breeding 42 days before the blooming of the large cherry, placing a beehive in a greenhouse 3 days before the blooming of the large cherry, wherein 4/5 worker bees are outworker bees with the age of more than 18 days, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 7/20, the standard pollinating bee colony comprises 1 queen bee and 3 queen-framed bees of suitable age. In the pollination process, the total amount of the comb honey bees and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door are observed and recorded in a time period of 10:00-11:00 on a sunny day, if the number of the bees with pollen in the nest door exceeds 60% of the total amount within 20min, the pollen removal nest door 9 is opened, the common nest door 8 is closed, and the positivity of bee collection is enhanced through pollen removal. Saline solution with the concentration of 0.1 percent is added into the water feeder 11 and is replaced every 2 days; the syrup feeder 10 is detached daily and the connecting hole is blocked by the partition plate, so that the nectar is sufficient in the pollination period, and the syrup is not fed additionally.
And (3) carrying out artificial pollination for 1 time every 3 days from the initial flowering phase by adopting the greenhouse C, wherein the pollination medicine is gibberellin and is sprayed by a sprayer.
In the pollination period of the greenhouse A, B, C, the early detection of the pollination effect is carried out by using a fluorescence microscopy, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) after facility large cherries bloom, randomly collecting 20 large cherry flowers which bloom for 2 days on different plants every 3 days, taking pistils, putting the pistils into FAA fixing liquid for fixing for 4 hours, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the FAA fixing liquid is formaldehyde: glacial acetic acid: 70% ethanol 1:1: 18.
(2) The fixed pistils are soaked in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for 12 h.
(3) Washing with distilled water for 3 times, adding a dyeing solution for dyeing for 5 minutes, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the dyeing solution is aniline blue: 2% potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ═ 1: 999.
(4) after tabletting, the germination rate of the pollen tube was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
The fruits were fully ripe at 2021, 5 months and 12 days, and the test was finished. As can be seen from the table 2, the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is increased by 11.06 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the artificial pollination, the malformed fruit rate is reduced by 3.31 percent, and the yield is increased by 104.3 kg/mu; the contents of vitamin C and iron are respectively 10.60mg/100g and 6.58mg/100g, which are obviously higher than those of artificial pollination; the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 4.64 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of the conventional bee pollination method, and the yield is increased by 48.2 kg/mu. In conclusion, the queen bee pollination method of the invention improves the yield of the large cherries in the facility, improves the fruit quality and improves the planting benefit and the product quality.
TABLE 3 big cherry pollination effect data sheet of facility
Example 4
The implementation is carried out in a large cherry demonstration park in a new west coast of Qingdao, the plastic greenhouse is of a steel frame structure, three greenhouses A, B, C are selected, the greenhouse A adopts a Chinese bee prisoner pollination method, the greenhouse B adopts a Chinese bee conventional bee pollination method, the two greenhouses C adopt an artificial pollination method, and the area of each greenhouse is 5300m 2 Factors such as the height and orientation of the greenhouse, the temperature in the greenhouse and the like are basically consistent with conditions such as the variety, growth vigor and water and fertilizer management of the large cherries; the main variety of large cherry is Qizao, the age of the tree is 7 years, 465 cherry plants are planted in each greenhouse, and the pollinated variety is red115 plants and 69 plants of Codiya are respectively planted in rock and Codiya, and distributed planting is adopted, as shown in figure 2, the ridge height is 50cm, the row spacing is 4m multiplied by 3m, and the flowering period of the large cherry is from 2 months 23 days in 2019 to 3 months 14 days in 2019.
As shown in fig. 4 and 5, the pollination beehives used by the greenhouse A and the greenhouse B are made of hard foam materials, wherein a box body 4 and a box cover 1 are made of hard foam materials, the side of the box cover 1 is provided with a vent hole 2, and the box cover 1 is tightly matched with the box body 4; the auxiliary cover 3 is arranged below the box cover 1 and is of a net structure, the mesh holes are smaller than the size of bees, the bees are prevented from flying out of the ventilation holes 2, and a wooden frame in a shape of a Chinese character 'ri' with the height and width of 2cm is arranged on the bottom surface of the auxiliary cover 3 along the edge and the center line to form a space for the bees to pass through; the inner side of the upper edge of the box body 4 is provided with limiting grooves 5 with the depth of 1.2cm, the spacing of each limiting groove 5 is 1.0cm, the long sides 14 of the honeycomb are inserted into the limiting grooves 5 to fix the honeycomb 12, the bottom of the box body 4 is provided with a tray 6 which can be transversely pulled out, a tray handle 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the box body 4 and used for cleaning bee corpses, sundries and the like falling at the bottom of the box body, and the distance between the bottom of the installed honeycomb 12 and the tray 6 at the bottom of the box body is 2 cm; a common nest door 8 and a powder removal nest door 9 are arranged on the other side face of the box body 4, a powder removal device is arranged on the powder removal nest door 9, the two nest doors are provided with partition plates and can be closed or opened, the common nest door 8 is opened under normal conditions, the powder removal nest door 9 is closed, and when powder removal is needed, the common nest door 8 is closed and the powder removal nest door 9 is opened; a water feeder 11 and a syrup feeder 10 are arranged beside a hive entrance of the beehive, are communicated with the inside of the hive and can be detached, and a connecting hole is blocked by a partition plate; two comb-base lines 13 are respectively arranged at the upper and lower 6cm positions of the median line of the honeycomb 12.
The queen trapping pollination beehive used in the greenhouse A is provided with a queen trapping cage 15, as shown in FIG. 6, the queen trapping cage 15 is of a cross structure, is 12cm long, 4cm wide and 1.5cm thick, and increases the activity space of queen bees; the distance between the cage bars is 3.5mm, so that the worker bees can feed queen bees conveniently; the cage door 17 is buckled through a concave-convex buckle 18, a suspension point 16 is respectively arranged at each of the 4 connecting points of the cross part and is arranged at the central position of the honeycomb 12, and the middle of the two comb foundation lines 13 is tied on the comb foundation lines 13 through the suspension points 16; queen bees are imprisoned in the imprisoned queen bee cage 15 during pollination, and stop laying eggs.
Big-arch shelter B uses the beehive of no prisoner's king cage 15, and other structures of beehive are the same with prisoner's king pollination beehive, and big-arch shelter A and big-arch shelter B remove pollination beehive and are different, and other operations are all the same. Selecting Italian bees for pollinating bees, breeding 40 days before the blooming of the large cherry, placing a beehive in a greenhouse 3 days before the blooming of the large cherry, wherein 7/9 worker bees are outworker bees with the age of more than 18 days, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 2/5, the standard pollinating bee colony comprises 1 queen bee and 3 queen-framed bees of suitable age. In the pollination process, the total amount of the comb honey bees and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door are observed and recorded in a time period of 10:00-11:00 on a sunny day, if the number of the bees with pollen in the nest door exceeds 60% of the total amount within 20min, the pollen removal nest door 9 is opened, the common nest door 8 is closed, and the positivity of bee collection is enhanced through pollen removal. Saline solution with the concentration of 0.1 percent is added into the water feeder 11 and is replaced every 2 days; the syrup feeder 10 is detached daily and the connecting hole is blocked by the partition plate, so that the nectar is sufficient in the pollination period, and the syrup is not fed additionally.
And (3) carrying out artificial pollination for 1 time every 3 days from the initial flowering phase by adopting the greenhouse C, wherein the pollination medicine is gibberellin and is sprayed by a sprayer.
In the pollination period of the greenhouse A, B, C, the early detection of the pollination effect is carried out by using a fluorescence microscopy, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) after facility large cherries bloom, randomly collecting 20 large cherry flowers which bloom for 2 days on different plants every 3 days, taking pistils, putting the pistils into FAA fixing liquid for fixing for 4 hours, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the FAA fixing liquid is formaldehyde: glacial acetic acid: 70% ethanol 1:1: 18.
(2) The fixed pistils are soaked in 2mol/L sodium hydroxide solution for 12 h.
(3) Washing with distilled water for 3 times, adding a dyeing solution for dyeing for 5 minutes, wherein the volume ratio of each component of the dyeing solution is aniline blue: 2% potassium hydrogen phosphate solution ═ 1: 999.
(4) after tabletting, the germination rate of the pollen tube was observed with a fluorescence microscope.
The fruit was fully ripe at 2021, 5 months and 20 days, and the test was finished. As can be seen from the table 2, the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 8.59 percent compared with the fruit setting rate of artificial pollination, the malformed fruit rate is reduced by 3.81 percent, and the yield is increased by 81.3 kg/mu; the contents of vitamin C and iron are respectively 10.16mg/100g and 7.08mg/100g, which are obviously higher than those of artificial pollination; the fruit setting rate of the large cherries of the facility adopting the queen trapping pollination is improved by 3.77 percent compared with the conventional bee pollination method, and the yield is increased by 43.4 kg/mu. In conclusion, the queen bee pollination method of the invention improves the yield of the large cherries in the facility, improves the fruit quality and improves the planting benefit and the product quality.
Table 4 large cherry pollination effect data table
Claims (7)
1. A method for pollination of large cherry bees in a facility is characterized by comprising the following steps: and breeding pollination bee colonies, and adopting a queen trapping pollination method, trapping a queen bee during pollination so as to stop spawning.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the pollination bee colony begins to breed 40-45 days before the flowering of the large cherry in the facility, and the worker bees above 2/3 are outworker bees above 18 days old during pollination, and the ratio of bees to seeds is 1: 1/4-2/5.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the pollinating trees are planted with 2-3 varieties in the same facility greenhouse, and the ratio of the main planting variety to the pollinating variety is 1: 1/5-1.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: the pollination uses a beehive with a queen trapping device.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises: and in a sunny day of 10:00-11:00 time period during pollination, observing and recording the total amount of the honey bees returning to the nest and the number of the bees with pollen at the nest door, and if the number of the bees with pollen returning to the nest within 20min exceeds 60% of the total amount, opening the pollen-removing nest door and closing the common nest door.
6. The method of claim 4 for facilitating pollination of large cherry bees, wherein: adding saline solution with concentration of 0.1% into water feeder of pollination beehive, and changing every 2 days; the syrup feeder is disassembled daily and the connecting holes are plugged by the partition plate, and when the honeycomb in the beehive is not filled with nectar, syrup with a syrup-to-water ratio of 2:1 can be fed.
7. The method of facility large cherry bee pollination according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein: the effect of pollination requires early examination using fluorescence microscopy.
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