CN115026340B - 一种铣削测温刀具及其制造方法 - Google Patents
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- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
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- 235000015895 biscuits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
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- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004918 carbon fiber reinforced polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铣削测温刀具及其制造方法,属于切削刀具制备技术领域。本发明的铣削测温刀具,包括刀具主体和嵌在刀具主体芯部的测温模块。本发明制备的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,测量灵敏度为14415K。本发明的铣削测温刀具,克服了热电偶传感器测量瞬态温度响应速度不足、热电偶布置在切削区易产生磨损及破坏、影响测量精度的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及切削刀具制备技术领域,特别是涉及一种铣削测温刀具及其制造方法。
背景技术
随着新一轮产业革命的发展,智能制造成了信息技术和制造技术高度融合的新领域。智能切削技术是智能制造的基础技术,也是实现智能制造的关键技术。刀具状态监测作为智能切削加工的重要组成部分,它在优化加工参数、降低加工成本和提高加工质量等方面具有积极作用。
机械加工过程中会产生大量的切削热,切削热的变化会引起切削温度的变化,切削温度的变化会影响加工零件表面的质量,引起加工误差,因此由切削温度引起的加工误差已经成为影响和制约工件加工质量的重要障碍之一。有研究表明,由于切削温度引起的加工误差占到了总加工误差的40%至70%。切削加工过程中,由于主要是由刀尖附近切削刃进行切削加工,故切削温度主要集中在刀尖处,传统测量切削温度的方法有自然热电偶法、人工热电偶法、半人工热电偶法、红外辐射测温法、金相组织观察法等,但是这些测量温度的方法都存在弊端,例如自然热电偶法只能测出切削区域的平均温度,红外线辐射测温法一般用在被测物体为静止物体较为精准,金相组织观察法不能用于切削温度在线测量。
使用具有温度测量功能的智能刀具是测量切削温度的一种最有效和最易实现的手段。对于铣削测温刀具来说,目前这类测温刀具主要是通过在刀具切削刃附近预先埋入热电偶,利用热电偶实现对切削温度测量。如,论文(Measuring temperature of rotatingcutting tools:Application to MQL drilling and dry milling of aerospace alloys[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2012,36:434-441.)提出了一种旋转式刀具温度测量系统,在钻头与端铣刀切削刃附近预埋热电偶,实现对钻头、端铣刀切削温度的测量;论文(A wireless sensor for tool temperature measurement and its integrationwithin a manufacturing system[J].Transactions of the North AmericanManufacturing Research Institute of SME,2006,34:63-70)研制了一种用于铣削刀具温度测量的无线测温刀具,电阻式温度传感器安装在端铣刀的背面;论文(Temperaturemeasurement in CFRP milling using a wireless tool-integrated processmonitoring sensor[J].International Journal of Automation Technology,2013,7(6):742-750.)研制了一种智能无线测温刀具,将直径0.2mm的K型热电偶精确地嵌入0.6mm的刀具凹槽中,保证热电偶距切削刃底部0.5mm的距离。但是,在刀具切削刃附近预先埋入热电偶测量切削温度存在多方面不足:热电偶传感器测量瞬态温度响应速度不足;将热电偶布置在切削区易产生磨损及破坏,影响测量精度;刀具需要特殊处理,工艺复杂,难以量产,不易实现工程应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种铣削测温刀具及其制造方法,以解决现有技术中存在的问题,本发明通过原料及制备方法的调整制备得到的铣削测温刀具,测温灵敏度高;并且本发明的制造工艺简单高效,可以实现批量生产。本发明的铣削测温刀具,有助于推动智能切削技术的发展和应用,对实现航空、航天和兵器等领域的复杂精密零件、热敏感构件的高质量制造具有重要意义。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下方案:
本发明的技术方案之一:一种铣削测温刀具,包括刀具主体和嵌在刀具主体芯部的测温模块;
所述测温模块为热敏陶瓷xAl2O3-yLaCrO3-0.1Y2O3,其中0.3≤x≤0.7,x+y=0.9,x和y均为摩尔数。
更进一步地,所述铣削测温刀具还包括与刀具主体和测温模块连接的数字源表。
Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3三种原料合适的比例混合烧结后得到热敏陶瓷具有宽测温范围、高测量灵敏度,适合切削温度测量;三者组成的复合材料的致密化温度与刀具主体碳氮化钛金属陶瓷致密化温度一致,可以实现金属陶瓷刀具主体和热敏陶瓷测温模块一体化烧结成形,获得较高的力学性能。
进一步地,所述刀具主体的长度为20~35mm,直径为4~20mm;所述测温模块的直径为2~16mm。
进一步地,所述刀具主体为金属陶瓷或碳化钨硬质合金。
进一步地,所述金属陶瓷,以质量百分比计,包括以下原料:65%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、6%Ni、6%Co。
进一步地,所述金属陶瓷由陶瓷原始粉末制备而成;所述金属陶瓷原始粉末的制备具体包括:按质量百分比称取各个原料,与乙醇混合后同时进行机械搅拌和超声震荡2h,120℃真空干燥过100目筛,得到所述金属陶瓷原始粉末。
进一步地,所述热敏陶瓷由热敏陶瓷原始粉末制备而成;所述热敏陶瓷原始粉末的制备具体包括:按摩尔数称取Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末,与乙醇混合后球磨6h,120℃真空干燥过100目筛,得到所述热敏陶瓷原始粉末。
本发明的技术方案之二:一种上述铣削测温刀具的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将刀具主体原料粉末装入中心腔设置有圆棒的模具中,施加轴向压力固定刀具主体原料粉末后抽出中心腔设置的圆棒,在中心腔设置的圆棒形成的孔道中填充测温模块原料粉末,再次施加轴向压力,得到刀具素坯;
(2)将带有模具的刀具素坯进行真空烧结,过程中施加轴向压力,得到所述铣削测温刀具。
进一步地,步骤(1)中所述轴向压力为5~10MPa,保压时间为2min。
进一步地,步骤(2)中所述真空烧结压力≤10Pa;所述轴向压力为40MPa;所述真空烧结温度为1500℃,保温时间为5min。
本发明的技术方案之三:一种上述铣削测温刀具在热敏感构件中的应用。
本发明公开了以下技术效果:
(1)本发明与传统铣削刀具相比,不但具有切削功能而且具备切削温度测量功能。
(2)本发明利用热敏陶瓷作为测温模块,将热敏陶瓷温度感知模块嵌入刀具主体芯部,通过热敏陶瓷感知切削过程中的温度变化,可实现150~1000℃的范围内测量,测量灵敏度为14415K。
(3)本发明的刀具主体和温度测量模块在一次烧结条件下即可成形,制造工艺简单高效。
(4)本发明的铣削测温刀结构紧凑,通过常规技术即可实现批量制造,制造成本低,便于推广应用。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例1制备的铣削测温刀具二维结构示意图,其中,1为刀具主体,2为测温模块,3和4为导线;
图2为本发明实施例1制备的铣削测温刀具三维图,其中,1为刀具主体,2为测温模块,3和4为导线。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式,该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制,而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式,并非用于限制本发明。另外,对于本发明中的数值范围,应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料,但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入,用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时,以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本申请说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等,均为开放性的用语,即意指包含但不限于。
实施例1
一种铣削测温刀具的制造方法:
(1)金属陶瓷原始粉末的制备
A.按质量百分比计,由以下原料组成:65%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、6%Ni、6%Co。
B.将以上原料混合后得到混合粉末,将混合粉末和无水乙醇以质量比1:3混合放入烧杯中,烧杯在超声波振荡器中以50r/min进行机械搅拌和超声震荡2h,得到浆体;然后将浆体在120℃下真空干燥,将干燥冷却后的粉末过100目筛,得到金属陶瓷原始粉末(Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷刀具主体的原始粉末)。
(2)热敏陶瓷原始粉末的制备
将Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末以摩尔比例0.3:0.6:0.1混合后得到混合粉末,将混合粉末和无水乙醇以质量比1:3混合,在行星球磨机中以氧化铝磨球球磨6h,球料比8:1,得到浆体;然后将浆体在120℃下真空干燥,将干燥冷却后的粉末过100目筛,得到热敏陶瓷原始粉末(LaCrO3-Al2O3-Y2O3负温度系数热敏陶瓷,用于制备测温模块)。
(3)刀具素坯的制备
在内直径为12.6mm、高为60mm的石墨模具内壁上覆盖石墨纸,将直径为4mm的石墨圆棒固定在石墨模具内腔中心位置,把金属陶瓷原始粉末填入石墨模具中,然后给粉末施加5MPa的轴向压力,保压2min;抽出石墨圆棒,将热敏陶瓷原始粉末填入石墨圆棒形成的孔道中,然后给粉末施加10MPa的轴向压力,保压2min,得到刀具素坯。
(4)铣削测温刀具的制备
A.将含有刀具素坯的石墨模具用碳毡包裹,放入放电等离子烧结炉中,抽真空至10Pa,向模具压头施加40MPa的轴向压力,在1500℃下烧结,保温时间为5min,保温结束后立即卸掉压力,随炉自然冷却,得到刀具棒材。
B.将刀具棒材的一端磨出切削刃,通过银电极将导线分别连接在测温模块和刀具主体上,然后将导线连接在数字源表上,得到铣削测温刀具。
铣削测温刀具的结构图见图1和图2,铣削测温刀具由刀具主体1、测温模块2、导线3和导线4组成;刀具主体1的芯部为测温模块2,导线3连接在测温模块2上,单线4连接在刀具主体1上。
铣削测温刀具的刀具长度为30mm,刀具主体的直径为12mm,测温模块的直径为4mm。
本实施例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为14415K。
测量灵敏度是指单位温度引起的热敏陶瓷阻值变化范围,用B来表示(单位K),B越大,温度测量灵敏度越高。
对比例1
(1)金属陶瓷原始粉末的制备
A.按质量百分比计,由以下原料组成:69%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、2%Ni、6%Co。
B.将以上原料混合后得到混合粉末,将混合粉末和乙醇以质量比1:3混合放入烧杯中,烧杯在超声波振荡器中进行机械搅拌和超声震荡2h,得到浆体;然后将浆体在120℃下真空干燥,将干燥冷却后的粉末过100目筛,得到金属陶瓷原始粉末(Ti(C,N)金属陶瓷刀具主体的原始粉末)。
(2)刀具素坯的制备
在内直径为12.6mm、高为60mm的石墨模具内壁上覆盖石墨纸,把金属陶瓷原始粉末填入石墨模具中,然后给粉末施加10MPa的轴向压力,保压2min,得到刀具素坯。
(3)立铣刀的制备
A.将含有刀具素坯的石墨模具用碳毡包裹,放入放电等离子烧结炉中,抽真空至10Pa,向模具压头施加40MPa的轴向压力,在1500℃下烧结,保温时间为5min,保温结束后立即卸掉压力,随炉自然冷却,得到刀具棒材。
B.将刀具棒材的一端磨出切削刃,得到立铣刀。
本对比例制备得到的立铣刀的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.5±0.3GPa,断裂韧性为6.7±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度,980±30MPa,该刀具仅能用来切削,不具备切削温度测量功能。
切削过程中刀具达到热平衡,内部和外部温度一致。
实施例2
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末的摩尔比例为0.7:0.2:0.1。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为12310K。
对比例2
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末的摩尔比例为0.2:0.7:0.1。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~635℃,温度测量灵敏度为4419K。
对比例3
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末的摩尔比例为0.1:0.8:0.1。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~420℃,温度测量灵敏度为3207K。
对比例4
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末的摩尔比例为0.3:0.7:0。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~300℃,温度测量灵敏度为2587K。
对比例5
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(2)中在行星球磨机中以氮化硅磨球球磨6h。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为100%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.9±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为1121±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为220~500℃,温度测量灵敏度为4283K。
对比例6
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(1)中按质量百分比计,金属陶瓷原始粉末由以下原料组成:73%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、2%Ni、2%Co。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为98%,维氏硬度为19.3±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.4±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为925±42MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为14415K。
对比例7
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(1)中按质量百分比计,金属陶瓷原始粉末由以下原料组成:67%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、4%Ni、6%Co。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为98%,维氏硬度为19.6±0.2GPa,断裂韧性为6.6±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为906±34MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为14415K。
对比例8
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(1)中,按质量百分比计,金属陶瓷原始粉末由以下原料组成:74%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、2%Ni、4%Co。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为97.6%,维氏硬度为19.0±0.3GPa,断裂韧性为6.0±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为911±32MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为14415K。
对比例9
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(3)中,把金属陶瓷原始粉末填入石墨模具中,未给粉末施加5MPa的轴向压力。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为98.6%,维氏硬度为19.1±0.3GPa,断裂韧性为6.4±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为9201±35MPa,切削温度测量范围为150~700℃,温度测量灵敏度为10131K。
对比例10
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(4)中,在1400℃下烧结。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为98.4%,维氏硬度为17.6±0.3GPa,断裂韧性为5.3±0.2MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为635±32MPa,切削温度测量范围为220~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为11017K。
对比例11
同实施例1,区别在于,步骤(4)中,在1600℃下烧结。
本对比例制备得到的铣削测温刀具的相对密度为99%,维氏硬度为19.0±0.4GPa,断裂韧性为6.4±0.3MPa·m1/2,抗弯强度为721±36MPa,切削温度测量范围为220~1000℃,温度测量灵敏度为12165K。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (3)
1.一种铣削测温刀具,其特征在于,包括刀具主体和嵌在刀具主体芯部的测温模块;
所述测温模块为热敏陶瓷xAl2O3-yLaCrO3-0.1Y2O3,其中0.3≤x≤0.7,x+y=0.9,x和y均为摩尔数;
所述热敏陶瓷由热敏陶瓷原始粉末制备而成;所述热敏陶瓷原始粉末的制备具体包括:按摩尔数称取Al2O3、LaCrO3和Y2O3粉末,与乙醇混合后球磨,真空干燥过筛,得到所述热敏陶瓷原始粉末;
所述刀具主体为金属陶瓷或硬质合金;
所述金属陶瓷,以质量百分比计,包括以下原料:65%Ti(C0.7N0.3)、15%Mo2C、5%WC、3%NbC、6%Ni、6%Co;
所述铣削测温刀具的制造方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将刀具主体原料粉末装入中心腔设置有圆棒的模具中,施加轴向压力固定刀具主体原料粉末后抽出中心腔设置的圆棒,在中心腔设置的圆棒形成的孔道中填充测温模块原料粉末,再次施加轴向压力,得到刀具素坯;
(2)将带有模具的刀具素坯进行真空烧结,过程中施加轴向压力,得到所述铣削测温刀具;
步骤(1)中所述轴向压力为5~10MPa,保压时间为2min;
步骤(2)中所述真空烧结压力≤10Pa;所述轴向压力为40MPa;所述真空烧结温度为1500℃,保温时间为5min。
2.根据权利要求1所述的铣削测温刀具,其特征在于,所述刀具主体的长度为20~35mm,直径为4~20mm;所述测温模块的直径为2~16mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的铣削测温刀具,其特征在于,所述金属陶瓷由金属陶瓷原始粉末制备而成;所述金属陶瓷原始粉末的制备具体包括:按质量百分比称取各个原料,与乙醇混合后同时进行机械搅拌和超声震荡2h,真空干燥过筛,得到所述金属陶瓷原始粉末。
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