CN114838852A - Experimental device and experimental method for determining direction of geological stress field - Google Patents
Experimental device and experimental method for determining direction of geological stress field Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an experimental device for determining the direction of a geological stress field and an experimental method thereof, wherein the device comprises an experimental table, an experimental box, a driving assembly, an information acquisition assembly and a control analyzer, wherein the experimental box, the driving assembly, the information acquisition assembly and the control analyzer are arranged on the experimental table; the experimental box comprises front end baffle, two side shields and rear end baffle, and fracture area moves towards the board and places in the experimental box and one end is connected with the front end baffle, and drive assembly drive front end baffle removes, and the information acquisition subassembly is used for shooting the experimentation in the experimental box, and the control analyzer is used for controlling drive assembly and carries out data analysis. The experimental method determines the direction of the stress field in the geological period by establishing a correlation between an included angle between the directions of the pre-existing fracture of the substrate with different directions and the new secondary fracture in the upper covering layer and an included angle between the normal line of the fracture direction of the pre-existing substrate and the late maximum main stress axis. The method is verified by actual data to prove that the method has feasibility.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to experimental simulation equipment, in particular to an experimental device for determining the direction of a geological stress field and an experimental method thereof.
Background
Fracture prior to activation is an important architectural phenomenon in hydrocarbon-bearing basins. The diagonal stretching is an important reason for the development of pre-existing fractures followed by activation, even in homogeneous rocks, when the horizontal principal stress is diagonal to the pre-existing fault strike, the substrate is induced to fracture first and then activate.
Taking the Bohai Bay basin as an example, the structural evolution of the newly-born Bohai Bay basin develops on the ancient or middle-born base, so that the structural evolution process of the basin is strongly influenced by the pre-existing structure (particularly deep fracture) of the base. The depression direction and speed of the pacific plate are changed frequently at different stages of geological history, so that the directions of the induced tectonic stress fields are different at different stages. In the new generation structure evolution process of the basin, the directions of the pre-existing fracture and the late stress field are crossed obliquely to generate an oblique stretching effect, and the oblique stretching of different angles has different influences on the structure evolution of the basin, so that the structure style of the basin has great difference. In addition, various interpretation schemes exist for the evolution model of the Bohai Bay basin, mainly including a multi-stage extension superposition model, a walking sliding separation model and an oblique extension model, and the source of controversy lies in that the dynamic background of basin evolution is not clear, namely the direction of the geological stress field in the historical period is not determined, so that the method is very important for determining how to accurately determine the direction of the geological stress field in the historical period.
At present, scholars at home and abroad mainly determine the direction of a geological stress field in an isotope year-measuring mode, but due to the influence of a preexisting structure, the direction of the stress field in a local area is different from the direction of a regional influence field. The isotope age determination is carried out in a wide range when the direction of the regional stress field is determined, on one hand, the cost is high, on the other hand, the sampling range is wide, so that the method can be applied, the direction of the local stress field can be determined by the local seismic profile fine interpretation and the sand box physical simulation experiment, and the method has important significance for determining the direction of the stress field in the geological history period of the regional oil field.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the first technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: at present, no experimental device capable of simulating a small-range geological change condition to judge the direction of a stress field exists.
The second technical problem to be solved is: the prior art does not have a method for determining the direction of the stress field by the slope and the angle of the new secondary fracture in the cap layer to the fracture strike of the preexisting substrate.
In order to solve the first technical problem, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: an experimental device for determining the direction of a geological stress field is characterized in that: the device comprises an experiment table, an experiment box, a driving component, an information acquisition component and a control analyzer, wherein the experiment box, the driving component, the information acquisition component and the control analyzer are arranged on the experiment table;
the experimental box comprises a front end baffle, two side baffles and a rear end baffle, wherein the rear end baffle and the front end baffle are respectively arranged between the two side baffles, the rear end baffle is fixedly and hermetically connected with the two side baffles, and the front end baffle is slidably and hermetically connected with the two side baffles;
the experimental box also comprises a fracture zone trend plate with a right trapezoid cross section, the fracture zone trend plate is arranged between the two side baffles and is tiled on the experimental table, and a longer right-angle edge of the fracture zone trend plate is parallel to the front end baffle and is fixed on the front end baffle;
the power output end of the driving assembly is connected with the front end baffle plate to drive the front end baffle plate to move along the length direction of the test bed;
the information acquisition end of the information acquisition assembly is positioned right above the experimental box;
the control signal output end of the control analyzer is connected with the signal input end of the driving assembly, the signal input end of the control analyzer is connected with the information acquisition assembly, and the direction of the stress field in the geological history period is simulated according to the information acquired by the information acquisition assembly.
Preferably, the information acquisition assembly comprises an industrial camera, an illuminating lamp bracket and an LED photographic lamp fixed on the illuminating lamp bracket, and a lens of the industrial camera is positioned right above the experimental box.
Preferably, the driving assembly comprises a motor base, a toothless screw rod, a fixing part, a stepping motor, a reduction box and a stepped thread screw rod;
the motor base is fixedly arranged on the experiment table, the stepping motor is arranged on the motor base, the power output end of the stepping motor is connected with one end of the ladder tooth screw rod through the reduction box, and the other end of the ladder tooth screw rod is in threaded connection with the fixing part;
the part below the motor base is provided with a through hole, one end of the toothless screw rod penetrates through the through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle, the toothless screw rod is in sliding connection with the through hole, and the other end of the toothless screw rod is fixedly connected with the fixing part.
Preferably, the number of the toothless screws is two, two through holes are formed in the part, close to the motor base, of the motor base, one ends of the two toothless screws penetrate through the two through holes correspondingly and are fixedly connected with the front end baffle, and the other ends of the two toothless screws are fixedly connected with the fixing part.
Preferably, the driving assembly further comprises an indicator light for indicating the rotation direction of the stepping motor.
In order to solve the second technical problem, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: practice for determining direction of geological stress field
The experimental method adopts the experimental device for determining the direction of the geological stress field, and comprises the following specific steps:
s1: manufacturing a group of fracture zone strike plates simulating substrate pre-existing linear fracture, wherein the group of fracture zone strike plates is N in number and the g-th fracture zone strike plate bottom angle lambda g The complementary angle of is recorded as alpha g ,g＝1,2,…N；
S2: setting a light source shooting angle of the LED photographic lamp, enabling the LED photographic lamp to shoot into the experiment box at an angle of 45 degrees, and setting a shooting interval time t of the information acquisition assembly;
s3: selecting a g-th fracture zone trend plate and paving the g-th fracture zone trend plate on a test bed, wherein g is 1;
selecting corresponding simulation materials according to the lithology of the geologic body in the geological historical period to be simulated, wherein the ratio of the total thickness of the laid sand layer to the actual thickness of the stratum is 10 -5 : 1, paving a layer of marking layer which is colored quartz sand at intervals of 0.5cm in thickness in a paving process in a test box by paving a simulation material;
s4: the analyzer is controlled to control the action in the stepping motor, so that the fracture belt strike plate moves horizontally to simulate the oblique stretching action; starting an experiment, stopping the work of the stepping motor when the displacement of the fracture belt strike plate reaches the maximum extension distance, and stopping shooting by the information acquisition assembly;
s5: when MB-Ruler software is used for measuring the movement stop of the fracture belt trend plate, the included angle beta between the trend bevel edge of the fracture belt trend plate acquired by the picture shot by the information acquisition assembly and each new fracture in the overlying sand layer i I is 1,2, … n, and then an average value is calculated
S6: if the average value obtained at present
Average value obtained from previous time
Error of (2)<When the value is +/-3%, enabling g to be g +1, and executing the next step, otherwise, returning to S3;
s6: if g > N, executing the next step, otherwise returning to S3;
s7: by alpha g And
establishing a scatter diagram by taking g as 1,2 and … N, selecting all data to fit a trend line of a second-order function, and establishing a second-order curve equation between alpha and beta, wherein alpha represents the inclination, and beta represents the included angle between the fracture trend of the new secondary fracture in the cover layer and the fracture trend of the pre-existing substrate;
establishing a relation between beta and theta, wherein theta represents the fracture strike normal of the pre-existing substrate and the axis sigma of the maximum principal stress 1 And the included angle is used for obtaining the direction of the stress field in the period of simulating the activity of the new fracture.
Preferably, the moving speed of the fracture zone strike plate in the S4 is 0.01 cm/min.
Preferably, the second-order curve equation between α and β in S7 is:
β＝b 0 +b 1 α+b 1 α 2 (1)
wherein, b 0 、b 1 、b 2 Is a constant.
Preferably, b is determined in S7 0 、b 1 、b 2 The process of constant values is as follows:
let x 1 ＝α,x 2 ＝α 2 Then formula (1) is converted to formula (2):
β＝b 0 +b 1 x 1 +b 1 x 2 (2)
according to the principle of least square method, unknown parameter b in multiple linear regression 0 、b 1 、b 2 The formula (3) is satisfied to be minimum;
respectively obtaining Q pairs b 0 、b 1 、b 2 And let them equal zero;
arranged to obtain a compound of formula b 0 、b 1 、b 2 System of linear equations of
Introducing matrix
X’XB＝X’Y (9)
And calculating to obtain:
then
W k ＝cos(α) (11)
W k ＝sin 2θ (12)
Wherein, W k Is the kinematic vorticity.
Preferably, the relationship between β and θ in S7 is:
β＝4b 2 θ 2 -(360b 2 +2b 1 )θ+(8100b 2 +90b 1 +b 0 ) (13)。
compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following advantages:
1. the experimental device provided by the invention can simulate the substrate pre-existing linear structure with different directions and the deformation of the upper covering layer induced by reactivation of the substrate pre-existing linear structure by laying and pushing the fracture zone direction plates with different angles.
2. The experimental device provided by the invention can observe the evolution characteristics of the fracture at different stages by means of fracture evolution mode and combination style in the process of observing the oblique stretching action at different low angles from a three-dimensional angle, so that the control effect of different trend substrate pre-existing linear structures on basin evolution is clarified.
3. The experimental method provided by the invention simulates pre-existing linear structures with different angles by paving fracture zone trend plates with different angles in an experimental box, then coats and lays a quartz sand simulation cover layer, then drives a power device to move the fracture zone trend plates, thereby inducing tensile-torsional deformation in the cover layer on the pre-existing linear structures, and establishing an included angle beta between the pre-existing fracture of the substrate with different trends and the new fracture in the cover layer, a fracture trend normal of the pre-existing substrate and a late-stage maximum main stress axis sigma 1 And determining the direction of the stress field in the geological period by measuring the included angle beta between the pre-existing base fracture and the new secondary fracture in a certain area and combining the related relationship.
4. The experimental method provided by the invention is characterized in that the included angle beta between the secondary fracture induced in the upper covering layer and the linear pre-existing structure trend of the substrate is counted, and the established beta, the fracture trend normal of the pre-existing substrate and the maximum principal stress axis sigma are used for calculating the included angle beta 1 The relation between the included angles theta determines the stress field direction of a certain geological historical period.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field in example 1.
FIG. 2 is a top view of the experimental box of example 1.
FIG. 3 is a rear side view of the experimental box of example 1 in which a simulation material is laid.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the results of a physical simulation experiment of a slant stretch flask simulating a base pre-existing linear structure in example 2.
FIG. 5 is a graph of the angle β and slope α between a pre-existing fracture in the substrate and a new fracture in the overburden with different strike profiles as established in example 2.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the distribution of pre-existing substrate fracture and new fracture of the upper cladding layer in example 2.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below.
An experimental device for determining the direction of a geological stress field comprises an experiment table 5, an experiment box arranged on the experiment table 5, a driving assembly 1, an information acquisition assembly 2 and a control analyzer 3; in specific implementation, the device further comprises a laboratory bench support 4 and the laboratory bench 5 is arranged on the laboratory bench support 4 for convenient control and observation.
The experimental box comprises a front end baffle 6, two side baffles 7 and a rear end baffle 8, wherein the rear end baffle 8 and the front end baffle 6 are respectively arranged between the two side baffles 7, the rear end baffle 8 is fixedly and hermetically connected with the two side baffles 7, and the front end baffle 6 is slidably and hermetically connected with the two side baffles 7; thus, the front baffle 6, the two side baffles 7 and the rear baffle 8 form a box body, and other parts of the box body except the upper end opening are sealed to prevent sand leakage. In specific implementation, the two side baffles 7 and the rear baffle 8 are respectively fixed on the upper surface of the experiment table 5 through a multi-purpose iron clamp 9.
The experimental box further comprises a fracture zone trend plate 10 with a right trapezoid cross section, the fracture zone trend plate 10 is arranged between the two side baffles 7 and is tiled on the experimental table 5, and a longer right-angle side of the fracture zone trend plate 10 is parallel to the front end baffle 6 and is fixed on the front end baffle 6; the fracture belt trend board is made of acrylic board material.
The power output end of the driving assembly 1 is connected with the front end baffle 6 to drive the front end baffle 6 to move along the length direction of the test bed 5; the information acquisition end of the information acquisition component 2 is positioned right above the experimental box; the control signal output end of the control analyzer 3 is connected with the signal input end of the driving assembly 1, and the control analyzer 3 is used for controlling the rotating direction and speed of the driving assembly 1. And the signal input end of the control analyzer 3 is connected with the information acquisition assembly 2, and the direction of a stress field in a geological historical period is simulated according to the information acquired by the information acquisition assembly 2. The driving assembly 1 is used for providing power for moving the fracture belt trend breaking plate 10 in the experiment; the control analyzer 3 controls the rotating direction and speed of the driving assembly 1 and provides power for a physical simulation experiment of the sand box under the action of oblique stretching.
Specifically, the information acquisition assembly 2 comprises an industrial camera 14, an illuminating lamp bracket 11 and an LED photographic lamp 12 fixed on the illuminating lamp bracket 11, and a lens of the industrial camera 14 is positioned right above the experimental box. The LED photography lamp 12 mainly provides a light source for experiments, the industrial camera 14 is used for collecting images of experimental results and is located right above the experiment box, in the embodiment, the industrial camera 14 is a visual MV-EM series industrial camera, and the industrial camera 14 is fixed and adjusted in position through the camera support 13. The LED photography luminaire 12 is 150W.
Specifically, the driving assembly 1 comprises a motor base 15, a toothless screw rod 16, a fixing part 17, a stepping motor 18, a reduction box 19 and a trapezoidal thread screw rod 20; the motor base 15 is fixedly arranged on the experiment table 5, the stepping motor 18 is arranged on the motor base 15, the power output end of the stepping motor 18 is connected with one end of the screw rod 20 of the ladder tooth through the reduction box 19, and the other end of the screw rod 20 of the ladder tooth is in threaded connection with the fixed part 17; a through hole is formed in the lower portion of the motor base 15, one end of the toothless screw rod 16 penetrates through the through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle 6, the toothless screw rod 16 is connected with the through hole in a sliding mode, and the other end of the toothless screw rod 16 is fixedly connected with the fixing part 17. The number of the toothless screw rods 16 is two, two through holes are formed in the part, close to the lower portion of the motor base 15, of each toothless screw rod 16, one end of each toothless screw rod 16 penetrates through the corresponding through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle 6, and the other end of each toothless screw rod 16 is fixedly connected with the fixing part 17. The drive assembly 1 further comprises an indicator light 21 for indicating the direction of rotation of the stepper motor 18.
An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field adopts the experimental device for determining the direction of the geological stress field, and comprises the following specific steps:
s1: making a group of fracture zone strike plates 10 simulating substrate pre-existing linear fracture, wherein the group of fracture zone strike plates 10 is N, and the g-th fracture zone strike plate 10 has a bottom angle lambda g The complementary angle of is recorded as alpha g ,g＝1,2,…N。
S2: the light source intake angle of the LED photography lamp 12 is set, so that the LED photography lamp 12 emits into the experiment box at 45 degrees, and the shooting interval time t of the information acquisition assembly 2 is set.
S3: the g-th fracture zone profile 10 is selected and the g-th fracture zone profile 10 is laid flat on the test stand 5, g being 1.
Selecting corresponding simulation materials according to the lithology of the geologic body in the geological historical period to be simulated, wherein the geologic body is a brittle layer, and loose white quartz sand is selected; selecting micro glass beads when the geological body is a brittle-plastic layer; according to the ratio of the total thickness of the laid sand layer to the actual thickness of the stratum being 10 -5 : 1, paving a layer of marking layer which is colored quartz sand at intervals of 0.5cm in thickness in the paving process.
S4: the action of the stepping motor 18 is controlled by controlling the analyzer 3, so that the fracture belt strike plate 10 horizontally moves to simulate the oblique stretching action; starting an experiment, stopping the work of the stepping motor 18 when the displacement of the fracture belt strike plate 10 reaches a maximum extension distance, wherein the maximum extension distance is a moving distance when the connection is started when the arrangement of wild goose rows in the sand layer is fractured, and stopping shooting by the information acquisition assembly 2; wherein the moving speed of the broken belt strike plate 10 in the S4 is 0.01 cm/min.
S5: when the MB-Ruler software is used for measuring the movement stop of the fracture belt trend plate 10, the information acquisition assembly 2 shoots the picture and acquires the included angle beta between the trend bevel edge of the fracture belt trend plate 10 and each new fracture in the overlying sand layer i I is 1,2, … n, and then an average value is calculated
S6: if the average value obtained at present
Average value obtained from previous time
Error of (2)<When ± 3%, let g be g +1, and execute the next step, otherwise return to S3.
S6: if g > N, the next step is performed, otherwise return to S3.
S7: by alpha g And
and g is 1,2 and … N, a scatter diagram is established, all data are selected to fit a trend line of a second-order function, and a second-order curve equation between alpha and beta is established, wherein alpha represents the slope, and beta represents the included angle between the new secondary fracture in the cover layer and the fracture trend of the pre-existing substrate.
The second order curve equation between α and β is:
β＝b 0 +b 1 α+b 1 α 2
wherein, b 0 、b 1 、b 2 Is a constant.
Determination of b 0 、b 1 、b 2 The process of constant values is as follows:
let x 1 ＝α,x 2 ＝α 2 Then formula 1 is converted into
β＝b 0 +b 1 x 1 +b 1 x 2
According to the principle of least square method, unknown parameter b in multiple linear regression 0 、b 1 、b 2 Equation 3 is satisfied to a minimum.
Respectively obtaining Q pairs b 0 、b 1 、b 2 And let them equal zero.
Arranged to obtain a compound of formula b 0 、b 1 、b 2 System of linear equations of
Introducing matrix
X’XB＝X’Y
And calculating to obtain:
then
W k ＝cosα
W k ＝sin 2θ
Wherein, W k Is the kinematic vorticity.
Then establishing a relation between beta and theta, wherein theta represents the fracture strike normal of the pre-existing substrate and the maximum principal stress axis sigma 1 The included angle is as follows:
β＝4b 2 θ 2 -360b 2 +2b 1 θ+8100b 2 +90b 1 +b 0
the direction of the stress field in the period of the simulated new fracture activity can be obtained.
Example 1: referring to fig. 1-3, an experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field comprises an experimental bench 5, an experimental box arranged on the experimental bench 5, a driving assembly 1, an information acquisition assembly 2 and a control analyzer 3. The laboratory table 5 is arranged on the laboratory table support 4. The experimental box includes front end baffle 6, two side shields 7, and rear end baffle 8 and cross section are right triangle's fracture area trend board 10, rear end baffle 8 and front end baffle 6 set up respectively between two side shields 7, and rear end baffle 8 is fixed and sealing connection with two side shields 7, and front end baffle 6 slides and sealing connection with two side shields 7. The fracture strip strike plate 10 is arranged between the two side flaps 7 and laid flat on the laboratory table 5, and the shorter right-angle edge of the fracture strip strike plate 10 is parallel to the front end flap 6 and fixed on the front end flap 6.
In the embodiment, the experiment table bracket 4 is a stainless steel frame with the length of 120cm, the width of 60cm and the height of 80cm, the experiment table 5 is a stainless steel table top with the length of 180cm, the width of 80cm and the thickness of 2cm, the front end baffle 6, the two side baffles 7 and the rear end baffle 8 are all made of organic glass materials, and the front end baffle 6 is an organic glass baffle with the length of 50cm, the thickness of 1.5cm and the height of 15 cm; the side baffle 7 is an organic glass baffle with the length of 70cm, the thickness of 1.5cm and the height of 15 cm; the rear baffle 8 is an organic glass baffle with the length of 50cm, the thickness of 1.5cm and the height of 15 cm.
The experimental box is the main part of whole experimental apparatus for place the fracture area that the experiment was used and move towards board and simulation material such as quartz sand, kaolin etc. through removing front end baffle 6, observe the deformation condition of simulation material in the experimental box. The experimental box comprises a front end baffle 6, two side baffles 7 and a rear end baffle 8 which jointly form a detachable box body, the length of the whole experimental box is 60cm, the width is 50cm, the height is 15cm, a fracture zone trend board 10 simulating different trend pre-stored linear structures is placed in the box body, and the length of the fracture zone trend board 10 is 50 cm. The first right-angle edge a of the fracture strip strike plate is arranged parallel to the front end baffle 6 and fixed on the baffle by an adhesive tape.
The driving assembly 1 comprises a motor base 15, a toothless screw rod 16, a fixing part 17, a stepping motor 18, a reduction box 19 and a stepped thread screw rod 20; the motor base 15 is fixedly arranged on the experiment table 5, the stepping motor 18 is arranged on the motor base 15, the power output end of the stepping motor 18 is connected with one end of the screw rod 20 of the ladder tooth through the reduction box 19, and the other end of the screw rod 20 of the ladder tooth is in threaded connection with the fixed part 17; a through hole is formed in the lower portion of the motor base 15, one end of the toothless screw rod 16 penetrates through the through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle 6, the toothless screw rod 16 is connected with the through hole in a sliding mode, and the other end of the toothless screw rod 16 is fixedly connected with the fixing part 17. The number of the toothless screw rods 16 is two, two through holes are formed in the part, close to the lower portion of the motor base 15, of each toothless screw rod 16, one end of each toothless screw rod 16 penetrates through the corresponding through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle 6, and the other end of each toothless screw rod 16 is fixedly connected with the fixing part 17. The drive assembly 1 further comprises an indicator light 21 for indicating the direction of rotation of the stepper motor 18. The control signal output end of the control analyzer 3 is connected with the signal input end of the driving assembly 1, and the control analyzer 3 is used for controlling the rotating direction and speed of the driving assembly 1. And the signal input end of the control analyzer 3 is connected with the information acquisition assembly 2 and gives the geological stress field direction of the simulated geology according to the information acquired by the information acquisition assembly 2.
The working process of the experimental device for determining the direction of the geological stress field in the embodiment 1 is as follows:
the motor base 15 is made of steel, 15cm long, 15cm high and 10cm wide, and is welded on the experiment table 5, two holes with the radius of 2cm are drilled in the lateral middle of the motor base 15 in parallel, a toothless screw 16 with the length of 1m horizontally penetrates through the two holes with the hole diameter of 4cm, one end of the toothless screw 16 is fixed on the front end baffle 6, the other end of the toothless screw 16 is fixedly connected with the end part of the front end baffle 6 through a fixing part 17, the fixing part 17 is made of steel, the size of the toothless screw is 8cm long on the upper bottom side, the first straight side is 10cm long, the thickness is 2cm long and 10cm high, a step thread hole is drilled on the toothless screw 16, the hole diameter is 5cm long and the thread pitch is 0.5cm long, a stepping motor 18 and a reduction box 19 are installed on the upper part of the motor base 15, the stepping motor 18 can convert an electric pulse signal into angular displacement or linear displacement, and the speed and acceleration of the stepping motor can be controlled by controlling the pulse frequency so as to achieve the purpose of speed regulation, the reduction box 19 is placed on the motor base 15, the reduction box 19 is directly connected with the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth, the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth is 1m long, the diameter is 5cm, the thread pitch is 0.5cm, the tail end of the screw rod penetrates through a threaded hole in the fixing part 17, the reduction box 19 transmits the output rotating speed to the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth, the driving speed and the driving direction can be adjusted and controlled, when the stepping motor 18 starts to rotate, the reduction box 19 outputs the reduced rotating speed to the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth, if the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth rotates anticlockwise, the indicator light 21 lights up a red light, the non-tooth screw rod 16 and the fixing part 17 move towards the direction of the rear end baffle 8 to form extruded power, if the screw rod 20 of the ladder teeth rotates clockwise, the indicator light 21 lights up a green light, and the non-tooth screw rod 16 and the fixing part 17 move away from the direction of the rear end baffle 8 to form tension power. The industrial camera 14 takes a picture of the experimental process and passes the picture to the control analyzer 3.
Example 2: referring to fig. 1 to 6, an experimental method for determining a direction of a geological stress field, which uses the experimental apparatus for determining a direction of a geological stress field in embodiment 1, includes the following steps:
s1, taking the No. four fracture zone of the Nanbao cave as an example, a group of 15 fracture zone strike plates for simulating the linear fracture of the substrate in advance are manufactured, the bottom angle lambda of the fracture zone strike plates, the included angle between the first straight edge a and the fracture strike oblique edge b, as shown in figure 2, and the residual angle alpha of lambda 1 、α 2 、α 3 、……α n-1 、α n The intervals of the angles are 2 degrees, 4 degrees, 6 degrees, … … 28 degrees and 30 degrees respectively, and the run length of the fracture zone is 50 cm. The residual angle alpha of the base angle lambda of the fracture zone running plate 10 1 The 2 ° fracture zone course is laid flat in the test box, the first straight edge a of the fracture zone course being parallel to the front end flap 6 and being fixed to the front end flap 6.
S2, fixing an illumination system, placing an EF11-150W photographic lamp on one side of the long side of the test bed, and adjusting the light source incidence angle to enable the light source to be emitted into the test box at an angle of 45 degrees; and fixing an information acquisition component, fixing the ESO 850D single-lens reflex camera at a position 1.2m above the experimental box, and setting to take a picture every 5 s.
S3, because the depressed bright ballast stratum of the Nanbao is mainly a brittle layer, simulating the bright ballast stratum by adopting 120-mesh loose white quartz sand, flatly paving the bright ballast stratum in an experimental box, wherein the total paving thickness is 4cm, and a marking layer, namely color quartz sand, is paved at intervals of 0.5cm in the paving process.
S4, setting the power device to horizontally move backwards at the moving speed of 0.01cm/min by the computer, so that the horizontal movement of the fracture zone strike plate at the bottom of the experimental box simulates the oblique stretching action; and starting an experiment, lighting a green light by an indicator light, stopping moving when the displacement reaches the maximum extension distance, wherein the maximum extension distance is the moving distance of the sand layer when the goose rows are initially broken and initially start to be connected, and stopping photographing.
S5 measurement stop using MB-Ruler software in computerDuring moving, the included angle beta between the inclined edge b of the trend of the fracture zone collected by the shot picture and each new fracture in the overlying sand layer i I is 1,2, … n, and then an average value is calculated
Measurement of beta 1 ＝19.8° β 2 ＝19.7° β 3 ＝18.8° β 4 ＝19° β 5 ＝18.5° β 6 ＝18°
To reduce the error, this step S2-5 is repeated until the error is < + > 3%.
Beta is measured again 1 ＝20° β 2 ＝18° β 3 ＝19.5° β 4 ＝19° β 5 ＝19° β 6 ＝18.5°
To obtain
S6 replacement of alpha 2 The 4 ° oblique stretch test was performed by fixing the 4 ° fracture zone strike plate to the front end flap 6, and repeating the above steps 2 to 5.
Measured beta 1 ＝21° β 2 ＝22.2° β 3 ＝20.8° β 4 ＝20° β 5 ＝21.5° β 6 ＝20.5°
The experiment was repeated for 2-5 steps
Beta is measured again 1 ＝20.8° β 2 ＝22.4° β 3 ＝20.5° β 4 ＝20.3° β 5 ＝21° β 6 ＝21°
To obtain
15 sets of experiments of the above design were completed. Two groups of data alpha obtained by measurement and calculation of experiments 1 ＝2°、α 2 ＝4°、α 3 ＝6°、α 3 ＝8°、α 3 ＝10°、α 3 ＝12°、α 3 ＝14°、α 3 ＝16°、α 3 ＝18°、α 3 ＝20°、α 3 ＝22°、α 3 ＝24°、α 3 ＝26°、α n-1 ＝28°、α n 30 ° and
β 3 ＝26°、β 3 ＝27.5°、β 3 ＝31°、β 3 ＝33°、β 3 ＝34.5°、β 3 ＝35°、β 3 ＝36°、β 3 ＝36.8°、β 3 ＝37.2°、β 3 ＝38°、β 3 ＝38.6°、
inputting the data into Origin software, and using the two groups of data alpha 1 、α 2 、α 3 、……α 14 、α 15 And
establishing a scatter diagram as shown in figure 3, then selecting all data, fitting a second-order function trend line by using origin software, establishing a relation between the inclination alpha and an included angle beta between a new secondary fracture in the cover layer and a pre-existing substrate fracture trend, and calculating by using a linear regression equation to obtain a second-order curve equation
β＝-0.02552α 2 +1.54α+15.53802
From and can obtain the formula:
W k ＝cosα
W k ＝sin 2θ
s7, measuring the average value of included angles between the pre-existing fracture trend of the depressed basement of the Nanbao and the new fracture trend of 5 pieces of the brightening ballast group as
Through the calculation of a formula,
theta is obtained to be approximately equal to 42 degrees, and the maximum main stress axis sigma in the period can be obtained 1 The included angle between the pre-existing substrate and the normal line of the linear structure is 42 degrees, and the fracture trend of the pre-existing substrate is near NW direction, so the stretching direction is near SN direction stretching. This is consistent with the more recent development of the SN extensional mechanism by the retreating action of pacific plates leading to a thermal settlement process on the area after a crack has been experienced.
Finally, the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting, although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all of them should be covered in the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An experimental device for determining the direction of a geological stress field is characterized in that: comprises an experiment table (5), an experiment box arranged on the experiment table (5), a driving component (1), an information acquisition component (2) and a control analyzer (3);
the experimental box comprises a front end baffle (6), two side baffles (7) and a rear end baffle (8), wherein the rear end baffle (8) and the front end baffle (6) are respectively arranged between the two side baffles (7), the rear end baffle (8) is fixedly and hermetically connected with the two side baffles (7), and the front end baffle (6) is slidably and hermetically connected with the two side baffles (7);
the experimental box further comprises a fracture zone trend plate (10) with a right trapezoid cross section, the fracture zone trend plate (10) is arranged between the two side baffles (7) and is tiled on the experimental table (5), and the longer right-angle edge of the fracture zone trend plate (10) is parallel to the front end baffle (6) and is fixed on the front end baffle (6);
the power output end of the driving assembly (1) is connected with the front end baffle (6) to drive the front end baffle (6) to move along the length direction of the test bed (5);
the information acquisition end of the information acquisition component (2) is positioned right above the experimental box;
the control signal output end of the control analyzer (3) is connected with the signal input end of the driving assembly (1), the signal input end of the control analyzer (3) is connected with the information acquisition assembly (2), and the direction of a stress field in a geological history period is simulated according to information acquired by the information acquisition assembly (2).
2. The experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 1, characterized in that: the information acquisition assembly (2) comprises an industrial camera (14), an illuminating lamp bracket (11) and an LED photographic lamp (12) fixed on the illuminating lamp bracket (11), and a lens of the industrial camera (14) is positioned right above the experiment box.
3. The experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 1, characterized in that: the driving component (1) comprises a motor base (15), a toothless screw rod (16), a fixing part (17), a stepping motor (18), a reduction box (19) and a trapezoidal thread screw rod (20);
the motor base (15) is fixedly arranged on the experiment table (5), the stepping motor (18) is installed on the motor base (15), the power output end of the stepping motor (18) is connected with one end of the ladder tooth screw rod (20) through the reduction gearbox (19), and the other end of the ladder tooth screw rod (20) is in threaded connection with the fixing part (17);
the motor base (15) is provided with a through hole at the lower part, one end of the toothless screw rod (16) penetrates through the through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle (6), the toothless screw rod (16) is in sliding connection with the through hole, and the other end of the toothless screw rod (16) is fixedly connected with the fixing part (17).
4. An experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 3, characterized in that: the number of the toothless screw rods (16) is two, two through holes are formed in the part, close to the lower portion of the motor base (15), of each toothless screw rod (16), one end of each toothless screw rod (16) penetrates through the corresponding through hole to be fixedly connected with the front end baffle (6), and the other end of each toothless screw rod (16) is fixedly connected with the fixing part (17).
5. The experimental apparatus for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 4, characterized in that: the driving assembly (1) further comprises an indicator light (21) for indicating the rotation direction of the stepping motor (18).
6. An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field is characterized in that: the experimental device for determining the direction of the geological stress field according to claim 5 is adopted, and comprises the following specific steps:
s1: producing a set of fracture zone strike plates (10) simulating pre-existing linear fracture of the substrate, wherein the set of N fracture zone strike plates (10) has a base angle lambda g The complementary angle of is recorded as alpha g ,g＝1,2,…N；
S2: setting a light source intake angle of the LED photographic lamp (12), enabling the LED photographic lamp (12) to be shot into the experiment box at an angle of 45 degrees, and setting a shooting interval time t of the information acquisition assembly (2);
s3: selecting a g-th fracture zone strike plate (10) and flatly laying the g-th fracture zone strike plate (10) on a test bed (5), wherein g is 1;
selecting corresponding simulation materials according to the lithology of the geologic body in the geological historical period to be simulated, wherein the ratio of the total thickness of the laid sand layer to the actual thickness of the stratum is 10 -5 : 1, paving a layer of marking layer in a test box at intervals of 0.5cm in thickness during the paving process,the mark layer is made of colored quartz sand;
s4: the motion in the stepping motor (18) is controlled by controlling the analyzer (3), so that the fracture belt strike plate (10) horizontally moves to simulate the oblique stretching action; starting an experiment, stopping the work of the stepping motor (18) when the displacement of the fracture belt strike plate (10) reaches the maximum extension distance, and stopping shooting the information acquisition assembly (2);
s5: when MB-Ruler software is used for measuring the included angle beta between the inclined edge of the broken belt trend plate (10) acquired by the picture shot by the information acquisition component (2) and each new broken in the overlying sand layer when the broken belt trend plate (10) stops moving i I is 1,2, … n, and then an average value is calculated
S6: if the average value obtained at present
And the average value obtained previously
Error of (2)<When the value is +/-3%, enabling g to be g +1, and executing the next step, otherwise, returning to S3;
s6: if g > N, executing the next step, otherwise returning to S3;
s7: by alpha g And
establishing a scatter diagram by taking the g as 1,2 and … N, selecting all data to fit a trend line of a second-order function, and establishing a second-order curve equation between alpha and beta, wherein the alpha represents the inclination, and the beta represents the included angle between the fracture trend of the new secondary fracture in the cover layer and the fracture trend of the pre-existing substrate;
establishing a relation between beta and theta, wherein theta represents the fracture strike normal of the pre-existing substrate and the axis sigma of the maximum principal stress 1 And the included angle is used for obtaining the direction of the stress field in the period of simulating the activity of the new fracture.
7. An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 6, characterized in that: the moving speed of the fracture zone strike plate (10) in the S4 is 0.01 cm/min.
8. An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 6, characterized in that: the second-order curve equation between α and β in S7 is:
β＝b 0 +b 1 α+b 1 α 2 (1)
wherein, b 0 、b 1 、b 2 Is a constant.
9. An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 8, characterized in that: determination of b in said S7 0 、b 1 、b 2 The process of constant values is as follows:
let x 1 ＝α,x 2 ＝α 2 Then formula (1) is converted to formula (2):
β＝b 0 +b 1 x 1 +b 1 x 2 (2)
according to the principle of least square method, unknown parameter b in multiple linear regression 0 、b 1 、b 2 The formula (3) is satisfied to be minimum;
respectively obtaining Q pairs b 0 、b 1 、b 2 And let them equal zero;
arranged to obtain a compound of formula b 0 、b 1 、b 2 System of linear equations of
Introducing matrix
X’XB＝X’Y (9)
And calculating to obtain:
then
W ) ＝cos(α) (11)
W k ＝sin2θ (12)
Wherein, W k Is the kinematic vorticity.
10. An experimental method for determining the direction of a geological stress field according to claim 6, characterized in that: the relationship between β and θ in S7 is:
β＝4b 2 θ 2 -(360b 2 +2b 1 )θ+(8100b 2 +90b 1 +b 0 ) (13)。
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