CN114836768A - 一种三相过渡金属氧化物电催化剂的制备及其应用 - Google Patents
一种三相过渡金属氧化物电催化剂的制备及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种三相过渡金属氧化物析氧复合材料的制备方法及其应用,该复合材料是高温氧化烧结钴铁类普鲁士蓝(MoS2@CoFe‑PBA)而成,其表达式为MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4,属于新能源材料合成技术领域。该发明以通过高温氧化烧结MoS2纳米片包覆的内部多缺陷钴铁类普鲁士蓝(MoS2@CoFe‑PBA),得到含有三相异质结构的高性能OER催化剂MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。本发明的合成方法可以有效的通过氧化烧结将MoS2和CoFe‑PBA转变为析氧反应性能优异的MoO3和CoFe2O4,并且在两相之间生成CoMoO4界面,本发明的合成方法可以有效的调控多相氧化物的微观形貌,丰富了多相氧化物的合成方法及界面调控的手段。该复合材料表现出了优异的电催化析氧活性,并且其在电催化析氧反应之后保持复合结构形貌,适用于新能源开发领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新能源纳米材料合成及电化学技术领域,具体的说,涉及一种三相过渡金属氧化物析氧复合材料的合成及其应用。
背景技术
当前,伴随着社会进步与经济的高速发展,随之所引发出来的大气污染、环境恶化等问题日益严重,建立可持续能源系统迫在眉睫,能源体系逐渐由化石燃料到低碳新型能源转变。近年来,由于较高的能量密度和产物无污染等优点,氢气被认为是解决当下能源问题的关键。与传统的制氢工艺相比,电催化水分解因其低污染、低能耗、高效率的优点被认为是最佳的制氢方式。在碱性电解水中,铂(Pt)、钌(Ru)和铱(Ir)等贵金属显示出较好的电催化性能,但是价格昂贵,不适合大规模的工业应用。而低成本且储量丰富的Fe、Co、Ni等过渡基金属催化剂由于其可调谐的三维电子构型和自旋态,在晶体和电子结构方面的多功能性使其具有较大的应用。
过渡金属氧化物(TMOs)具有高度可调的化学成分及晶体结构,广泛应用于光电催化、能源电池以及电容器方面。相较于价格昂贵的贵金属基催化剂而言,储量丰富、价格低廉、制备方法简便的TMOs成为了最佳的候选催化剂之一。但是,单组份氧化物很难同时满足高效催化剂所具备的优良的导电性、高活性、高比表面积及稳定性等特点,在实际应用中具有一定的局限性。而多组分协同策略可以在多相氧化物协同作用下,同时对导电性,催化活性,稳定性等进行优化,从而具备优异的电解水催化性能。另外,研究发现,通过合理的界面结构设计促进电子转移,采用复合策略暴露更多的边缘活性位点是提高其催化活性的关键。另外,采用多相界面设计可以优化析氧反应中间体的吸附能,从而降低反应能垒,提高反应活性及稳定性,促进其工业生产应用。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种三相过渡金属氧化物析氧复合材料及其合成方法和应用,解决了多相氧化物复合以及二维-三维超级结构设计的问题。
本发明针对多相氧化物合成步骤繁琐、形貌不易控制和界面电子结构调控等问题,提供了一种以类普鲁士蓝为基体材料通过水热及高温氧化烧结形成多相氧化物复合析氧纳米材料。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用以下技术方案予以实现:
一方面,本发明提供了一种氧化钼-钼酸盐-钴铁氧化物电催化析氧复合材料,所述复合材料为钴铁氧化物纳米方块与氧化钼纳米薄片及两相接触新形成的钼酸盐面所构成的纳米复合材料,其表达式为MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。
另一方面,本发明还提供了该三相氧化物析氧复合材料的制备方法,主要的实施步骤如下:
(1)钴铁类普鲁士蓝(CoFe-PBA)前驱体的制备;
(2)四硫代钼酸铵的制备;
(3)MoS2@CoFe-PBA复合材料制备;
(4)将步骤(3)所得墨绿色粉末状进行高温氧化烧结。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于制备步骤具体如下:
(1)钴铁普鲁士蓝前驱体的制备方法如下:首先将3~6mmol六水合硝酸钴和5~9mmol二水合柠檬酸三钠溶于200mL去离子水(DW)中作为溶液I,将2~4mmol铁氰化钾溶于200mL去离子水(DW)中作为溶液II;分别搅拌20~30分钟,将溶液I转移到溶液II中,搅拌20~30分钟后用锡纸密封,在常温下避光老化24小时后离心、收集沉淀物,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤3~4次,在60℃真空烘箱中烘干过夜,研磨后装瓶收集备用。
(2)四硫代钼酸铵(ATM)制备方法如下:向60℃下50~75mL25 vol%氨水溶液中加入5~7.5g仲钼酸铵(AHM),在持续搅拌加入112~168mL硫化铵溶液(含8.3%wt%S)。将所得混合物在70℃油浴中加热1小时,然后在冰水浴中冷却4小时,将所得红色晶体用乙醇彻底清洗,真空烘箱中干燥12~18小时,得到的猩红色晶体在低温下密封保存。
(3)二硫化钼负载普鲁士蓝复合材料制备:将步骤(1)中得到的0.3~0.6gCoFe-PBA分散于30mLN,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后加入0.1~0.2g四硫代钼酸铵,将混合分散液搅拌30~40分钟后转移至水热反应釜中,在180℃下进行水热反应10~14小时,反应中四硫代钼酸铵分解形成MoS2纳米片包覆CoFe-PBA的同时,铵根离子(NH4 +)对CoFe-PBA刻蚀形成内部缺陷的多孔结构。
(4)三相过渡金属氧化物的制备:将步骤(3)得到的1~2g MoS2@CoFe-PBA置于瓷舟中,在空气气氛中,以2.5℃/min的升温速率升至350℃保持1~3小时,即得到MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。
本发明所述多相氧化物复合材料在电催化析氧方面的应用,通过氧化钼-钼酸盐-钴铁氧化物三相的复合,界面调控优化了其电子结构,有效促进过渡金属氧化物电解水性能,并且在维持原始三维立方结构的基础上构建二维纳米片结构,可以暴露更多活性位点,同时界面电子调控后的氧化物可以有效的优化电解水反应路径,因此具有优异的电催化析氧的活性,OER反应后维持了二维-三维复合结构形貌。
本发明所述的多相氧化物复合材料是以普鲁士蓝作为模板通过水热生成具有可控生长尺寸的MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体,反应中四硫代钼酸铵分解形成MoS2纳米片包覆CoFe-PBA的同时,铵根离子(NH4 +)对CoFe-PBA刻蚀形成内部缺陷的多孔结构,高温氧化烧结处理得三相异质结构的高性能OER催化剂,具有二维-三维复合结构特征。以CoFe-PBA为模板,既可以保留三维纳米结构特征,同时烧结过程表面MoS2的原位转化提高了复合材料的稳定性;另外,良好的界面结构有利于优化析氧反应路径,同时提高边缘和接触面活性位点,因此具有高效的析氧反应活性,提高电解水性能。
本发明具有制备工艺简单,可控性强,重复性好等特点,通过以CoFe-PBA为模板和前驱体,二硫化钼的可控生长形成核壳结构,进一步高温氧化烧结得到了一种既具有二维-三维超级结构,又具有特定接触面的三相过渡金属氧化物复合材料。为多相结构设计提供了一种简单高效的制备方法,可拓展至其他的过渡金属氧化物复合材料的制备,并且可以作为组成、形貌可控,性能高效的电催化析氧催化剂。
上述具有二维-三维超级结构即MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料可用于电催化析氧过程和电解水领域。
本发明可用于新型的电催化析氧催化剂,是符合新能源需求的新型电化学催化材料。
与现有的技术相比,本发明的优点和积极的效果是:
本发明利用反应中四硫代钼酸铵分解形成MoS2纳米片包覆CoFe-PBA的同时,铵根离子(NH4 +)对CoFe-PBA刻蚀形成内部缺陷的多孔结构,通过简单的一步高温氧化处理,即得到了三相过渡金属复合的纳米催化剂,并将其应用与电催化领域,丰富了多相过渡金属氧化物的制备合成技术,同时也极大的拓宽其商业应用价值。
附图说明
下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明,附图中:
图1-1是实施例1制备的CoFe-PBA前驱体的X射线粉末衍射谱图;
图1-2是实施例1制备的CoFe-PBA前驱体的扫描电镜与透射电镜图;
图1-3是实施例1制备的MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体的X射线粉末衍射谱图;
图1-4是实施例1制备的MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体的扫描电镜与透射电镜图;
图1-5是实施例1制备的CoFe-PBA,MoS2@CoFe-PBA粒径分布图;
图1-6是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的X射线粉末衍射谱图;
图1-7是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的扫描电镜图;
图1-8是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的透射电镜与高分辨率透射电镜图;
图1-9是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的X射线光电子能谱图;
图2-1是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的电催化析氧数据图;
图2-2是实施例1制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的电催化析氧之后的扫描电镜图片。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
实施例1:
(1)钴铁普鲁士蓝前驱体的制备方法如下:首先将3~6mmol六水合硝酸钴和5~9mmol二水合柠檬酸三钠溶于200mL去离子水(DW)中作为溶液I,将2~4mmol铁氰化钾溶于200mL去离子水(DW)中作为溶液II;分别搅拌20~30分钟,将溶液I转移到溶液II中,搅拌20~30分钟后用锡纸密封,在常温下避光老化24小时后离心、收集沉淀物,用去离子水和乙醇洗涤3~4次,在60℃真空烘箱中烘干过夜,研磨后装瓶收集备用。
(2)四硫代钼酸铵(ATM)制备方法如下:向60℃下50~75mL25 vol%氨水溶液中加入5~7.5g仲钼酸铵(AHM),在持续搅拌加入112~168mL硫化铵溶液(含8.3%wt%S)。将所得混合物在70℃油浴中加热1小时,然后在冰水浴中冷却4小时,将所得红色晶体用乙醇彻底清洗,真空烘箱中干燥12~18小时,得到的猩红色晶体在低温下密封保存。
(3)二硫化钼负载普鲁士蓝复合材料制备:将步骤(1)中得到的0.3~0.6gCoFe-PBA分散于30mLN,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后加入0.1~0.2g四硫代钼酸铵,将混合分散液搅拌30~40分钟后转移至水热反应釜中,在180℃下进行水热反应10~14小时,反应中四硫代钼酸铵分解形成MoS2纳米片包覆CoFe-PBA的同时,铵根离子(NH4 +)对CoFe-PBA刻蚀形成内部缺陷的多孔结构。
(4)三相过渡金属氧化物的制备:将步骤(3)得到的1~2g MoS2@CoFe-PBA置于瓷舟中,在空气气氛中,以2.5℃/min的升温速率升至350℃保持1~3小时,即得到MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。
图1-1是实施例1所制备的CoFe-PBA前驱体的X射线粉末衍射谱图,通过与标准卡片进行比对,可以证实所得产物为钴铁普鲁士蓝(K2CoFe(CN)6);
图1-2是实施例1所制备的CoFe-PBA前驱体的扫描电镜图,可以看出所得产物为表面光滑的纳米立方块结构;
图1-3是实施例1所制备的MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体的X射线粉末衍射谱图,通过与标准卡片进行比对,可以证实所得产物是K2CoFe(CN)6和MoS2的复合材料;
图1-4(a)和(b)分别是实施例1制备的MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体的扫描电镜和透射电镜图片,可以看出其形貌为二维纳米薄片生长在纳米立方块表面;
图1-5是实施例1所制备的CoFe-PBA,MoS2@CoFe-PBA前驱体粒径分布图,进一步计算得出粒径尺寸,证实二硫化钼的可控生长形成特定尺寸核壳结构;
图1-6是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的X射线粉末衍射谱图。通过与标准卡片比对,可以证实所得产物是由氧化钼-钼酸盐-钴铁氧化物所构成的复合材料;
图1-7是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的扫描电镜,可以看出其是与MoS2@CoFe-PBA形貌相似的二维-三维复合结构;
图1-8(a)和(b)分别是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的透射电镜和高分辨率透射电镜图片,可以看出位置表面区域晶格条纹对应于MoO3与CoMoO4;
图1-9是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的X射线光电子能谱图,证实了Co,Fe,Mo,O四种元素的存在,同时也证实了该复合材料中钴、铁元素丰富的价态组成。
氧化钼-钼酸盐-钴铁氧化物-复合材料电催化析氧性能。
将实施例1所得的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料溶解在去离子水和无水乙醇,萘酚的混合溶液中,超声后备用;将清洗过后的泡沫镍用压片机压制,然后裁剪成为1cm*2cm大小,将制作完成的浆液滴涂在泡沫镍上,面积为1cm*1cm,作为工作电极。在一个标准的三电极系统中,以铂片和银/氯化银分别作为对电极和参比电极,在1M KOH水溶液中测试其电催化析氧性能。
图2-1是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料的电催化析氧的数据图。根据图2-1(a)的线性扫描伏安曲线可以看出在电流密度为10mA cm-2,其过电势仅为252mV,并且其塔菲尔斜率仅仅为42.67mV dec-1,复合材料整体表现出了非常优异的电催化析氧的活性。而图2-1(d)中的稳定性测试可以看出,在恒压条件下测试43个小时以后,其电流密度没有发生明显衰减,说明其优越的循环稳定性。
图2-2是实施例1所制备的MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4复合材料在电催化析氧测试之后的形貌表征图,证明电催化测试后其结构基本不变,维持二维-三维复合结构,立方块表面的二维层状结构更加明显。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非是对本发明作其它形式的限制,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员可能利用上述揭示的技术内容加以变更或改型为等同变化的等效实施例。但是凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与改型,仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围方案的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种三相过渡金属氧化物析氧复合材料,其特征在于:所述材料通过高温氧化烧结MoS2纳米片包覆的内部多缺陷钴铁类普鲁士蓝(MoS2@CoFe-PBA)制得,为三氧化钼、钼酸钴、钴铁尖晶石氧化物形成的三相复合结构,其表达式为MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。
2.一种权利要求1所述的三相过渡金属氧化物析氧复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括了如下步骤:
(1)钴铁类普鲁士蓝(CoFe-PBA)前驱体的制备;
(2)四硫代钼酸铵的制备;
(3)MoS2@CoFe-PBA复合材料制备;
(4)将步骤(3)所得墨绿色粉末状进行高温氧化烧结。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于制备步骤(3)和(4)具体如下:
步骤(3)MoS2@CoFe-PBA复合材料制备:将步骤(1)中得到的0.3~0.6gCoFe-PBA分散于30mLN,N-二甲基甲酰胺中,然后加入0.1~0.2g四硫代钼酸铵,将混合分散液搅拌30~40分钟后转移至水热反应釜中,在180℃下进行水热反应10~14小时,反应中四硫代钼酸铵分解形成MoS2纳米片包覆CoFe-PBA的同时,铵根离子(NH4 +)对CoFe-PBA刻蚀形成内部缺陷的多孔结构。
步骤(4)将步骤(3)所得墨绿色粉末状进行高温氧化烧结:将步骤(3)得到的1~2gMoS2@CoFe-PBA置于瓷舟中,在空气气氛中,以2.5℃/min的升温速率升至350℃保持1~3小时,即得到MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4。
4.根据权利要求3所述三相过渡金属氧化物复合材料制备方法其特征在于:所述步骤(3)所得MoS2@CoFe-PBA的形貌为纳米立方块,尺寸为160~190nm,外部由MoS2纳米片包覆,MoS2厚度为11~17nm,内部为含有缺陷的多孔结构。步骤(4)所得材料具有与步骤(3)材料相似的形貌。
5.一种权利要求1所述MoO3@CoMoO4@CoFe2O4为二维纳米片与三维多孔纳米立方块复合结构,可最大程度暴露活性位点,并通过三相界面电子转移增强电催化析氧性能。
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