CN114836658B - Aluminum-based composite material and semi-solid preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Aluminum-based composite material and semi-solid preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an aluminum-based composite material and a semi-solid preparation method thereof, wherein the composite material comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 6 to 14 percent of ceramic particles and 86 to 94 percent of aluminum alloy. The preparation method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of powder surface modification treatment, molten alloy liquid preparation, semi-solid slurry preparation, composite material blank preparation and composite material blank heat treatment. The invention can realize the preparation of high-quality and low-cost composite material and semi-solid near-net-shape forming thereof, and realizes the preparation of high-quality aluminum-based composite material through powder surface modification treatment, molten alloy liquid component design and composite material heat treatment process, and the process has simple flow, low cost and high yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aluminum-based composite materials, in particular to an aluminum-based composite material and a semi-solid preparation method thereof.
Background
With the rapid development of national industry, particularly the industrial fields of automobiles, transportation and the like, higher requirements are put forward on the comprehensive quality, light weight, cost and the like of materials. The strength of the traditional 6-series aluminum alloy applied to the new energy automobile industry reaches more than 300MPa, and if a material with higher performance is to be realized, on one hand, the comprehensive quality of the existing 6-series alloy can be improved, but the improvement of the alloying degree and the improvement of the cost are also meant; on the other hand, alloy series such as 2 series and 7 series aluminum alloys can be replaced, however, the two series alloys belong to high-strength aluminum alloys, and the production and manufacturing cost of the automobile section bar is greatly increased. The aluminum matrix composite material has the characteristics of high specific strength, high specific stiffness and the like, and also shows great application potential in the field of automobile lightweight. However, the conventional aluminum matrix composite material preparation methods, such as extrusion casting method, powder metallurgy method, etc., have higher cost compared with aluminum alloy materials, and the materials used in the automobile field are difficult to accept the high price.
The semi-solid method is one of the selectable methods for low-cost manufacturing of the aluminum-based composite material, and the main reason is that the semi-solid method is used for preparing the composite material, so that near-net-shape forming can be realized, the processing allowance of the material is greatly reduced, and the utilization rate of the material is improved. However, the biggest challenge in preparing the aluminum-based composite material by the semi-solid method is the control of the internal porosity and the density of the material, especially the control of an interface structure.
In addition, patent CN111218587A discloses an aluminum-based composite material and a preparation method thereof, and the method provides a preparation method of a composite material with a softened interface, in the method, surface treatment is performed by surface cleaning of boron carbide, and meanwhile, the composite material forms a flexible interface in the preparation process, so that excellent mechanical properties and deformability are realized. However, the method has the disadvantages that the scheme is too complicated, particularly, the powder is not only washed by water, but also heated at a specific temperature, the production efficiency is low, further extrusion deformation treatment is needed after the composite material is prepared in the preparation process, and the cost is slightly high.
Therefore, under the great situation of the development of the existing industries such as automobiles and the like, on the premise of the deficiency of the prior art, the optimization of the existing semisolid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite is urgently needed, the quality of the existing composite is improved in many aspects, and the low-cost wide application of the aluminum matrix composite is realized.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the aluminum matrix composite and the semi-solid preparation method thereof, and the high-quality, low-cost and industrialized production of the aluminum matrix composite is realized through powder treatment, optimized alloy modification of preparation process parameters and the like.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme.
An aluminium matrix composite material, characterised in that the composite material comprises, in volume percent: 6 to 14 percent of ceramic particles and 86 to 94 percent of aluminum alloy; the ceramic particles are one or more of boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and titanium diboride; the aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy, and the 6-series aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.32 to 1.35 percent of Si, 0.20 to 0.25 percent of Fe, 0.86 to 0.96 percent of Mn, 1.10 to 1.15 percent of Mg, 0.12 to 0.15 percent of Ti and the balance of Al.
The aluminum-based composite material as described above, characterized in that the size of the ceramic particles is 5 to 15 μm.
A semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite material, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: ball-milling the ceramic particle powder to obtain powder A;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: adding an aluminum alloy raw material into a smelting furnace according to the requirement of aluminum alloy mass percent to be melted to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), degassing and stirring a mixed melt obtained by stirring, and synchronously reducing the temperature of the mixed melt to obtain composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: placing the composite material semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) in a die, carrying out die casting, and cooling and demoulding to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: carrying out two-stage heating process on the composite material blank obtained in the step (4), and carrying out heat preservation for a period of time and then quenching;
(6) And (6) cooling the composite material blank obtained in the step (5) to room temperature, and performing aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
The preparation method is characterized in that the ball milling process in the step (1) comprises the following process conditions: the ball-material ratio (mass ratio) of the adopted ball grinding balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1-2.
The preparation method is characterized in that the aluminum alloy raw material adopted in the step (2) comprises the following steps: al-20Si intermediate alloy, al-10Mn intermediate alloy, al-Ti intermediate alloy, mg ingot and pure aluminum ingot, wherein the purity of the pure aluminum ingot is 99.7%; putting Al-20Si intermediate alloy, al-10Mn intermediate alloy, al-Ti intermediate alloy and pure aluminum ingot into a crucible at the same time, setting the heating temperature to be 715-735 ℃, continuously heating until the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, adding Mg ingot, and keeping the temperature until the Mg ingot is completely melted in the alloy liquid for later use.
The preparation method is characterized in that the step (3) of preparing the semi-solid slurry comprises the following steps: starting to add the powder A into the molten alloy liquid after mechanically stirring the molten alloy liquid for 1-2min, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 35-45 r/min, the adding speed of the powder A is 30-60g/s, and continuously stirring for 10-15min after the powder A is added; the medium adopted for degassing is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99 percent, and the degassing time is 5-10min; and continuing stirring after degassing is finished, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 15-25 r/min, the cooling speed of the crucible is synchronously controlled to be 3-5 ℃/min, when the temperature is reduced to 618-634 ℃, continuing mechanical stirring for 5-10min, and then carrying out reverse stirring for 5-10min at the stirring speed of 15-25 r/min.
The preparation method is characterized in that in the step (4), the casting process is carried out, the preheating temperature of the die is 600-610 ℃, the applied pressure is 5-12MPa, and the pressure holding time is 15-25min.
According to the preparation method, the two-stage heating process in the step (5) is characterized by comprising the steps of firstly heating the composite material blank to 370-420 ℃, keeping the temperature for 5-10h, continuously heating to 510-530 ℃ after the temperature is kept, and keeping the temperature for 1-1.5h; the quenching mode is spraying or air-mist cooling, and the quenching medium is water or water mist.
The preparation method is characterized in that the aging treatment process in the step (6) comprises the following steps: the aging temperature is 185-210 ℃, and the aging time is 6-9h.
The surface modification treatment of the powder is an important step for realizing the method, and the interface combination effect of the reinforcement and the matrix in the composite material is an important means for ensuring the excellent comprehensive quality of the composite material. In the ball milling process, the ball-to-material ratio is low, and the main purpose of ball milling is to make more defects on the surface of the powder by means of low-speed ball milling, increase the surface activity of the particles without damaging the strength of the ceramic particle powder, effectively increase the surface area of the particles combined with a matrix and increase the bonding strength of the particles and the matrix.
The design of the components of the molten alloy liquid is an important aspect of the technical scheme, the main reason is that the comprehensive performance of the alloy can be effectively improved by adding trace alloy elements into the aluminum alloy, the adding effect of the trace elements does not achieve an ideal effect aiming at the composite material, the main reason is that a large number of matrix-reinforcement interfaces are added after ceramic particles are added into the composite material, the interfaces belong to positions with high energy, the segregation of the alloy elements is easily caused, and the perfect reinforcing effect of the trace alloy elements is difficult to achieve. In the technical scheme, main alloying elements Mg, si and Mn are used as main alloying elements, fe is contained in a pure aluminum ingot, the cost is obviously increased by adopting high-purity aluminum, and the main purpose of Ti alloying elements is to refine the alloy structure. Therefore, the alloy composition scheme in the technical scheme is easy to realize low-cost production.
The heat treatment process of the composite material is an important means for ensuring the final realization of the technical scheme. The heating in the first stage is to anneal the alloy, and the main purpose comprises two aspects, namely, firstly, the alloy has the homogenization treatment characteristic of the alloy through an annealing process, so that the uniform distribution of alloy elements is effectively improved, and the improvement of the overall performance of the alloy is facilitated; secondly, in the preparation process of the composite material blank, thermal mismatch stress can be generated due to different thermal expansion coefficients of the matrix and the alloy, the stress can cause non-uniform deformation of the composite material, the subsequent processing process of the composite material is seriously influenced, and the release of the thermal mismatch stress can be effectively realized in the annealing process. The semi-solid state realizes that the preparation of the composite material product basically belongs to near-net-shape forming, and the characteristics of the irregularity of the product shape and the nonuniformity of the product size are very obvious. The traditional water quenching is difficult to realize perfect solid solution of materials, and the traditional water quenching causes deformation of workpiece blanks if the materials are light and directly discards the workpieces if the materials are heavy.
The invention has the beneficial technical effects that the surface treatment process of the ceramic particles is carried out by adopting a low-speed ball milling mode, the surface activity state of the ceramic powder is effectively improved, and the interface bonding strength is increased. By adjusting the components of the matrix alloy, the components of the matrix alloy are effectively optimized, the alloy smelting difficulty is reduced, and the cost of the matrix alloy is effectively controlled; by adjusting the heat treatment process of the composite material, the heat mismatching stress in the composite material is effectively reduced, the uniform distribution of alloy elements is promoted, the quenching mode of the composite material is improved, and the heat treatment effect of irregular composite material products is ensured. Therefore, the invention can realize the high-quality and low-cost composite material and the semi-solid near-net-shape preparation thereof, and the process has simple flow, low cost and high yield.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
An aluminum matrix composite comprising, by volume percent: 6 to 14 percent of ceramic particles and 86 to 94 percent of aluminum alloy. Wherein the ceramic particles are one or more of boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and titanium diboride, and the size of the ceramic particles is 5-15 μm; the aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.32 to 1.35 percent of Si, 0.20 to 0.25 percent of Fe, 0.86 to 0.96 percent of Mn, 1.10 to 1.15 percent of Mg, 0.12 to 0.15 percent of Ti and the balance of Al.
A semi-solid preparation method of an aluminum matrix composite material comprises the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1-2;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirement of alloy mass percent, simultaneously putting Al-20Si intermediate alloy, al-10Mn intermediate alloy, al-Ti intermediate alloy and pure aluminum ingots into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to be 715-735 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingots when solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving heat until the Mg ingots are completely melted in alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and simultaneously carrying out mechanical stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 35-45 r/min, the powder A is added after the mechanical stirring is carried out for 1-2min, the adding speed of the powder A is 30-60g/s, and the powder A is continuously stirred for 10-15min after the addition is finished; after stirring, carrying out degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein the degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 5-10min; then, continuously mechanically stirring the slurry at the mechanical stirring speed of 15-25 r/min, simultaneously controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 3-5 ℃/min, when the temperature is reduced to 618-634 ℃, continuously mechanically stirring for 5-10min, and then reversely stirring for 5-10min at the stirring speed of 15-25 r/min to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated mould, wherein the preheating temperature of the mould is 600-610 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the mould, applying pressure of 5-12MPa, keeping the pressure for 15-25min, naturally cooling the mould to room temperature, and demoulding to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: two-stage heating is adopted, wherein the first-stage heating comprises the following steps: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 370-420 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 5-10h; after the heat preservation is finished, carrying out second-stage temperature rise, continuously raising the temperature to 510-530 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1-1.5h, quenching after the heat preservation is finished, wherein the quenching medium is water or water mist, and the quenching mode is spraying or air mist cooling;
(6) And cooling the composite material blank subjected to quenching treatment to room temperature, placing the cooled composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment, wherein the aging system is 185-210 ℃/6-9h, and taking out the cooled composite material blank after aging to obtain the composite material.
The following examples were used to demonstrate the beneficial effects of the present invention:
example one
The aluminum matrix composite material of the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 6% ceramic particles and 94% aluminum alloy. The ceramic particles are made of boron carbide. The average size of the ceramic particles was 5 μm. The aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: si1.32%, fe0.20%, mn0.86%, mg1.10%, ti0.12%, and the balance of Al. The composite material in this example was prepared according to the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirements of aluminum alloy mass percentage, simultaneously putting Al-20Si intermediate alloy, al-10Mn intermediate alloy, al-Ti intermediate alloy, pure aluminum ingot and the like into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to be 715 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingot when the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving the heat until the Mg ingot is completely melted in the alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and mechanically stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 35 revolutions per minute, the powder A starts to be added after the mechanical stirring is carried out for 1min, the adding speed of the powder A is 30g/s, and the powder A continues to be stirred for 10min after the addition is finished; after stirring, carrying out degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein the degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 5min; then, continuously mechanically stirring the slurry at the mechanical stirring speed of 15 revolutions per minute, controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 3 ℃/min, continuously mechanically stirring for 5min when the temperature is reduced to 618 ℃, and then reversely stirring for 5min at the stirring speed of 15 revolutions per minute to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated die, wherein the preheating temperature of the die is 600 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the die, applying pressure of 5MPa, keeping the pressure for 15min, and finally naturally cooling the die to room temperature to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: first-stage temperature rise: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 370 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 5 hours; continuing the second-stage temperature rise after the heat preservation is finished, raising the temperature to 510 ℃, keeping the heat preservation time for 1h, quenching after the heat preservation time is finished, wherein the quenching medium is water, and the quenching mode is spray cooling; and cooling the composite material blank subjected to quenching treatment to room temperature, placing the cooled composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment at 185 ℃ for 6h, and taking out the composite material after aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
Example two
The aluminum matrix composite material of the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 14% ceramic particles and 86% aluminum alloy. Wherein the ceramic particles are made of boron carbide. The average size of the ceramic particles was 15 μm. The aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: si1.35%, fe0.25%, mn0.96%, mg1.15%, ti0.15%, and the balance of Al. The composite material in this example was prepared according to the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 2;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirements of aluminum alloy mass percentage, simultaneously putting intermediate alloys such as Al-20Si, al-10Mn, al-Ti and the like and pure aluminum ingots into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to be 735 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingots when the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving heat until the Mg ingots are completely melted in alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and mechanically stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 45 revolutions per minute, the powder A is added after the powder filling mechanical stirring is carried out for 1min, the adding speed of the powder A is 60g/s, and the stirring is continued for 15min after the powder A is added; after stirring, carrying out degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein the degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 10min; then, continuously mechanically stirring the slurry at the mechanical stirring speed of 25 revolutions per minute, controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 5 ℃/min, continuously mechanically stirring for 10min when the temperature is reduced to 634 ℃, and then reversely stirring for 10min at the stirring speed of 25 revolutions per minute to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated die, wherein the preheating temperature of the die is 610 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the die, applying pressure of 12MPa, keeping the pressure for 25min, and finally naturally cooling the die to room temperature to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: first-stage temperature rise: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 420 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 10 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, carrying out second-stage temperature rise, continuing to raise the temperature to 530 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1.5h, quenching after the heat preservation time is finished, wherein a quenching medium is water mist, and the quenching mode is air mist cooling; and cooling the composite material blank subjected to quenching treatment to room temperature, placing the cooled composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment, wherein the aging temperature is 210 ℃, the aging time is 9 hours, and taking out the composite material after aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
EXAMPLE III
The aluminum matrix composite material of the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 10% ceramic particles and 90% aluminum alloy. Wherein the ceramic particles are made of boron carbide. The average size of the ceramic particles was 8 μm. The aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: si1.34%, fe0.23%, mn0.91%, mg1.13%, ti0.14%, and the balance of Al. The composite material in this example was prepared according to the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1.5 to 10, and keeping the rotating speed of the ball mill at 105 revolutions per minute for 10min to obtain powder A;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirements of aluminum alloy mass percentage, simultaneously putting intermediate alloys such as Al-20Si, al-10Mn, al-Ti and the like and pure aluminum ingots into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to 725 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingots when the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving heat until the Mg ingots are completely melted in alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and mechanically stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 40 revolutions per minute, the powder A starts to be added after mechanical stirring is carried out for 1min, the adding speed of the powder A is 45g/s, and stirring is continued for 13min after the powder A is added; after stirring, carrying out degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein the degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 8min; then, continuously mechanically stirring the slurry at the mechanical stirring speed of 20 revolutions per minute, controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 4 ℃/min, continuously mechanically stirring for 8min when the temperature is reduced to a range of 626 ℃, and then reversely stirring for 8min at the stirring speed of 20 revolutions per minute to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated die, wherein the preheating temperature of the die is 605 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the die, applying pressure of 9MPa, and keeping the pressure for 20min, and finally naturally cooling the die to room temperature to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: first-stage temperature rise: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 395 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 8 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, carrying out second-stage temperature rise, continuing to raise the temperature to 520 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1.3h, quenching after the heat preservation time is finished, wherein a quenching medium is water mist, and the quenching mode is air mist cooling; and cooling the composite material blank subjected to quenching treatment to room temperature, placing the composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment, wherein the aging temperature is 198 ℃, the aging temperature is 8h, and taking out the composite material after aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
Example four
The aluminum matrix composite material of the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 8% ceramic particles and 92% aluminum alloy. Wherein the ceramic particles are boron carbide and silicon carbide. Boron carbide and silicon carbide were used in a ratio of 3. The aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: si1.33%, fe0.22%, mn0.88%, mg1.12%, ti0.13%, and the balance of Al. The composite material in this example was prepared according to the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1.4;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirements of aluminum alloy mass percentage, simultaneously putting Al-20Si, al-10Mn, al-Ti and other intermediate alloys and pure aluminum ingots into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to be 720 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingots when the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving heat until the Mg ingots are completely melted in the alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and mechanically stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 38 r/min, adding the powder A after powder filling mechanical stirring for 2min, the adding speed of the powder A is 40g/s, and continuously stirring for 12min after the powder A is added; after stirring, carrying out a degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein a degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 7min; then, continuously mechanically stirring the slurry at the mechanical stirring speed of 18 revolutions per minute, controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 3 ℃/min, continuously mechanically stirring for 6min when the temperature is reduced to the range of 620 ℃, and then reversely stirring for 6min at the stirring speed of 18 revolutions per minute to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated die, wherein the preheating temperature of the die is 603 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the die, applying the pressure of 7MPa, keeping the pressure for 18min, and finally naturally cooling the die to room temperature to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: first-stage temperature rise: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 385 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 6h; after the heat preservation is finished, carrying out second-stage temperature rise, continuing to raise the temperature to 515 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1.2h, quenching after the heat preservation time is finished, wherein the quenching medium is water, and the quenching mode is spray cooling; and cooling the quenched composite material blank to room temperature, placing the cooled composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment, wherein the aging temperature is 190 ℃, the aging time is 7 hours, and taking out the composite material after aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
EXAMPLE five
The aluminum matrix composite material of the embodiment comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 12% ceramic particles and 88% aluminum alloy. Wherein the ceramic particles comprise boron carbide, silicon carbide, alumina and titanium diboride, wherein the ratio of boron carbide, silicon carbide, alumina and titanium diboride is 1. The average size of the ceramic particles was 12 μm. The aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: si1.34%, fe0.24%, mn0.93%, mg1.14%, ti0.14%, and the balance of Al. The composite material in this example was prepared according to the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: placing the ceramic particle powder and ball-milling balls in a ball mill, wherein the ball-material ratio of the ball-milling balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1.8;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: according to the requirements of aluminum alloy mass percentage, simultaneously putting intermediate alloys such as Al-20Si, al-10Mn, al-Ti and the like and pure aluminum ingots into a crucible, setting the heating temperature at 730 ℃, continuously heating the crucible, adding Mg ingots when the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, and preserving heat until the Mg ingots are completely melted in alloy liquid to obtain molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), and mechanically stirring, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 42 revolutions per minute, the powder A starts to be added after mechanical stirring is carried out for 1min, the adding speed of the powder A is 50g/s, and stirring is continued for 14min after the powder A is added; after stirring, carrying out a degassing process of the mixed liquid, wherein a degassing medium is argon, the purity of the argon is more than or equal to 99.99%, and the degassing time is 9min; then, continuing to mechanically stir the slurry at a mechanical stirring speed of 22 revolutions per minute, controlling the cooling speed of the crucible to be 5 ℃/min, continuing to mechanically stir for 9min when the temperature is reduced to a range of 630 ℃, and then performing reverse stirring for 9min at a stirring speed of 22 revolutions per minute to obtain the composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: injecting the semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) into a pre-preheated die, wherein the preheating temperature of the die is 608 ℃, then immediately pressurizing the die, applying the pressure of 10MPa, keeping the pressure for 22min, and finally naturally cooling the die to room temperature to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: first-stage temperature rise: placing the composite material blank obtained in the step (4) in a heating furnace, heating to 405 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 9 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, carrying out second-stage temperature rise, continuing to heat to 525 ℃, keeping the temperature for 1.4h, quenching after the heat preservation time is finished, wherein the quenching medium is water mist, and the quenching mode is air mist cooling; and cooling the quenched composite material blank to room temperature, placing the cooled composite material blank in an aging furnace for aging treatment, wherein the aging temperature is 200 ℃, the aging time is 8 hours, and taking out the composite material after aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
Comparative example one: the aluminum alloy composition was further modified by adding 0.12% of Cu0.03%, 0.03% of Cr0.03%, and 0.03% of Zr0, in the same manner as in example III.
Comparative example two: the difference from the third embodiment is that the ball-material ratio in the first step is 2, the rotating speed is 300r/min, and the rest is the same as the third embodiment.
Comparative example three: different from the third embodiment, the ceramic particle powder in step 1 is directly prepared for use without ball milling treatment, and the other steps are the same as those in the third embodiment.
Comparative example four: unlike example three, the composite material blank in step 5 was not subjected to the first stage of temperature increase, and the rest was the same as example five.
Comparative example five: the difference from the third embodiment is that in the second stage of the composite material blank in the step 5, the temperature is raised to the solid solution temperature, the temperature is kept for a period of time, and then the composite material blank is directly put into water for quenching, and the rest is the same as that in the fifth embodiment.
The following table shows the comparison of the comprehensive results of mechanical properties, deformation degree and the like of the composite materials prepared in the first to fifth examples of the invention and the first to fifth comparative examples, respectively, and the results are as follows:
the composite materials obtained in the first to fifth embodiments have excellent mechanical properties, and the composite materials are not deformed after heat treatment, which is very advantageous for the subsequent processing steps. Compared with the three phases of the examples, the alloy melt in the first comparative example is added with a part of trace alloy elements in the preparation process, and the preparation result shows that: the mechanical property of the composite material is almost unchanged after the trace alloy elements are added, so that the addition of the alloy elements has no advantages and only increases the cost of the material. Compared with the three phases of the embodiment, the ball-material ratio in the first step of the second step of the comparative example is 2, the rotating speed is 300r/min, the energy in the powder mixing process is increased, and the preparation result shows that: the mechanical property of the composite material is reduced, and the main reason is that the ball-to-material ratio and the rotating speed are high, so that the boron carbide ceramic particles are seriously damaged, and more defects exist before the particles are prepared into the composite material; compared with the three phases of the embodiment, the ball milling process of the powder is cancelled in the third step of the comparative example, and the preparation result shows that: after the ball milling process is cancelled, the contact area between the particles and the alloy is reduced due to the loss of the particle surface treatment process, the interface bonding strength is lower, and finally the mechanical property of the composite material is obviously reduced. Compared with the three phases of the embodiment, the first-stage heating process is cancelled in the heat treatment process of the composite material in the fourth comparative example, and the composite material is found to be seriously deformed after the heat treatment, mainly because the level of the thermal mismatch stress generated in the preparation process is not reduced, so that the composite material is deformed after quenching; compared with the three phases of the embodiment, the composite material is directly put into the aqueous medium for quenching treatment in the quenching process of the composite material in the fifth embodiment, the technical scheme realizes the near-net forming of the composite material member, the thickness and shape difference is inevitably generated at different positions of the member, and the requirement on the cooling rate is higher, so that the member is seriously deformed, exceeds the processing size and even is directly scrapped when the member is directly put into water for quenching.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. It should be noted that other equivalent modifications can be made by those skilled in the art in light of the teachings of the present invention, and all such modifications can be made as are within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite is characterized in that the composite comprises the following components in percentage by volume: 6% -14% of ceramic particles and 86% -94% of aluminum alloy; the ceramic particles are one or more of boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and titanium diboride; the aluminum alloy is a 6-series aluminum alloy, and the 6-series aluminum alloy comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.32 to 1.35 percent of Si, 0.20 to 0.25 percent of Fe, 0.86 to 0.96 percent of Mn, 1.10 to 1.15 percent of Mg, 0.12 to 0.15 percent of Ti, and the balance of Al; the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) Powder surface modification treatment: ball-milling the ceramic particle powder to obtain powder A;
(2) Preparing molten alloy liquid: adding an aluminum alloy raw material into a smelting furnace to be melted according to the requirement of the mass percent of the aluminum alloy, and obtaining a molten alloy liquid;
(3) Preparing semi-solid slurry: adding the powder A obtained in the step (1) into the molten alloy liquid obtained in the step (2), degassing and stirring a mixed melt obtained by stirring, and synchronously reducing the temperature of the mixed melt to obtain composite material semi-solid slurry;
(4) Preparing a composite material blank: placing the composite material semi-solid slurry obtained in the step (3) in a die, carrying out die casting, and cooling and demoulding to obtain a composite material blank;
(5) Heat treatment of the composite material blank: carrying out two-stage heating process on the composite material blank obtained in the step (4), and carrying out heat preservation for a period of time and then quenching; the two-stage heating process comprises the steps of firstly heating the composite material blank to 370-420 ℃, keeping the temperature for 5-10h, continuously heating to 510-530 ℃ after the heat preservation is finished, and keeping the temperature for 1-1.5h; the quenching mode is spraying or air mist cooling, and the quenching medium is water or water mist;
(6) And (5) cooling the composite material blank obtained in the step (5) to room temperature, and performing aging treatment to obtain the composite material.
2. The semi-solid preparation method of an aluminum matrix composite according to claim 1, wherein the size of the ceramic particles is 5-15 μm.
3. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ball milling process conditions in the step (1) comprise: the ball-material ratio of the adopted ball grinding balls to the ceramic particle powder is 1-2, the rotating speed is 90-120 r/min, and the ball grinding time is 5-15min.
4. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum alloy raw material adopted in the step (2) comprises: al-20Si intermediate alloy, al-10Mn intermediate alloy, al-Ti intermediate alloy, mg ingot and pure aluminum ingot, wherein the purity of the pure aluminum ingot is 99.7%; and simultaneously putting the Al-20Si intermediate alloy, the Al-10Mn intermediate alloy, the Al-Ti intermediate alloy and the pure aluminum ingot into a crucible, setting the heating temperature to be 715-735 ℃, continuously heating until the solid in the crucible is completely melted into liquid, adding the Mg ingot, and preserving heat until the Mg ingot is completely melted in the alloy liquid for later use.
5. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (3) of preparing the semi-solid slurry comprises the following steps: starting to add the powder A into the molten alloy liquid after mechanically stirring the molten alloy liquid for 1-2min, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 35-45 r/min, the adding speed of the powder A is 30-60g/s, and continuously stirring for 10-15min after the powder A is added; the medium used for degassing is argon gas, the purity of the argon gas is more than or equal to 99.99 percent, and the degassing time is 5-10min; and continuing stirring after degassing is finished, wherein the mechanical stirring speed is 15-25 r/min, the cooling speed of the crucible is synchronously controlled to be 3-5 ℃/min, when the temperature is reduced to 618-634 ℃, continuing mechanical stirring for 5-10min, and then carrying out reverse stirring for 5-10min at the stirring speed of 15-25 r/min.
6. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), in the process of die casting, the preheating temperature of the die is 600-610 ℃, the applied pressure is 5-12MPa, and the pressure holding time is 15-25min.
7. The semi-solid preparation method of the aluminum matrix composite material according to claim 1, wherein the aging treatment process in the step (6): the aging temperature is 185-210 ℃, and the aging time is 6-9h.
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