CN114796231A - 联合抗菌组合物以及短疗程抗菌方案 - Google Patents
联合抗菌组合物以及短疗程抗菌方案 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114796231A CN114796231A CN202210425060.2A CN202210425060A CN114796231A CN 114796231 A CN114796231 A CN 114796231A CN 202210425060 A CN202210425060 A CN 202210425060A CN 114796231 A CN114796231 A CN 114796231A
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Abstract
本发明涉及抗菌剂利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉、普雷妥马尼(pretomanid)和任选地与吡嗪酰胺的联合治疗,用于在短疗程口服方案中治疗结核病。
Description
本申请是申请号为201680073150.2的中国发明专利申请(其申请日为2016年10月5日,发明名称为“联合抗菌组合物以及短疗程抗菌方案”)的分案申请,原申请为国际申请号为PCT/US2016/055414的中国国家阶段申请,该国际申请要求2015年10月14日提交的美国临时申请第62/241,280号的优先权,所述临时申请的全部内容特此以引用的方式并入。
发明领域
本发明整体涉及具有抗菌活性,并且更具体地来说具有抗结核特性的化合物的组合。具体地,其涉及抗菌剂利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼(pretomanid),和任选地与吡嗪酰胺的化学稳定的组合用于在短疗程口服方案中治疗结核病。
下文引用或列举的所有文献均通过引用明确地并入本文。
背景技术
结核分枝杆菌是结核病(“TB”),一种破坏性传染病的病原体。据估计,全球每年约2百万TB患者死亡。不能适当治疗结核病已导致结核分枝杆菌的全球耐药性,从而使得一些药物无效。
每年约有50万多重耐药(MDR)结核病的新病例发生(1)。当前的建议要求用二线药物治疗至多到2年,其耐受性较差、具有毒性,与6个月的用于药物敏感性TB的所谓短疗程方案相比,更难以给药并且效果更差。包含至少6种药物(包括高剂量的较新氟喹诺酮类药物、注射剂、氯法齐明(CFZ)、吡嗪酰胺(PZA)和高剂量异烟肼(INH))的方案已经显示出在MDR-TB病例中作为有效的9个月方案的潜力,其具有最小的对二线药物的杆菌抗药性(2-4)。然而,这些方案施用起来仍然相当麻烦,并且在对氟喹诺酮类和/或可注射药剂的耐药性方面预期效果不佳(3)。
来自2个新类别的药剂最近获得了用于MDR-TB的有条件的注册审批:二芳基喹啉贝达喹啉(BDQ)和硝基咪唑衍生物迪拉马尼。除了一些已知赋予BDQ和CFZ之间交叉耐药性的突变之外(5,6),这些药剂并不已知表现出与其它TB药物的交叉耐药性。最近报道,在TB的小鼠模型中,BDQ加上普雷妥马尼(PMD,原来称为PA-824)、进入3期临床试验的第二硝基咪唑,以及噁唑烷酮sutezolid(SZD,原来称为PNU-100480)的三药方案比利福平(RIF)、INH和PZA的一线方案具有更高的灭菌活性(7-10)。该三药组合比其两药组分中的任一种活性更高,从而指示SZD对重要的活性有所贡献。然而,SZD仅完成了其早期杀菌活性的单相2a试验(8),并且不能保证其进一步的开发。
直到最近,利奈唑胺(LZD)曾是唯一市售的噁唑烷酮抗生素。其在对顽固性MDR-TB患者病例的挽救疗法方面有确证的疗效,但其使用受限于剂量和持续时间依赖的毒性。基于3种或更多种口服药剂(其中一种为LZD)的新型方案具有很少或没有预先存在的耐药性,其将提供更简单更普遍的有效方案。因此,本领域中需要比当前用于药物敏感性TB的一线方案更有效的新型方案,从而不受对现有药物耐药性的影响,缩短并简化对肺结核的治疗。
发明内容
本发明提供一种药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
本发明还提供一种用于治疗结核病的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:向对其有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。在本发明的一个实施方案中,在一至两个月之后从治疗方案中去掉利奈唑胺。在另一个实施方案中,利奈唑胺可在停药一至两周之后重新施用。
具体实施方案
应当理解本发明的说明已被简化以说明与清楚理解本发明相关的元素,同时为简明起见省略了见于典型的药物组合物中的许多其它元素。本领域技术人员将意识到其它元件和/或步骤是实施本发明所期望和/或需要的。然而,因为此类元素和步骤是本领域中所熟知的,并且因为其并不促进对本发明更好的理解,因此本文未提供对此类元素和步骤的讨论。本文的公开内容指向对本领域技术人员已知的此类元件和方法的所有此类变型和修改。此外,本文确定和示出的实施方式仅出于示例性的目的,并且在对本发明的描述中不旨在排他或受限制。
虽然常规理解,为获得期望的抗菌效果必须在数月的期间内持续施用抗菌剂,但发明人令人惊讶地发现LZD在多药物的剂型中可以施用一至两个月并且仍然保持灭菌活性。更具体地,发明人发现LZD在包含BDQ和PMD的制剂中增加了杀菌和灭菌活性。其增加的灭菌活性与SZD的灭菌活性难以区分,如实施例1中所示。在细菌负荷和PMD剂量较高的实施例3中,LZD显得不如SZD那样有效,但该差异在统计学上不显著。因此,就治疗小鼠所需的持续时间而言,用SZD代替LZD的影响较小。以该发现作为基础,推动了在目前启动的NiX-TB试验中,在患有广泛耐药TB(XDR-TB)或治疗不耐受或无响应MDR-TB的患者中评估BDQ+PMD+LZD方案。
鉴于BDQ+PMD加噁唑烷酮相比于一线方案的优异灭菌活性,可以合理地考虑基于这种结合的方案是否也可缩短药物敏感性TB的治疗。此前显示,将PZA加入BDQ+PMD+SZD的组合产生了更高的灭菌活性,在治疗仅6周之后几乎所有的小鼠都被治愈(7)。然而,SZD对四药组合的贡献未被证实。在实施例2中,确认了将LZD加入BDQ+PZA+PMD中也显著增加方案的杀菌和灭菌活性,在治疗6周之后所有小鼠都被治愈,而在相同条件下通常需要用一线方案治疗至少5个月来产生这种结果。
实施例中所用的100mg/kg剂量的LZD产生的平均血浆AUC0-24h与在人体中每天两次600mg的剂量(该相同的剂量也是在NiX-TB试验中的初始治疗剂量)所产生的平均血浆AUC0-24h相当。当长期持续施用该剂量在挽救方案中治疗MDR-TB和XDR-TB时,产生难以接受的高骨髓毒性率和神经病变率(26)。因为这些毒性是剂量和持续时间依赖性的,所以发明人确定了通过降低LZD的剂量和持续时间,是否会不利地影响到LZD对这些方案的灭菌活性的贡献。实施例2中包含PZA的四药方案的高效灭菌活性使得所有小鼠在治疗1.5个月之后均被治愈。然而,将LZD 100mg/kg的持续时间限制至第一个月对LZD对灭菌活性的贡献没有不利影响。在不存在PZA的情况下,将LZD剂量减少至50mg/kg在治疗的第一个月期间降低了灭菌活性,这一剂量产生的平均AUC0-24h等同于在人体中每日600mg的剂量所产生的平均AUC0-24h。然而,在治疗2个月之后,无论LZD以100mg/kg施用1至2个月还是以50mg/kg施用2个月,都只有少量的CFU恢复。此外,将LZD 100mg/kg限于治疗的第一个月并未显著提高2个月或3个月治疗之后的复发率。这些结果表明,在治疗的第1-2个月每天一次使用600mg LZD,和/或使用前置疗法在更短的期间用更高的剂量,可以允许LZD在潜在的不可逆神经病变开始产生之前贡献重要的杀菌和灭菌活性(27,28)。
基于神经病变研究结果及后续的改进,或者类似地,血液学研究结果,发明人还发现利奈唑胺可在一到两周的中断(例如,停药或停止治疗)之后以较低剂量重新施用。普雷妥马尼的临床剂量可以为200mg每天一次或100mg每天一次。贝达喹啉的临床剂量可以为400mg每天一次施用两周,之后200mg每周三次或200mg每天一次。并且利奈唑胺的起始临床剂量为600mg每天两次或1200mg每天一次。
本发明的某些实施方案
本发明整体涉及利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼,任选地与吡嗪酰胺的口服剂量组合。
利奈唑胺为噁唑烷酮类合成抗菌剂。利奈唑胺的化学名为(S)-N-[[3-[3-氟-4-(4吗啉基)苯基]-2-氧-5-噁唑烷基]甲基]-乙酰胺。经验式为C16H20FN3O4。其分子量为337.35,并且其化学结构由下式表示:
贝达喹啉为二芳基喹啉抗分枝杆菌药物,其以富马酸盐形式作为SIRTURO销售。富马酸贝达喹啉的化学名为(1R,2S)-1-(6-溴-2-甲氧基-3-喹啉基)-4-(二甲基氨基)-2-(1-萘基)-1-苯基-2-丁醇化合物与富马酸(1:1)。其分子式为C32H31BrN2O2·C4H4O4,并且分子量为671.58(555.50+116.07)。富马酸贝达喹啉的分子结构如下:
普雷妥马尼为目前由结核病药物开发全球联盟公司研发的新型硝基咪唑抗菌剂。作为潜在的TB疗法,其具有许多引人注目的特性:最值得一提的是它的新型作用机制,它针对所有被测试的耐药临床分离株都有体外活性,以及它同时具有高效杀菌剂和灭菌剂的活性。此外,该化合物在一系列标准遗传毒性研究中没有显示出致突变性的迹象,没有显示出显著的细胞色素P450相互作用,并且对广谱革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌没有显示出显著活性。普雷妥马尼的IUPAC命名为(6S)-2-硝基-6-{[4-(三氟甲氧基)苄基]氧基}-6,7-二氢-5H-咪唑并[2,1-b][1,3]噁嗪。普雷妥马尼具有以下结构:
吡嗪酰胺(吡嗪-2-甲酰胺):
是烟酰胺的吡嗪类似物并用作抗结核剂。吡嗪酰胺最常与其它药剂联用,用于在治疗的初始阶段(通常为治疗的前两个月)治疗活动性结核病(TB)。Pyrazinamide展示出针对结核分枝杆菌和非洲分枝杆菌的临床上显著的抗菌活性。
因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,提供药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为100mg/kg。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为50mg/kg。
在本发明的又一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:向对其有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到三个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一至两个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中以每天50mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供用于治疗结核病的方法,其中利奈唑胺在第一至两个月以600mg的剂量每天施用一次。
在另一个实施方案中,其中利奈唑胺在停药一至两周之后重新施用。
在又一个实施方案中,贝达喹啉的剂量为200至400mg每天一次。在另选的实施方案中,贝达喹啉以400mg每天一次施用两周,之后以200mg每周三次施用。
在再一个实施方案中,利奈唑胺的剂量为600mg每天两次或1200mg每天一次。
在另一个实施方案中,普雷妥马尼的剂量为100至200mg每天一次。
本发明的定义和某些组分
本申请使用商品名时,申请人旨在独立地包括该商品名产品和该商品名产品的一种或多种活性药物成分。
术语“化学稳定性”是指组合的三种抗菌剂对于化学降解基本上稳定。优选地,它们在物理组合中足够稳定,以使组合产品具有有商业价值的有效期。通常,“化学稳定的”是指当使两者进行物理组合以形成药物剂型时,混合物的第一组分不对第二组分起降解作用。更典型地,“化学稳定的”是指第一组分的酸度不催化或以其它方式加速第二或第三组分的酸分解。
术语“协同作用”和“协同作用的”是指由合用的化合物实现的效果大于由单独使用化合物获得的效果的总和,即大于由单独施用两种活性成分时可预期的效果。当化合物:(1)以组合制剂形式共配制以及同时施用或递送时;(2)作为单独的制剂交替或平行递送时;或(3)通过一些其它方式递送时,可获得协同效果。当在交替疗法中递送时,协同效果可以通过顺序施用或递送化合物来获得,例如以独立的片剂、丸剂或胶囊形式,或通过独立的注射器进行不同的注射。一般来讲,在交替疗法期间,顺序施用,即连续施用有效剂量的各活性成分,而在联合疗法中,同时施用有效剂量的两种或更多种活性成分。协同抗菌效果是指,抗菌效果大于组合物中单个化合物的可预期的纯粹相加的效果。
“生物利用度”是药剂引入体内后药学活性剂在靶组织中可用的程度。药学活性剂的生物利用度增强可为患者提供更有效的治疗,因为就给定剂量而言,将有更多药学活性剂在靶组织位点处可用。
本发明的组合的化合物可被称为“活性成分”或“药学活性剂”。
用于本申请中的术语“前药”是指施用于生物体系时,由于一种或多种自发性化学反应、一种或多种酶催化化学反应、和/或一种或多种代谢化学反应,而产生药物即活性成分的任何化合物。
“前药部分”是指在代谢期间,系统性地或者在细胞内,通过水解、酶裂解或通过一些其它过程,与活性的抑制性化合物分离的不稳定官能团(Bundgaard,Hans,“Design andApplication of Prodrugs”in Textbook of Drug Design and Development(1991),P.Krogsgaard-Larsen和H.Bundgaard编辑,Harwood Academic出版社,第113-191页)。前药部分可用于增强溶解度、吸收性和亲脂性以优化药物递送、生物利用度和疗效。因此,“前药”是治疗活性化合物的共价改性的类似物。
用于本申请中的立体化学定义和惯例整体上遵循S.P.Parker编辑,McGraw-HillDictionary of Chemical Terms(1984),McGraw-Hill Book Company,纽约;以及Eliel,E.和Wilen,S.,Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds(1994),John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,纽约。许多有机化合物以光学活性形式存在,即具有旋转平面偏振光平面的能力。在描述光学活性化合物时,使用前缀D和L或R和S代表分子围绕其一个或多个手性中心的绝对构型。采用前缀d和l或(+)和(-)表示化合物对平面偏振光旋转的标记,其中(-)或l是指化合物是左旋的。前缀为(+)或d的化合物是右旋的。对于给定的化学结构,这些被称为立体异构体的化合物除了彼此互为镜像以外是相同的。特定的立体异构体也被称为对映异构体,并且此类异构体的混合物通常被称为对映异构混合物。对映异构体的50:50混合物被称为外消旋混合物或外消旋体。术语“外消旋混合物”和“外消旋体”是指两种对映异构体的等摩尔混合物,其不具有光学活性。
术语“手性”是指具有不可与镜像对映体重叠的特性的分子,而术语“非手性”是指可与其镜像对映体重叠的分子。
涉及本发明的组合物中的任一种化合物时,还包括其任何生理上可接受的盐。生理上可接受的盐及其生理功能性衍生物的示例包括衍生自合适的碱(如碱金属(例如钠)、碱土金属(例如镁)、铵和NX4 +(其中X为C1-C4烷基))或有机酸(如富马酸、乙酸、琥珀酸)的盐。氢原子或氨基基团的生理上可接受的盐包括有机羧酸(如乙酸、苯甲酸、乳酸、富马酸、酒石酸、马来酸、丙二酸、苹果酸、羟乙基磺酸、乳糖酸和琥珀酸)、有机磺酸(如甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸和对甲苯磺酸)和无机酸(如盐酸、硫酸、磷酸和氨基磺酸)的盐。具有羟基基团的化合物的生理上可接受的盐包括所述化合物的阴离子与适宜的阳离子(如Na+和NX4 +)的组合(其中X独立地选自H或C1-C4烷基基团)。
为了实现治疗用途,本发明组合的活性成分的盐将是生理上可接受的,即,其将是衍生自生理上可接受的酸或碱的盐。然而,例如在制备或纯化生理上可接受的化合物时,也可使用非生理上可接受的酸或碱的盐。所有盐,无论是否衍生自生理上可接受的酸或碱,均在本发明的范围内。
所述组合可以以单位剂量制剂的形式配制,所述单位剂量制剂包含固定量的各种活性药物成分,用于该活性成分的周期性的,例如每天的,剂量或亚剂量。
根据本发明所述的药物制剂包含根据本发明的组合,连同一种或多种药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂,以及任选地其它治疗剂。包含活性成分的药物制剂可以是适用于预期施用方法的任何形式。例如,当用于口服使用时,可制备片剂、糖锭剂、锭剂、水或油悬液、可分散性粉剂或颗粒剂、乳液、硬胶囊或软胶囊、糖浆剂或酏剂(Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,宾夕法尼亚州伊士顿))。旨在用于口服的组合物可以根据任何本领域已知用于制备药物组合物的方法来制备,并且此类组合物可包含一种或多种药剂(如抗氧化剂、甜味剂、调味剂、着色剂和防腐剂)以提供可服用的制剂。包含活性成分且混合了适用于制备片剂的非毒性药学上可接受的赋形剂或辅助剂的片剂是可接受的。适宜的赋形剂或辅助剂包括但不限于例如惰性稀释剂、增溶剂、悬浮剂、佐剂、润湿剂、甜味剂、芳香或调味物质、等渗物质、胶体分散剂和表面活性剂,包括但不限于带电磷脂(如二肉豆蔻酰基磷脂酰甘油)、海藻酸、藻酸盐、金合欢树脂、阿拉伯胶、1,3-丁二醇、苯扎氯铵、胶体二氧化硅、鲸蜡硬酯醇、聚西托醇乳化蜡、酪蛋白、硬脂酸钙、十六烷基吡啶氯化物、鲸蜡醇、胆固醇、碳酸钙、CRODESTAS F-110(其为蔗糖硬脂酸酯和蔗糖二硬脂酸酯的混合物)(Croda Inc.)、粘土、高岭土和膨润土、纤维素及其盐的衍生物(如羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC))、羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素及其盐、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯、非结晶纤维素、磷酸二钙、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵、右旋糖苷、磺基琥珀酸钠的二烷基酯(例如AEROSEL OT,American Cyanamid)、明胶、甘油、单硬脂酸甘油酯、葡萄糖、对异壬基苯氧基聚合物(缩水甘油)(也称为Olin 10-G或10-GR表面活性剂(Olin Chemicals,康涅狄格州斯坦福德));葡糖酰胺(如辛酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺)、癸酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺和庚酰基-N-甲基葡糖酰胺、乳糖、卵磷脂(磷脂),麦芽糖苷(如正十二烷基-β-D-麦芽糖苷)、甘露糖醇、硬脂酸镁、硅酸镁铝,油(如棉花油、籽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油);石蜡、土豆淀粉、聚乙二醇(例如CARBOWAX 3350、CARBOWAX 1450和CARBOPOL 9340(Union Carbide))、聚氧乙烯烷基酯(例如聚乙二醇醚,如CETOMACROGOL1000)、聚氧乙烯山梨醇脂肪酸酯(例如TWEENS,ICI Specialty Chemicals)、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、磷酸酯、具有环氧乙烷和甲醛的4-(1,1,3,3-四甲基丁基)苯酚聚合物(也被称为TYLOXAPOL、SUPERIONE和TRITON)、泊洛沙姆和泊洛沙胺(例如PLURONICS F68LF、F87、F108和TETRONIC 908,可获取自BASF公司,新泽西橄榄山),吡喃糖苷(如正己基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、正癸基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、正辛基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)、季铵化合物、二氧化硅、柠檬酸钠、淀粉、山梨醇酯、碳酸钠、固体聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠、月桂基硫酸钠(例如,DUPONAL P,DuPont)、硬脂酸、蔗糖、木薯淀粉、滑石、硫代葡糖苷(如正庚基-β-D-硫代葡糖苷)、黄蓍胶、三乙醇胺、TRITONX-200(Rohm和Haas)等等。
用于口服的制剂也可以硬明胶胶囊形式存在,其中活性成分与惰性固体稀释剂(例如预胶化淀粉、磷酸钙或高岭土)混合,或者以软明胶胶囊形式存在,其中活性成分与水或油介质(如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油)混合。
本发明的水悬液包含活性物质与适用于制备水悬液的赋形剂的混合。此类赋形剂包括悬浮剂(如羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、海藻酸钠,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶),以及分散剂或润湿剂(如天然存在的磷脂,例如卵磷脂)、环氧烷与脂肪酸的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯)、环氧乙烷与长链脂肪醇的缩合产物(例如十七碳乙烯氧基鲸蜡醇)、环氧乙烷与衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的偏酯的缩合产物(例如,聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯)。水悬液还可包含一种或多种防腐剂(如对羟基苯甲酸乙酯,或对羟基苯甲酸正丙酯),一种或多种着色剂、一种或多种调味剂和一种或多种甜味剂(如蔗糖、三氯蔗糖或糖精)。
油悬液可通过将活性成分悬浮于植物油(如花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或椰子油)中,或悬浮于矿物油(如液体石蜡)中来配制。口服悬剂可包含增稠剂,如蜂蜡、硬质石蜡或鲸蜡醇。可添加如列于上文的甜味剂以及调味剂,以提供适口的口服制剂。这些组合物可通过添加抗氧化剂(如抗坏血酸、BHT等)来保存。
本发明的适用于通过添加水制备水悬液的可分散性粉末和颗粒,提供与分散剂或润湿剂、悬浮剂和一种或多种防腐剂混合的活性成分。上文公开了适宜的分散剂或润湿剂以及悬浮剂的示例。还可以存在另外的赋形剂,例如甜味剂、调味剂和着色剂。
根据本发明的另一个实施方案,提供呈可分散片剂形式的药物组合物。可分散片剂旨在临用前分散于水中,从而提供均匀的分散体。可分散片剂在15-25℃下使用水在例如3分钟内分解。
本发明的药物组合物也可以呈水包油乳液或脂质体制剂的形式。油相可以是植物油(如橄榄油或花生油)、矿物油(如液体石蜡)或其混合物。适宜的乳化剂包括天然存在的树胶(如阿拉伯树胶和黄蓍胶),天然存在的磷脂(如大豆卵磷脂),衍生自脂肪酸和己糖醇酐的酯或偏酯(如脱水山梨醇单油酸酯),以及这些偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物(如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇单油酸酯。乳液还可包含甜味剂和调味剂。糖浆剂和酏剂可与甜味剂诸如甘油、山梨醇或蔗糖一起配制。此类制剂还可包含缓和剂、防腐剂、调味剂或着色剂。
可与载体材料组合以制得单一剂型的活性成分的量将根据不同的被治疗宿主和特定给药模式而变化。例如,旨在用于给人类口服施用的定时释放制剂可包含约1至1000mg的活性物质以及适当且方便的含量的载体材料,所述载体材料可以占组合物整体的约5%至约95%(重量:重量)。药物组合物可以被制备,以提供施用时易于计量的量。如上所述,适用于口服施用的本发明的制剂可以如下形式存在:离散单元,如胶囊、扁囊剂或片剂,其各包含预定量的活性成分;粉剂或颗粒剂;水性或非水性液体中的溶液或悬液;或水包油液体乳液或油包水液体乳液。
本发明的组合可以方便地以单位剂型的药物制剂提供。方便的单位剂型制剂包含从1mg至1g的任意含量的每种活性成分,例如但不限于每种活性成分10mg至500mg。在某些实施方案中,可使用50mg至300mg的每种活性成分。
在药物粉剂和颗粒剂中活性成分分离是一个普遍认识到的问题,它可导致在最终剂型中活性成分的分散不一致。一些导致分离的主要因素为粒度、形状和密度。在尝试配制包含具有不同密度和不同粒度的多种活性成分的单一均匀片剂时,分离尤其带来麻烦。助流剂是传统上用于通过减少颗粒间摩擦来改善颗粒和粉末的流动特性的物质。参见Lieberman,Lachman,&Schwartz,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Tablets,第1卷,第177-178页(1989),其以引用方式并入本文。通常在助流剂加入药物组合物后立即压片,以助于颗粒物质流入压片机的模具腔体中。助流剂包括:胶体二氧化硅、无石棉滑石、硅铝酸钠、硅酸钙、粉状纤维素、微晶纤维素、玉米淀粉、苯甲酸钠、碳酸钙、碳酸镁、金属硬脂酸盐、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸锌、stearowet C、淀粉、淀粉1500、月桂基硫酸镁和氧化镁。本发明的新型组合物可包含助流剂以在压片之前的处理期间实现并保持活性成分的均匀性。
本发明的组合物以如本申请所述的安全治疗有效量施用于人或其它哺乳动物。该安全治疗有效量将根据不同的被治疗哺乳动物的类型和大小以及治疗的期望结果而变化。“治疗有效量”是有效治疗结核病的量。术语“治疗”就受试者而言,是指改善受试者的疾病的至少一种症状。治疗可以治愈、改善或至少部分地减轻疾病。
本领域技术人员公知的各种方法中的任一种均适用于包装,所述方法用于包装适用于口服施用的片剂、囊片、或其它固体剂型,而不会降解本申请的组分。所述组合可包装在玻璃瓶和塑料瓶中。适用于口服施用的片剂、囊片或其它固体剂型可包装并容纳于各种包装材料中,所述包装材料任选地包括干燥剂,例如硅胶。包装可以呈单位剂量泡罩包装的形式。例如,包装可以包含一个泡罩盘的替诺福韦DF,以及另一个泡罩盘的恩曲他滨丸剂、片剂、囊片或胶囊。患者可从一个盘服用一个剂量,例如丸剂,并从另一个盘服用一个剂量。另选地,包装可包含一个泡罩盘的在单个丸剂、片剂、囊片或胶囊中的共制剂的替诺福韦DF和恩曲他滨的组合。对于其它的组合及其包装,本发明的组合包括替诺福韦DF和FTC的生理功能衍生物。
还可以在包装材料上印刷于关于药物组合物的标签和信息。另外,制品可包括含有产品信息的手册、报告、通知、小册子或传单。药物信息的这种形式在制药工业中被称为“包装插页”。包装插页可附于或包括于药物制品。包装插页和任何制品标签提供关于药物组合物的信息。该信息和标签提供了由保健专业人员和患者使用的各种形式的信息,其描述了组合物、其剂量和监管机构(如美国食品药品局)要求的各种其它参数。
实施例
以下实施例进一步描述并展示了本发明范围内的具体实施方案。技术和制剂通常可见于Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,宾夕法尼亚州伊士顿)中。本发明由以下实施例进一步说明,所述实施例不应当被理解为将本发明的范围或精神限制至本申请所述的具体步骤。应当理解,提供所述实施例以说明某些实施方案,并不由此旨在限制本发明的范围。应当进一步理解在不偏离本发明的精神和/或所附权利要求范围的情况下,可使用本领技术人员可以想到的各种其它实施方案、修改及其等同物。
材料和方法
分枝杆菌菌株:结核分枝杆菌H37Rv由小鼠传代,以等分试样冷冻并且在感染之前在Middlebrook 7H9培养基中亚培养(sub-culture),所述培养基含有10%油酸-白蛋白-右旋糖-过氧化氢酶(OADC)(Fisher,宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡)和0.05%Tween 80。
抗菌剂:如前所述获得并配制INH、RIF、PZA、BDQ、PMD和LZD用于口服施用(9,10,12,13)。SZD(以PEG-200/0.5%甲基纤维素悬液形式制备)和TZD(作为溶于水中的磷酸盐前药制备)由WuXi(中国湖北)合成。AZD(作为溶于0.3%葡萄糖和0.9%盐水中的磷酸二钠前药制备)由AstraZeneca提供。RWJ(以0.5%甲基纤维素形式制备)由Johnson and Johnson提供。
噁唑烷酮的药代动力学:重约20g的未受感染的雌性BALB/c小鼠接受单剂量的SZD(50mg/kg)、LZD(100mg/kg)、TZD(10或20mg/kg)或AZD(50或200mg/kg)。在给药后0.5、1、2、4、8和24小时(对于AZD另外加上16小时的时间点),在每个剂量组的每个时间点下对三只小鼠通过心脏穿刺进行取样。通过在AstraZeneca(仅对于AZD)(14)或Rutgers New JerseyMedical School(对于其它噁唑烷酮)进行的经验证的LC/MS方法,对血浆药物浓度定量。不同噁唑烷酮的标准品由赞助商提供。在Rutgers,通过将20μl小鼠血浆与20μl的乙腈:水(1:1)混合来提取感兴趣的分析物,并且将含有10ng/ml维拉帕米(Sigma-Aldrich)的180μl甲醇:乙腈(1:1)作为内标物。将混合物涡旋并离心,并且回收100μL上清液,与100μL水合并用于分析。用Agilent 1260LC-系统进行LC/MS-MS分析,所述系统与AB Sciex 4000Q-trap质谱仪(正模式,电喷雾电离)和Agilent柱SB-C8(2.1x 30mm,3.5μm)(柱温固定在24℃)偶联。流动相A为0.1%甲酸的100%H2O溶液,并且流动相B为0.1%甲酸的100%乙腈溶液。注射体积通常为2μl。使用正极性离子化将质量选择检测器设置为MRM(多反应监测)模式,监测以下物质的感兴趣的离子:SZD(m/z 354.12/312.04)、SZD-M1(370.13/238.12)、LZD(338.00/235.00)和TZD(371.12/343.00)以及内标物(m/z 455.4/165.2)。所有噁唑烷酮的定量下限为5ng/ml。使用WinNonlin 6.4(Certara,Princeton,NJ),通过非室性分析确定PK参数。
结核分枝杆菌的气溶胶感染:所有动物实验方法均由约翰霍普金斯大学动物护理和使用委员会批准。如前所述进行高剂量气溶胶感染(15)。简而言之,用结核分枝杆菌H37Rv感染5至6周龄的雌性BALB/c小鼠(Charles River,马萨诸塞州威尔明顿),通过使用吸入暴露系统(Glas-Col,印第安纳州特雷霍特)和新鲜对数生长期的营养培养物(600nm下的光学密度为0.8-1.0),目标是在每个小鼠的肺中植入3.5-4.0log10 CFU。将来自每个气溶胶感染运程的两只或三只小鼠(实施例1、2、4)或来自唯一运程的五只小鼠(实施例3a和3b)在感染后1天后或在治疗开始的那天(D0)人道处死,以分别确定植入肺中的和治疗开始时的细菌数。
化学疗法:按气溶胶运程将小鼠模块化地随机分至实验组。在感染后14-17天开始治疗。通过灌胃,每天一次、每周五天施用治疗。除了用于剂量变化的单一疗法示例以外,药物剂量为(以mg/kg为单位):INH(10)、RIF(10)、PZA(150)、BDQ(25)、PMD(50或100)、SZD(50)、LZD(50或100)、TZD(10)、AZD(125)和RWJ(100)(12、14、16-18)。通过灌胃,每天一次、每周5天施用每种药物。对于所有组合,在一同制剂的BDQ+/-PZA(9、12)给药之后立即施用PMD。在至少4小时后施用噁唑烷酮。
在实施例1中,对照小鼠接受RIF+INH+PZA 2个月,然后仅接受RIF+INH至多到总共4个月。为比较SZD和LZD的贡献,测试小鼠接受BDQ和PMD(50mg/kg)加上SZD(50mg/kg)或LZD(100mg/kg)的三药组合,或构成这些三药方案的每种一药或两药组分。一药和两药方案分别限于治疗1个月和2个月,但是BDQ+PMD组合和三药组合一起给药至多到4个月。在实施例2中,评估了LZD对包含BDQ+PMD加上PZA的方案的贡献。对照小鼠接受BDQ+PZA加上50或100mg/kg的PMD。测试小鼠接受BDQ+PZA+PMD(100mg/kg)加上LZD(100mg/kg)至多到2个月。一组接受整2个月的LZD。另一组仅第一个月接受LZD。
治疗效力评估:基于治疗期间在选定时间点的肺CFU计数(杀菌活性的度量)和治疗完成后具有培养物阳性复发的小鼠的比例(灭菌活性的度量)来评估疗效。在富含OADC(基础琼脂)的7H11琼脂上和补充了0.4%活性碳以减少药物残留效应的基础琼脂上,平行进行肺匀浆的定量培养(12)。在测定最终的CFU计数之前,将板在37℃下孵育至多到42天。在实施例1和2中,在每个时间点处,每个治疗组分别评估四只或五只小鼠中的肺CFU计数。在治疗完成之后将15-20只小鼠的组另保持3个月,然后将其处死以测定具有阳性肺培养物的比例,从而确定具有培养物阳性复发的小鼠的比例,阳性肺培养物定义为将全部肺匀浆铺到具有和不具有0.4%活性碳的五个7H11板上之后,检测到≥1CFU的结核分枝杆菌。
统计分析:在分析之前,将CFU计数(x)对数转换为(x+1),并且通过利用Dunnett试验后检测的单向方差分析法,将组平均值与对照比较,用于多重比较。使用Fisher精确检验来比较组复发比例,从而调节多重比较。所有分析均使用GraphPad Prism第5版(GraphPad,加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥)。将α设置为0.01以调节最多5个同时的双面比较,然后使用每组15只小鼠用于复发评估,提供大于80%的能力以检测在复发率中的40个百分点的差异。就缩短治疗持续时间而言,较小的差异可能没有意义。
实施例1
LZD和SZD对具有BDQ+PMD的新型组合的贡献
进行实施例1以评价市售噁唑烷酮LZD是否能够代替本组合中的SZD而不损失功效,并且说明每种药物组分对该组合活性的贡献。
治疗期间的肺CFU计数。治疗开始时的平均CFU计数(±标准偏差)为6.17±0.27。治疗1个月、2个月和3个月之后的肺CFU计数示于表1中:
表1
治疗期间评估的肺CFU计数和治疗完成之后小鼠复发的比例
a时间点以治疗的天数(例如D-13,13天;D0,0天)或月数(例如M1,1个月)示出。
如预期的,在治疗1个月和2个月之后,RIF+INH+PZA分别使平均肺CFU计数降低2.70log10和4.58log10,并且在治疗3个月后留下少于10CFU/小鼠。由于此前描述的PMD对BDQ活性的拮抗作用(7,12),在第一个月BDQ+PMD的活性低于单独的BDQ。然而,其在2-3个月的活性与一线方案几乎完全相同。添加SZD显着增加了BDQ+PMD的初始杀菌活性(p<0.001),从而使得治疗1至2个月的所有小鼠呈培养物阴性。治疗1个月和2个月后,BDQ+PMD+SZD的活性显著大于RIF+INH+PZA(p<0.001)。添加LZD也显著增加BDQ+PMD的活性(p<0.01)并且在治疗2个月和3个月后产生优于RIF+INH+PZA的活性(p<0.001)。在2个月时,相比于BDQ+PMD加SZD或LZD的三药组合,所有两药组合均具有较差的活性(p<0.01),从而证实每种药物组分均对三药组合的疗效有所贡献。然而,含LZD的三药方案仅在治疗2个月后优于BDQ+LZD方案。与含SZD的比较方案相比,含LZD的方案产生更高的CFU计数。
治疗完成后的复发。复发结果示于表1中。用一线方案治疗3个月和4个月分别导致15只小鼠中的13只(87%)和20只小鼠中的1只(5%)复发。与前面的实施例相比更高的治愈率是因为在治疗开始时低于往常的细菌负荷。与CFU计数结果一致,用BDQ+PMD治疗3个月和4个月之后产生类似于一线方案的复发结果,但在仅2个月的治疗后就不能防止复发。然而,不同于三药方案中包含SZD时比LZD产生更大幅度的CFU计数下降,两种BDQ+PMD+噁唑烷酮方案具有相似的灭菌活性。含SZD的方案和仅含BDQ+PMD的方案之间仅有的区别在治疗两个月之后具有统计学显著性,而相比于BDQ+PMD和一线方案,包含噁唑烷酮的两个方案均在治疗3个月之后导致显著更低的复发。
实施例2
LZD对BDQ+PZA+PMD的贡献
此前报道了BDQ+PZA+SZD在小鼠中高效的灭菌活性和PMD的增加的灭菌活性(7,9,10,12)。在实施例1中观察到了,当与BDQ+PMD组合时,LZD和SZD灭菌活性相当,LZD也可代替BDQ+PZA+PMD+SZD组合中的SZD。治疗开始时的平均CFU计数为7.92±0.26。肺CFU计数和复发结果示于表2中:
表2
在治疗期间评估的肺CFU计数和治疗完成之后小鼠复发的比例
a时间点以治疗的天数(例如D-13,13天;D0,0天)或月数(例如M1,1个月)示出。
如此前观察到的,相比于RIF+INH+PZA,BDQ+PZA+PMD具有显著更高的杀菌活性(p<0.001)。当PMD以100mg/kg而不是50mg/kg给药时观察到更高的活性,但仅在治疗2个月之后注意到该差异(p<0.01)。较高的PMD剂量有助于使得除了一只以外的所有小鼠在该时间点下呈培养物阴性。添加LZD对疗效具有令人瞩目的作用,其显著减少1个月时的CFU计数(p<0.001),并且提前一个月使得除了一只以外的所有小鼠呈培养物阴性。将LZD加入BDQ+PZA+PMD在治疗1.5个月后也使小鼠复发的比例从60%显著减小至0%(p<0.001),无论在治疗的第一个月后是否中断LZD。
实施例3
噁唑烷酮对具有BDQ+PMD的新型组合的贡献
进行实施例3以证实实施例1中SZD和LZD加入BDQ+PMD时增加的灭菌活性,并且评价将LZD剂量减少50%或者将LZD的持续时间限于前1-2个月是否会显著影响其贡献。
治疗期间的肺CFU计数。治疗开始时的平均CFU计数为7.74±0.20。在治疗1个月、2个月和3个月之后观察到的肺CFU计数示于表3中。在2个月的治疗中,RIF+INH+PZA使平均肺CFU计数减少近6log10。仅用BDQ+PMD时在此期间的活性适度减少。如此前所观察到的,尽管两种噁唑烷酮均显著增加BDQ+PMD的初始杀菌活性,但添加50mg/kg SZD比100mg/kg LZD赋予更优越的活性。然而,无论LZD在1个月后中断还是连续施用2个月,100mg/kg BDQ+PMD+LZD的结果均相似。类似地,使用50mg/kg代替100mg/kg LZD,在1个月而非2个月时,导致较高的CFU计数,这表明,施用100mg/kg 1个月或者施用50mg/kg 2个月达到的总LZD剂量使LZD对方案的贡献充分最大化。以100mg/kg施用RWJ的表现与以50mg/kg施用LZD十分相似,而AZD和TZD效果相对较差。与仅用BDQ+PMD相比,除了TZD在1个月的时间点以外,所有噁唑烷酮均在1个月和2个月时显著增加杀菌活性(对于AZD以及M2时的TZD,p<0.05;对于其它噁唑烷酮,p<0.001)。
治疗完成之后的复发。复发结果示于表3中:
表3
在治疗期间评估的肺CFU计数和治疗完成之后小鼠的复发比例
利用一线方案治疗3个月导致14只小鼠中8只复发(57%)。用BDQ+PMD治疗产生了数值上优异的结果,其中在3个月时14只小鼠中仅3只复发(21%),但该差异不是统计学上显著的。向BDQ+PMD中添加SZD导致在治疗仅2个月之后仅一只复发,该结果至少与BDQ+PMD治疗3个月一样有效,并且比一线方案治疗3个月更有效。与添加100mg/kg LZD相比,以50mg/kg添加SZD治疗2个月也导致更低的复发,尽管该区别未达到统计学上的显著性。仅在第一个月使用100mg/kg LZD与使用2个月的SZD相比效果较差,但与使用100mg/kg LZD 2个月相比没有显著差异。类似地,在施用3个月的方案中,无论100mg/kg LZD始终连续施用还是在1个月或2个月之后中断,或是在2个月之后用50mg/kg LZD替换,均未观察到复发。在实验后分析中,将BDQ+PMD与所有BDQ+PMD+LZD方案进行比较,添加100mg/kg LZD至少一个月导致治疗3个月之后更低的复发。
实施例1-3的总结:
BALB/c小鼠中的噁唑烷酮药代动力学示于表4中:
表4
在BALB/c小鼠中单剂量口服施用sutezolid、利奈唑胺、特地唑胺或AZD5847之后的药代动力学参数
如此前所述(18),以50mg/kg口服施用SZD导致其被快速和广泛地代谢为活性亚砜M1代谢物(也称为PNU-101603),其平均AUC0-24h和Cmax高于SZD母体约10倍。总之,SZD和SZDM1的AUC0-24h值近似于在每天接受1,200mg的TB患者中观察到的几何平均值,或者就SZD而言,略低于该几何平均值(8)。在测试化合物中,LZD表现出最高的暴露量,其AUC0-24h为244小时*ug/mL,与每天接受1,200mg的TB患者中的平均值相当(19,20)。TZD暴露量与剂量在10mg/kg至20mg/kg之间成比例。就疗效研究中评估的10mg/kg剂量而言,40小时*ug/mL的总药物TZD AUC0-24h与在其它感染模型中确定的近似(21-23)。在50和200mg/kg剂量产生的平均AZD AUC0-24h值之间内推,预测在联合疗效研究(下文实施例3)中使用的125mg/kg剂量会产生160-190小时*ug/mL的AUC0-24h,其近似于接受每天两次800mg的健康人类志愿者中的稳态AUC0-24h(24),这是在目前早期杀菌活性的剂量变化试验中施用的最高剂量。噁唑烷酮以2.8小时至3.9小时之间的t1/2值相对快速地被清除。所有化合物的AUC0-24h值约等于AUCinf值(≥98%),这表明在BALB/c小鼠中多次给药之后可预期没有药物累积。
本发明在以下编号的段落中进一步描述:
1.一种药物组合物,其包含治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼(pretomanid)中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。[添加临床剂量]。
2.根据段1所述的药物组合物,其中所述利奈唑胺的剂量为100mg/kg。
3.根据段1所述的药物组合物,其中所述利奈唑胺的剂量为50mg/kg。
4.一种用于治疗结核病的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:向对其有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
5.根据段4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到三个月。
6.根据段4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
7.根据段4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
8.根据段4所述的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一至两个月。
9.根据段4所述的方法,其中以每天50mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
10.根据段4所述的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
11.根据段4所述的方法,其中利奈唑胺在第一至两个月以600mg的剂量每天施用一次。
12.根据段4所述的方法,其中利奈唑胺在停药一至两周之后重新施用。
13.根据段1所述的药物组合物,其中贝达喹啉的剂量为200至400mg每天一次。
14.根据段4所述的方法,其中贝达喹啉以400mg每天一次施用两周,之后以200mg每周三次施用。
15.根据段1所述的药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为600mg每天两次或1200mg每天一次。
16.根据段1所述的药物组合物,其中普雷妥马尼的剂量为100至200mg每天一次。
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应当理解,本发明不限于上述本发明的具体实施方案,因为可对具体实施方案进行变型但仍然落入所附权利要的范围内。
Claims (16)
1.一种药物组合物,所述药物组合物包含治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼(pretomanid)中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为100mg/kg。
3.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为50mg/kg。
4.一种用于治疗结核病的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:向对其有需要的患者施用治疗有效量的利奈唑胺、贝达喹啉和普雷妥马尼中的每一种,和任选地吡嗪酰胺,或上述每一种的药学上可接受的盐,以及药学上可接受的载体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到三个月。
6.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
7.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
8.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一至两个月。
9.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中以每天50mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到两个月。
10.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中以每天100mg/kg施用利奈唑胺至多到一个月。
11.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中利奈唑胺在第一至两个月以600mg的剂量每天施用一次。
12.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中利奈唑胺在停药一至两周之后重新施用。
13.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中贝达喹啉的剂量为200至400mg每天一次。
14.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中贝达喹啉以400mg每天一次施用两周,之后以200mg每周三次施用。
15.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中利奈唑胺的剂量为600mg每天两次或1200mg每天一次。
16.根据权利要求1所述的药物组合物,其中普雷妥马尼的剂量为100至200mg每天一次。
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