CN114773126A - Harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving yield and quality of plants as fertilizer - Google Patents

Harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving yield and quality of plants as fertilizer Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114773126A
CN114773126A CN202210571700.0A CN202210571700A CN114773126A CN 114773126 A CN114773126 A CN 114773126A CN 202210571700 A CN202210571700 A CN 202210571700A CN 114773126 A CN114773126 A CN 114773126A
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张鹏
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05GMIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/60Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05GMIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80Soil conditioners
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05GMIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20Liquid fertilisers

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a harmless extract liquid which can improve soil and can be used as fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of plants, comprising the following components: 30% of ash and 70% of water, wherein the ash is water-soluble oxides of various trace elements, and the content of sulfur, iron ions, aluminum ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, titanium ions, phosphorus ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, chloride ions and sodium ions in the ash is more than 80%. The preparation method comprises the following steps: s1, mining raw materials, namely collecting lava and magma (vermiculite, mica, granite and the like) formed after cooling hot spring lava; s2, crushing the raw materials, namely crushing the collected magma rock into smaller particles by using a crusher, wherein the rock mass degree is controlled to be 25-250 mm; s3, carrying out acidolysis on the raw materials, reacting the crushed magma rock for 90min at 50 ℃ by using 1.75mol/L hydrochloric acid to obtain leachate containing multiple elements; s4, separating the leachate, namely separating the leaching solution from the residue; s5, purifying and enriching the leaching solution by adopting a cation exchange membrane to obtain the natural extraction liquid.

Description

Harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving yield and quality of plants as fertilizer
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant planting, in particular to a harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as a fertilizer.
Background
The harmless extraction liquid is natural extraction liquid extracted from volcanic hot spring lava, is nontoxic and harmless, is rich in more than 30 trace elements, and supplements trace elements required in natural agriculture.
The 17 essential elements required for plant growth are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel and molybdenum. The carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are important components of water and air, and the rest 14 can be divided into 3 major elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 4 medium elements of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and silicon and 7 trace elements. Data published by the earth's Peak meeting represent: trace elements in agricultural fields (soils) worldwide have decreased at an alarming rate over the past 50 years. The mineral trace elements in the soil control the metabolism of plant, animal and human cells. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is harmful to human health, for example, ammonia fertilizers are important and indispensable elements for promoting the growth of crops and increasing the production, but excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers can generate excessive nitric acid nitrogen which can be converted into nitrite in the human body and is harmful to human health.
Agricultural planting can not leave pesticides to a certain extent, but the soil ecological structure is seriously damaged due to excessive pesticide use, vicious circle is realized, the plant diseases and insect pests are more serious instead when the plants are planted in each next season, and the current situation of great yield reduction and insufficient yield is caused. And pesticide residue seriously threatens the food safety of human beings.
The fertilizer is used as a nutrient source of plants and supplements various elements required by the plants, but the long-term application of the fertilizer easily causes the following problems: 1. the trace elements in the plants are seriously deficient, and the nutrition is unbalanced; the long-term eating of the health-care food can cause harm to the health of human bodies; 2. the soil is hardened, the acid and alkali are seriously changed, the soil fertility is reduced, and the organic matters are seriously insufficient; 3. the resource is wasted and the production cost is increased. The yield is reduced and the quality is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides the harmless extract which can improve the soil and can be used as a fertilizer to improve the yield and the quality of the plants, and solves the problems that 1, trace elements in the plants are seriously deficient, the nutrition is unbalanced, the harm is caused to the health of human bodies after long-term eating, 2, the soil is hardened, the acidification and alkalization are severe, the soil fertility is reduced, the organic matters are seriously deficient, 3, the resource is wasted, and the production cost is increased. The yield is reduced and the quality is reduced. 4. Pesticide residue harms human physical and mental health.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as fertilizer comprises the following preparation steps:
s1, mining raw materials, collecting magma rocks (vermiculite, mica, granite and the like) formed after cooling volcanic lava and hot spring lava;
s2, crushing and smashing the raw materials, namely crushing and smashing the collected rock pulp into smaller particles by using a crusher, wherein the rock pulp lumpiness is controlled to be 25-250 mm;
s3, carrying out acidolysis on the raw materials, putting the crushed rock pulp in a reaction tank, and reacting for 90min at 50 ℃ by using 1.75mol/L hydrochloric acid to obtain leachate containing multiple elements;
s4, separating the leaching solution from the residue, and simultaneously recovering the metallurgical solvent and the metal ions carried in the residue;
s5, purifying and enriching, namely introducing the leaching solution in the reaction tank into an ion exchange reaction device, and purifying by adopting a cation exchange membrane to obtain the natural extraction liquid.
Preferably, the natural extract comprises: 30% of ash and 70% of water, wherein the ash is water-soluble oxides of various trace elements, and the content of sulfur, iron ions, aluminum ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, titanium ions, phosphorus ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, chloride ions and sodium ions in the ash is more than 80%.
Preferably, the magma in S1 mainly comprises: silicates, metal oxides, e.g. Al2O3、 Fe2O3、TiO2、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O, etc., and other elements such as heavy metals, nonferrous metals, rare metals, radioactive elements, etc.
Preferably, in the acidolysis process in S3, HCl and a reducing agent may be used in combination, and the amount of HCl may be reduced without affecting the leaching efficiency, thereby reducing environmental pollution caused by the reaction process.
Preferably, the cation exchange membrane in S5 is a sulfonated microporous polymer cation exchange membrane with high ion diffusivity and high selectivity, and the sulfonated polymer with rigid and twisted skeleton can inhibit the change and accumulation of polymer chain conformation by using the polymerization mechanism of the polyoxaanthracene, and form stable sub-nanometer restricted channels to enable the ions to be transported rapidly and with high selectivity. Proton/cation show high mobility in cation exchange membranes under the synergistic effect of size limitation and electrostatic interaction.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention provides a harmless extract which can improve soil and can be used as a fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of plants, and has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the harmless extract liquid can improve soil and can be used as fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of plants, promote the growth of crops and increase the yield by supplementing trace elements required in natural agriculture. Agriculture is a photosynthesis industry, the largest organic synthesis plant in the earth, and is constructed mainly by redox reactions from the formation of chlorophyll (an enzyme). The chemical reaction of oxidation-reduction must have catalyst, and the trace element is a substance which can greatly raise the activity of enzyme and can attain the goal of resisting disease and naturally increasing yield. Besides trace elements needed by plants, the fertilizer also contains titanium which is newly found to improve photosynthesis.
(2) The harmless extract liquid can improve soil and can be used as a fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of plants, and the antibacterial and antiviral abilities of the plants are greatly improved through the antibacterial action of metal ions. The metal ion antibacterial agent is one of inorganic antibacterial agents, has strong antibacterial capability and broad-spectrum antibacterial property of the inorganic antibacterial agent, is not easy to generate drug resistance mutation of bacteria, and has good safety. Researches show that iron, zinc and copper are trace metal elements with the largest content in human bodies, have important physiological functions in human bodies and have antibacterial performance. The crops obtained from the soil applied with the harmless extract liquor are eaten, and the trace elements required by human bodies are supplemented, so that the health of the human bodies is facilitated.
(3) The harmless extract capable of improving the soil and improving the yield and quality of the plants as a fertilizer provides various elements required for the growth of the plants, solves the problems that the traditional fertilizing mode cannot supplement various elements required for the plants, is easy to cause resource waste, soil hardening, severe acidification and alkalization and harmful substances, activates the soil, greatly improves the natural yield and saves the cost.
(4) The harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as a fertilizer has the effect of naturally decomposing pesticide residues, greatly reduces factors causing intolerance of storage by decomposing nitrite in soil and absorbed and converted by crops, prolongs the natural storage period, and reduces unnecessary decay loss in the transportation and storage processes.
Detailed Description
All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without making any creative effort based on the embodiments in the present invention, belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the invention provides a natural extract capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as a fertilizer, which comprises the following components: 30 percent of ash content and 70 percent of water, wherein the ash content is water-soluble oxides of various trace elements, and the content of sulfur, iron ions, aluminum ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, titanium ions, phosphorus ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, chloride ions and sodium ions is more than 80 percent. The specific component analysis table is as follows:
Figure BDA0003659363000000041
Figure BDA0003659363000000051
the invention provides a preparation method of harmless extract liquor capable of improving soil and replacing fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of plants, which comprises the following steps:
s1, mining raw materials, namely collecting lava and magma (vermiculite, mica, granite and the like) formed after cooling hot spring lava;
s2, crushing and smashing the raw materials, namely crushing the collected magma rock into smaller particles by using a crusher, wherein the lumpiness of the magma rock is controlled to be 25-250 mm;
s3, acidolysis of the raw materials, namely placing the crushed magma rock in a reaction tank, and reacting for 90min at 50 ℃ by using 1.75mol/L hydrochloric acid to obtain leachate containing multiple elements;
s4, separating the leaching solution from the residue, and simultaneously recovering the metallurgical solvent and the metal ions carried in the residue;
s5, purifying and enriching the leaching solution, introducing the leaching solution in the reaction tank into an ion exchange reaction device, and purifying by adopting a cation exchange membrane to obtain the natural extraction liquid.
Wherein, the magma rock, the essential components are: silicates, metal oxides, e.g. Al2O3、Fe2O3、 TiO2、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O, etc., and other elements such as heavy metals, nonferrous metals, rare metals, radioactive elements, etc.
In the acidolysis process, HCl and a reducing agent can be combined for use, and the use amount of HCl can be reduced under the condition of not influencing leaching efficiency, so that the environmental pollution caused by the reaction process is reduced.
The cation exchange membrane is a sulfonated microporous polymer cation exchange membrane with high ion diffusivity and high selectivity, and by taking the reference of the polymerization mechanism of the polyoxaanthracene, the sulfonated polymer with rigid and twisted skeletons can inhibit the change and accumulation of polymer chain conformation, and a stable sub-nanometer limiting channel is formed, so that ions can be rapidly and selectively transported. Proton/cation show high mobility in cation exchange membranes under the synergistic effect of size limitation and electrostatic interaction.
Example 2:
the invention provides a natural extract capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as a fertilizer, which comprises the following components: 25% of ash and 75% of water, wherein the ash is water-soluble oxides of various trace elements, and the content of sulfur, iron ions, aluminum ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, titanium ions, phosphorus ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, chloride ions and sodium ions is more than 80%. The invention provides a preparation method of harmless extract liquor capable of improving soil and increasing yield and quality of plants as fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:
s1, mining raw materials, collecting magma rocks (vermiculite, mica, granite and the like) formed after cooling volcanic lava and hot spring lava;
s2, crushing and smashing the raw materials, namely crushing and smashing the collected rock pulp into smaller particles by using a crusher, wherein the rock pulp lumpiness is controlled to be 25-250 mm;
s3, carrying out acidolysis on the raw materials, putting the crushed rock pulp in a reaction tank, and using 4mol/L dilute sulfuric acid under the conditions that the liquid-solid ratio is 6: 1, the leaching temperature is 80 ℃, and the leaching time is 4 hours to obtain a leaching solution containing multiple elements;
s4, separating the leaching solution from the residue, and simultaneously recovering the metallurgical solvent and the metal ions carried in the residue;
s5, purifying and enriching the leaching solution, pouring the leaching solution in the reaction tank into an ion extraction device, and quickly extracting and separating by adopting a nano-scale solid phase extraction material to obtain the natural extraction liquid.
Wherein, the magma rock comprises the following main components: silicates, metal oxides such as Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and the like, and others such as heavy metals, non-ferrous metals, rare metals, and radioactive elements.
In the acidolysis process, HCl and a reducing agent can be combined for use, and the use amount of HCl can be reduced under the condition of not influencing leaching efficiency, so that the environmental pollution caused by the reaction process is reduced.
The cation exchange membrane is a sulfonated microporous polymer cation exchange membrane with high ion diffusivity and high selectivity, and by using the polymerization mechanism of the polyoxaanthracene, the sulfonated polymer with rigid and twisted frameworks can inhibit the change and accumulation of polymer chain conformation, and a stable sub-nanometer limiting channel is formed, so that ions can be rapidly and selectively transported. Proton/cation show high mobility in cation exchange membranes under the synergistic effect of size limitation and electrostatic interaction.
Experimental example 1
The name of the experiment: and planting the small green vegetables by using the harmless extract liquor.
Purpose of the experiment: and (5) checking the effect of the harmless extract liquid on the planting of the small green vegetables.
Experiment addresses: the city of Shaoxing is covered by one vehicle.
Experiment time: no. 9/10 in 2020.
Firstly, after the soil of an experimental group is turned over, diluting the soil by 5000 times with the harmless extraction liquid of the invention, spraying the diluted soil on the surface of the soil once, wherein the soil humidity is between 50 and 60 percent, and then sowing seeds. And spraying the soil of the control group once with clear water, wherein the soil humidity is between 50 and 60 percent, and then sowing seeds.
After the green vegetable seedlings come out, about 7-10 days, 10000 times of harmless extract liquor is diluted by the invention and then the harmless extract liquor is added into the diluted extract liquor and sprayed on the leaf surfaces once. The control group was sprayed with the pesticide once to the leaf surface.
And thirdly, after about 10 days, diluting the harmless extract liquor of the invention by 10000 times for experimental groups, and spraying the harmless extract liquor on leaf surfaces once. The control group was sprayed once onto the leaf surface with an equal amount of clear water.
And fourthly, after about 10 days, diluting 10000 of the harmless extract liquor of the invention by the experimental group, and spraying the extract liquor on the leaf surface once. The control group was sprayed once onto the leaf surface with equal amount of clear water.
And (5) collecting small green vegetables 10 and 15 days 2020 to obtain the green vegetables (according to the difference between summer and winter, the harvest time in winter is about 35 days, and the harvest time in summer is about 30 days).
Figure BDA0003659363000000081
Experimental example 2
The name of the experiment: and (4) planting the melons by using the harmless extract liquor.
Purpose of the experiment: and (5) checking the effect of the harmless extract liquid on melon planting.
Firstly, seedling stage. After the soil is ploughed and ridged, the soil of the experimental group is diluted by 5000 times with the harmless extract liquid of the invention and sprayed on the surface of the soil once, and then melon seedlings are transplanted with the planting depth of 1 cm. And spraying the soil of the control group once with the same amount of clear water, and transplanting the melon seedlings of the same batch with the planting depth of 1 cm.
II, the vine extending stage. In the middle stage of muskmelon elongation, the experimental group uses the harmless extract liquid of the invention to dilute 10000 times and then adds pesticide to spray the solution on the leaf surface once. The control group was sprayed with the pesticide once to the leaf surface.
Thirdly, a fruiting period. At the early stage of melon flower falling and fruiting, the experimental group is diluted 10000 times by using the harmless extract liquid of the invention and sprayed on the leaf surface once. The control group was sprayed once onto the leaf surface with an equal amount of clear water.
Figure BDA0003659363000000082
Experimental example 3
In this experimental example, various variables except for the fertilizer were controlled by comparing with anqiu ginger, which uses the conventional fertilizer, and the natural extract of the present invention, the following conclusion was obtained: compared with the product using the invention, the planting of Anqiu ginger has clear morbidity and no morbidity; the yield is improved by 27.8%, the product is tasted by raw on site, the pungency degree is enough, but the pungent feeling is soft, the internal tendon is reduced, the external quality is high, the product is bright, the pesticide residue is reduced, and finally more than 200 pesticide residue indexes detected by a third-party mechanism are qualified. Meanwhile, the natural outside is placed for long time for preservation, and the cellar is stored for the first year and is taken out to be fresh, so that the content of nitrite is greatly reduced.
The beneficial effect of this application experimental example does: 1. the yield of the plants is obviously improved, and the quality is improved; 2. the plant resistance is increased, and the antibacterial and disease-resistant capabilities are improved; 3. the quality of the crops and the product is more storage-resistant, and meanwhile, the content of nitrite is reduced.
The elements in the harmless extract liquid are used as the components of cell structure substances, participate in the regulation of physiological activities of plant cells, participate in the regulation of enzyme activities, and participate in intracellular signal transduction. The metal ion antibacterial agent in the extract is one of inorganic antibacterial agents, has strong antibacterial capability and broad-spectrum antibacterial property of the inorganic antibacterial agent, is not easy to generate drug resistance mutation of bacteria, and has good safety.
The harmless extract liquid which can be used as a fertilizer for improving the yield and quality of plants promotes the growth of crops and increases the yield by supplementing necessary mineral elements for the plants, and solves the problems that the traditional fertilization mode cannot supplement various elements required for the plants, and is easy to cause resource waste, soil hardening and harmful substances generation. The antibacterial and antiviral abilities of plants are greatly improved through the antibacterial action of metal ions.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims (5)

1. A harmless extraction liquid capable of improving soil and improving the yield and quality of plants as a fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following preparation steps:
s1, mining raw materials, namely collecting lava and magma (vermiculite, mica, granite and the like) formed after cooling hot spring lava;
s2, crushing and smashing the raw materials, namely crushing the collected magma rock into smaller particles by using a crusher, wherein the lumpiness of the magma rock is controlled to be 25-250 mm;
s3, carrying out acidolysis on the raw materials, putting the crushed rock pulp in a reaction tank, and reacting for 90min at 50 ℃ by using 1.75mol/L hydrochloric acid to obtain leachate containing multiple elements;
s4, separating the leaching solution from the residue, and simultaneously recovering the metallurgical solvent and the metal ions carried in the residue;
s5, purifying and enriching, namely introducing the leaching solution in the reaction tank into an ion exchange reaction device, and purifying by adopting a cation exchange membrane to obtain the natural extraction liquid.
2. A harmless extraction liquid for improving soil and increasing yield and quality of plants as fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the natural extract comprises: 30 percent of ash content and 70 percent of water, wherein the ash content is water-soluble oxides of various trace elements, and the content of sulfur, iron ions, aluminum ions, magnesium ions, potassium ions, titanium ions, phosphorus ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, chloride ions and sodium ions is more than 80 percent.
3. A harmless extraction solution for improving soil and increasing the yield and quality of plants as fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the magma rock comprises the following main components: silicates, metal oxides, e.g. Al2O3、Fe2O3、TiO2、FeO、MgO、CaO、Na2O, etc., and other elements such as heavy metals, nonferrous metals, rare metals, and radioactive elements, etc.
4. A harmless extraction liquid for improving soil and increasing yield and quality of plants as fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the acidolysis process, HCl and a reducing agent can be combined for use, and the use amount of HCl can be reduced under the condition of not influencing leaching efficiency, so that the environmental pollution caused by the reaction process is reduced.
5. A harmless extraction liquid for improving soil and increasing yield and quality of plants as fertilizer according to claim 1, characterized in that: the cation exchange membrane adopts a sulfonated microporous polymer cation exchange membrane with high ion diffusivity and high selectivity.
CN202210571700.0A 2022-05-24 2022-05-24 Harmless extract capable of improving soil and improving yield and quality of plants as fertilizer Pending CN114773126A (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106396818A (en) * 2016-12-20 2017-02-15 北京金山生态动力素制造有限公司 Ecological mineral solution fertilizer for food crops as well as preparation and use methods thereof
CN109970478A (en) * 2019-04-16 2019-07-05 郑铁柱 A kind of minerals leachate and the preparation method and application thereof
CN112645773A (en) * 2021-01-08 2021-04-13 河南炜炎肥业有限责任公司 Mineral supplement preparation, fertilizer comprising mineral supplement preparation, preparation method and application
CN112851444A (en) * 2021-03-04 2021-05-28 沣田宝农业科技有限公司 Mineralized plant nutrient solution and preparation method and application thereof

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106396818A (en) * 2016-12-20 2017-02-15 北京金山生态动力素制造有限公司 Ecological mineral solution fertilizer for food crops as well as preparation and use methods thereof
CN109970478A (en) * 2019-04-16 2019-07-05 郑铁柱 A kind of minerals leachate and the preparation method and application thereof
CN112645773A (en) * 2021-01-08 2021-04-13 河南炜炎肥业有限责任公司 Mineral supplement preparation, fertilizer comprising mineral supplement preparation, preparation method and application
CN112851444A (en) * 2021-03-04 2021-05-28 沣田宝农业科技有限公司 Mineralized plant nutrient solution and preparation method and application thereof

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
何领好 等主编: "《功能高分子材料》", 华中科技大学出版社, pages: 255 *

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