CN114682078A - Deodorization method for refuse landfill - Google Patents
Deodorization method for refuse landfill Download PDFInfo
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- CN114682078A CN114682078A CN202210335916.7A CN202210335916A CN114682078A CN 114682078 A CN114682078 A CN 114682078A CN 202210335916 A CN202210335916 A CN 202210335916A CN 114682078 A CN114682078 A CN 114682078A
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Abstract
The invention discloses a deodorization method for a plant deodorant matched with upright rod spraying deodorization equipment for a refuse landfill, and relates to the field of application of deodorants. The invention discloses a deodorization method of plant deodorant matched with upright rod spraying deodorization equipment for a refuse landfill, which comprises the steps of plant deodorant preparation, upright rod spraying equipment installation, deodorant addition, spraying liquid preparation and spraying. The film-forming plant deodorant provided by the invention is matched with a method for deodorizing, settling dust and inhibiting the outbreak of mosquitoes and flies by a pole-setting spraying system, the film-forming deodorant is sprayed onto garbage to be coated by the spraying system to form a layer of covering film on the surface of the garbage, so that the odor dissipation is effectively reduced, the aim of lasting deodorization is fulfilled, meanwhile, the dust and odor during landfill can be effectively reduced, and the breeding of bacteria is inhibited.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of application of a deodorant, and particularly relates to a deodorization method of plant deodorant matched with upright rod spraying deodorization equipment for a refuse landfill.
Background
Along with the rapid development of society, the proportion of organic components contained in municipal solid waste is high, the composition is complex, a large amount of malodorous gases including ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide, indole, mercaptan, thioether, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, volatile fatty acid and the like can be generated after a long time, and meanwhile, a large amount of mosquitoes and flies can propagate germs, so that the life and the working environment of workers in a landfill operation area are greatly influenced. Meanwhile, the odor overflow seriously influences the surrounding atmospheric environment and the health of surrounding residents, so that the odor pollution of the refuse landfill is effectively treated to become an important content of the comprehensive treatment of the refuse.
At present, a fog gun vehicle or a sprinkler provided with a high-pressure nozzle is generally adopted for manually spraying a deodorant to achieve the deodorization effect in a refuse landfill, and a fog gun machine or a vertical rod is adopted for automatically spraying and deodorizing in a few places. However, manual spraying is inconvenient to use, the atomization degree is low, the deodorization effect is poor, a great amount of odor sources are limited by a site for pesticide application, and the odor sources cannot be effectively covered, and due to the fact that the site is large, a large number of fog guns are needed, hundreds of fog guns need to consume large power frequently, and the construction cost and the operation cost of an independent power supply system are high. But the actual operation area of the refuse landfill is crossed, and the film covering area is sealed and covered by the anti-seepage film, so that no odor is actually generated and no deodorization is needed. Therefore, in order to save resources, an advanced spraying device which is efficient and convenient and can move according to actual conditions is matched with an efficient deodorant to deodorize the landfill.
And the place that the landfill needs deodorization is mostly open, sprays the deodorization and is the most effective deodorization mode of current, nevertheless sprays the construction that the application of medicine can be influential to the landfill, sprays in a large number moreover and can increase landfill leachate volume. Therefore, the existing deodorant application mode adopts intermittent deodorization, but the odor emission in the garbage is a continuous process, the existing plant deodorant is volatile, and the deodorization effect duration is short, so the deodorization effect is not ideal.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an intelligent deodorization method for a refuse landfill, which has better deodorization effect and higher stability.
In order to achieve the object of the present invention, the present invention provides a deodorization method for a landfill, comprising the steps of:
s1, preparing a plant deodorant:
adding a small amount of deionized water into the film forming agent for swelling, then adding a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly stirring, then adding the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed solution and the deionized water, and uniformly mixing to obtain the emulsion;
configuration of the mixed oil emulsion: uniformly mixing citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen biotae essential oil and vanillin, uniformly stirring the obtained mixture with an emulsifier, and adding a proper amount of deionized water to uniformly mix for later use;
preparing the extract mixed solution: adding yucca extract, hederagenin, fructus Aurantii Immaturus extract, apple polyphenol and tea polyphenol into deionized water, and stirring;
s2, installing a vertical rod spraying device:
installing a plurality of upright rod spray columns around a landfill operation area of a landfill, and connecting a high-pressure pump, a constant-ratio diluter, a medicine storage tank and a water softener with a water source through a PE medicine conveying pipe, wherein the PE medicine conveying pipe is connected by a quick-plug connector so as to be convenient to disassemble;
s3, adding the plant deodorant prepared in the step S1 into a medicine storage tank;
s4, preparing a spraying liquid:
by adjusting the fixed ratio diluter, the deodorant and softened water in the medicine barrel are controlled to be mixed according to the ratio of 3: 97 into a medicine mixing box to prepare spraying liquid;
s5, spraying:
and controlling a high-pressure pump to atomize the liquid medicine in the medicine mixing tank into 5-10 mu m tiny particles through an atomizing nozzle on the upright rod by a PLC control system of the upright rod atomizing device, and spraying the tiny particles onto the garbage surface of a landfill.
Further, the film forming agent is prepared by mixing the following components in a mass ratio of 1: 0.05: 3, the film-forming agent is prepared by compounding triethanolamine, isothiazolinone and hydroxyethyl cellulose, and the preparation method of the film-forming agent comprises the following steps: adding a proper amount of deionized water into triethanolamine to dissolve, then adding a mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and isothiazolinone, and uniformly stirring.
Further, the plant deodorant in the step S1 comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 2 to 4 percent of citronella oil, 2 to 4 percent of chinaberry oil, 1 to 3 percent of arborvitae tops essential oil, 1 to 2 percent of vanillin, 1 to 2 percent of yucca extract, 1 to 2 percent of hedera helix saponin, 0.5 to 1 percent of immature bitter orange extract, 2 to 4 percent of apple polyphenol, 2 to 4 percent of tea polyphenol, 2 to 5 percent of emulsifier and 0.5 to 2 percent of film-forming agent.
Further, the emulsifier is prepared from the following components in a mass ratio of 3-7: 1 tween-80 and citric acid.
Further, the main components of the citronella oil are citronellal and citronellol; the main component of the melia azedarach oil is azadirachtin; the main component of the cacumen biotae essential oil is cedrol.
Further, in the step S2, the interval between the upright rod spray columns is 5-10 m, the bottom surfaces of the upright rod spray columns use an underground reinforced concrete pouring base as a fixing piece, the upright rod spray columns are connected and fixed with the fixing piece through screws, and the upward inclination angle of the spray heads of the upright rod spray columns is set to be 45 °.
Further, in the step S5, the time duration of each spraying is 10min, and the atomized fine particles are 8 μm.
Further, pole setting spraying apparatus still includes foul smell response intelligence control system, motor overload protection system, lack of water automatic protection system, lack of water, lack of medicine alarm device and failure alarm device. The problem that the operator in time found equipment can be ensured, the equipment can independently long-term use be guaranteed, manual operation is not needed, and the operation is convenient and simple.
The invention achieves the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, the plant deodorant is automatically sprayed to the landfill operation area of the refuse landfill through the upright rod spraying equipment, the spraying time, the spraying droplet size and the spraying amount are automatically controlled according to the actual operation time of the landfill, so that the plant deodorant droplets can effectively adsorb odor molecules in the air, a good instant deodorization effect is achieved, and meanwhile, a layer of micro-thin covering film can be formed on the surface of the refuse after the liquid medicine falls to the ground, and the odor in the refuse is effectively prevented from being emitted to the air.
2. The plant deodorant of the invention is added with plant essential oils with various bacteriostatic effects, such as: citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen biotae essential oil and vanillin relieve microbial metabolism and reduce odor from the source. The plant essential oil in the mixed oil emulsion is easily compatible with other components in the plant deodorant through the action of the emulsifier, so that the components are uniformly dispersed, and the deodorization effect of the plant deodorant is improved.
3. The emulsifier is formed by combining tween-80 and citric acid, and the addition of the citric acid further increases the compatibility effect of the mixed oil emulsion and other components, can inhibit the activity of mildew, and improves the deodorization effect of the plant deodorant.
4. The plant deodorant is characterized in that a film-forming agent is added, the film-forming agent is formed by compounding triethanolamine, isothiazolinone and hydroxyethyl cellulose, the hydroxyethyl cellulose is a surfactant, a water-retaining agent and a film-forming substance, and a film with certain toughness can be formed on the surface of garbage to prevent odor in the garbage from being emitted into the air, prevent the odor from dispersing, prevent mosquitoes and flies from laying eggs and eating, and effectively control the propagation of the mosquitoes and the flies; the hydroxyethyl cellulose also enhances the adsorption capacity of the deodorant to organic odor, improves the capturing capacity of the deodorant to odor, and further improves the deodorization effect of the plant deodorant.
Triethanolamine is added into the hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane, the triethanolamine is added to enable the triethanolamine to easily react with substances such as hydrogen sulfide, formaldehyde and the like in odor, the volatilization and the generation of garbage odor are reduced, and in the using process, along with the reduction of the triethanolamine, a small amount of pores are generated inside the membrane, so that other deodorization components are favorably supplemented into the hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane, further the odor is captured, the problems of easy volatilization, short aging, low utilization rate and the like of a plant deodorant are reduced, the aim of lasting deodorization is fulfilled, and a better deodorization effect is achieved.
Isothiazolinone is added into the hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane, namely the isothiazolinone acts in the membrane, so that the bacteriostasis and sterilization efficiency of the plant deodorant is improved, the breeding of germs can be prevented, and the generation of odor is reduced.
5. The spraying equipment adopts double pesticide boxes, the fly killing agent can be added into the pesticide boxes during the period of the explosion of mosquitoes and flies, the fly killing agent and the deodorizing agent are added and mixed for spraying when no one is in the night in the period of the explosion of mosquitoes and flies in the landfill, and a fly killing pesticide film is formed on the surface of the garbage pile body for killing flies.
6. The spraying equipment provided by the invention adopts the high-pressure spraying main machine to accelerate the insertion type medicine conveying pipeline and the upright rod spraying column, the medicine application area of the upright rod spraying column can be conveniently changed according to the operation requirement of a landfill, and the cost is saved.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The term "proper amount" of "adding proper amount of deionized water" in the present invention means: the added deionized water can be only used for dissolving or easy mixing, and does not need to be added too much;
the amount of the deionized water added into the plant deodorant, which is prepared by uniformly mixing the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed solution and the deionized water, is as follows: subtracting the amount of the 'proper amount of deionized water' used in each step from the total amount of the deionized water needed in the plant deodorant;
the plant deodorant raw material in the invention has the following weight percentage: [ (mass of a certain feedstock)/(mass of all feedstocks + total amount of deionized water) ]. 100%.
The deodorizing method for a refuse landfill according to the present invention (a deodorizing method in which a plant deodorizer for a refuse landfill is used in combination with a pole spray deodorizing apparatus) will be further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
A plant deodorant for a refuse landfill matched with a vertical rod spray deodorization device is a deodorization method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the plant deodorant is prepared from the following raw materials in a formula shown in table 1:
preparation of mixed oil emulsion: mixing citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen biotae essential oil and vanillin uniformly, slowly adding an emulsifier, stirring uniformly, and adding a proper amount of water to prepare the essential oil microemulsion. Wherein the emulsifier is Tween-80 and citric acid.
② preparing an extract mixed solution: adding yucca extract, hederagenin, fructus Aurantii Immaturus extract, apple polyphenol and tea polyphenol into deionized water, and stirring to obtain extract mixture.
③ preparing a film-forming agent: adding a proper amount of deionized water into triethanolamine to dissolve, then adding a mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and isothiazolinone, and stirring uniformly.
Preparing a plant deodorant: adding a small amount of deionized water into the film forming agent for water swelling, then adding a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly stirring, then adding the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed liquid and the rest deionized water, and uniformly mixing to obtain the emulsion. The amount of deionized water remaining there is the total amount of deionized water required-used deionized water (used deionized water in the above step).
(2) The pole setting spraying equipment is installed, installs a plurality of pole setting spray columns around the landfill operation district with interval 5m, is connected to the water source through PE defeated medicine pipeline with high-pressure pump, definite ratio diluter, medicine storage tank, water softener, and PE defeated medicine pipe adopts quick connector to connect convenient the dismantlement. The bottom surface of the upright rod spray column takes the buried reinforced concrete pouring base as a fixing piece, the upright rod spray column and the fixing piece are fixedly connected through screws, and the upward inclination angle of a spray head of the upright rod spray column is set to be 45 degrees so as to carry out parabolic spraying in the air.
(3) Adding the plant deodorant, namely adding the plant deodorant prepared in the step (1) into a medicine storage tank.
(4) Preparing spraying liquid, and controlling the plant deodorant and softened water in the medicine barrel according to a ratio of 3: 97 into a medicine mixing box to prepare the spraying liquid.
(5) Spraying, wherein a PLC control system of the vertical rod spraying equipment controls a high-pressure pump to atomize the liquid medicine in the medicine mixing box into 5-micron tiny particles through an atomizing nozzle on the vertical rod, the spraying time at intervals of 1h is 10min, and the tiny particles are sprayed to the surface of a garbage pile.
Example 2
A plant deodorant for a refuse landfill matched with a vertical rod spray deodorization device is a deodorization method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the plant deodorant is prepared from the following raw materials in a formula shown in table 1:
preparation of mixed oil emulsion: mixing citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen biotae essential oil and vanillin uniformly, slowly adding an emulsifier, stirring uniformly, and adding a proper amount of water to prepare the essential oil microemulsion. Wherein the emulsifier is Tween-80 and citric acid.
Preparing an extract mixed solution: adding Yucca extract, hederagenin, fructus Aurantii Immaturus extract, apple polyphenol and tea polyphenol into deionized water, and stirring to obtain extract mixture.
③ preparing a film-forming agent: adding a proper amount of deionized water into triethanolamine to dissolve, then adding a mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and isothiazolinone, and stirring uniformly.
Preparing a plant deodorant: adding a small amount of deionized water into the film forming agent for water swelling, then adding a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly stirring, then adding the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed liquid and the rest deionized water, and uniformly mixing to obtain the emulsion. The amount of deionized water remaining there is the total amount of deionized water required-used deionized water (used deionized water in the above step).
(2) The pole setting spraying equipment is installed, installs a plurality of pole setting spray columns around the landfill operation district with interval 10m, is connected to the water source through PE defeated medicine pipeline with high-pressure pump, definite ratio diluter, medicine storage tank, water softener, and PE defeated medicine pipe adopts quick connector to connect convenient the dismantlement. The bottom surface of the upright rod spray column takes the buried reinforced concrete pouring base as a fixing piece, the upright rod spray column and the fixing piece are fixedly connected through screws, and the upward inclination angle of a spray head of the upright rod spray column is set to be 45 degrees so as to carry out parabolic spraying in the air.
(3) Adding the plant deodorant, namely adding the plant deodorant prepared in the step (1) into a medicine storage tank.
(4) Preparing spraying liquid, and controlling the plant deodorant and softened water in the medicine barrel according to a ratio of 3: 97 into a medicine mixing box to prepare the spraying liquid.
(5) Spraying, wherein a PLC control system of the upright rod spraying equipment controls a high-pressure pump to atomize the liquid medicine in the medicine mixing tank into 8 mu m tiny particles through an atomizing nozzle on the upright rod, and the spraying time is 10min at intervals of 1h, and the tiny particles are sprayed to the surface of a garbage pile.
Example 3
A plant deodorant for a refuse landfill matched with a vertical rod spray deodorization device is a deodorization method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the plant deodorant is prepared from the following raw materials in a formula shown in table 1:
preparation of mixed oil emulsion: mixing citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen Platycladi oil, and vanillin uniformly, slowly adding emulsifier, stirring uniformly, adding appropriate amount of water, and making into essential oil microemulsion. Wherein the emulsifier is Tween-80 and citric acid.
Preparing an extract mixed solution: adding yucca extract, hederagenin, fructus Aurantii Immaturus extract, apple polyphenol and tea polyphenol into deionized water, and stirring to obtain extract mixture.
③ preparing a film-forming agent: adding a proper amount of deionized water into triethanolamine to dissolve, then adding a mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and isothiazolinone, and stirring uniformly.
Preparing a plant deodorant: adding a small amount of deionized water into the film forming agent for water swelling, then adding a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly stirring, then adding the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed liquid and the rest deionized water, and uniformly mixing to obtain the emulsion. The amount of deionized water remaining there is the total amount of deionized water required-used deionized water (used deionized water in the above step).
(2) The pole setting spraying equipment is installed, installs a plurality of pole setting spray columns around the landfill operation district with interval 5m, is connected to the water source through PE defeated medicine pipeline with high-pressure pump, definite ratio diluter, medicine storage tank, water softener, and PE defeated medicine pipe adopts quick connector to connect convenient the dismantlement. The bottom surface of the upright rod spray column takes the buried reinforced concrete pouring base as a fixing piece, the upright rod spray column and the fixing piece are fixedly connected through screws, and the upward inclination angle of a spray head of the upright rod spray column is set to be 45 degrees so as to carry out parabolic spraying in the air.
(3) Adding the plant deodorant prepared in the step (1) into a medicine storage tank.
(4) Preparing spraying liquid, and controlling the plant deodorant and softened water in the medicine barrel according to a ratio of 3: 97 into a medicine mixing box to prepare the spraying liquid.
(5) Spraying, wherein a PLC control system of the upright rod spraying equipment controls a high-pressure pump to atomize the liquid medicine in the medicine mixing tank into 10-micron micro particles through an atomizing nozzle on the upright rod, and the spraying time is 10min at intervals of 1h, so that the liquid medicine is sprayed to the surface of a garbage pile.
TABLE 1 plant deodorant raw materials ratio
The results of comparative tests performed in the same landfill by using examples 1, 2 and 3 of the present invention, a control group 1 (no film agent added to the plant deodorant in example 1), a control group 2 (the plant deodorant in example 1 was sprayed by a fog gun truck), a control group 3 (tap water was directly sprayed without a deodorant by using a vertical bar spray device in example 1), and the odor removal rate of the deodorant was judged by using a representative odor component in the landfill as a marker, and the test results before and after application were used to judge the drug effect time of the deodorant, and the results are shown in table 2 below:
TABLE 2 test results
The above experiments showed that the odor removal rates of examples 1, 2 and 3 were higher than those of the control group. The plant deodorant of the invention is matched with a vertical rod spraying system to effectively control the odor of the refuse landfill.
Example 1 in comparison with control 1, the two groups of examples showed almost the same deodorizing effect when sprayed with the insecticide, but the plant deodorant with the film-forming agent was significantly superior to the plant deodorant without the film-forming agent in the duration of the odor control time. The film-forming agent is added into the deodorant, and a layer of covering film is formed on the surface of the garbage pile in the application process, so that the duration of the drug effect of the deodorant can be effectively prolonged, and the deodorant has excellent deodorizing and bacteriostasis effects.
Example 1 compared with control 2, example 1 using the same deodorant was significantly superior to control 2 in odor removal rate and duration of drug effect. The deodorizing method of the invention is inferior to the deodorizing method of the invention in that the deodorizing effect of completely covering the garbage pile can not be guaranteed even if the fog gun vehicle is used for fine spraying.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is specific and detailed, but not to be understood as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method of deodorising a landfill, comprising the steps of:
s1, preparing a plant deodorant:
adding a small amount of deionized water into the film forming agent for swelling, then adding a proper amount of deionized water, uniformly stirring, then adding the mixed oil emulsion, the extract mixed solution and the deionized water, and uniformly mixing to obtain the emulsion;
configuration of the mixed oil emulsion: uniformly mixing citronella oil, chinaberry oil, cacumen biotae essential oil and vanillin, uniformly stirring the obtained mixture with an emulsifier, and adding a proper amount of deionized water to uniformly mix for later use;
preparing the extract mixed solution: adding yucca extract, hederagenin, fructus Aurantii Immaturus extract, apple polyphenol and tea polyphenol into deionized water, and stirring;
s2, installing a vertical rod spraying device:
installing a plurality of upright rod spray columns around a landfill operation area of a landfill, and connecting a high-pressure pump, a constant-ratio diluter, a medicine storage tank and a water softener with a water source through a PE medicine conveying pipe, wherein the PE medicine conveying pipe is connected by a quick-plug connector so as to be convenient to disassemble;
s3, adding the plant deodorant prepared in the step S1 into a medicine storage tank;
s4, preparing a spraying liquid:
by adjusting the fixed ratio diluter, the deodorant and softened water in the medicine barrel are controlled to be mixed according to the ratio of 3: 97 into a medicine mixing box to prepare spraying liquid;
s5, spraying:
and the high-pressure pump is controlled by a PLC control system of the upright rod spraying equipment to atomize the liquid medicine in the medicine mixing tank into 5-10 mu m tiny particles through the atomizing nozzles on the upright rods, and the tiny particles are sprayed onto the garbage surface of a landfill.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the film-forming agent is a mixture of at least one of the following ingredients in a mass ratio of 1: 0.05: 3, triethanolamine, isothiazolinone, hydroxyethyl cellulose, the preparation method of the film-forming agent is as follows: adding a proper amount of deionized water into triethanolamine to dissolve, then adding a mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and isothiazolinone, and uniformly stirring.
3. The deodorization method for a refuse landfill according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the plant deodorant in the step S1 is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 2 to 4 percent of citronella oil, 2 to 4 percent of chinaberry oil, 1 to 3 percent of arborvitae tops essential oil, 1 to 2 percent of vanillin, 1 to 2 percent of yucca extract, 1 to 2 percent of hedera helix saponin, 0.5 to 1 percent of immature bitter orange extract, 2 to 4 percent of apple polyphenol, 2 to 4 percent of tea polyphenol, 2 to 5 percent of emulsifier and 0.5 to 2 percent of film-forming agent.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the emulsifier is a mixture of an emulsifier and a water in a mass ratio of 3-7: 1 tween-80 and citric acid.
5. A method of deodorising a landfill according to claim 3, wherein the citronella oil has as major components citronellal and citronellol; the main component of the neem oil is azadirachtin; the main component of the cacumen biotae essential oil is cedrol.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the upright spray posts are spaced apart from each other by 5 to 10m in step S2, the bottom surfaces of the upright spray posts are fixed to each other by screws using a poured foundation of embedded reinforced concrete, and the nozzles of the upright spray posts are inclined upward at 45 °.
7. The method for deodorizing a refuse landfill according to claim 1, wherein the time period of each spraying in step S5 is 10min, and the fine particles after the atomization are 8 μm.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the pole spray apparatus further comprises an odor-sensitive intelligent control system, a motor overload protection system, an automatic water-shortage protection system, a water-shortage, drug-shortage alarm device, and a malfunction alarm device.
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