CN114650909A - 对相对离散的冲击类型具有更好的抵抗力的层压窗玻璃 - Google Patents

对相对离散的冲击类型具有更好的抵抗力的层压窗玻璃 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114650909A
CN114650909A CN202080080442.5A CN202080080442A CN114650909A CN 114650909 A CN114650909 A CN 114650909A CN 202080080442 A CN202080080442 A CN 202080080442A CN 114650909 A CN114650909 A CN 114650909A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
equal
laminated glazing
thickness
polymeric material
glazing according
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Pending
Application number
CN202080080442.5A
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English (en)
Inventor
T·通杜
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Publication date
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Publication of CN114650909A publication Critical patent/CN114650909A/zh
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Abstract

本发明涉及：‑一种层压窗玻璃(1)，其包括：通过4‑10mm厚的中间粘合剂层与0.5‑4mm厚的玻璃片材粘合的透明结构基材(2)，该玻璃片材旨在构成层压窗玻璃的外表面，该中间粘合剂层依次包括与玻璃片材(2)接触的0.25‑2.5mm厚的第一柔性聚合物材料(4a)，该第一柔性聚合物材料，对于至少等于10分钟的松弛时间，在至少等于‑40℃的温度下，具有至多等于2GPa的松弛模量，然后是一定厚度的第二刚性聚合物材料，第二刚性聚合物材料，对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数，在至多等于40℃的温度下，具有至少等于4GPa的松弛模量。‑其作为用于空中、陆地或水上交通工具或用于建筑物的窗玻璃的应用。

Description

对相对离散的冲击类型具有更好的抵抗力的层压窗玻璃
本发明涉及一种用于空中、陆地或水上交通工具或用于建筑物的窗玻璃，优选地是航空窗玻璃，其在包括冰雹和小鸟在内的多种类型的撞击中具有提高的性能。更特别关注的是带有加热窗玻璃的飞机，例如公务机(英文为“business jets”)、由ATR公司出售的支线飞机，例如商用飞机、中程飞机、长途飞机等。
飞机的挡风玻璃尤其由具有主要机械功能(抗压力应力和抗最大的鸟类的冲击)的“结构”块组成，该“结构”块例如通过层压与例如提供与飞机外部的界面玻璃片材(或层板)相结合。该片材由于具有加热功能，允许防止在飞行中出现霜冻；它还必须承受挡风玻璃刮水器和喷砂。
由于玻璃具有良好的抗划伤性能、良好的热性能以及应用传递高比功率的导热层的可能性，这些限制使得玻璃成为该外层板的选择材料。
此外，出于空气动力学连续性的原因，使外部玻璃与相对厚的中间粘合剂垫层压。在这里，中间粘合剂表示将两个矿物和/或有机玻璃片材彼此粘合在一起的聚合物材料。作为有机玻璃的例子，提到了聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氨酯(PU)，和作为中间粘合剂的例子，提到了聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)，乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)。
由于中间粘合剂垫的相对高的厚度，外部玻璃在冰雹(直径最高达50mm)或小鸟的冲击下弯曲可直至其破裂。这种约束阻止了该外部玻璃的厚度(通常为3mm)被减小。然而，减小该厚度可以允许减少窗玻璃的质量。
如果减少外部玻璃的厚度，其抗冰雹性能本征地是更低的，并且市中间层垫变厚以保持空气动力学连续性。
拆卸窗玻璃的常见原因仍然是它们在冰雹或小鸟的撞击下破裂。
为了克服这些缺点，本发明的一个主题是一种层压窗玻璃，其包括：通过厚度为4-10mm的粘合性中间层与厚度为0.5-4mm的玻璃片材粘合的透明结构基材，该玻璃片材旨在构成层压窗玻璃的外表面，其特征在于粘合性中间层连续包括与玻璃片材接触的厚度为0.25-2.5mm的第一柔性聚合物材料，该第一柔性聚合物材料，对于至少等于10分钟的弛豫时间，在至少等于-40℃的温度下，具有至多等于2GPa的松弛模量，然后是一定厚度的第二刚性聚合物材料，该第二刚性聚合物材料对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数，在最多等于40℃的温度下(代表冰雹对飞机的撞击条件)，具有至少等于4GPa的松弛模量。
由于在窗玻璃的生产和使用阶段中的机械和热机械应力，玻璃的粘合中间层的柔性性能是希望的以限制在玻璃中可能导致其破裂的过度应力，或在可能导致分层的粘合界面。由于这些原因，在中间玻璃(或从外部大气开始的第二个)和外部玻璃之间结合一种能够实现对冰雹的良好性能的“刚性”聚合物材料和一种允许限制在窗玻璃中的热机械和的机械应力的“柔性”聚合物材料是有利的。刚性材料的刚度作为典型冲击应力的函数进行评估，而柔性材料的刚度是对于热机械和机械应力(特别地与飞机增压速率相关)进行评估。
透明结构基材由玻璃片材或更常见地由多个层压板组成，其累积厚度相对较大以承担上述机械功能。它可以是矿物玻璃，也可以是有机玻璃，例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)或聚氨酯(PU)。
通过本发明，粘合性中间层的增加的刚度限制了玻璃片材的变形，并因此抵抗了导致破损的冰雹或小鸟的冲击速度。因此，可以使用更薄的玻璃片材，从而减少层压窗玻璃的质量。
优选地，粘合性中间层的厚度的40%-90%由所述第二刚性聚合物材料组成，并且该厚度的10%-60%由所述第一柔性聚合物材料组成。
优选地，所述第一柔性聚合物材料的厚度插入在所述第二刚性聚合物材料的厚度和所述透明结构基材之间并与之接触。
优选地，在至少等于-40℃的温度下，对于至少等于10分钟的弛豫时间，所述第一聚合物材料的松弛模量至多等于2GPa，优选地为0.5GPa。
优选地，对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数，在至多等于40℃的温度下，所述第二聚合物材料的弹性模量至少等于5GPa。
优选地，玻璃片材的厚度在1.5-3mm之间。
优选地，所述玻璃片材由化学增韧玻璃组成，特别是钠钙或铝硅酸盐类型的玻璃，或者是热钢化的。
优选地，透明结构基材包括至少一个玻璃片材或多个层压板(特别是铝硅酸盐或钠钙类型)，其中至少一个可以化学增韧；在这里，术语“玻璃”还表示透明结构有机聚合物材料，例如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚酯，如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)等。
优选地，所述第一聚合物材料选自热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)，单独的或作为它们中数种的混合物或共聚物。
优选地，所述第二聚合物材料选自聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚酯，如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)，单独或作为它们中数种的混合物或共聚物。
通常，所述第二刚性聚合物材料延伸到所述玻璃片材的边缘。然而，优选地，所述第二刚性聚合物材料相对于所述玻璃片材的边缘缩进。这种布置使窗玻璃的外围(最受低温影响的区域)更加柔性，从而提高了可靠性。这种对刚性和柔性聚合物材料之间界面的封装限制了分层的风险。此外，因此释放空间用于使连接元件延伸。
优选地，旨在构成层压窗玻璃的外表面的玻璃片材和刚性聚合物材料相对于透明结构基材缩进，以便不形成层压窗玻璃的附接件的一部分。
本发明的另一个主题包括如上所述的层压窗玻璃作为用于空中、陆上或水上交通工具或用于建筑物的窗玻璃，特别地用作为飞机窗玻璃的应用。
附图图示了本发明：
[图1]示意性地表示根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的横截面。
[图2]是表示第二系列冰雹冲击试验结果的图表。
[图3]是根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的示意性横截面图，其外部玻璃片材和刚性聚合物材料相对于透明结构基材缩进，以便不形成层压窗玻璃的附接件的一部分。
[图4]示意性地表示了图3中的窗玻璃与飞机机舱的附接。
[图5]示意性地表示根据本发明的层压窗玻璃的横截面，其与图3的层压窗玻璃的不同之处仅在于相对于外部玻璃片材缩进的刚性聚合物材料。
这种层压窗玻璃包括两个主要玻璃元件：透明结构基材或块1和玻璃片材2，玻璃片材2用于与外部大气接触，从外部大气可以产生相对离散/轻微的冲击，例如冰雹或小鸟。
构成透明结构块1以保证层压窗玻璃具有所需的所有机械强度，面对例如飞机可能承受的压力变化和最大的冲击(例如大鸟类)的机械强度。它由两个通过厚度为2.28毫米(该厚度通常可以在1.5-3毫米之间)的PVB层6相互粘合的8毫米厚的化学增韧铝硅酸盐玻璃片材1a和1b构成。
玻璃片材2由厚度为1.5-3mm的化学增韧钠钙玻璃制成。它通过相对厚的粘合性中间层3粘合到透明结构块1上。在冰雹类型的准离散冲击的情况下，构成该粘合性中间层3的垫子在玻璃片材2下方变形，从而使其能够在冲击的作用下弯曲。
粘合性中间层3由厚度为1-9mm的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)层5组成，其位于两个厚度分别为0.25-2.5mm和0.25-5mm的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)层4a和4b之间。对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数和在至多等于40℃温度下，PMMA 5的松弛模量在6-7GPa之间，对于至少等于10分钟的弛豫时间和在至少等于-40℃的温度下，TPU松弛模量为1GPa。
为了进行冰雹冲击试验，使用了500mm×500mm的试样，该试样由单体结构层材和暴露于冰雹的玻璃组成，它们通过中间层垫(TPU)彼此粘合，该中间垫任选地由PMMA增强。这些层压窗玻璃的组成如下表所示。
[表1]
玻璃的名称 结构层材 暴露在冰雹中的玻璃 中间层(mm) / PMMA (mm) / 中间层 (mm) 外部玻璃+ 中间层+ PMMA (mm)
标准 玻璃8 mm 2.8 mm半钢化 7.2/0/0 10.0
轻量化 玻璃8 mm 1.6 mm CT 7.2/0/0 8.8
增强型 玻璃8 mm 2.8 mm半钢化 1.25/4.5/1.25 9.8
轻量化增强型 玻璃8 mm 1.6 mm CT 1.25/6/1.25 10.1
增强型PMMA PMMA 18 mm 1.6 mm CT 1.25/0/0 2.85
这五个层压窗玻璃以递增的速度(5m/s的增量)经受直径为25mm的冰雹的射击直到破裂。对于每种层压窗玻璃组成使用十个测试样品。结果如图2所示，其中
-标准玻璃由黑色圆圈表示；
-轻量化玻璃由白色圆圈表示，
-增强型玻璃由黑色方块表示，
-轻量化增强型玻璃由白色方块表示，和
-增强型 PMMA玻璃由灰色三角形表示。
图2显示：
-在没有增强体的情况下减薄外部玻璃在面对冰雹导致脆化，
-用PMMA代替2/3的中间层使防冰雹性能翻倍，并且
-轻量化增强玻璃比标准玻璃更好抵抗冰雹，同时重量减轻1.8kg/m2。
图3显示了旨在与外部大气接触的玻璃片材2和根据本发明的复合粘合性中间层4a、5、4b，它们相对于透明结构基材1a、6、1b缩进。
在图4中，图3的中间层4a、5、4b已被描绘为具有附图标记3的单个块。允许实现与飞机机舱的机械连接(附接)，或者夹紧或螺栓连接的窗玻璃的部件由两个虚线区域表示。玻璃片材2和中间层3(包括刚性聚合物材料5)不是层压窗玻璃的附接件的一部分。调整玻璃片材2和中间层3的总厚度以与压力玻璃(presse glace)7一起实现空气动力学连续性，压力玻璃的厚度本身由承受压力作用的需要决定。玻璃片材2的材料确保了耐磨性，以及支持基于ITO(掺锡氧化铟)的具有防结冰功能的加热层的可能性。中间层3因此由三个密度为玻璃2密度的1/2.5的聚合物材料层组成。为了减轻重量，有利的是使玻璃片材2的厚度最小化，从而增加中间层3的厚度。为了增加抗冰雹性，本发明使用如上所述的复合中间层，其中特别重要的是柔性聚合物材料层4a不是过厚的。
在图5中，刚性聚合物材料5相对于外部玻璃片材2缩进。聚合物材料5的缩进周边部分通过由具有与柔性聚合物材料4a、4b相同特性的柔性聚合物材料4c填充或堵塞而进行延伸。

Claims (13)

1.一种层压窗玻璃(1)，其包括透明结构基材(2)，该透明结构基材通过4-10mm厚的粘合性中间层与0.5-4mm厚的玻璃片材粘合，该玻璃片材旨在构成层压窗玻璃的外表面，其特征在于粘合性中间层(3)依次包括与玻璃片材(2)接触的0.25-2.5mm厚度的第一柔性聚合物材料(4a)，该第一柔性聚合物材料，对于至少等于10分钟的弛豫时间，在至少等于-40℃的温度下具有至多等于2GPa的松弛模量，然后是一定厚度的第二刚性聚合物材料(5)，该第二刚性聚合物材料，对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数和在至多等于40℃的温度下，具有至少等于4GPa的松弛模量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述粘合性中间层(3)的厚度的40％-90％由所述第二刚性聚合物材料(5)构成，和该厚度的10％-60％由所述第一柔性聚合物材料(4a、4b)组成。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一柔性聚合物材料的厚度(4b)被插入在所述第二刚性聚合物材料的厚度(5)和所述透明结构基材(1)之间并与它们接触。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，对于至少等于10分钟的弛豫时间，在至少等于-40℃温度下，所述第一聚合物材料(4a，4b)的松弛模量至多等于0.5GPa。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，对于至多等于0.1毫秒的时间常数，在最多等于40℃的温度下，所述第二聚合物材料(5)的弹性模量至少等于5GPa。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述玻璃片材(2)的厚度为1.5-3mm。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述玻璃片材(2)由化学增韧玻璃，特别地钠钙或铝硅酸盐类型的玻璃组成，或者进行热钢化。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述透明结构基材(1)包括至少一个玻璃片材或多个层压板(1a、1b)，特别地为铝硅酸盐或钠钙类型，其中至少一个可以是化学增韧的。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第一聚合物材料(4a、4b)选自热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)，单独的或作为其中数种的混合物或共聚物。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第二聚合物材料(5)选自聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚酯如聚(对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)(PET)，单独的或作为其中数种的混合物或共聚物。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述第二刚性聚合物材料(5)相对于所述玻璃片材(2)的边缘缩进。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃，其特征在于，所述玻璃片材(2)和所述刚性聚合物材料(5)相对于所述透明结构基材(1；1a、6、1b)缩进，以免形成层压窗玻璃的附接件的一部分。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的层压窗玻璃作为用于空中、陆上或水上交通工具或用于建筑物的窗玻璃的应用。
CN202080080442.5A 2019-11-20 2020-11-18 对相对离散的冲击类型具有更好的抵抗力的层压窗玻璃 Pending CN114650909A (zh)

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EP0459704A1 (en) * 1990-05-26 1991-12-04 Triplex Aircraft And Special Products Limited Aircraft windshield
US5908675A (en) * 1995-08-10 1999-06-01 Flachglas Automotive Gmbh Glass laminate and method of making same
CN105408109A (zh) * 2013-04-22 2016-03-16 康宁股份有限公司 具有高的玻璃-聚合物中间层粘附的层叠玻璃结构
CN107000387A (zh) * 2014-12-11 2017-08-01 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 厚聚合物材料片材和薄玻璃片材的层压板
CN107107569A (zh) * 2014-12-29 2017-08-29 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 具有防碎薄玻璃片材的层压玻璃板

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GB2260512A (en) * 1991-10-16 1993-04-21 Triplex Aircraft And Special P Laminated window

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US4081581A (en) * 1974-04-01 1978-03-28 Ppg Industries, Inc. Laminated aircraft windshield
EP0459704A1 (en) * 1990-05-26 1991-12-04 Triplex Aircraft And Special Products Limited Aircraft windshield
US5908675A (en) * 1995-08-10 1999-06-01 Flachglas Automotive Gmbh Glass laminate and method of making same
CN105408109A (zh) * 2013-04-22 2016-03-16 康宁股份有限公司 具有高的玻璃-聚合物中间层粘附的层叠玻璃结构
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