CN114573960B - 一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用,属于降解材料技术领域。本发明在制备原料中加入发泡剂、交联剂和光引发剂,在加工过程中,发泡剂受热分解产生微小气泡,会包裹部分交联剂,被包裹的交联剂在加工时不与生物降解聚酯发生反应,均匀分散在已加工成型的薄膜材料中。在使用过程中,微小气泡破裂,释放被保护的交联剂,在光引发剂的作用下,逐渐与聚酯发生交联反应,能够有效减缓聚酯分子链的断裂或将断裂的分子重新部分连接,防止薄膜过早破裂,减缓降解速度。本发明薄膜材料在自然环境中的降解速率低,具有良好的耐候性,作为农业地膜时,能够在作物生长关键时期保持完整覆盖,并在覆盖过程中保持增温保墒、防杂草功能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及降解材料技术领域,特别涉及一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
生物降解塑料是有望代替传统聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯等塑料,减少“白色污染”问题的新型绿色材料。其来源广泛,性质多样,能够满足生产和生活中各种用途需求,并且在使用后能够在环境中被微生物利用分解成二氧化碳和水,有效避免环境污染。
然而,由于生物降解塑料制品在使用过程中易发生老化,会加速降解,缩短使用寿命,影响使用效果。例如,当生物降解薄膜材料用于农业生产时,由于自然环境中强烈的紫外光照射,生物降解薄膜材料极易发生老化,引起分子链发生严重断裂,从而导致其分子量和机械性能迅速下降、亲水性增强,降解过程加剧,寿命缩短,田间覆盖功能,如增温保墒、防治杂草等功能丧失,无法满足部分作物的生长需求。在我国大部分覆膜种植区域,常规厚度10μm左右的生物降解地膜田间完整覆盖期大概为40~60天。而很多作物田间安全覆盖期长于此,例如棉花为100~110天,玉米为70~85天,烟草为70~80天,常规的生物降解地膜难以满足其使用需求。
为了减缓生物降解薄膜材料在使用过程中发生老化而发生过早降解的问题,现有技术主要是添加光稳定助剂(包括紫外线吸收剂和抗紫外剂),有时辅以抗氧剂。例如,专利CN104744898 A一种全生物降解薄膜及其制备方法、专利CN109535675 A耐水解耐UV光老化生物降解塑料地膜及其制备方法、专利CN110117413A高原蔬菜种植用可降解地膜及其制备方法和应用等。但是现有技术中的紫外线吸收剂因为薄膜厚度往往只有几微米到几十微米,光程很短,紫外线吸收效果不明显;抗紫外剂往往也只能将寿命延长几天,不能很好解决生物降解薄膜耐候性差的问题。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明目的在于提供一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料在自然环境中的降解速率低,具有良好的耐候性。
为了实现上述发明目的,本发明提供以下技术方案:
本发明提供了一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料,包括以下质量份的制备原料:
生物降解聚酯 60~99.988份;
淀粉或改性淀粉 0~20份;
发泡剂 0.001~1份;
交联剂 0.01~2份;
光引发剂 0.001~1份;
紫外稳定剂 0~2份;
抗氧剂 0~2份;
增塑剂 0~2份;
润滑剂 0~2份;
色母 0~8份。
优选的,所述生物降解聚酯为聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚乳酸、聚碳酸亚丙酯和聚羟基烷酸酯中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述发泡剂为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲、偶氮二甲酰胺、N,N'-二亚硝基五次甲基四胺和4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述交联剂为过氧化物类交联剂、丙烯酰胺类交联剂、偶氮二异丁腈、异氰尿酸三烯丙酯、三聚氰酸三烯丙酯和三烯丙基三羟基丙烷醚中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述光引发剂为芳基重氮盐类光引发剂、芳基鎓盐类光引发剂、有机酮类光引发剂、偶苯酰、苯甲酰肟和氨基苯甲酸酯中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述紫外稳定剂为水杨酸酯类紫外稳定剂、苯甲酸酯类紫外稳定剂、二苯甲酮类紫外稳定剂、苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂、受阻胺类紫外稳定剂和三嗪类紫外稳定剂中的一种或几种;
所述抗氧剂为受阻酚类抗氧剂、胺类抗氧剂、亚磷酸酯类抗氧剂、硫醚类抗氧剂、三嗪类抗氧剂和双酚单丙烯酸酯类抗氧化剂的一种或几种;
所述增塑剂包括邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂、己二酸酯类增塑剂、柠檬酸酯类增塑剂、环氧类衍生物增塑剂和磺酸衍生物增塑剂的一种或几种;
所述润滑剂为脂肪酸酰胺类润滑剂、脂肪酸酯类润滑剂、烷烃类润滑剂、金属皂类润滑剂、硅氧烷类润滑剂和无机粉体类润滑剂的一种或几种。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合溶解,得到混合助剂分散液;
(2)将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,去除有机溶剂,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料;
(3)将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料加工成型,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
优选的,所述步骤(3)中加工成型为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,依次进行挤出、造粒和吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料;
或为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料依次进行挤出和造粒,将所得颗粒与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,进行吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
优选的,所述挤出为双螺杆挤出,所述双螺杆挤出的温度为130~195 ℃,螺杆转速为50~250 r/min;
所述吹塑成膜的温度为120~180 ℃。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜或包装材料的应用。
本发明提供了一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料,包括以下质量份的制备原料:生物降解聚酯 80~99.988份;淀粉或改性淀粉 0~20份;发泡剂 0.001~1份;交联剂 0.01~2份;光引发剂 0.001~1份;紫外稳定剂 0~2份;抗氧剂 0~2份;增塑剂 0~2份;润滑剂 0~2份;色母0~8份。本发明在制备原料中加入发泡剂、交联剂和光引发剂,在加工过程中,发泡剂受热分解产生微小气泡,会包裹部分交联剂,在气泡内包裹的交联剂在加工时不与生物降解聚酯发生反应,会作为受保护助剂均匀分散在已加工成型的生物降解薄膜材料中。在使用过程中,随着薄膜降解过程的进行,微小气泡破裂,释放被保护的交联剂,在光引发剂的作用下,逐渐与聚酯发生交联反应,能够有效减缓聚酯分子链的断裂或将断裂的分子重新部分连接,防止生物降解薄膜过早破裂,减缓其降解速度。在加工过程中,未被包裹的交联剂能够提升生物降解聚酯材料的分子链长度,使分子链在加工过程中发生横向联结,三维网络结构得到加强,从而提升生物降解地膜的机械性能。实施例结果表明,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料经老化后的纵向拉伸力值、纵向断裂伸长率、横向拉伸力值、横向断裂伸长率相比未老化前没有明显降低,甚至部分性能要优于未老化前;分子量多分散性指数Mw/Mn要低于对比例,说明本发明的耐候生物降解薄膜材料在使用过程中会发生分子重新连接;老化后的水接触角反而升高,说明老化后的生物降解薄膜材料疏水性高,不易与水接触发生降解。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的制备方法,本发明先将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合,得到混合助剂分散液,再将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,能够将发泡剂、交联剂和光引发剂均匀包裹在生物降解聚酯原料表面,有助于加工过程中产生的微小气泡对交联剂进行包裹以及使用过程中交联反应的进行。同时,本发明提供的制备方法操作简单,适合工业化批量生产。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜的应用。本发明耐候生物降解薄膜材料在自然环境中的降解速率低,具有良好的耐候性,作为农业地膜时,能够在作物生长关键时期保持完整覆盖,并在覆盖过程中保持增温保墒、防杂草功能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1老化前后分子量Mw分布对比;
图2为对比例1老化前后分子量Mw分布对比;
图3为实施例1薄膜老化前的水接触角;
图4为实施例1薄膜老化后的水接触角;
图5为对比例1薄膜老化前的水接触角;
图6为对比例1薄膜老化后的水接触角;
图7为实施例1与对比例1甜菜覆膜种植田间试验覆膜55天结果;
图8为实施例2与对比例3烟草覆膜种植田间试验覆膜64天结果。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料,包括以下质量份的制备原料:
生物降解聚酯 60~99.988份;
淀粉或改性淀粉 0~20份;
发泡剂 0.001~1份;
交联剂 0.01~2份;
光引发剂 0.001~1份;
紫外稳定剂 0~2份;
抗氧剂 0~2份;
增塑剂 0~2份;
润滑剂 0~2份;
色母 0~8份。
如无特殊说明,本发明所用原料的来源均为市售。
以质量份数计,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括60~99.988份的生物降解聚酯,优选为65~99.5份,更优选为80~99份,进一步优选为92-98份。在本发明中,所述生物降解聚酯优选为聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚乳酸、聚碳酸亚丙酯和聚羟基烷酸酯中的一种或几种,优选为聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0~20份的淀粉或改性淀粉,优选为1~15份,更优选为5~10份。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0.001~1份的发泡剂,优选为0.005~0.8份,更优选为0.01~0.6份,进一步优选为0.05~0.5份。在本发明中,所述发泡剂优选为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲、偶氮二甲酰胺、N,N'-二亚硝基五次甲基四胺和4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼中的一种或几种。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0.01~2份的交联剂,优选为0.05~1.5份,更优选为0.1~1.2份,进一步优选为0.2~0.8份。在本发明中,所述交联剂优选为过氧化物类交联剂、丙烯酰胺类交联剂、偶氮二异丁腈、异氰尿酸三烯丙酯、三聚氰酸三烯丙酯和三烯丙基三羟基丙烷醚中的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述过氧化物类交联剂优选为过氧化二异丙苯、二叔丁基过氧化二异丙苯、异丙苯过氧化氢、叔丁基过氧化氢、过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化十二酰、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯、过氧化特戊酸叔丁酯、过氧化二碳酸二异丙酯、过氧化二碳酸二环己酯和2,5-二甲基-2,5二叔丁基过氧化己烷中的一种或几种;所述丙烯酰胺类交联剂优选为N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和/或N,N-二甲基双丙烯酰胺。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0.001~1份的光引发剂,优选为0.005~0.8份,更优选为0.01~0.5份,进一步优选为0.01~0.4份。在本发明中,所述光引发剂优选为芳基重氮盐类光引发剂、芳基鎓盐类光引发剂、有机酮类光引发剂、偶苯酰、苯甲酰肟和氨基苯甲酸酯中的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述芳基鎓盐类光引发剂优选为芳基碘鎓盐、二芳基碘鎓盐、烷基芳基碘鎓盐、芳基硫鎓盐、三芳基硫鎓盐、二芳基溴鎓盐和三芳基硒鎓盐中的一种或几种;所述有机酮类光引发剂优选为二苯甲酮、苯乙酮、苄基缩酮、氨基酮、羟基酮和2-甲基-1-(4-甲硫基苯基)-2-吗啉基-1-丙酮中的一种或几种。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0~2份的紫外稳定剂,优选为0.1~1.5份,更优选为0.2~1份。在本发明中,所述紫外稳定剂优选为水杨酸酯类紫外稳定剂、苯甲酸酯类紫外稳定剂、二苯甲酮类紫外稳定剂、苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂、受阻胺类紫外稳定剂和三嗪类紫外稳定剂中的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述水杨酸酯类紫外稳定剂优选为水杨酸对叔辛基苯酯(OPS);所述苯甲酸酯类紫外稳定剂优选为3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸-2,4-二叔丁基苯酯(UV-120);所述二苯甲酮类紫外稳定剂优选为2-羟基-4-正辛氧基二苯甲酮(UV-531)或2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(UV-9);所述苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂优选为2'-(2'-羟基-3'-叔丁基-5'-甲基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑(UV-326)、2-(2'-羟基-5'-叔辛基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-329)、2-(2'-羟基-3',5'-二特丁基苯基)-5-氯苯并三唑(UV-327)和2-[2-羟基-3,5-二(1,1-二甲基丙基苯基)]-2H-苯并三唑(UV-328)中的一种或几种;所述受阻胺类紫外稳定剂优选为丁二酸与4-羟基-2,2,6,6,-四甲基-1-哌啶乙醇的聚合物(如BW-10LD或Tinuvin622LD)、1,6-己二胺\2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶胺\叔辛胺\三聚氯化氟的聚合物(944)、双(2,2,6,6,-四甲基哌啶基)癸二酸酯(770)、光稳定剂783(50%的622+50%的944)中的一种或几种;所述三嗪类紫外稳定剂优选为2-(4,6-二苯基-1,3,5-三嗪-2-基)-5-己基氧基-苯酚(1577)。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0~2份的抗氧剂,优选为0.1~1.5份,更优选为0.2~1份。在本发明中,所述抗氧剂优选为受阻酚类抗氧剂、胺类抗氧剂、亚磷酸酯类抗氧剂、硫醚类抗氧剂、三嗪类抗氧剂和双酚单丙烯酸酯类抗氧化剂的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述受阻酚类抗氧剂优选为四[β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸]季戊四醇酯(1010)、2,6-二叔丁级-4-甲基苯酚(264);所述亚磷酸酯类抗氧剂优选为三(壬基苯基)亚磷酸酯(TNP)和/或三[2.4-二叔丁基苯基]亚磷酸酯(168);所述硫醚类抗氧剂优选为硫代二丙酸双十八酯(DSTP);所述三嗪类抗氧剂优选为三[2-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)-丙酰基氧乙基]异氰酸酯(3125)、2-(4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苯氨基)-4,6-双(正辛基硫代)-1,3,5-三嗪(565)。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0~2份的润滑剂,优选为0.1~1.5份,更优选为0.2~1份。在本发明中,所述润滑剂优选为脂肪酸酰胺类润滑剂、脂肪酸酯类润滑剂、烷烃类润滑剂、金属皂类润滑剂、硅氧烷类润滑剂和无机粉体类润滑剂的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述脂肪酸酰胺类润滑剂优选为乙烯基双硬脂酰胺(EBS)、芥酸酰胺和油酸酰胺中的一种或几种,所述脂肪酸酯类润滑剂优选为甘油单硬脂酸酯(GMS);所述烷烃类润滑剂(也称为石蜡类润滑剂)优选为白油和/或聚乙烯蜡;所述金属皂类润滑剂优选为硬脂酸钙和/或硬脂酸镁;所述硅氧烷类润滑剂优选为聚二甲基硅氧烷;所述无机粉体类润滑剂优选为滑石粉、二氧化硅、纳米二氧化硅和云母中的一种或几种。在本发明中,所述润滑剂的粒径优选为20 nm~20 μm,更优选100nm~8 μm。
以所述生物降解聚酯的质量份数为基准,本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料包括0~8份的色母,优选为1~7份,更优选为2~5份。在本发明中,所述色母优选为炭黑;在本发明中,所述色母不含有聚烯烃类或其他不可生物降解聚酯。
在本发明中,所述耐候生物降解薄膜材料优选为耐候生物降解地膜。
在本发明中,所述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的厚度优选为3~100 μm,更优选为4~60μm,进一步优选为5~40 μm。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合溶解,得到混合助剂分散液;
(2)将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,去除有机溶剂,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料;
(3)将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料加工成型,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
本发明将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合溶解,得到混合助剂分散液。在本发明中,所述有机溶剂优选为甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、己二醇、丙酮、丁酮、1,1-二氯乙烷、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和环己烷中的一种或几种,更优选为乙醇。本发明使用有机溶剂将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂溶解以后再包覆在生物降解聚酯原料颗粒表面,形成薄薄一层,而不是以小颗粒的方式与生物降解聚酯原料颗粒混合,这样一方面能够均匀混合三种助剂,使其高效发挥作用;另一方面薄薄一层可以避免发泡剂因为发泡剧烈而导致的吹膜过程不稳定因素,也能够减少其对聚酯在加工过程中可能造成的材料缺陷。在本发明中,所述将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂的总质量与有机溶剂的体积比优选为1:50。
在本发明中,所述混合的方式优选为喷雾混合或搅拌混合。本发明对所述喷雾混合或搅拌混合的具体操作方式没有特殊的要求。
得到所述混合助剂分散液后,本发明将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,去除有机溶剂,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料。在本发明中,所述混合的方式优选为搅拌混合。在本发明中,所述搅拌混合的速率优选为20~2500 r/min,更优选为100~1000 r/min;所述搅拌的时间优选为0.5~10 min,更优选为2~6 min,进一步优选为5min。
本发明对所述去除有机溶剂的方式没有特殊的要求,使用本领域技术人员熟知的去除有机溶剂的方式即可。
得到所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料后,本发明将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料加工成型,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。在本发明中,所述加工成型优选为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,依次进行挤出、造粒和吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
在本发明中,所述混合的方式优选为熔融共混,所述熔融共混优选在双螺杆挤出机中进行。在本发明中,所述挤出优选为双螺杆挤出,所述双螺杆挤出的温度优选为130~195 ℃,更优选为150~180 ℃;螺杆转速优选为50~350 r/min,更优选为100~200 r/min。
所述挤出后造粒前,本发明优选进行冷却。在本发明中,所述冷却的方式优选为风冷或水冷,更优选为风冷;所述冷却后的温度优选为20~30 ℃。在本发明中,所述造粒的方式优选为切粒机切粒,所述造粒后所得颗粒的直径优选为2~6mm,更优选为2~4mm;长度优选为1~10 mm,更优选为3~6mm。
本发明优选使用单螺杆挤出机或双螺杆挤出机进行所述吹塑成膜,在本发明中,所述吹塑成膜的温度优选为120~180 ℃,更优选为140~160 ℃。
在本发明中,所述加工成型还优选为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料依次进行挤出和造粒,将所得颗粒与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,进行吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
在本发明中,所述挤出、造粒、吹塑成膜的具体操作方式优选与上文相同,在此不再赘述。
本发明提供了上述耐候生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜或包装材料的应用。本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料优选用于花生、甜菜、玉米、大蒜、加工番茄、水稻或烟草的覆膜种植。本发明耐候生物降解薄膜材料在自然环境中的降解速率低,具有良好的耐候性,作为农业地膜时,能够在作物生长关键时期保持完整覆盖,并在覆盖过程中保持增温保墒、防杂草功能。
在本发明中,所述包装材料优选为食品包装袋、保鲜膜、购物袋和快递袋中的一种或几种。本发明耐候生物降解薄膜材料降解速率低,具有良好的耐候性,用作可降解包装材料时能提高包装材料的使用寿命。
下面结合实施例对本发明提供的耐候生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法和应用进行详细的说明,但是不能把它们理解为对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
一种高耐候性生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 97.99份;
发泡剂 0.4份;
交联剂 0.5份;
光引发剂 0.01份;
紫外稳定剂 0.5份;
润滑剂 0.6份。
所述发泡剂为偶氮二甲酰胺;交联剂为过氧化二异丙苯;光引发剂为苄基缩酮;紫外稳定剂为2-(2'-羟基-5'-叔辛基苯基)苯并三唑(UV-329)与1,6-己二胺\2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶胺\叔辛胺\三聚氯化氟的聚合物(944),质量比为1:1混合;润滑剂为乙烯基双硬脂酰胺。
实施例2
一种高耐候性生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 82.095份;
聚碳酸亚丙酯 8份;
改性淀粉 5份;
发泡剂 0.3份;
交联剂 0.8份;
光引发剂 0.005份;
紫外稳定剂 0.8份;
抗氧剂 0.6份;
增塑剂 1.2份;
润滑剂 1.2份。
所述发泡剂为4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼;交联剂为过氧化二碳酸二异丙酯;光引发剂为2-甲基-1-(4-甲硫基苯基)-2-吗啉基-1-丙酮;紫外稳定剂为1,6-己二胺\2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶胺\叔辛胺\三聚氯化氟的聚合物和丁二酸\4-羟基-2,2,6,6,-四甲基-1-哌啶乙醇的聚合物(783);抗氧剂为2,6-二叔丁级-4-甲基苯酚(264)和四(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基)苯丙酸季戊四醇酯(1010)的混合物,质量比为1:1;增塑剂为柠檬酸三丁酯;润滑剂为芥酸酰胺和硬脂酸钙,质量比为1:2。
实施例3
一种高耐候性生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 97.7份;
发泡剂 0.5份;
交联剂 0.5份;
光引发剂 0.5份;
润滑剂 0.8份。
所述发泡剂为偶氮二甲酰胺;交联剂为N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺和过氧化二异丙苯,质量比为3:1;光引发剂为二苯甲酮;润滑剂为油酸酰胺和低分子量聚乙烯蜡,质量比为1:1。
实施例4
一种高耐候性生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 94.8份;
发泡剂 0.2份;
交联剂 0.5份;
光引发剂 0.2份;
紫外稳定剂 0.3份;
抗氧剂 0.2份;
润滑剂 0.8份;
色母 3份。
所述发泡剂为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲;交联剂为2,5-二甲基-2,5二叔丁基过氧化己烷;光引发剂为双(4-叔丁苯基)碘鎓六氟磷酸盐;紫外稳定剂为双(2,2,6,6,-四甲基哌啶基)癸二酸酯(770);抗氧剂为2-(4-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苯氨基)-4,6-双(正辛基硫代)-1,3,5-三嗪(565);润滑剂为滑石粉;色母为炭黑,不含有聚烯烃类或其他不可生物降解聚酯,含量为50%。
对比例1
一种生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 98.5份;
发泡剂 0.4份;
紫外稳定剂 0.5份;
润滑剂 0.6份。
此对比例与实施例1相比,不含有交联剂和光引发剂。其发泡剂、紫外稳定剂、润滑剂的种类与实施例1相同。
对比例2
一种生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 98.39份;
交联剂 0.5份;
光引发剂 0.01份;
紫外稳定剂 0.5份;
润滑剂 0.6份。
此对比例与实施例1相比,不含有发泡剂。其交联剂、光引发剂、紫外稳定剂、润滑剂的种类与实施例1相同。
对比例3
一种生物降解薄膜材料及其制备方法,其原料的重量份组成如下:
聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯 83.2份;
聚碳酸亚丙酯 8份;
改性淀粉 5份;
紫外稳定剂 0.8份;
抗氧剂 0.6份;
增塑剂 1.2份;
润滑剂 1.2份。
此对比例与实施例2相比,不含发泡剂、交联剂和光引发剂。其紫外稳定剂、抗氧剂、增塑剂和润滑剂的种类与实施例2相同。
其中实施例1~5与对比例1~3的制备方法为:
(1)将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与乙醇混合,得到混合助剂分散液(如不含发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂中的一种或几种,则省略加入);
(2)将所述混合助剂分散液采用喷雾干燥的方式与生物降解聚酯原料混合,待溶剂挥发完全,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料;
(3)将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料放入搅拌机混合,搅拌机搅拌速度为200 r/min,搅拌时间为5 min,将上述经混合的物料投入双螺杆挤出机熔融共混,所述双螺杆挤出机温度设定在130~195 ℃,螺杆转速为150 r/min,经风冷冷却至20 ℃,经切粒机切粒,得直径2~4 mm、长度3~6 mm的母粒;
(4)采用双螺杆挤出吹膜机,将所述母粒经多层共挤吹制成膜,螺杆的加工温度控制在120~180 ℃,得到厚度为10.0±1.0μm的生物降解薄膜材料。
对比例4
对比例4与实施例1制备原料种类及用量均相同,区别在于,制备方法为:
将全部制备原料放入搅拌机混合,搅拌机搅拌速度为200 r/min,搅拌时间为5min,将上述经混合的物料投入双螺杆挤出机熔融共混,所述双螺杆挤出机温度设定在130~195 ℃,螺杆转速为150 r/min,经风冷冷却至20 ℃,经切粒机切粒,得直径2~4 mm、长度3~6 mm的母粒;
采用双螺杆挤出吹膜机,将所述母粒经多层共挤吹制成膜,螺杆的加工温度控制在120~180 ℃,得到厚度为10.0±1.0μm的生物降解薄膜材料。
对实施例1~4和对比例1~4所得生物降解薄膜材料的性能进行测试,所得结果见表1。
表1 实施例1~4和对比例1~4所得生物降解薄膜材料的性能测试结果a
注:
a 表中横纵向拉伸力值和断裂伸长率测试依据GB/T 35795-2017 《全生物降解农用地面覆盖薄膜》进行。
b Mw为重均分子量,Mn为数均分子量,Mw/Mn为分子量多分散性指数,重均分子量与数均分子量的比值,该数值越大分子量分布越广。
c 接触角θ是薄膜材料、水滴、空气三相交界处,自固-液界面经过液体内部到气-液界面之间的夹角,该角度越小,表示薄膜材料亲水性越好,在环境中越容易与水分接触而发生降解。
d 老化指人工加速老化,试验方法按照GB/T 16422.2-2014《塑料 实验室光源暴露试验方法 第2部分:氙弧灯》的规定进行:辐照方式采用方法A,辐照度为窄带(340 nm)0.51 W / (m2·nm),温度控制采用黑标温度计,暴露循环采用循环序号1,持续时间100小时。
其中,实施例1老化前后分子量Mw分布对比如图1所示,对比例1老化前后分子量Mw分布对比如图2所示。由图1和图2可以看出,对比例1中的薄膜老化后,平均分子量下降严重,而实施例1薄膜老化后,平均分子量与老化前基本相同。
实施例1薄膜老化前的水接触角如图3所示,图3中两张图为两次平行测试;老化后的水接触角如图4所示,图4中两张图为两次平行测试。对比例1薄膜老化前的水接触角如图5所示,图5中两张图为两次平行测试;老化后的水接触角如图6所示,图6中两张图为两次平行测试。由图3~6可以看出,对比例1中的薄膜老化后,接触角变小,说明其亲水性增强,薄膜更容易发生生物降解,而实施例1中的薄膜老化后,接触角反而增大,其亲水性下降,不易发生降解。
应用例1
将实施例1~4和对比例1~4所得生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜用于花生、甜菜、玉米、大蒜、加工番茄、水稻和烟草等作物的覆膜种植,采用定期调查的方式对8种薄膜材料的覆盖情况进行监测。监测方法为:每7天(覆盖30~70天时每3天)开展田间调查,每个处理随机选取0.4 m×5 m,当膜面出现3个及以上直径为3 cm含)以上的孔洞或长度10 cm(含)以上的裂纹时,判定其开始降解,完整覆盖期结束。其中,实施例1~4和对比例1~4所得生物降解薄膜材料对于不同作物的田间完整覆盖期如表2所示。
表2 实施例1~4和对比例1~4所得生物降解薄膜材料的田间完整覆盖期
其中,实施例1和对比例1所得生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜用于甜菜的覆膜种植时,覆膜55天后的实物图如图7所示。由图7可以看出,实施例1所得生物降解薄膜材料未出现明显降解迹象,而对比例1所得生物降解薄膜材料已经出现较为明显的孔洞和较大裂缝。
实施例2和对比例3所得生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜用于烟草的覆膜种植时,覆膜64天后的实物图如图8所示。由图8可以看出,实施例2所得生物降解薄膜材料未出现明显降解迹象,而对比例3所得生物降解薄膜材料已经出现较为明显的孔洞和较大裂缝。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种耐候生物降解薄膜材料,包括以下质量份的制备原料:
生物降解聚酯 60~99.988份;
淀粉或改性淀粉 0~20份;
发泡剂 0.001~1份;
交联剂 0.01~2份;
光引发剂 0.001~1份;
紫外稳定剂 0~2份;
抗氧剂 0~2份;
增塑剂 0~2份;
润滑剂 0~2份;
色母 0~8份;
所述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合溶解,得到混合助剂分散液;
(2)将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,去除有机溶剂,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料;
(3)将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料加工成型,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的耐候生物降解薄膜材料,其特征在于,所述生物降解聚酯为聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯、聚乳酸、聚碳酸亚丙酯和聚羟基烷酸酯中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的耐候生物降解薄膜材料,其特征在于,所述发泡剂为对甲苯磺酰氨基脲、偶氮二甲酰胺、N,N'-二亚硝基五次甲基四胺和4,4'-氧代双苯磺酰肼中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的耐候生物降解薄膜材料,其特征在于,所述交联剂为过氧化物类交联剂、丙烯酰胺类交联剂、偶氮二异丁腈、异氰脲酸三烯丙酯、三聚氰酸三烯丙酯和三烯丙基三羟基丙烷醚中的一种或几种。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的耐候生物降解薄膜材料,其特征在于,所述光引发剂为芳基重氮盐类光引发剂、芳基鎓盐类光引发剂、有机酮类光引发剂、苯甲酰肟和氨基苯甲酸酯中的一种或几种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的耐候生物降解薄膜材料,其特征在于,所述紫外稳定剂为水杨酸酯类紫外稳定剂、苯甲酸酯类紫外稳定剂、二苯甲酮类紫外稳定剂、苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂、受阻胺类紫外稳定剂和三嗪类紫外稳定剂中的一种或几种;
所述抗氧剂为受阻酚类抗氧剂、胺类抗氧剂、亚磷酸酯类抗氧剂、硫醚类抗氧剂、三嗪类抗氧剂和双酚单丙烯酸酯类抗氧化剂的一种或几种;
所述增塑剂包括邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂、己二酸酯类增塑剂、柠檬酸酯类增塑剂、环氧类衍生物增塑剂和磺酸衍生物增塑剂的一种或几种;
所述润滑剂为脂肪酸酰胺类润滑剂、脂肪酸酯类润滑剂、烷烃类润滑剂、金属皂类润滑剂、硅氧烷类润滑剂和无机粉体类润滑剂的一种或几种。
7.权利要求1~6任意一项所述耐候生物降解薄膜材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将发泡剂、交联剂、光引发剂与有机溶剂混合溶解,得到混合助剂分散液;
(2)将所述混合助剂分散液与生物降解聚酯原料混合,去除有机溶剂,得到包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料;
(3)将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料加工成型,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中加工成型为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,依次进行挤出、造粒和吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料;
或为:
将所述包裹有混合助剂的生物降解聚酯原料依次进行挤出和造粒,将所得颗粒与剩余耐候生物降解薄膜材料制备原料混合,进行吹塑成膜,得到耐候生物降解薄膜材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述挤出为双螺杆挤出,所述双螺杆挤出的温度为130~195 ℃,螺杆转速为50~250 r/min;
所述吹塑成膜的温度为120~180 ℃。
10.权利要求1~6任意一项所述耐候生物降解薄膜材料或权利要求7~9任意一项所述制备方法制备的耐候生物降解薄膜材料作为农业地膜或包装材料的应用。
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