CN114571058A - Solid additive manufacturing method of large-size block ultra-fine grain metal material - Google Patents
Solid additive manufacturing method of large-size block ultra-fine grain metal material Download PDFInfo
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- CN114571058A CN114571058A CN202210285213.8A CN202210285213A CN114571058A CN 114571058 A CN114571058 A CN 114571058A CN 202210285213 A CN202210285213 A CN 202210285213A CN 114571058 A CN114571058 A CN 114571058A
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/129—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding specially adapted for particular articles or workpieces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/26—Auxiliary equipment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y40/00—Auxiliary operations or equipment, e.g. for material handling
- B33Y40/10—Pre-treatment
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a solid additive manufacturing method for preparing a large-size block ultrafine-grained metal material, belonging to the field of preparation of metal materials. The method comprises the steps of firstly, rigidly fixing a metal substrate, and carrying out multi-pass friction stir processing on the metal substrate; secondly, the additive metal plate is fixed on a substrate which is machined and milled flat, layer-by-layer accumulative stirring friction lap welding is carried out by adopting the same machining path and machining parameters, and finally redundant materials are removed through machining. During the processing, the metal plate can be immersed in water and is accompanied by auxiliary cooling, and the heat input of a processing area is reduced to realize grain refinement. The method realizes the solid additive manufacturing of the large-size block metal material by combining a layered superposition mode on the basis of a stirring friction processing technology, does not generate the metallurgical defect of melting and solidification, can obtain the metal material with uniform superfine crystal structure and excellent mechanical property, and has the advantages of simplicity, convenience and low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metal material preparation, and particularly relates to a solid additive manufacturing method of a large-size block ultra-fine grain metal material.
Background
Grain size is the major microstructural factor affecting the strength and plasticity of a material, and it determines almost every aspect of the mechanical properties of the material. Therefore, ultra-fine grained materials have been subjected to extensive scientific research because of their excellent mechanical properties such as high strength and high hardness. However, for the preparation of large-area ultrafine grained metal materials, Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) technologies such as equal-diameter bending channel deformation (ECAP), cumulative rolling deformation (ARB), high-pressure torsional deformation (HPT), and the like, which are commonly used at present, have certain limitations: on one hand, the preparation process is complex and time-consuming, and is not beneficial to the industrial production of large-area ultrafine grained materials; on the other hand, the micro-structure of the SPD ultrafine crystal material is not uniform and has a large number of crystal defects, so that the mechanical properties such as stretching and fatigue of the SPD ultrafine crystal material are poor, and the application of the SPD ultrafine crystal material in practical engineering is limited.
At present, a metal melting additive manufacturing technology based on a welding principle gradually becomes a research hotspot of a material preparation process due to the advantages of rapid forming, flexibility, efficiency and the like, and has important application potential in the fields of rail transit, aerospace, medical equipment and the like. However, the complex, low energy utilization, and high cost of the melting additive manufacturing process still remain major challenges in the additive manufacturing field. In addition, the grain refinement degree is quite limited, and the prepared material has local defects caused by melting and solidification such as segregation, air holes, thermal cracks, metallurgical defects and the like, and is also a key problem that the melting additive manufacturing technology is restricted.
In recent years, Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has been rapidly developed as a novel plastic working technique based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW), and has become one of effective means for producing an ultrafine grained material. In the FSP process, because the material is dynamically recrystallized, the obtained superfine crystal material presents a uniform equiaxial crystal structure, has the characteristics of high proportion of high-angle grain boundaries, low dislocation density, weaker texture and the like, and presents a stable tissue structure, so the FSP superfine crystal material presents good strong plasticity and fatigue deformation resistance. However, the conventional single-pass FSP is difficult to prepare large-size block ultra-fine grain metal materials due to the limitation of tool size. In addition, in the friction stir additive manufacturing of the metal material in the conventional process, due to the influence of a heat affected zone, local structures are coarsened, so that the microstructure is uneven and the mechanical property is reduced.
In summary, it is necessary to improve the existing friction stir processing technology, develop a simple, convenient and low-cost solid additive manufacturing method to prepare large-size block ultra-fine grain metal materials, and expand the industrial production application of the ultra-fine grain materials.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the solid additive manufacturing method of the large-size block ultrafine-grained metal material, which has the advantages of simple process, no need of designing special processing equipment, low production cost and suitability for industrial popularization and application.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a solid additive manufacturing method of a large-size block ultrafine-grained metal material is characterized in that on the basis of a stirring friction processing technology, the solid additive manufacturing of the large-size metal material is realized by combining a layered superposition mode, and meanwhile, a metal plate is immersed in water for auxiliary cooling in the processing process, so that the processing area is at a lower temperature, and the large-size block ultrafine-grained metal material with uniform tissue is obtained. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) firstly, mechanically polishing the surface of a metal plate, and cleaning the metal plate by using alcohol or acetone;
(2) substrate material FSP treatment: the method comprises the following steps of (1) rigidly fixing a metal plate as a substrate, carrying out multi-pass friction stir processing by selecting a welding tool with a proper size and processing parameters, and immersing the metal plate in water for auxiliary cooling in the processing process;
(3) and (3) machining: mechanically processing and milling the metal plate subjected to friction stir processing in the step (2) to flatten the processed surface of the workpiece;
(4) solid additive manufacturing: fixing an additive metal plate on the metal plate treated in the step (3), performing multi-pass friction stir processing by adopting the same processing path and processing parameters as those in the step (2), and immersing the metal plate in water for auxiliary cooling in the processing process;
(5) solid additive manufacturing and molding: and (3) repeating the processes of the steps (3) to (4) for N times (N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0) according to design requirements, performing friction stir lap welding accumulated layer by layer, and finally, mechanically processing to remove redundant materials to realize solid additive manufacturing of the large-size block metal material.
The thickness of the metal plate as the substrate is 1-5mm, the welding tool material is selected from metal and composite materials (including but not limited to tool steel, high-temperature alloy, metal ceramic materials and the like) with the hardness of 45-52HRC, and the diameter of the shaft shoulder of the welding tool is 8-14 mm.
The parameters of the friction stir processing technology of the invention are as follows: the rotating speed of the stirring tool is 300-800 rpm, and the advancing speed is 40-80 mm/min; the temperature of a metal plate processing area can be reduced by adopting a flowing water auxiliary cooling mode in the processing process, the diameter of a water outlet of a water pipe is 3-6 mm, and the flow speed is 4-8L/min; the water temperature at the water outlet of the water pipe is 10-25 ℃.
The overlapping rate of the front secondary processing area and the rear secondary processing area in the multi-pass friction stir processing is 30-80%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention relates to a stirring friction additive manufacturing process, which belongs to the solid processing technology, wherein the material is not melted and solidified in the preparation process, so that the local defects of segregation, air holes, hot cracks, metallurgical defects and the like in the melting additive manufacturing process are avoided, and the process is suitable for preparing a high-density ultrafine crystal block material with uniform tissue.
2. The large-size block metal material prepared by the method has uniform and equiaxial ultrafine crystal structure, stable microstructure and excellent mechanical property.
3. The invention can realize solid-state additive manufacturing by adopting the traditional friction stir welding machine without developing special additive manufacturing equipment, shortens the process flow, improves the production efficiency and greatly saves the energy consumption and the production cost.
4. The solid additive manufacturing method of the large-size block ultrafine-grained metal material provided by the invention has important significance for industrial production of the ultrafine-grained material.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic process diagram of solid additive manufacturing according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a metallographic picture of example 1.
Fig. 3 is a photograph of the microstructure of example 2.
Fig. 4 is a microstructure picture of comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
For further understanding of the present invention, the following description is provided in conjunction with examples, which are provided to further illustrate features and advantages of the present invention, and not to limit the claims.
Example 1
The present embodiment is a solid additive manufacturing method for a pure copper plate, and the flow is shown in fig. 1, and the specific process is as follows:
a pure copper plate with the thickness of 2 mm is used as a base plate and is immersed in water, H13 tool steel stirring tools with the shaft shoulder diameter of 10 mm are adopted to carry out multi-pass friction stir processing, the lap joint overlapping rate between the front secondary processing area and the rear secondary processing area is 50%, the rotating speed of the stirring tools is 400 r/min, and the welding speed is 50 mm/min. In the processing process, the processing area is cooled by flowing water in an auxiliary way, the diameter of the water outlet of a water pipe used in the cooling process is 4 mm, the flow rate is 7 liters/min, and the water temperature at the water outlet is 10 ℃. And (3) mechanically processing and milling the processed substrate to enable the surface of the substrate to be flat, rigidly fixing the additive copper plate on the substrate, and carrying out multi-pass friction stir processing by adopting the same processing path and processing parameters. And repeating the steps to carry out stirring friction lap welding accumulated layer by layer, and finally obtaining the solid additive manufacturing copper plate with 3 layers of processing areas.
The solid additive manufactured pure copper plate obtained in the embodiment was subjected to texture analysis, the processing area was free of defects and the grain size was in an ultra-fine grain size (fig. 2); the mechanical property test is carried out on the solid additive manufactured pure copper plate obtained in the embodiment, and the average tensile strength is 465 MPa.
Example 2
A4-millimeter-thick pure copper plate is used as a substrate and immersed in water, a high-temperature alloy stirring tool with the diameter of a shaft shoulder of 14 millimeters is adopted for multi-pass friction stir processing, the overlapping rate of the front secondary processing area and the rear secondary processing area is 50%, the rotating speed of the stirring tool is 400 revolutions per minute, and the welding speed is 50 millimeters per minute. In the processing process, the processing area is cooled by flowing water in an auxiliary way, the diameter of the water outlet of a water pipe used in the cooling process is 4 mm, the flow rate is 7 liters/min, and the water temperature at the water outlet is 10 ℃. And (3) carrying out mechanical processing and milling on the processed substrate to enable the surface of the substrate to be flat, rigidly fixing the additive copper plate on the substrate, carrying out multi-pass friction stir processing by adopting the same processing path and processing parameters, repeating the steps to carry out friction stir lap welding accumulated layer by layer, and finally obtaining the solid additive manufacturing copper plate with 3 layers of processing areas.
The microstructure analysis of the solid additive manufactured pure copper plate obtained in the embodiment was performed, and the grain size of the processing area was uniform and at the ultra-fine grain size, as shown in fig. 3; the solid additive manufactured pure copper plate obtained in the embodiment is subjected to mechanical property test, and the average tensile strength is 435 MPa.
Comparative example 1:
an equal diameter curved channel deformation (ECAP) deformation was performed using a round bar-shaped pure copper sample having a length of 50 mm and a diameter of 14 mm. The ECAP test die consists of two mutually perpendicular channels of 14 mm diameter with an external angle of 30 ° and an internal angle of 90 °. After the surface of a round bar sample is coated with a lubricant, the round bar sample is placed into an inlet channel of a die and extruded at the room temperature at the speed of 10 mm/min, and the sample is rotated by 90 degrees in the same direction around the axial direction after each extrusion and is co-extruded for four times.
The microstructure analysis of the ECAP pure copper bar obtained in the comparative example was performed, and the microstructure was very uneven, as shown in fig. 4; the mechanical property test is carried out on the ECAP pure copper bar obtained in the comparative example, and the tensile strength is 390MPa in the room temperature tensile test.
Comparative example 2:
[Lykov P.A,Safonov E.V,Akhmedianov A.M.Selective Laser Melting of Copper.Mater Sci Forum,2016,843:284–288]
pure copper powder is atomized by gas, and 5 rectangular samples are prepared under argon atmosphere by adopting different process parameters (scanning speed, point distance, exposure time and scanning strategy).
When the pure copper sample obtained by the comparative example is observed by a scanning electron microscope, a large number of holes exist, the porosity is high, and CO is reduced to 200W2The laser printed pure copper relative density was only 88%.
Claims (9)
1. A solid additive manufacturing method of a large-size block ultra-fine grain metal material is characterized in that: the method is based on a stirring friction processing technology, realizes the solid additive manufacturing of large-size metal materials by combining a layered superposition mode, and simultaneously immerses the metal plates in water for auxiliary cooling in the processing process to ensure that a processing area is at a lower temperature, thereby obtaining the large-size block ultrafine crystal metal materials with uniform tissues.
2. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) mechanically polishing the surface of a metal plate, and cleaning the metal plate by using alcohol or acetone;
(2) rigidly fixing a metal plate serving as a substrate, selecting a friction stir welding tool with a proper size and processing parameters to perform multi-pass friction stir processing, and immersing the metal plate in water to perform auxiliary cooling in the processing process;
(3) machining and milling the surface of the metal plate machined in the step (2);
(4) fixing an additive metal plate on the metal plate treated in the step (3), performing multi-pass friction stir processing by adopting the same processing path and processing parameters as those in the step (2), and immersing the metal plate in water for auxiliary cooling in the processing process;
(5) and (4) repeating the processes of the steps (3) - (4) for N times (N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 0) according to requirements, performing friction stir lap welding accumulated layer by layer, and finally, mechanically processing to remove redundant materials to realize solid additive manufacturing of large-size block metal materials.
3. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (1), the thickness of the metal plate is 1-5 mm.
4. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2), the welding tool material is selected from metal or composite material with the hardness of 45-52HRC, and the diameter of the shaft shoulder of the welding tool is 8-14 mm.
5. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1 or 4, wherein: in the step (2), the welding tool material is selected from tool steel, high-temperature alloy or metal ceramic material with the hardness of 45-52 HRC.
6. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (2), the adopted parameters of the friction stir processing technology are as follows: the rotating speed of the stirring tool is 300-800 rpm, and the advancing speed is 40-80 mm/min.
7. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: in the step (2), the temperature of a metal plate processing area is reduced in a flowing water auxiliary cooling mode in the processing process, the diameter of a water outlet of a water pipe is 3-6 mm, and the flow rate is 4-8 liters per minute; the water temperature at the water outlet of the water pipe is 10-25 ℃.
8. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 2, wherein: in the step (2), the overlapping rate of the front secondary processing area and the rear secondary processing area in the multi-pass friction stir processing is 30-80%.
9. The method for preparing a large-sized bulk ultra-fine grained metal material according to claim 2, characterized in that: in the step (4), the material of the additive metal plate is the same as that of the metal plate in the step (1).
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115041808A (en) * | 2022-06-22 | 2022-09-13 | 南昌航空大学 | Material increase manufacturing method based on dynamic-static shaft shoulder composite stirring friction |
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