CN114568536A - 单菌发酵的酸奶油及其制备方法 - Google Patents
单菌发酵的酸奶油及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114568536A CN114568536A CN202210211853.4A CN202210211853A CN114568536A CN 114568536 A CN114568536 A CN 114568536A CN 202210211853 A CN202210211853 A CN 202210211853A CN 114568536 A CN114568536 A CN 114568536A
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- Prior art keywords
- sour cream
- butter
- acid
- cream
- fatty acid
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种单菌发酵的酸奶油及其制备方法。所述方法以能够降解黄油的德氏乳杆菌grx601作为发酵剂,发酵含有黄油的稀奶油制备酸奶油。本发明制得的酸奶油经长时间贮藏后,活菌数仍处于较高水平,且酸奶油中含有丰富的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,发酵后辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸的含量增加,且产生了己酸,赋予了酸奶油独特的脂香,具有品质好、营养价值高的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于酸奶油加工技术领域,涉及一种单菌发酵的酸奶油及其制备方法。
背景技术
酸奶油作为发酵乳制品的一种,含有丰富的营养成分与生物活性物质,如脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质、乳酸、维生素、氨基酸和乳糖等,还含有人体所需的必需脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸,营养价值极高。酸奶油和酸奶的特性相似,但是由于其乳脂肪含量高,因此功效作用和营养价值也更高。乳脂是一种重要的供能物质,极易被人体所吸收,并对人的健康成长和发育有着积极作用。
乳酸菌发酵剂的主要功能包括以下三种:酸化、改善质构、产生风味。乳酸菌能赋予酸奶油更高的营养价值以及丰富的口感和风味。但是目前能起到发酵酸奶油作用的发酵剂菌种主要是乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种双乙酰变种(又称乳酸乳球菌双乙酰亚种)和肠膜明串珠菌乳脂亚种等四种球菌,这些菌种通常不具备益生功能。中国专利申请202110160171公开了一种酸奶油的制备方法,发酵菌种由嗜热链球菌、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种、乳酸乳球菌双乙酰亚种、肠膜明串株菌肠膜亚种中的至少三种组成其他具有益生功能的乳酸菌大多不能很好地在酸奶油中发酵。中国专利201810842251公开了一株副干酪乳杆菌并应用于酸奶油发酵,可显著提升酸奶油的奶香味但其产酸能力较弱。
德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)是一种天然益生菌,已广泛应用于食品发酵、饲料工业、医药保健等行业,与人们的日常生产生活息息相关。德氏乳杆菌的来源广泛,常见于一些发酵食品中。已有许多研究表明,德氏乳杆菌具有调节机体免疫应答、调节肠道菌群微生态平衡、促进营养物质的消化吸收、降低胆固醇等功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种单菌发酵的酸奶油及其制备方法。该方法利用单菌发酵,制备的酸奶油品质较高,增加了游离脂肪酸的含量,提升了酸奶油的营养价值。
实现本发明目的的技术方案如下:
单菌发酵的酸奶油的制备方法,以保藏编号为CGMCC No.22691的德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601作为发酵剂,发酵含黄油的稀奶油。
本发明中,所述的含黄油的稀奶油由以下成分组成:脱脂乳粉,黄油,卡拉胶,酪蛋白酸钠,吐温80,大豆卵磷脂,聚甘油脂肪酸酯和水。
优选地,所述的含黄油的稀奶油,按质量百分比计由以下成分组成:5%脱脂乳粉,18%黄油,0.02%卡拉胶,1.1%酪蛋白酸钠,0.05%~0.15%吐温80,0.10%~0.30%大豆卵磷脂,0.10%~0.30%聚甘油脂肪酸酯,余量为去离子水。
在本发明具体实施方式中,所述的含黄油的稀奶油,按质量百分比计由以下成分组成:5%脱脂乳粉,18%黄油,0.02%卡拉胶,1.1%酪蛋白酸钠,0.1%吐温80,0.15%大豆卵磷脂,0.1%聚甘油脂肪酸酯,余量为去离子水。
本发明所述的制备方法的具体步骤为:先将含黄油的稀奶油进行均质、杀菌,降至室温后,接种德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601,室温下进行发酵,发酵结束后4℃下贮藏。
优选地,均质次数为2次,压力为15MPa;灭菌温度为85℃下,灭菌时间为15min。
优选地,德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601的接种量为1%~2%。
优选地,室温温度为25℃,发酵时间为24~30h。
本发明还提供上述制备方法制得的酸奶油。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
(1)目前实际生产中使用的稀奶油大多是从新鲜生牛乳中离心所得,其标准化难度较高,酸奶油的品质也易受其影响,且成本较高。本发明以配制的黄油基稀奶油作为原料,不仅成本低、储存期长、运输方便,更具商业价值,而且配方组成易于调整,更适合工业标准化生产,具有更高的应用价值。
(2)本发明使用的德氏乳杆菌grx601具有降解黄油的能力,其除了能够降解黄油脂肪产生游离脂肪酸,使脂肪酸含量增加。此外,以黄油基稀奶油为发酵基底,与单独的黄油发酵相比,还能利用稀奶油中的其他物质,使得游离脂肪酸种类有所增加,包括具有较强挥发性的己酸和辛酸;单不饱和脂肪酸十一烯酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、(Z)-十六烯酸、蓖麻油酸、顺-13-二十烯酸;多不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸、9C,11TR-共轭亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸。酸奶油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量的增加,提升了酸奶油的营养价值,中链脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、己酸具有较强的挥发性,其含量的增加可以赋予酸奶油独特的脂香。
附图表说明
图1为本发明酸奶油活菌数结果图。
图2为本发明酸奶油pH及酸度结果图。
图3为本发明酸奶油持水力结果图。
图4为本发明酸奶油粘度结果图。
图5为本发明酸奶油质构结果图。
图6为本发明酸奶油流变性质结果图。
表1为德氏乳杆菌grx601发酵黄油产生游离脂肪酸的组成和含量(%)。
表2为本发明酸奶油游离脂肪酸测定结果。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例、附图和表对本发明作进一步详述。下述实施例中采用的原料和试剂,如无特殊说明,均可商业购买获得。采用的发酵或检测方法,如无特殊说明,均为本领域常规使用的方法。
本发明中,所述的德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601,已在发明人所在实验室之前申请的中国专利2021108357322中充分公开。
本发明先进行菌种活化和稀奶油的制备,接着进行酸奶油的发酵,最后完成活菌数以及各项指标的测定。
下述实施例中的相关培养基及试剂配方以及测试方法如下。
1.实验用油脂
安佳黄油,油脂含量为82.9wt%,规格为无盐,生产厂家为新西兰恒天然集团。
2.实验用培养基
MRS培养基:葡萄糖20.0g、蛋白胨10.0g、无水乙酸钠5.0g、柠檬酸铵2.0g、磷酸氢二钾2.0g、七水硫酸镁0.2g、硫酸锰0.05g、吐温-80 1.0ml、牛肉膏10.0g、酵母提取物5.0g、水1.0L、琼脂15.0g。
3.主要测定方法
1)活菌数的测定
参照GB 4789.35—2016测定稀奶油乳酸菌数。
2)pH的测定
采用精密pH计(PHS-3E)测量。
3)酸度的测定
参照GB 5009.239—2016(酚酞指示法)测定。
4)滴定酸度的测定
根据GB 5009.239—2016,《食品安全国家标准食品酸度的测定》来测定样品的滴定酸度。
5)持水力的测定
酸奶油后熟后取约20g到50mL离心管中,样品质量为m,离心管质量为m2。以4000r/min,4℃条件下离心20min,弃清液后将离心管倒置约5min,离心后离心管和样品质量为m1。持水力计算如公式(1)所示:
式中:m1为离心后样品和离心管总质量,g;m2为离心管质量;m为样品质量,g。
6)粘度的测定
采用Brookfield DV-1 VISCOMETER黏度计进行测定。
7)质构的测定
利用食品物性分析仪对发酵后酸奶油的质构进行测定分析,主要包括硬度、弹性、内聚性和粘附性等质构特性,每个样品进行三次测定。测定参数如下:检测模式为两次压缩;测定前速度为1.0mm/s;测定速度为1.0mm/s;测定后速度为1.0mm/s;触发力为0.02N;探头直径为5mm;探头类型为P/5。
8)流变性质的测定
利用Kinexus Pro旋转流变仪测定发酵后酸奶油的流变特性,选用CP4/40转子测定酸奶油的表观粘度随剪切速率的变化,测定温度为25℃,剪切速率为0.01~100s-1,采集数为5。
9)游离脂肪酸含量测定
样品的甲酯化:称取5.0g发酵液样品置于25mL具塞试管中,加入5.0mL、2mol/L的KOH-甲醇溶液,漩涡混匀后置于50℃水浴中进行衍生化反应,每隔10min取出摇匀1次,30min后取出置于室温下放置2h,其间每隔0.5h摇匀1次。加入5mL异辛烷,漩涡提取30s,静置分层后取上层异辛烷相装入GC-MS样品瓶中,样品在进样前用0.22μm孔径的尼龙膜过滤。
气相色谱条件:进样量为1μL,不分流,进样口温度为250℃,正模式下离子源(EI源)温度为250℃,质量分析器为四级杆质量分析器,质谱裂解电压为70eV,质量扫描范围m/z为45-450。柱温箱升温条件为:130℃保持5min,然后以2℃/min的速度升到220℃,保持5min,然后以2℃/min的速度升至240℃,保持10min。载气(氦气)流速为0.8mL/min。
实施例1
1.菌株活化
将德氏乳杆菌grx601接种到MRS培养基中,培养温度为37℃,发酵培养48h。
2.酸奶油的制备
(1)稀奶油制取:按5%脱脂乳粉、18%黄油、0.02%卡拉胶、1.1%酪蛋白酸钠、0.1%吐温80、0.15%大豆卵磷脂、0.1%聚甘油脂肪酸酯,去离子水补足至100%制取稀奶油。
(2)均质、杀菌:将配制的稀奶油均质2次,压力为15MPa,之后在85℃下灭菌15min。
(3)接种、发酵:将步骤(2)得到的物料降温至室温,按1%加入发酵菌,在25℃下发酵30h;发酵菌为德氏乳杆菌grx601。
(4)贮藏:将步骤(3)所得物料放至4℃冰箱冷藏。
3.发酵理化性质测定
(1)活菌数
取不同贮藏时间的样品,测定其活菌数的变化。由图1可知,贮藏1d时,活菌数为9.07lg cfu/mL;贮藏28d时,活菌数仍能维持在8.41lg cfu/mL。
(2)pH和酸度
由图2可知,贮藏过程中pH值不断降低,酸度不断升高。在1d时,酸度已经达到60°T,大于55.56°T,符合美国农业部对发酵稀奶油的酸度要求。贮藏28d时酸度达到88°T。此时pH值降幅为0.02,酸度增幅为2°T,说明几乎没有后酸化。
(3)持水力
持水力是反映酸奶油稳定性的一个重要指标,持水力好,酸奶油的稳定性就好。由图3可知,在整个储藏期间,德氏乳杆菌grx601组酸奶油的持水力整体出现下降趋势。出现该现象的原因可能是由于德氏乳杆菌grx601生长情况良好,脂肪酶活力强,使得酸奶油中脂肪分解作用加快,从而凝胶结构松散使得其持水力变差。
(4)粘度
由图4可以看出,在贮藏1~21d时,粘度维持在2624Pa.s左右,到28d时,粘度明显降低。酸奶油的粘度高度依赖于原料稀奶油均质化的程度,即与均质时的压力、温度等条件有关。
(5)质构
质构仪可以对于奶酪的粘性,滑爽度等口感进行数字性量化。硬度指标是使酸奶油达到一定变形所需要的力,黏附性是探头由于测试的酸奶油的黏着作用所消耗的功,反应了咀嚼时酸奶油对口腔内接触面黏着的性质。由图5可知,酸奶油的硬度在储藏期间是逐渐降低的,在储藏前期下降幅度较大,储藏后期变化平缓。在一定范围内,酸奶油的硬度越高,产品的质量越好,硬度下降是由于酸奶油的脂肪水解程度在酸奶油储藏前期不断增加,导致原来的凝胶结构被破坏,形成了比较松散的体系,致使酸奶油的硬度逐渐降低。在储藏期间28天内,酸奶油的粘附性是逐渐降低的,从2.23mJ降低到0.92mJ。酸奶油的内聚性也随着时间的延长,逐渐降低,总的来说,酸奶油的内聚性变化都不大。酸奶油的弹性在储藏期间逐渐下降,说明由德氏乳杆菌grx601发酵而成的酸奶油受到外力作用下恢复原本状态的能力在逐渐下降。
(6)流变性质
图6显示了剪切速率对酸奶油表观粘度的影响规律。当剪切速率缓慢增加时,酸奶油的粘度急速下降,当剪切速率增大到6.3s-1时,所有的样品表观粘度都降至1Pa.s以下,之后随着剪切速率的增大,粘度继续缓慢减小粘度随剪切速率的增加而减小。表明酸奶油属于假塑性流体,流体的剪切变稀有利于搅拌、均质、泵输送等生产过程的进行。而当剪切力停止后粘度可恢复,能使酸奶油具有良好的稳定性,且剪切变稀也有利于产品风味的释放。
4.发酵酸奶油游离脂肪酸组成与含量的测定
利用GC-MS测定发酵酸奶油游离脂肪酸组成与含量的情况见表2所示。脂肪酸含量的变化可以用来表示脂肪的水解程度,酸奶油中脂肪酸组成差异与营养价值密切相关。脂肪酸一般分为饱和脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸。饱和脂肪酸主要为人体提供能量,它可以增加人体内胆固醇和中性脂肪。不饱和脂肪酸人体必需的脂肪酸,可以调节血脂、清理血栓、提高人体的免疫力,对人体有重要的意义。而且不饱和脂肪酸易氧化生成醛类和酮类物质,这些物质最终影响产品的风味。
表1德氏乳杆菌grx601发酵黄油产生的游离脂肪酸的组成和含量(%)
表2酸奶油中游离脂肪酸组成和含量(%)
由表2所示,发酵后的酸奶油一共分离检测出26种脂肪酸,它们分别为饱和脂肪酸(己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五碳酸、十三碳酸、棕榈酸、14-甲基十六烷酸、植烷酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、十九酸、二十酸、三十酸)、单不饱和脂肪酸(十一烯酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、(Z)-十六烯酸、油酸、蓖麻油酸、顺-13-二十烯酸)和多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸、亚麻酸、9C,11TR-共轭亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸)。德氏乳杆菌grx601发酵前后,饱和脂肪酸含量降低16%,降幅较大。发酵对酸奶油中单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量影响较小。贮藏7d时酸奶油中产生了两种易于人体吸收的中链脂肪酸:己酸和十一烯酸。十一烯酸同时也是单不饱和脂肪酸。与发酵结束时相比,此时各种类游离脂肪酸含量均有所增加。然而与发酵前相比,短链脂肪酸含量增加2.41%,长链脂肪酸含量降低5.09%,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,多不饱和脂肪酸含量略有增加。多不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸和亚油酸为人体必需脂肪酸,与贮藏1d比较,贮藏7d时其含量分别增加0.14%、0.3%。
由表1、2所示,黄油基稀奶油经过发酵和贮藏,利用黄油产生的脂肪酸含量增加。与黄油发酵相比,游离脂肪酸种类有所增加,包括具有较强挥发性的己酸和辛酸;单不饱和脂肪酸十一烯酸、肉豆蔻脑酸、(Z)-十六烯酸、蓖麻油酸、顺-13-二十烯酸;多不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸、9C,11TR-共轭亚油酸、二十碳五烯酸、花生四烯酸。酸奶油中多不饱和脂肪酸含量的增加使酸奶油的营养价值有所提升,中链脂肪酸辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、己酸具有较强的挥发性,其含量的增加可以赋予酸奶油独特的脂香。
Claims (10)
1.单菌发酵的酸奶油的制备方法,其特征在于,以保藏编号为CGMCC No.22691的德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601作为发酵剂,发酵含黄油的稀奶油。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的含黄油的稀奶油由以下成分组成:脱脂乳粉,黄油,卡拉胶,酪蛋白酸钠,吐温80,大豆卵磷脂,聚甘油脂肪酸酯和水。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的含黄油的稀奶油,按质量百分比计由以下成分组成:5%脱脂乳粉,18%黄油,0.02%卡拉胶,1.1%酪蛋白酸钠,0.05%~0.15%吐温80,0.10%~0.30%大豆卵磷脂,0.10%~0.30%聚甘油脂肪酸酯,余量为去离子水。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的含黄油的稀奶油,按质量百分比计由以下成分组成:5%脱脂乳粉,18%黄油,0.02%卡拉胶,1.1%酪蛋白酸钠,0.1%吐温80,0.15%大豆卵磷脂,0.1%聚甘油脂肪酸酯,余量为去离子水。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,具体步骤为:先将含黄油的稀奶油进行均质、杀菌,降至室温后,接种德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus delbrueckii)grx601,室温下进行发酵,发酵结束后4℃下贮藏。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,均质次数为2次,压力为15MPa.
7.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,灭菌温度为85℃下,灭菌时间为15min。
8.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,德氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillusdelbrueckii)grx601的接种量为1%~2%。
9.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,室温温度为25℃,发酵时间为24~30h。
10.根据权利要求1~9任一所述的制备方法制得的酸奶油。
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