CN114560681B - 一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺 - Google Patents

一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺 Download PDF

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CN114560681B
CN114560681B CN202210106211.8A CN202210106211A CN114560681B CN 114560681 B CN114560681 B CN 114560681B CN 202210106211 A CN202210106211 A CN 202210106211A CN 114560681 B CN114560681 B CN 114560681B
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ceramic
parts
temperature
temperature rise
half hour
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CN114560681A (zh
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郑好
姚舒琪
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Tai'an Xinheng Technology Service Co ltd
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Hangzhou Polytechnic
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Abstract

本发明涉及陶瓷制品领域，针对带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品手工制备效率低的问题，提供一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，陶瓷主体采用手工拉坯或泥浆浇注工艺制作，立体装饰采用3D打印工艺打印，陶瓷主体和立体装饰之间通过凹凸结合的方式连接，用粘结剂粘结成整体，素烧、施釉、正烧得到陶瓷工艺品。本发明对表面带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品采用手工和3D打印结合的制作工艺，兼具美观和高效的优点。

Description

一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺
技术领域
本发明涉及陶瓷制品领域，尤其是涉及一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺。
背景技术
陶瓷是中华民族的伟大发明，陶瓷工艺品更是精湛绝妙，随着社会的发展以及人们审美观的不断改变，各种复杂造型的陶瓷工艺品纷纷涌现。陶瓷表面带有立体装饰相比于平面装饰更生动形象，但是这项技术对手工艺人是一个不小的挑战，例如，瓷花挂盘需要泥料→揉捏→编织→着色→花瓣→晾晒→煅烧等18道工序，每道工序都需要高超的技艺，在有“世界陶瓷之都”之称的德化，能手工制作瓷花的匠人不到100人，而能够制作出造型逼真、花朵鲜艳、精美细腻的瓷花匠人更是不到30人。手工捏制工艺需要匠人数年乃至数十年的学习、实践和积累。唯有经过岁月的沉淀，才能让瓷土在匠人手中捏出富有神韵的艺术品。而在规模化、工业化的现今，手工制瓷工艺日渐式微，制瓷手工艺师更是越来越少。
3D打印技术是一种新兴快速成型技术，它是一种以数字模型文件为基础，运用粉末状材料、丝状、膏体状等材料，通过逐层打印的方式来构造物体的技术。近年来3D打印也被应用到陶瓷上，例如专利CN201510614565.3公开了“一种3D打印陶瓷工艺”的发明专利。陶瓷3D打印工艺可以实现批量打印，但是对于大体积的立体陶瓷基体，其打印速度慢，而且对材料要求高。
为此，本发明对表面带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品采用手工和3D打印结合的制作工艺，兼具美观和高效的优点。
发明内容
本发明为了克服带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品手工制备效率低的问题，提供一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，对表面带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品采用手工和3D打印结合的制作工艺，兼具美观和高效的优点。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用以下技术方案：
一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，陶瓷工艺品包括陶瓷主体和位于其表面的立体装饰，陶瓷主体采用手工拉坯或泥浆浇注工艺制作，立体装饰采用3D打印工艺打印，陶瓷主体和立体装饰之间通过凹凸结合的方式连接，用粘结剂粘结成整体，素烧、施釉、正烧得到陶瓷工艺品。陶瓷主体可选用花瓶、圆盘等。
作为优选，所述凹凸结合的方式连接为：陶瓷主体上设有圆锥体或长方体的凹坑，立体装饰上设有相适配的圆锥体或长方体的凸起。粘结时将凸起卡入凹坑里，对于立体装饰部分和主体部分装配时不允许出现相对转动的结构，应选择长方体的凸凹结构，其他情况多选用圆锥体。
作为优选，立体装饰结构利用DLP、SLA、LCD方式直接3D打印。
作为优选，陶瓷主体的原料包括高岭土、龙岩土、长石、石英和苏州土；立体装饰的原料包括光敏树脂、陶瓷粉末、光引发剂和分散剂，其中陶瓷粉末为Al2O3和SiO2的混合物。
作为优选，所述粘结剂的成分为：按质量份数计，高岭土45-50份、石英5-10份、长石10-15份、苏州土6-8份、龙岩土12-15份。使用时以水玻璃调节浆料的稠度至浆料含水率为10-30wt％。因为本发明将陶瓷工艺品分解为陶瓷主体和立体装饰，两者之间仅通过凹凸结合部位连接，陶瓷主体的壁较薄时，其上的凹坑不能开得太深，凸起和凹坑的接触面积有限，采用普通的陶瓷粘结剂，粘结强度不够，搬运去烧结的过程中陶瓷主体和立体装饰会产生移位，影响成品的美观性，所以需要提高粘结剂的粘性，而且粘结剂固化时间长，要等3-5h才能进行素烧，影响效率。
作为优选，所述粘结剂中还含有聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型粘合剂，制备方法为：
(1)氮气氛下140-145℃加热二甲苯，加入丙烯酸酯单体和部分交联剂，再滴入引发剂，反应1-2h；
(2)将陶瓷纤维在剩余的交联剂中浸渍10-20min，将浸渍过的陶瓷纤维加入步骤(1)的反应体系中，加入引发剂继续反应6-8h，过滤、烘干，得胶状的互穿型粘合剂。
作为进一步优选，丙烯酸酯单体为丙烯酸异辛酯和丙烯酸羟乙酯的混合物、交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、引发剂为过硫酸铵水溶液，丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、二甲苯、引发剂、陶瓷纤维的质量比为50:(1-2):(20-60):(0.2-0.5):(10-15)，步骤(1)加入的交联剂和引发剂分别占各自总量的1/3-1/2。丙烯酸酯分步聚合需要合理控制两步的反应程度，若第一步加入的交联剂过多，丙烯酸酯第一步聚合较多，不易在第二步与陶瓷纤维形成互穿结构；若第一步的交联剂过少，丙烯酸酯第一步聚合较少，第二步聚合时与陶瓷纤维形成的互穿结构容易不均匀。
本发明将聚丙烯酸酯进行分步聚合，单体先预聚合得到由一定长度的聚合物，然后加入陶瓷纤维进一步聚合，交联剂被浸渍在陶瓷纤维中，可以提高陶瓷纤维和聚丙烯酸至的互穿率，形成一种连续、均匀的混合网络。制得的聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型粘合剂在使用时，与粘结介质的接触点密集，粘结力强，其中陶瓷纤维表面含有硅氧键，易与陶瓷主体、立体装饰表面发生连接，聚丙烯酸酯的酯基有很强的氢键性，室温下可固化，2小时就能达到可使用强度。而且高岭土、石英等小颗粒会进入聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型结构的孔隙，可以提高固体颗粒的分散性，提高粘结的均匀性，得出互穿型结构可以提高固体颗粒分散性这个结论是我们发现加入互穿型结构后浆料的沉降时间延长了。在水玻璃、无机物颗粒和互穿型粘合剂的共同作用下，缩短固化时间、提高粘结力，常温下陶瓷主体和立体装饰在烧结前不会产生移位，保证制造质量和效率。烧结时，聚丙烯酸酯逐渐被分解为气体逸出，陶瓷纤维因为耐高温的性质仍然被保留，原来的穿插结构有了空缺位，结合陶瓷烧制的原理，此时陶瓷纤维和立体装饰并未完全固化，表面晶粒比较松散还能发生相对移动，倾向于填补空缺位，温度进一步升高，晶粒长大，颗粒之间结合得更加紧密，相比于仅采用水玻璃和无机物颗粒做粘结剂，固化后陶瓷纤维和立体装饰与粘结剂之间形成有力的锚接结构。
作为优选，所述素烧的温度控制为：室温-400℃温升85-90℃/半小时，400℃下保温1-1.5小时，400-780℃温升100-110℃/半小时，780-180℃温升-30～-25℃/半小时。从上述分析可以看出，烧结温度对成品有重要影响。在室温-400℃升温区间使互穿型粘合剂的官能团分解，400℃保温确保官能团分解完全；400-780℃提高温速率，使聚丙烯酸酯完全分解，必须选择合适的升温速率，速度太快，大量气体同时产生会破坏陶瓷结构，同样条件下，将400-780℃温升从110℃提高至130℃/半小时，从陶瓷主体和立体装饰的连接部位断面的SEM显微图可以看出孔隙明显增加，力学性能下降；速度太慢则可能形成难燃难汽化的单质碳降低成品的纯度，也会影响力学性能。
作为优选，施釉所用釉料的成分为：按质量份数计，熔块60-70份、长石15-25份、硼砂2-5份，使用时釉浆配置成含水率40-43wt％。
作为优选，所述正烧的温度控制为：室温-400℃温升55-60℃/半小时，400-800℃温升100-110℃/半小时，800-990℃温升65-70℃/半小时，990-1020℃温升6-8℃/半小时，1020-1255℃温升30-35℃/半小时，1255℃下保温0.5-0.8h，1255-180℃温升-16～-18℃/半小时。1255℃下，陶瓷开始烧结，气孔消失，晶粒长大，颗粒之间结合得更加紧密。
因此，本发明的有益效果为：(1)对表面带有立体装饰的陶瓷工艺品采用手工和3D打印结合的制作工艺，兼具美观和高效的优点；(2)粘结剂采用水玻璃、无机物颗粒和互穿型粘合剂的共同作用下，缩短固化时间、提高粘结力，常温下陶瓷主体和立体装饰在烧结前不会产生移位，保证制造质量和效率。
附图说明
图1是实施例1制得的陶瓷工艺品；
图2是陶瓷主体和立体装饰之间2种凹凸结合的结构，(a)为支撑点二的剖面图，(b)为支撑点一的剖面图；
图中，1、陶瓷主体，2、立体装饰，3、支撑点一，31、长方体凹坑，32、长方体凸起，4、支撑点二，41、圆锥体凹坑，42、圆锥体凸起。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例，对本发明的技术方案做进一步说明。
本发明中，若非特指，所采用的原料和设备等均可从市场购得或是本领域常用的，实施例中的方法，如无特别说明，均为本领域的常规方法。
实施例1
如图1所示，陶瓷工艺品由陶瓷主体1和位于其表面的立体装饰2两部分组成，本实施例中陶瓷主体1是一个中间宽两头窄的花瓶，表面光滑；立体装饰2为一个造型复杂的植物枝蔓，通过几个支撑点固定在花瓶靠瓶口的位置。当然陶瓷主体1可以是圆盘、碟子或各种形状的花瓶，立体装饰2也可以是任何形状的造型。如图2所示，支撑点一3处立体装饰2的体积较大，为防止转动，采用(b)所示的长方体凹凸结构结合，具体为在花瓶表面挖一个长方体凹坑31，为保证花瓶力学性能，长方体凹坑31的深度不超过花瓶厚度的三分之二，在植物枝蔓的支撑点一3位置处设置一个适配的长方体凸起32，将凸起放进凹坑，粘结后形成一体；支撑点二4的重量较小，可以采用(a)所示的相对简单的圆锥体凹坑41和圆锥体凸起42结合，具体方法同上。植物枝蔓可以遮蔽结合部位，不影响陶瓷工艺品的美观性。
所述陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺为：陶瓷主体采用手工拉坯或泥浆浇注工艺制作，立体装饰采用3D打印工艺打印，陶瓷主体和立体装饰之间通过凹凸结合的方式连接，用粘结剂粘结成整体，素烧、施釉、正烧得到陶瓷工艺品。具体步骤如下：
制作陶瓷主体：陶瓷主体部分结构较为简单，采用手工拉坯或泥浆浇注工艺制作。陶瓷主体的成分按质量份数计为，高岭土45份、石英5份、长石10份、苏州土6份、龙岩土12份，泥浆过325目标准筛，注浆浆料含水率30wt％，以水玻璃调节浆料的稠度。
制作立体装饰：立体装饰结构较复杂，采用3D打印工艺打印。立体装饰利用DLP、SLA或LCD方式直接3D打印。立体装饰的原料为常见3D打印原料，可参考现有技术，由光敏树脂、陶瓷粉末、光引发剂和分散剂组成，其中陶瓷粉末采用1:3的Al2O3和SiO2，光敏树脂为丙烯酸二环戊二烯酯和丙烯酸丁酯，光引发剂1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯，分散剂为乙氧基化三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯，选取浆料固含量为40wt％，粘度为3247.2MPa·s。
连接：在陶瓷主体的凹坑部位涂覆粘结剂，放上立体装饰，静置3h后陶瓷主体和立体装饰连接为一体。粘结剂的成分按质量份数计为，高岭土45份、石英5份、长石10份、苏州土6份、龙岩土12份，使用时以水玻璃调节粘结剂浆料的稠度至浆料含水率为10wt％。
素烧：温度控制为：室温-400℃温升85-90℃/半小时，400℃下保温1小时，400-780℃温升110℃/半小时，780-180℃温升-30℃/半小时。
施釉：施釉所用釉料的成分按质量份数计为，熔块60-70份、长石15-25份、硼砂2-5份，使用时釉浆配置成含水率40wt％。
正烧：温度控制为：室温-400℃温升60℃/半小时，400-800℃温升110℃/半小时，800-990℃温升70℃/半小时，990-1020℃温升8℃/半小时，1020-1255℃温升35℃/半小时，1255℃下保温0.5h，1255-180℃温升-17.92℃/半小时。制得陶瓷工艺品。
实施例2
与实施例1的区别在于，步骤(3)在粘结剂中还加入20份聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型粘合剂，其制备方法为：①氮气氛下142℃加热二甲苯，加入丙烯酸酯单体和部分交联剂，再滴入引发剂，反应1h；②将陶瓷纤维在剩余的交联剂中浸渍20min，将浸渍过的陶瓷纤维加入步骤①的反应体系中，加入引发剂继续反应7h，过滤、烘干，得胶状的互穿型粘合剂。其中，丙烯酸酯单体为丙烯酸异辛酯和丙烯酸羟乙酯质量比3:1的混合物、交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、引发剂为过硫酸铵水溶液，丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、二甲苯、引发剂、陶瓷纤维的质量比为50:1:20:0.2:10，步骤①加入的交联剂和引发剂分别占各自总量的1/3。
在陶瓷主体的凹坑部位涂覆上述粘结剂，放上立体装饰，静置2h后陶瓷主体和立体装饰连接为一体。
实施例3
与实施例1的区别在于，步骤(3)在粘结剂中还加入20份聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维粘合剂，其制备方法为：氮气氛下142℃加热二甲苯，加入丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂和陶瓷纤维，再滴入引发剂，反应5h，过滤、烘干，得互穿型粘合剂。其中，丙烯酸酯单体为丙烯酸异辛酯和丙烯酸羟乙酯质量比3:1的混合物、交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、引发剂为过硫酸铵水溶液，丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、二甲苯、引发剂、陶瓷纤维的质量比为50:1:20:0.2:10。
实施例4
与实施例1的区别在于，步骤(3)在粘结剂中还加入20份聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂，其制备方法为：氮气氛下142℃加热二甲苯，加入丙烯酸酯单体和交联剂，再滴入引发剂，反应5h，过滤、烘干，得聚丙烯酸酯粘合剂。其中，丙烯酸酯单体为丙烯酸异辛酯和丙烯酸羟乙酯质量比3:1的混合物、交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、引发剂为过硫酸铵水溶液，丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、二甲苯、引发剂的质量比为50:1:20:0.2。
实施例5
与实施例1的区别在于，步骤(3)在粘结剂中还加入5份陶瓷纤维。
性能测试
陶瓷的制备和立体装饰的3D打印工艺对陶瓷工艺品性能的影响属于现有技术，所以本发明重点研究粘合剂的性能。为节约成本，利用实施例1步骤(1)的工艺制备40mm×40mm×160mm的陶瓷板、步骤(2)的工艺制备40mm×40mm×160mm的3D打印板，以制得的陶瓷板和3D打印板分别代替实施例中的陶瓷主体和立体装饰，涂刷约1mm厚的粘结剂，测试性能。粘结强度的测试方法为：将陶瓷板和3D打印板的粘结样本固定在专用的金属夹具上，使用电液伺服疲劳试验机对样本进行剪切试验，甲仔头贴紧粘结界面，剪切方向与粘结面平行，加载速度为0.5mm/min，加载方向为垂直加载，直至陶瓷板和3D打印板分离。结果如下表所示：
Figure BDA0003494017820000061
从上表可以看出，实施例2的无机粘合剂+聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型粘合剂与实施例1的无机粘结相比具有硬化快、粘结强度大的优异性能。实施例3和实施例2相比，聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维制备时没有分步进行，导致两种物质互穿不充分，粘合性能下降。实施例4、5和实施例2相比，缺少陶瓷纤维或聚丙烯酸酯，粘合性能均不如实施例2，说明聚丙烯酸酯和陶瓷纤维互穿结构具有更有的粘合性能。具体原因分析详见上文。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，虽然本发明已以较佳实施例揭露如上，然而并非用以限定本发明，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员，在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内，当可利用上述揭示的技术内容作出些许更动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例，但凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容，依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰，均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。

Claims (8)

1.一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，陶瓷主体采用手工拉坯或泥浆浇注工艺制作，立体装饰采用3D打印工艺打印，陶瓷主体和立体装饰之间通过凹凸结合的方式连接，用粘结剂粘结成整体，素烧、施釉、正烧得到陶瓷工艺品；
所述粘结剂的成分为：按质量份数计，高岭土45-50份、石英5-10份、长石10-15份、苏州土6-8份、龙岩土12-15份；
所述粘结剂中还含有聚丙烯酸酯-陶瓷纤维互穿型粘合剂，其制备方法为：（1）氮气氛下140-145 ℃加热二甲苯，加入丙烯酸酯单体和交联剂，再滴入引发剂，反应1-2h；（2）加入陶瓷纤维分散均匀后再加入剩余的交联剂和引发剂，继续反应6-8 h，过滤、烘干，得胶状的互穿型粘合剂；步骤（1）加入的交联剂和引发剂分别占各自总量的1/3-1/2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，所述凹凸结合的方式连接为：陶瓷主体上设有圆锥体或长方体的凹坑，立体装饰上设有相适配的圆锥体或长方体的凸起。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，立体装饰结构利用DLP、SLA、LCD方式直接3D打印。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，陶瓷主体的原料包括高岭土、龙岩土、长石、石英和苏州土；立体装饰的原料包括光敏树脂、陶瓷粉末、光引发剂和分散剂，其中陶瓷粉末为Al2 O3 和 SiO2的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，丙烯酸酯单体为丙烯酸异辛酯和丙烯酸羟乙酯的混合物、交联剂为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、引发剂为过硫酸铵，丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、二甲苯和引发剂的质量比为50:(1-2):(20-60):(0.2-0.5)。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，所述素烧的温度控制为：室温-400 ℃温升85-90 ℃/半小时，400 ℃下保温1-1.5小时，400-780 ℃温升100-110 ℃/半小时，780-180 ℃温升-30~-25 ℃/半小时。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，施釉所用釉料的成分为：按质量份数计，熔块60-70份、长石15-25份、硼砂2-5份。
8.根据权利要求1或6所述的一种陶瓷工艺品的制作工艺，其特征在于，所述正烧的温度控制为：室温-400 ℃温升55-60 ℃/半小时，400-800 ℃温升100-110 ℃/半小时，800-990 ℃温升65-70 ℃/半小时，990-1020 ℃温升6-8 ℃/半小时，1020-1255 ℃温升30-35℃/半小时，1255 ℃下保温0.5-0.8 h，1255-180 ℃温升-16~-18 ℃/半小时。
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