CN114555072A - 用于有效治疗和预防病毒感染的含有聚维酮碘的水性制剂 - Google Patents
用于有效治疗和预防病毒感染的含有聚维酮碘的水性制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114555072A CN114555072A CN202180004210.6A CN202180004210A CN114555072A CN 114555072 A CN114555072 A CN 114555072A CN 202180004210 A CN202180004210 A CN 202180004210A CN 114555072 A CN114555072 A CN 114555072A
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Abstract
本发明涉及含有碘酸碘化的碘酮的水性制剂,其局部地施用于诸如受试者的鼻子的体腔中。本发明的制剂可用于治疗与Covid‑19病毒感染或H1N1流感病毒相关或引起的疾病或症状。
Description
背景技术
2019-20年冠状病毒流行病是一种持续大流行的2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19),由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起。截至2021年3月9日,在190多个国家和地区,超过1.18亿例COVID-19感染病例已报告,导致超过260万死亡。
病毒通常通过密切接触和人员咳嗽或打喷嚏时产生的呼吸道飞沫传播。人们也可能通过触摸受污染的表面,然后接触眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴而感染COVID-19。最具传染性是人有症状的时候,尽管在症状出现之前就可能传播。在感染和症状发作之间通常大约是五天,但其时间范围是两天到十四天。常见症状包括发烧、咳嗽和呼吸急促。并发症可能包括肺炎和急性呼吸窘迫综合征。
引起SARS的SARS-CoV病毒具有独特的发病机制,因为它引起上呼吸道感染和下呼吸道感染。据报道,SARS-CoV-2感染人类所使用的细胞进入受体ACE2与SARS-CoV相同,因此,预计这两种病毒之间,特别是在严重的情况下,有临床相似性。
目前尚无针对COVID-19的已知特异性抗病毒治疗方法,但开发正在努力,包括测试现有药物。初级治疗是对症和支持治疗。参见例如“2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)”。疾病预防与控制中心。2020年2月11日。检索于2020年3月23日。推荐的预防措施包括洗手、当咳嗽时应遮挡口腔、与他人保持距离、对于疑似被感染的人进行监测和自我隔离。最近一些针对COVID-19病毒疫苗已获批。然而,疫苗可以保护人们多久仍是未知数。人们已全面接种疫苗的人仍应需采取预防措施。另外,疫苗对抗病毒的新变种的效果有多大仍然未知。早期数据表明疫苗对新病毒株的效果可能较差。虽然是尚不清楚COVID-19感染是通过空气传播还是通过接触传播,但是迫切需要发展有效的感染保护和治疗策略,以防止这种大流行的传播。因此,开发安全、广谱的以聚维酮碘作为基础的产品来保护人们免受COVID-19的感染,并阻止通过眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴传播和在早期感染的治疗从而避免进入严重感染阶段有着迫切需求。
聚维酮碘(PVP-I)是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和碘的复合物。也称为碘伏,含有9-12%的有效碘。它是一种强力消毒剂,具有广谱杀菌的应用,对病毒、细菌、真菌和霉菌孢子效果明显。对皮肤刺激小,毒性低,作用持久,可安全、轻松地使用。PVP-I产品因其强大的杀菌和抗病毒活性而使用多年,已用于各种细菌和病毒消毒,包括有包膜病毒和无包膜病毒。参见,例如WoodA,Payne D.J.,Hosp Infect.1998Apr;38(4):283-95;Kanagalingam J,Feliciano R,Hah JH,Labib H,Le TA,Lin JC.,Int J Clin Pract.2015Nov;69(11):1247-56;SauerbreiA,Wutzler P.,LettAppl Microbiol.2010Aug;51(2):158-63
灭活病毒主要是由于聚维酮碘释放的游离碘。参见,例如,H.Wada et al.,Biocontrol Sci.2016;21(1):21-7.Although PVP-I has shown a high virucidalefficacy against envelopedviruses,as well as against some nonenveloped humanviruses(e.g.,adenovirus andpolyomavirus)(see,e.g.,H.Kariwa et.al.,Dermatology.2006;212Suppl 1:119-23),目前尚不清楚它是否能有效预防或治疗COVID-19感染,因为现有许多的抗病毒药物都未能治疗COVID-19,其他许多不同的抗病毒药物已被证明对相同的病毒有效,但对新冠无效,鉴于此,没有证据表明聚维酮碘产品可以有效治疗新冠并且没有PVP-I产品被研究其保护作用和并防止这种新病毒的传播。
发明内容
一方面,本发明旨在开发安全无刺激性的聚维酮碘剂型用于预防和治疗眼、鼻和嘴的COVID-19感染。聚维酮碘剂型可以是滴眼液、鼻腔冲洗液或鼻喷雾剂,滴口液,喷雾,或洗液。聚维酮碘的浓度范围可以从0.1%至5%。
本发明旨在生产一种原位凝胶制剂,其中PVP-I的有效浓度的通过溶液PVP-I和凝胶之间的平衡来维持,从而达到在眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴的粘膜区域中产生持久、毒性较小的药理作用。本发明进一步描述了新型原位凝胶组分开发。
由于在流泪和鼻泪管的作用下,常规液体眼用制剂在角膜前部迅速消除,而鼻腔药物开发的重大挑战是克服在鼻腔的保护屏障下而不引起永久性组织损伤。鼻腔液体制剂的主要问题,即该制剂在鼻腔迅速流失。这个问题可以通过使用原位凝胶的胶变药物递送系统来克服,即在结膜囊由于特定物质的理化参数变化而表现出溶液到凝胶相变。原位凝胶技术将大大增加PVP-I在组织保留时间,从而大大提高PVP-I的生物利用度和使得对感染性病原体的有长时间的功效。
一方面,本发明提供了水性制剂处方用于需要预防或治疗由COVID-19或流感病毒H1N1感染相关或由其引起的疾病或身体症状的患者。这种制剂包含水作为溶剂、溶解在水性溶剂中的生物相容性多糖和治疗剂聚维酮碘,在对象的眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴局部应用后形成凝胶。
在一些实施例中,制剂中聚维酮碘的浓度范围从0.1%到5%[重量比(w/w)或重量比体积(w/v)],从0.3%到1%(w/w或w/v),或0.3%至0.8%(w/w或w/v)。
在一些实施例中,生物相容性多糖包括去乙酰化结冷胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、角叉菜胶或它们的任意组合。
在一些实施例中,该制剂进一步包括抗炎剂,类固醇、非甾体抗炎药或抗病毒或抗微生物化合物作为第二治疗剂。合适的抗病毒或抗微生物化合物的例子包括羟氯喹、氯喹和瑞德西韦。合适的类固醇的例子包括布地奈德、莫米松、氟替卡松、地塞米松或其盐、酯和/或其任意组合。特定的合适的类固醇的具体例子包括布地奈德、氟替卡松、地塞米松、盐、酯和/或它们的任何组合。
在一些实施例中,在制剂中类固醇的浓度包括在0.05%-0.1%、0.06%、0.064%或0.08%范围内。
在一些实施例中,水性制剂含PVP-I浓度为0.5%、0.6%、0.8%或1.0%(w/w或w/v)。
本发明的水性制剂可以采用溶液、混悬液、乳剂、软膏、水凝胶、任选地带有药物递送载体的形式。在另一方面,水性制剂可用作滴眼液、鼻腔冲洗液、鼻腔喷雾剂、漱口水或口腔喷雾剂。
本发明的另一方面提供了方法给需要的人员去预防或治疗由COVID-19或流感病毒H1N1感染相关或由其引起的疾病或身体症状。该方法包括上述水性制剂用于对象的眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴的给药的步骤和治疗有效量。水性制剂可以是每天给药1至24次。
具体实施方式
众所周知,鼻腔溶液制剂仍然存在重大问题就是在鼻腔中迅速排出。水溶性聚维酮碘短时间接触鼻黏膜是不可取的,这需要频繁和多次给药以维持杀毒效果,从而限制实用性,为患者增加医疗负担。此外,频繁给药会导致刺激和潜在毒性。因此,保护人们免受SARS-CoV-2感染的医疗需求,以及阻止其通过鼻腔传播。开发一种安全、无毒、长效的PVP-I鼻喷雾剂迫在眉睫。
本发明的水性制剂含有水,一种可溶解在水性溶剂中的生物相容的多糖和聚维酮碘(PVP-I),以及其他药学上任选可接受的载体,当其局部应用于在受试者的眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴时中形成凝胶。这些水性制剂可有效预防或治疗与COVID-19感染相关或COVID-19感染引起的失调或病症。该制剂可用于到受试者的腔内(例如,哺乳动物)。腔可以是眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴。
本发明的制剂中PVP-I的浓度范围可以从0.1%至5%[重量比(w/w)或重量体积比(w/v)],从0.3%至1%(w/w)或(w/v),或0.3%至0.8%(w/w)或(w/v)。
所述配方还可包括(1)缓解疼痛的局部麻醉剂(2)一种渗透促进剂,可增强聚维酮碘对眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴组织的渗透,例如,氮酮(月桂酸)、硫酸葡聚糖,如葡聚糖硫酸盐、环糊精硫酸盐和β-1,3-葡聚糖硫酸盐(3)一种抗菌防腐剂,例如其浓度可为约0.001%至1.0%重量;(4)助溶剂或非离子表面活性剂-表面活性剂,例如其按重量计算可为约0.01%~2%;(5)增粘剂,例如其按重量计算可为约0.01%~2%;(6)一种清凉剂,如薄荷醇、包括甲酮甘油乙酰酯和甲酯在内的薄荷醇衍生物等、羧酰胺、甲烷甘油缩酮、烷基取代尿素、磺酰胺、萜类似物、呋喃酮和氧化膦;或樟脑,和可以给眼睛带来清凉感的冰片。
配方还可包含其他治疗剂,例如抗炎剂、类固醇、非甾体抗炎药和抗病毒或抗菌化合物,例如羟氯喹、氯喹、瑞德西韦(一种抗病毒药含有腺苷类似物的核苷酸前药,以Veklury品牌名售卖)。类固醇可以是布地奈德、莫米松、或氟替卡松、或地塞米松、或其盐、酯或任意其组合。
该配方可用于治疗结膜和角膜、鼻腔和鼻窦腔以及口腔的感染,尤其是对于COVID-19的感染。在另一个实施例中,本发明是针对一种治疗和/或预防疾病或包含眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴的至少一种组织微生物感染的方法,该方法包括使用一种上述多个剂量的组合物的步骤。在另一个实施例中,本发明针对的是一种用于治疗和/或预防COVID-19感染。
适用于本发明配方和方法的局部麻醉剂至少包括丙对卡因、利多卡因、丁卡因或其衍生物和组合。
在本发明适用于局部给药的任何水性制剂中,例如向眼、鼻或口给药,优选制剂按重量计算含有0.01-5.0%PVP-I,pH值为3.5至6.0。该pH值范围可以通过根据需要向溶液中添加酸/碱或缓冲液进行调节。
虽然精确的治疗方案由临床医生自行决定,但建议本发明的水性制剂每天1至24次,通过每只眼睛各滴入一滴,或通过冲洗或喷入鼻腔,或通过喷入口腔或漱口。
抗菌防腐剂
作为可选的成分,可以将合适的防腐剂加入来防止多剂量包装污染,但聚维酮碘可作为自身防腐剂。这类防腐剂可包括苯扎氯铵、硫柳汞、氯丁醇、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、苯乙醇、乙二胺四乙酸、山梨酸、Onamer M、其他本领域技术人员已知的防腐剂,或其组合。通常,这样的防腐剂的用量为0.001%至1.0%(按重量计算)。
助溶剂/表面活性剂
本发明配方可包含可选的助溶剂。组合物溶解度可以通过本水性制剂的组分的表面活性剂或其他相近的助溶剂来增强。这种合适的助溶剂/表面活性剂包括聚山梨醇酯20、60和80、聚氧乙烯/聚氧丙烯表面活性剂(例如Pluronic F-68、F-84和P-103)、环糊精、泰洛沙泊、或其组合。通常,此类助溶剂的用量为0.01%至2%(按重计算)。
增稠剂
本发明的配方可包含可选的增稠剂——即,一种可以增加黏度的试剂。水溶液体系黏度的增加可能增加在眼表,鼻黏膜表面或鼻窦腔,或在口腔粘膜区域接触面对活性化合物的吸收,可减少给药的频率,也可以减少混悬液或乳液制剂中组分的分层和/或以其他方式改善配方。这种合适的增稠剂包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素或其组合。这样的增稠剂的用量通常为0.01%至2%(按重量计算)。
本发明通过具体的实施例进一步阐明。据了解,这些实施例仅用于描述本发明,并不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中的实验方法没有标注具体条件的,通常是在常规条件下制备,例如,如文献中所述或根据辅料制造商建议的条件。除非是特别说明,本发明中的所有百分比、比率、比例或分数计算均按重量比计算。除非在本发明中特别定义,所有在此使用专业的科学的术语与受过良好培训的人员可能熟悉的术语的含义相同。此外,任何类似于本发明中记录的或同等的方法和材料都可以应用于本发明。此处所描述的优选实施例和材料仅用于示例目的。
实施例1:含有1.0%PVP-I和生物相容性多糖的水性凝胶制剂
以不同的多糖如去乙酰结冷胶(DGG)、黄原胶、卡帕-卡拉胶和藻酸盐来选择最佳眼用凝胶基质。在生理条件下,含有DGG的制剂在DGG浓度经过优化后一般能表现出原位凝胶能力。DGG被选为制剂中的凝胶形成的基质。
氯化钠、甘露醇和氨丁三醇在注射用水中混合。加入已称量的结冷胶并加热至85-90℃以溶解结冷胶。在80℃的温度下无菌过滤到混合容器中,冷却至室温,作为溶液1。然后将PVP-I溶解在注射用水中,经过无菌过滤器放入无菌混合容器中作为溶液2。在A级洁净区域/房间中,无菌溶液2在无菌操作下加入到已无菌过滤溶液1中。在A级洁净区域/房间内将溶液混合并灌装到瓶子里。
将三批(批号180804、180805、180806)装入有螺旋盖安瓿玻璃小瓶中,聚酯塑料(PET)眼药水瓶和聚丙烯(PP)塑料眼药水瓶作为药品合适的容器/密闭装置进行筛选。每批处方样品分别在25℃/40%相对湿度条件下储存,作为加速稳定性考察。其稳定性取样时间为T=0、15天、1个月(M)、2M、3M和6M;2-8℃作为长期稳定性储存条件下,其稳定性取样时间为T=0,1,3,6,9,12,18,24M。取样时的评估pH、有效碘含量和黏度。目前的稳定性研究表明该制剂至少在12个月是稳定的,研究持续到18个月和24个月。
实施例2:含0.8%PVP-I和生物相容性多糖的水性凝胶制剂
根据实施例1中提供的方法,制备含有0.8%PVP-I水性凝胶制剂,并放入稳定室。该处方已被证明在2-8℃条件下稳定性长达12M。
实施例3:含0.6%PVP-I和生物相容性多糖的水性凝胶制剂
根据实施例1中提供的方法,制备含有0.6%PVP-I水性凝胶制剂,并放入稳定室。该处方已被证明在2-8℃条件下稳定性多达12M。
实施例4:体外抗菌试验
按照临床微生物学杂志中描述的方案,测量了在15秒、30秒和1分钟内铜绿假单胞菌、MRSA和近平滑念珠菌的消灭效果。按照实施例1-3所准备好的供试品与泪液(40:7)模拟原位凝胶制剂在眼中的状况。在15秒、30秒和1分钟,复合物显示出对根除眼部铜绿假单胞菌、MRSA和近平滑念珠菌的分离物的抗菌功效。
实施例5:体外抗病毒活性测定
在用人的AE549细胞进行的细胞病变效应研究中,含有0.6%PVP-I水性制剂证明人类腺病毒5型在37±2℃下液-液接触30±5分钟后完全灭活。为判断是否通过接触本发明的0.6%PVP-I水性制剂而灭活(“杀死”)病毒,将水性制剂直接与病毒混合30±5分钟,然后中和掉并对存活的病毒进行了定量。中和对照结果显示,在滴定试验中可有效检测到病毒。毒性对照显示滴定板有效且在受试物的1:10稀释液中没有观察到毒性。70%乙醇完全有效且未经处理的病毒对照组符合预期。未稀释的0.6%PVP-I水性制剂是一种有效的灭病毒剂,1:3.2稀释(加入病毒后为28%)具有轻微的病毒灭活性。含有0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂表现出对病毒的完全灭活的作用。
实施例6:水性制剂的刺激性和耐受性研究
本发明的含0.6%PVP-I水性制剂的耐受性的评价是用NZW兔子在每日局部给药后,证明最初的一些轻度刺激迹象(即,分泌物和充血)是与(0.6%或0.3%)PVP-I有关的,会随着时间的推移得到消退。值得注意的是,在晚些的时间点里,在BSS对照组中观察中,对动物使用本发明含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂并没有表现出轻微充血的迹象,这表明对该动物可能有着保护作用。本发明含0.6%PVP-I和0.1%地塞米松水制剂作为阳性对照,引起的充血和肿胀,随着时间的推移,刺激的现象并没有得到消退。此外,阳性对照处理的动物在较晚的时间点出现轻度结膜分泌物,BSS对照组未出现该现象,因此可能反映了阳性对照确实有轻度刺激作用。
实施例7:水性制剂的毒理学研究
本研究的目的是确定本发明的含有两种浓度的PVP-I水性制剂眼部潜在毒性。在7天的时间内,两种浓度的PVP-I水性制剂作为空白组分别在新西兰白兔通过重复局部眼部剂量给药。在研究期间,空白组(第1组)未观察到眼部刺激或角膜染色的显著迹象。重复局部给药含聚维酮碘的制剂与短暂的刺激行为迹象相关,即每次滴眼液后(眯眼和用爪子挠眼),轻微眼部刺激的短暂迹象,以及持续性角膜染色。在第2组(0.6%PVP-I)和第3组(1.0%PVP-I)中,观察到眼部轻度至中度刺激,主要特征为结膜受累,在第1天最后一次给药后更加明显,然后随着时间的推移而减弱。借以第3组(1.0%PVP-I)显示出更多的刺激迹象,包括短暂的角膜受累,比第2组(0.6%PVP-I)多,从而观察到了对刺激的现象的剂量反应,总之,含聚维酮碘凝胶制剂的重复局部给药超过7天与轻微和短暂的眼部刺激症状有关。没有相关的组织学发现。结果表明,本发明0.6%PVP-I和1.0%PVP-I的水性制剂(第2组和第3组)与短暂刺激和仅限于1天后有轻微剂量反应的浅表眼组织的轻度毒性有关。“临床观察与给药7天后的永久性变化无关”这一论点缺乏角膜损伤或者角膜发炎等有意义的组织学现象的支持。
实施例8:兔子的体内抗病毒功效研究
该研究的目的是评价本发明含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂与含0.6%PVP-I和0.1%地塞米松混悬液在新西兰白兔的病毒性结膜炎模型中的功效。按照局部病毒接种,经由双眼的角膜划痕法给12只雌性新西兰白兔接种腺病毒5型(Ad5)。然后用本发明含0.6%PVP-I水性制剂和一组阳性对照品:0.6%PVP-I和0.1%地塞米松混悬液,或一组阴性对照品:平衡盐溶液(BSS),来处理动物,双眼局部给药,每天一次或两次,持续10天。在第1、2、3、4、7和10天进行临床眼科检查。在第1、3、7和10天拍摄裂隙灯照片。每天进行临床观察。含0.6%PVP-I和0.1%地塞米松(混悬液)和本发明含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂都对Ad5诱导的病毒性结膜炎的症状有改善作用,以及本发明含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂在每天给药两次时比每天给药一次时产生更强大的效果。统计分析进一步支持了以下结论,通过本发明0.6%PVP-I和0.1%地塞米松混悬液或者含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂的治疗,许多眼部炎症症状得到改善。对于大多数发现,用本发明含0.6%PVP-I的水性制剂进行BID和QD处理,与阴性对照组相比有所改善。
令人惊讶地发现,水性制剂不仅药物在鼻黏膜上停留的时间更长,并持续地释放碘,从而增强病毒灭活性,它有助于将碘输送到窦腔内,鼻子里的窦腔是难以通过传统鼻腔喷雾溶液(不形成凝胶)到达的。由于在鼻黏膜和鼻窦腔内持续释放杀菌物质,含PVP-I鼻喷雾剂会潜在的灭活病毒并阻止病毒通过上呼吸道传播,从而避免感染到下呼吸道,如肺。此外,本发明的水性制剂中所含的类固醇(例如,布地奈德)可能进一步有助于提高PVP-I灭活病毒效果,并控制免疫反应,特别是对COVID感染患者,该炎症反应可能会导致致命的影响。
实施例9:含0.6%PVP-I的水性鼻喷雾剂
根据实施例1中提供的方法,本发明的水性制剂的制备含有已制备好的0.6%PVP-I并均匀分散于琥珀色玻璃瓶中,且安装了喷鼻泵。
实施例10:水性制剂的口腔喷雾剂和漱口剂
根据实施例1中提供的方法,水性制剂含已制备好的0.6%PVP-I。可直接用作漱口水或分散于聚酯(PET)喷雾瓶,作为口腔喷雾剂。
实施例11:聚维酮碘鼻腔冲洗剂
水性制剂含已制备好的2.5%PVP-I,并将此2.5%PVP-I制剂的5mL用120mL生理盐水稀释成0.1%PVP-I溶液,存放在NeilMed Sinus Rinse瓶,用来冲洗鼻腔。
实施例12:聚维酮碘/布地奈德鼻腔冲洗剂
水性制剂含已制备好的2.5%PVP-I和0.005%布地奈德溶液,将5mL该溶液稀释到120mL生理盐水中,得到含有0.1%聚维酮碘和0.25mg布地奈德的水性制剂,用来冲洗鼻腔,存放在NeilMed Sinus Rinse瓶。
实施例13:聚维酮碘/布地奈德鼻喷雾剂
称取Kelcogel结冷胶、氯化钠和氨丁三醇到混合容器中并加入注射用水。在D级洁净区将混合物在水浴85-90℃下剧烈搅拌;然后将获得的溶液经0.45μm滤膜无菌过滤,冷却后得到溶液1。在D级洁净区,室温下,将PVP-I溶于混合容器里的注射用水。这样得到的溶液经0.45μm滤膜无菌过滤器得到溶液2。在C级洁净区,室温下,将甘油和布地奈德与适量注射用水无菌混合得到混悬液1。在C级洁净区,将溶液1、溶液2和混悬液1无菌混合在一起。将得到的混合混悬液均质并充分混合。在此过程控制中,取样并检测外观、pH值、黏度。然后将该混悬液转移到10mL无菌玻璃瓶,每瓶装约10克。小瓶盖上喷雾泵,然后转移到D级洁净区并安装按钮和盖子。然后瓶子被转移到普通区域进行包装。0.8%和0.6%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德的凝胶的混悬液也按照该流程制备。
实施例14:体外抗菌生物膜测试
我们进行了体外微生物生物膜研究,这证明了0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德凝胶混悬液对铜绿假单胞菌有效果,平均减少8个数量级。验证性的对体外生物膜抗菌研究表明0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德凝胶混悬液的对铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌在10分钟和1小时有抗生物膜功效。
实施例15:离体组织滞留研究
进行了离体鼻黏膜滞留研究,对含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德水性制剂(制剂C)与对照组安慰剂进行比较。人工鼻液的流速设定为0.32mL/min。供试品是用移液管添加到猪鼻黏膜上,并用人工鼻液冲刷持续1分钟。对于含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德的水性制剂,观察到水性原位凝胶制剂滞留在粘膜表面。测量洗脱液中的PVP-I和布地奈德的含量。安慰剂对照组中的洗脱液中测得PVP-I为13.91%,而在制剂C的洗脱液中未检测到PVP-I。在对照组洗脱液中33.29±10.75%布地奈德,而在制剂C的洗脱液中只检测到3.14±0.58%布地奈德。
实施例16:在体内组织滞留研究
在SD大鼠中进行体内组织滞留研究。含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德和的水性混悬液且经PVP-125I标记过与安慰剂对照比较以研究组织滞留。将10μl供试品给药到右鼻孔中。在给药后0、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、6、8和24小时时间点,在γ辐射下给大鼠进行成像。结果表明制剂C(即含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德的水性制剂)在给药后5和6小时显示出更高的组织滞留性(p<0.05)。
令人惊讶的是,本发明的具有胶变性的水性制剂不仅通过持续释放有效碘灭活病毒,而且能够到达并留在鼻窦中,在那里连典型的鼻腔喷雾剂都无法到达,且也不能通过发挥PVP-I作用来灭活病毒。
实施例17:毒理学研究
Buehler研究:进行Buehler研究以确定在Buehler试验中豚鼠由局部给药0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液引起潜在的过敏反应。五十只哈特利豚鼠(25只雄性和25雌性)按体重分层随机分配到阴性对照组(氯化钠溶液)(10只动物),以鼻喷雾剂(0.064%布地奈德和0.8%聚维酮碘)(20只动物)作为制剂C供试品组,空白辅料对照组(制剂C的辅料包括结冷胶、氯化钠、甘露醇和氨丁三醇)(10只动物)和阳性对照组(1-氯-2,4-二硝基苯,其中1%致敏浓度,0.1%免疫激发浓度)(10只动物),每组中的雄性和雌性数量相同。致敏暴露阶段:给药前一天,在豚鼠背部左侧面积约2cm×2cm的区域来脱毛,涂上0.2mL供试品并用两层纱布和一层玻璃纸覆盖,用无刺激性的胶布密封固定6小时。然后取下覆盖物,用蘸有氯化钠注射液的棉球擦洗皮肤,除去残留的供试品。上述流程要在第7天和第14天重复进行。激发暴露阶段:在最后一次诱导14天后(第28天),在豚鼠右侧2cm×2cm的脱毛区域涂抹0.2mL供试品,使用与致敏暴露相同的方法(动物是给药前1天脱毛),并用两层纱布和一层玻璃纸覆盖6小时,用无刺激性的胶布密封固定6小时。然后取下覆盖物,用蘸有氯化钠注射液的棉球擦洗皮肤,除去残留的供试品。在研究期间每天进行临床观察。在第1天、第14天和第28天对动物进行称重一次。在激发试验期间去除覆盖物24小时和48小时后,观察每只动物皮肤红斑、水肿等异常反应。对红斑和水肿进行评分,如果皮肤反应评分≥2,将判断该动物皮肤的过敏反应呈阳性。计算过敏反应的发生率。
结果:致敏期间的临床观察:阴性对照组,供试品组和空白辅料对照组:致敏后,动物在给药部位的一般状态、行为、体征和皮肤未表现出异常。激发后观察:在激发阶段中去除覆盖物24小时和48小时后,阴性对照组、供试品组和空白辅料对照组豚鼠未见皮肤红斑和水肿组,致敏率为0%,表明没有皮肤过敏反应。体重:在研究期间,各组动物体重均增加,无明显异常。这表明,在本研究的条件下,制剂C不会引起豚鼠皮肤过敏反应。
实施例18:刺激性/耐受性研究
使用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行了7天的鼻刺激研究:Sprague DawleyIGS大鼠测定0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液和0.6%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液(供试品)产生鼻刺激的可能性。选取健康雄性大鼠18只进行测试并平均分配到六组。评估若干水性制剂的鼻内给药,即含有0.8%PVP-I和0.064%胶变混悬液,剂量水平为25、50和75μL和0.6%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液,剂量水平为25和75μL,和75μL剂量水平的生理盐水对照。每天两次(相隔约12小时),通过200μL移液管将生理盐水对照或供试品给药到右鼻孔。每天至少观察一次动物的活力,严重毒性和行为变化的迹象,以及每周的一系列详细的观察信息。在适应期期间记录两次体重(包括在开始研究之前的第1天)和处死之前。记录个体食物的消耗量,消耗量要与预期的体重一致。在研究结束阶段,所有的动物都接受了上呼吸道和相关鼻窦的肉眼剖检(第7天)
在对上呼吸道和相关鼻窦进行肉眼剖检后,结果显示无刺激迹象和未检测到异常。研究过程中实验动物零死亡率和没有与供试品相关的体重、体重增加和食物消耗的变化。在本研究的条件和基于终点的评估,雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠预期可耐受75μL剂量水平的含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德以及含有0.6%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德的水性制剂。
实施例19:28天重复给药毒性研究
本研究的目的是评估含0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德的水性制剂在雄性和雌性大鼠中的潜在的亚慢性毒性。这毒性可能是由于在超过28天测试期内的鼻内给药,在鼻内重复暴露于受试物质而引起的。在至少14天的恢复期后,在高剂量组中观察到的供试品所有可能潜在的可逆的相关效应也都要进行评估。为找到雌雄性各自的无明显损害作用水平(NOAEL),在CRL中进行了一项为期28天的研究:通过Sprague DawleyIGS大鼠,来测定0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液(供试品)产生亚慢性毒性的可能性。选择60只健康大鼠(60)进行测试,平均分为四个试验组和两个恢复组(对照组和高剂量组)。评估含有0.8%PVP-I和0.064%布地奈德的水性制剂25、50和75μl的剂量水平的鼻内给药,以及作为对照75μl的剂量水平的生理盐水的鼻内给药。生理盐水对照或供试品通过移液管注入200μl到右鼻孔来给药,每天两次(相隔约12小时)。每天至少观察一次动物的活力,严重毒性和行为变化的迹象,以及每周的一系列详细的观察信息。在适应期期间记录两次体重(包括在开始研究之前的第1天)和之后每周。记录个体食物的消耗量,消耗量要与预期的体重一致。在实验终止的时候(第29天),对所有主要的实验动物的上呼吸道和相关鼻窦的进行了解剖。收集甲状腺和肺并称重。研究过程中实验动物零死亡率和没有与供试品相关的体重、体重增加、食物消耗、甲状腺重量和肺重量的变化。最后处死动物的时侯,没有肉眼观察到因使用0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液引起的迹象。值得注意的解剖结果只是偶然的,没有毒理学重要性。在接下来14天恢复期,将对恢复组动物进行解剖。
在本研究的条件下并基于所评估的终点,Sprague Dawley大鼠预计鼻内给药可耐受75μl剂量水平的0.8%PVP-I/0.064%布地奈德胶变混悬液。
实施例20:针对SARS-CoV-2的体外灭活试验
确认是否与本发明的水性制剂接触后而灭活(“杀死”)病毒,将测试制剂直接与病毒混合30秒、2分钟和10分钟,并对存活的病毒进行定量。
本发明的两种水性制剂,具有1.0%PVP-I的制剂A和具有0.6%PVP-I的制剂B根据实施例1所述的工艺制备。实施例1的辅料包括结冷胶、氯化钠、甘露醇和氨丁三醇。两种制剂被送往犹他州立大学抗病毒研究所用于针对SARS-CoV-2的灭活病毒试验。测试制剂是以液体形式并且保持在2-8℃。将制剂按如下方式用人工泪液或人工鼻液稀释:无稀释、1/1.8、1/3.2和1/10。其他对照是45%乙醇和MEM溶液。在37℃下,将病毒溶液以1/10比例添加到测试稀释液中并培养30秒、2分钟和10分钟。因此,试验制剂的最终浓度为90%、50%、28%和9%。培养期后,样品用1/10含有10%FBS的测试培养基中稀释液中和。确定每管中存活的病毒,使用标准终点稀释液的CCID50测定。如下,样品按顺序稀释成1/10,将每个稀释液加入已接种单层Vero76细胞96孔板中的4个重复列。平板在37℃和5%CO2下培养6天,然后对细胞病变效应(CPE)的存在与否进行评分。病毒滴度(CCID50)是使用Reed-Muench方法(1948)计算。计算与病毒对照相比样品混合物的对数折减值(LRV)。重复整个过程三次。进行毒性对照以表明混合物样品的毒性是否在没有病毒的情况下杀死细胞以致结果的混淆。进行中和对照以表明可以在滴定板上有受试品的情况下能检测到病毒的存在。
针对SARS-CoV-2的制剂A和制剂B的病毒滴度和LRV,如表1所示。在任何浓度下均未观察到混合物毒性。在抗病毒的动力学研究中,在用制剂A和制剂B治疗后观察到剂量反应。PVP-I制剂随着接触病毒的浓度和时间增加,病毒的数量大大减少。更高浓度制剂(0.9%PVP-I制剂A;0.54%PVP-I制剂B)使SARS-CoV-2病毒完全灭活,将滴度降低到检测水平以下。这与制剂A(0.5%)和制剂B(0.3%)的一半的浓度都相似,都降低了病毒接近或低于检测水平。较低浓度制剂(0.28%PVP-I制剂A;0.17%PVP-I制剂B)也大幅减少了病毒。最低浓度制剂(0.09%PVP-I制剂A;0.05%PVP-I制剂B)随着接触时间的增加,病毒并没有显着减少。
表1.对经在37℃下培养后Covid-19病毒的杀灭效果
a:Log10每毫升病毒的CCID50,3次重复的平均值±标准偏差
b:对数折减值与病毒对照相比的病毒减少量
实施例21:针对流感病毒的体外病毒灭活试验。
考察含0.6%PVP-I(用于鼻喷雾)的制剂B的对流感病毒(甲型H1N1流感病毒,加利福尼亚州07/2009)灭活的试验。制剂B是按如下方式用人工鼻液稀释:无稀释、1/1.8、1/3.2和1/10。其他对照是95%乙醇和MEM溶液。在37℃下,将病毒溶液以1/10比例添加到测试稀释液中并培养30秒、2分钟和10分钟。因此,试验制剂的最终浓度为90%、50%、28%和9%。培养期后,样品用1/10含有10%FBS的测试培养基中稀释液中和。确定每管中存活的病毒,使用标准终点稀释液的CCID50测定。如下,样品按顺序稀释成1/10,将每个稀释液加入已接种融合80-100%的MDCK细胞96孔板中的4个重复列。平板在37℃和5%CO2下培养6天,然后对细胞病变效应(CPE)的存在与否进行评分。病毒滴度(CCID50)是使用Reed-Muench方法(1948)计算。计算与病毒对照相比样品混合物的对数折减值(LRV)。重复整个过程三次。进行毒性对照以表明混合物样品的毒性是否在没有病毒的情况下杀死细胞以致结果的混淆。进行中和对照以表明可以在滴定板上有混合物样品的情况下能检测到病毒的存在。
针对流感病毒的制剂B的病毒滴度和LRV,如表2所示。在任何浓度下均未观察到混合物毒性。在抗病毒的动力学研究中,在用制剂B治疗后观察到剂量反应。PVP-I制剂随着接触病毒的浓度和时间增加,病毒的数量大大减少。更高浓度制剂(0.54%PVP-I制剂B)使SARS-CoV-2病毒完全灭活,将滴度降低到检测水平以下。这与制剂B(0.3%)的一半的浓度都相似,都降低了病毒接近或低于检测水平。较低浓度制剂(0.17%PVP-I制剂B)也大幅减少了病毒。最低浓度制剂(0.05%PVP-I制剂B)随着接触时间的增加,病毒并没有显着减少。
表2.对经在37℃下培养后流感病毒的杀灭效果
a:Log10每毫升病毒的CCID50,3次重复的平均值±标准偏差
b:对数折减值与病毒对照相比的病毒减少量
实施例22:在感染COVID-19病毒的人群考察本发明制剂
本发明的含有结冷胶和多糖(含1.0%或0.6%PVP-I,可选择与布地奈德或氟替卡松)的水性制剂用于临床试验治疗在早期阶段感染COVID-19的患者或减轻感染症状从而防止患者进入严重阶段。空白对照试验是在加拿大进行,试验主要终点是鼻腔症状改善,以SNOT-22分数来评估;而次要终点是比较使用药物的患者与使用安慰剂的患者的唾液样本的病毒消除情况。这些制剂出乎意料地经历了从溶液到凝胶的转变和在粘膜表面应用或滴注形成原位凝胶(可能是由于黏液中存在钠、钾和钙离子)并提供从凝胶中持续释放的聚维酮碘,因此对COVID-19病毒有长效杀灭效果,以致于对COVID-19感染相关疾病或由其引起的症状的治疗和预防是有效的。这是一个意义重大且与应用于相同目的的传统水溶液制剂相比有着巨大的提升。
本发明已经通过这里列出某些优选的实施例来描述了。然而,对于技术人员来说,明显的变量将变得是显而易见的。在本领域中,不应认为本发明仅限于此。所有专利、专利申请以及任何地方引用的参考文献通过引用结合到本文中。
Claims (13)
1.一种用于预防或治疗由有需要的受试者感染或受Covid-19或流感病毒H1N1相关或造成的疾病或身体症状的水性制剂,其中,该制剂包含作为溶剂的水,要溶解于水的生物相容性多糖和作为治疗剂的聚维酮碘,其中,局部应用到受试者的眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴中时形成凝胶。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水性制剂,其中制剂中聚维酮碘的浓度为范围从0.1%到5%[重量比(w/w)或重量比体积(w/v)],从0.3%到1%(w/w或w/v),或从0.3%到0.8%(w/w或w/v)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水性制剂,其中所述生物相容性多糖包括去乙酰结冷胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠、角叉菜胶或者其中任意组合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的水性制剂,进一步包含抗炎剂,类固醇、非甾体抗炎药或抗病毒或抗微生物化合物作为第二治疗剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的水性制剂,其中所述抗病毒或抗微生物化合物是羟氯喹、氯喹或瑞德西韦;类固醇是布地奈德、莫米松、氟替卡松或地塞米松,或其盐、酯或其任意组合。
6.根据权利要求5所述的水性制剂,其中所述类固醇是布地奈德、氟替卡松、或地塞米松,或盐、酯或其任意组合。
7.根据权利要求4-6任一项所述的水性制剂,其中制剂包含的类固醇浓度范围为0.05%-0.1%。
8.根据权利要求4-6任一项所述的水性制剂,其中制剂包含的类固醇浓度为0.060%、0.064%或0.080%。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的水性制剂,其中制剂包含的聚维酮碘浓度为0.5%、0.6%、0.8%或1.0%(w/w或w/v)。
10.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的水性制剂,其中制剂的形式是溶液、混悬液、乳液、软膏、水凝胶,或者是任选药物运输载体。
11.根据权利要求1-10中任一项,其中水性制剂是用作滴眼液、鼻腔冲洗液、鼻腔喷雾剂、漱口剂或口腔喷雾剂。
12.一种用于预防或治疗由有需要的受试者感染或通过感染的Covid-19或流感病毒H1N1引起的疾病或身体症状的方法,其中包括一种给予有治疗效果量的水性制剂,该水性制剂是根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的,局部应用到受试者的眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中水性制剂在一天里给药的次数范围为1至24。
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