CN114481613A - Formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for stock solution coloring fabric - Google Patents
Formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for stock solution coloring fabric Download PDFInfo
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- CN114481613A CN114481613A CN202111491909.8A CN202111491909A CN114481613A CN 114481613 A CN114481613 A CN 114481613A CN 202111491909 A CN202111491909 A CN 202111491909A CN 114481613 A CN114481613 A CN 114481613A
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B15/00—Removing liquids, gases or vapours from textile materials in association with treatment of the materials by liquids, gases or vapours
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
- D06B21/00—Successive treatments of textile materials by liquids, gases or vapours
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/07—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with halogens; with halogen acids or salts thereof; with oxides or oxyacids of halogens or salts thereof
- D06M11/11—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with halogens; with halogen acids or salts thereof; with oxides or oxyacids of halogens or salts thereof with halogen acids or salts thereof
- D06M11/13—Ammonium halides or halides of elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic System
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
- D06M11/59—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with ammonia; with complexes of organic amines with inorganic substances
- D06M11/61—Liquid ammonia
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/10—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
- D06M13/184—Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
- D06M13/188—Monocarboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
- D06M2101/02—Natural fibres, other than mineral fibres
- D06M2101/04—Vegetal fibres
- D06M2101/06—Vegetal fibres cellulosic
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
- D06M2200/10—Repellency against liquids
- D06M2200/11—Oleophobic properties
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
- D06M2200/20—Treatment influencing the crease behaviour, the wrinkle resistance, the crease recovery or the ironing ease
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
- D06M2200/50—Modified hand or grip properties; Softening compositions
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- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method of a dope dyed fabric, which comprises the following process flows of fabric preparation, liquid ammonia finishing, application of formaldehyde-free non-ironing, three-proofing auxiliary agent, baking, tentering, preshrinking and packaging inspection in sequence; and (3) applying a formaldehyde-free non-ironing and three-proofing one-bath auxiliary agent, controlling the drying room temperature to be 80-100 ℃, the cloth cover temperature to be 35-40 ℃, and the cropping humidity to be 6-6.6%, and finally rolling the fabric at the cropping position. The non-ironing grade of the treated fabric reaches above grade 3.5 of American AATCC 124 standard, the formaldehyde content reaches below 16ppm of international environmental protection standard, the oil-proof effect reaches 5 grade and 4 grade of 5-time washing before the American AATCC 118-2007 standard is washed, the water-proof effect reaches 100 minutes before the American AATCC 22-2010 standard is washed and 70 minutes after the 5-time washing, and the anti-fouling effect reaches 6 grade and 4 grade of 5-time washing before the American AATCC 193-2007 standard is washed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention provides a formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for a dope dyed fabric, and belongs to the technical field of textile printing and dyeing.
Background
Along with the development of society and the continuous improvement of living standard, the consumer not only improves the comfort level of surface fabric dress to some extent, has proposed higher requirement to the environmental protection performance of surface fabric moreover, and traditional dyeing surface fabric is longer in dyeing and finishing course of working, and the dyeing in-process produces a large amount of waste water to the energy consumption is big, and is great to environmental pollution in the dyeing process. The main defects of the cotton fabric are easy wrinkling and shrinkage after washing; therefore, in order to improve the defect, the crease resistance finishing of the cotton fabric is particularly important, at present, almost all non-ironing and three-proofing finishing adopt padding resin, then baking is carried out at the high temperature of 150-180 ℃, and the non-ironing finishing and three-proofing effects of the pure cotton are achieved by adding a three-proofing auxiliary agent and then baking at the high temperature of 150 ℃; however, the cotton fiber and the resin react under high-temperature drying, and the three-proofing baking also reacts under high-temperature drying, so that the research on how to process the non-ironing and the three-proofing into one bath and realize the resin baking and the three-proofing baking in one step is the main direction of the process research, the process is saved, and the cost is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide the novel anti-ironing and anti-fouling fabric which can overcome the defects, shorten the process flow, reduce the cost, enable the original liquid fabric to be ironing-free and three-proofing, can be produced in batches, has the ironing-free performance of more than 3.5 grade, and has the oil resistance, the water resistance and the anti-fouling performance reaching the AATCC standard. The technical scheme is as follows:
a non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for a stock solution colored fabric comprises the process flows of fabric preparation, liquid ammonia finishing, formaldehyde-free non-ironing application, three-proofing auxiliary agent application, baking, tentering, preshrinking and packaging inspection in sequence. The process flow comprises the steps of fabric preparation, liquid ammonia finishing, formaldehyde-free non-ironing, three-proofing auxiliary agent application, baking, tentering, preshrinking and packaging inspection in sequence; applying formaldehyde-free non-ironing and three-proofing one-bath auxiliary agent, wherein the non-ironing auxiliary agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 200-300g/l, catalyst FF: 50-100 g/l, fiber protective agent SF-P: 30-50 g/l, three-proofing auxiliary agent AM 5602: 60-120 g/l, three-proofing crosslinking agent NN-1: 30-120 g/l of hydrochloric acid, 1-2 g/l of hydrochloric acid and the balance of water, controlling the temperature of a drying room to be 80-100 ℃, controlling the temperature of a cloth cover to be 35-40 ℃, controlling the falling cloth humidity to be 6-6.6%, and finally rolling the fabric at the falling cloth position. The non-ironing grade of the treated fabric reaches above grade 3.5 of American AATCC 124 standard, the formaldehyde content reaches below 75ppm of international environmental protection standard, the oil-proof effect reaches 5 grade and 4 grade of 5-time washing before the American AATCC 118-2007 standard is washed, the water-proof effect reaches 100 minutes before the American AATCC 22-2010 standard is washed and 70 minutes after the 5-time washing, and the anti-fouling effect reaches 6 grade and 4 grade of 5-time washing before the American AATCC 193-2007 standard is washed. Compared with the normal processing flow of non-ironing three-proofing finishing (non-ironing, baking and washing, three-proofing after washing, three-proofing baking and pre-shrinking), the method can save 2 process flows of three-proofing after washing and three-proofing baking.
The working principle is as follows: the fabric is washed or subjected to external force, cellulose macromolecules can slide, the fabric deforms, after dehydration drying or external force elimination, the cellulose macromolecules generate new intermolecular force at a new position, the generated deformation cannot be recovered, and wrinkles are generated on the surface of the fabric. Meanwhile, when the formaldehyde-free non-ironing resin is applied, the three-proofing auxiliary agent is added, and the non-ironing resin is baked at a high temperature, so that an ideal three-proofing effect can be achieved, the process flow is shortened, and the cost is reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the two steps of non-ironing finishing and three-proofing finishing are combined into one step: and the three-proofing auxiliary agent is added while the non-ironing auxiliary agent is added, so that the three-proofing finishing process after washing is shortened.
2. The two steps of the non-ironing baking and the three-proofing baking are combined into one step: the three-proofing baking is realized while the non-ironing baking is processed, and the process of the three-proofing baking finishing is shortened.
3. The fabric treated by the invention has soft hand feeling, wrinkle resistance and excellent three-proofing effect, the non-ironing property reaches above grade 3.5 of American AATCC 124 standard, the oil-proof effect reaches grade 5 before the American AATCC 118 and 2007 standard, grade 4 after 5 times of washing, the water-proof effect reaches 100 minutes before the American AATCC 22-2010 standard washing and 70 minutes after 5 times of washing, and the anti-fouling effect reaches grade 6 before the American AATCC 193 and 2007 standard washing and grade 4 after 5 times of washing. The formaldehyde content reaches below the international environmental protection standard of 75ppm, the clothes made of the fabric do not wrinkle in the wearing process, the good voucher state can be kept after washing and airing, namely, the ironing state is avoided, and the three-proofing effect is excellent before washing and after washing.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present application.
Example 1
The specification of the fabric is as follows: MRG-T/R40 CM40+ MRG-T/R40 110 90 57/58, tissue: the process flow of the non-ironing and three-proofing finishing of the 2/1+ DB fabric comprises the following steps:
1. preparing a fabric: the front and back sides of the grey cloth are consistent in seam spreading requirement, the seam head is straight and firm, singeing process requires singeing to be clean, desizing and boiling-off process requires desizing to be clean, the desizing rate reaches more than 98%, the wool effect reaches 5cm/5min after boiling-off so as to ensure the non-ironing effect and hand feeling, bleaching requires the CIE value of the bleached fabric to reach 87 under a D65 light source, alkali mercerization requires mercerization to be sufficient, and the pH value of a cloth cover is 6-7.
2. Liquid ammonia finishing: and (3) adopting conventional liquid ammonia finishing, wherein the pH value of the fabric after liquid ammonia finishing is 6.
3. Applying formaldehyde-free non-ironing and three-proofing one-bath auxiliary agent, wherein the non-ironing auxiliary agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 220g/l, 66g/l of catalyst FF, 40g/l of fiber protective agent SF-P, three-proofing auxiliary agent AM 5602: 80g/l, three-proofing crosslinking agent NN-1: 40g/l, 1.5g/l of hydrochloric acid and the balance of water, controlling the temperature of a drying room to be 80-100 ℃, controlling the temperature of a cloth cover to be 35-40 ℃, controlling the falling cloth humidity to be 6-6.6%, and finally rolling the fabric at the falling cloth position.
4. And (3) high-temperature baking reaction: the rolled fabric was baked at 140-.
5. Baking and washing: washing at 70 deg.C in water washing machine, wherein the adjuvant comprises (by weight ratio) sodium carbonate 10g/l, acetic acid 3g/l, nonionic detergent 3g/l, and water in balance.
6. Tentering: the processing is carried out on a tenter, the components and the weight ratio of the used auxiliary agent are 2g/l of acetic acid, the rest is water, and the processing is carried out at 130 ℃ by 50M/MIN.
7. Pre-shrinking: in order to meet the shrinking requirement of the fabric, the shrinking is carried out on a pre-shrinking machine, and the shrinking rate is controlled to be-1.5 percent.
Tests show that the non-ironing grade of the fabric treated by the invention reaches the American AATCC 124 standard 3.5 grade, the oil-proof effect reaches 5 grades before the American AATCC 118-2007 standard is washed, 5 times of washing is 4 grades, the water-proof effect reaches 100 grades before the American AATCC 22-2010 standard is washed, 70 grades after the 5 times of washing is 70 grades, and the anti-fouling effect reaches 6 grades before the American AATCC 193-2007 standard is washed, and 5 times of washing is 4 grades. The formaldehyde content reaches the international environmental protection standard of 20 ppm.
Example 2
The specification of the fabric is as follows: CPT70 MRG-T/R40 130 100 57/58 tissue: 2/2S, the non-ironing finishing process flow of the fabric is as follows:
1. preparing the fabric: the front and back sides of the grey cloth are consistent in seam spreading requirement, the seam head is straight and firm, singeing process requires singeing to be clean, desizing and boiling-off process requires desizing to be clean, the desizing rate reaches more than 98%, the wool effect reaches 5cm/5min after boiling-off so as to ensure the non-ironing effect and hand feeling, bleaching requires the CIE value of the bleached fabric to reach 87 under a D65 light source, alkali mercerization requires mercerization to be sufficient, and the pH value of a cloth cover is 6-7.
2. Liquid ammonia finishing: and (3) adopting conventional liquid ammonia finishing, wherein the pH value of the fabric after liquid ammonia finishing is 6.
3. Applying formaldehyde-free non-ironing and three-proofing one-bath assistant, wherein the non-ironing assistant comprises 200g/l of resin WFF and the following components in parts by weight: 60g/l, fiber protectant SF-P: 30g/l, three-proofing auxiliary agent AM 5602: 80g/l, three-proofing crosslinking agent NN-1: 40g/l, 1.5g/l of hydrochloric acid and the balance of water, controlling the temperature of a drying room to be 80-100 ℃, controlling the temperature of a cloth cover to be 35-40 ℃, controlling the falling cloth humidity to be 6-6.6%, and finally rolling the fabric at the falling cloth position.
4. And (3) high-temperature baking reaction: the rolled fabric was baked at 140-.
5. Baking and washing: the cleaning is carried out on a water washing machine at 70 ℃, and the components and the weight ratio of the used auxiliary agent are 10g/l of sodium carbonate, 3g/l of acetic acid, 3g/l of nonionic detergent and the balance of water.
6. Tentering: the processing is carried out on a tenter, the components and the weight ratio of the used auxiliary agent are 2g/l of acetic acid, the rest is water, and the processing is carried out at 130 ℃ by 50M/MIN.
7. Pre-shrinking: in order to meet the shrinking requirement of the fabric, the shrinking is carried out on a pre-shrinking machine, and the shrinking rate is controlled to be-1.5 percent.
Tests show that the non-ironing grade of the fabric treated by the invention reaches the American AATCC 124 standard 3.0 grade, the oil-proof effect reaches 5 grades before the American AATCC 118-2007 standard is washed, 5 times of washing is 4 grades, the water-proof effect reaches 100 grades before the American AATCC 22-2010 standard is washed, 70 grades after the 5 times of washing is 70 grades, and the anti-fouling effect reaches 6 grades before the American AATCC 193-2007 standard is washed, and 5 times of washing is 4 grades. The formaldehyde content reaches the international environmental protection standard of 20 ppm.
Claims (3)
1. A three-proofing one-bath finishing method for formaldehyde-free non-ironing of a dope dyed fabric comprises the following process flows of fabric preparation, liquid ammonia finishing, formaldehyde-free non-ironing application, three-proofing auxiliary agent, baking, tentering, preshrinking and packaging inspection in sequence, and is characterized in that: the process flow is one step of non-ironing finishing and three-proofing finishing after washing, and the baking and the three-proofing baking are one step, so that 2 process flows are saved in the whole non-ironing finishing process flow, and the fabric preparation, the liquid ammonia finishing, the application of formaldehyde-free non-ironing, the three-proofing auxiliary agent, the baking, the tentering, the preshrinking and the inspection are sequentially carried out;
applying formaldehyde-free non-ironing, wherein the three-proofing auxiliary agent is carried out on a tenter, and the non-ironing auxiliary agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 200-300g/l, catalyst FF: 50-100 g/l, fiber protective agent SF-P: 30-50 g/l, three-proofing auxiliary agent AM 5602: 60-120 g/l, three-proofing crosslinking agent NN-1: 30-120 g/l of hydrochloric acid, 1-2 g/l of hydrochloric acid and the balance of water, controlling the temperature of a drying room to be 80-100 ℃, controlling the temperature of a cloth cover to be 35-40 ℃, controlling the falling cloth humidity to be 6-6.6%, and finally rolling the fabric at the falling cloth position.
2. A method for the permanent-press, three-proofing, one-bath finishing of a pure cotton fabric as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: and controlling the pH value of the fabric finished by the liquid ammonia to be 6-7.
3. A method of permanent-press, three-proofing finishing of a pure cotton fabric as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the non-ironing, the three proofings auxiliary agent goes on the tentering frame, and the component and the weight ratio of non-ironing auxiliary agent are resin WFF: 200-300g/l, catalyst FF: 50-100 g/l, fiber protective agent SF-P: 30-50 g/l, three-proofing auxiliary agent AM 5602: 60-120 g/l, three-proofing crosslinking agent NN-1: 30-120 g/l of hydrochloric acid, 1-2 g/l of hydrochloric acid and the balance of water, wherein the temperature of a drying room is controlled to be 80-100 ℃, the temperature of a cloth cover is controlled to be 35-40 ℃, and the cropping humidity is 6-6.6%.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111491909.8A CN114481613A (en) | 2021-12-08 | 2021-12-08 | Formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for stock solution coloring fabric |
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| CN202111491909.8A CN114481613A (en) | 2021-12-08 | 2021-12-08 | Formaldehyde-free non-ironing three-proofing one-bath finishing method for stock solution coloring fabric |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116676773A (en) * | 2023-05-29 | 2023-09-01 | 鲁泰纺织股份有限公司 | Production process for improving wear resistance and color change of dark pure cotton fabric |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116676773A (en) * | 2023-05-29 | 2023-09-01 | 鲁泰纺织股份有限公司 | Production process for improving wear resistance and color change of dark pure cotton fabric |
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