CN114450030A - 免疫治疗中的靶向otub1 - Google Patents
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- CN114450030A CN114450030A CN202080049842.XA CN202080049842A CN114450030A CN 114450030 A CN114450030 A CN 114450030A CN 202080049842 A CN202080049842 A CN 202080049842A CN 114450030 A CN114450030 A CN 114450030A
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Abstract
本发明提供了产生Otub1‑缺陷型T细胞和NK细胞的方法,以及包含表达减少量的Otub1的工程化T细胞的组合物。进一步提供治疗癌症的方法,包括给予Otub‑1缺陷型T细胞和NK细胞。
Description
相关申请的引用
本申请要求2019年5月7日提交的美国临时申请号62/844,217的优先权,通过引用将该申请的全部内容纳入本文。
关于联邦资助研究的声明
本发明是在政府支持下由国家卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health)授予的基金号AI064639,AI057555和GM084459资助完成。政府对本发明享有某些权利。
对序列列表的引用
本申请包含序列表,其以ASCII格式通过EFS-Web提交并通过引用全部内容纳入本文。该ASCII副本创建于2020年5月6日,命名为
UTFC.P1462WO_ST25.txt,大小为17.6千字节。
背景技术
1.技术领域
本发明一般涉及医学和肿瘤学领域。更具体地说,它涉及Otub1蛋白水平降低的T细胞和NK细胞及其在肿瘤治疗中的应用。
2.相关领域的描述
CD8 T细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞是免疫系统的主要细胞毒性效应细胞,负责破坏病原体感染的细胞和癌细胞(Durgeau等人,2018年;Chiossone等人, 2018年)。CD8 T细胞通过T细胞受体(TCR)检测特定抗原,而NK细胞是先天淋巴细胞,使用不同的受体感测目标细胞。这些效应细胞也在免疫反应的不同阶段发挥作用,NK细胞在先天免疫的早期发挥作用,CD8 T细胞在适应性免疫的晚期发挥作用。NK细胞在调控T细胞反应方面也发挥着重要作用(Crouse 等人,2015)。因此,CD8 T细胞和NK细胞被认为是互补的细胞毒性效应物,并已被积极探索用于癌症免疫治疗(Rosenberg和Huang,2018)。
CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的一个共同特征是它们依赖细胞因子IL-15来维持体内平衡(Surh&Sprent,2008;Castillo&Schluns,2012)IL-15是共有γ链(γc) 家族细胞因子的成员,通过IL-15受体(IL-15R)复合物发挥作用,该复合物由 IL-15Rα、IL-15Rβ(也称为IL-2Rβ或CD122)和γc(也称为CD132)构成。IL-15通过转递呈(transpresentation)机制诱导信号传导,其中IL-15Rα与 IL-15结合,并将IL-15转递呈至应答细胞上的IL-15Rβ/γ复合物(Castillo 和Schluns,2012)。在生理条件下,IL-15是表达高水平IL-15Rβγ异二聚体的CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的稳态所特别需要的(Schluns等人,2000年;Schluns 和Legrancois,2003年)。外源性给予IL-15也可促进CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的活化,因此,已被用作癌症免疫治疗的辅助剂(Liu等人,2002年;Deshpande 等人,2013年;Teague等人,2006年)。然而,IL-15在调节CD8 T细胞和NK 细胞活化方面的生理功能尚不清楚,来自IL-15R的信号传导是如何调节的也不清楚。
泛素化已成为调节包括免疫反应在内的多种生物过程的关键机制 (Hu&Sun,2016)。泛素化是由泛素化酶和去泛素化酶(DUB)反调节的可逆反应(Sun,2008)。体外研究确定了一种非典型DUB,Otub1,它既可以直接从靶蛋白上切割泛素链,也可以通过阻断特定泛素-偶联酶(E2)的功能间接抑制泛素化,包括K63特异性E2 Ubc13(Juang等人,2012;Nakada等人,2010; Wang等人,2009;Wiener等人,2012)。然而,Otub1的体内生理功能尚未明确。
发明内容
Otub1(泛素硫酯酶)是IL-15R信号传导和CD8 T细胞和NK细胞稳态的关键调节因子。Otub1控制IL-15刺激的AKT活化,AKT是T细胞活化、代谢和效应功能的关键激酶(Gubser等人,2013年;Kim和Suresh,2013年;Cammann 等人,2016年)。Otub1控制CD8 T细胞和NK细胞在对抗感染和癌症的免疫反应中的活化和功能。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供了用于生产经修饰以表达较未经修饰的CD8 T 细胞和/或NK细胞降低的Otub1水平的CD8 T细胞和/或自然杀伤(NK)细胞的离体方法,包括:(a)培养CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞的起始群体;(b)引入抑制Otub1表达的载体;和(c)扩增经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞。
在一些方面,该载体编码Otub1抑制性RNA。在一些方面,该载体编码抑制 Otub1mRNA表达的shRNA。在一些方面,shRNA靶向从以下组中选择的序列: CUGUUUCUAUCGGGCUUUC(SEQ ID NO:3),GCUUUCGGAUUCUCCCACU (SEQ ID NO:4),GCUGUGUCUGCCAAGAGCA(SEQ IDNO:5),和 CACGUUCAUGGACCUGAUU(SEQ ID NO:6)。在一些方面中,该载体编码 Otub1抑制子RNA,其包含结合到SEQ ID NO:1或2序列的shRNA。在一些方面,该载体编码用于修饰Otub1基因的构建物,从而阻止Otub1表达。在一些方面,载体是慢病毒载体或逆转录病毒载体。在一些方面,引入包括转导、转染或电穿孔。在一些方面,修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞进一步修饰以表达CAR 和/或TCR。在一些方面,CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞的起始群体从具有抗肿瘤活性的自体肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞样本、脐带血、外周血、骨髓、CD34+细胞或诱导的多能干细胞(iPSC)中获得。在一些方面,修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群体是GMP合规的。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供根据本实施方式中任一实施方式的方法产生的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供药物组合物,其包含本实施方式中任一实施方式的修饰CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群体和药学上可接受的运载体。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供了组合物,其包含有效量的本实施方式中任一实施方式的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞,用于治疗对象中的癌症。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供了组合物的用途,其包含有效量的本实施方式中任一实施方式的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞,用于治疗对象中的癌症。
在一个实施方式中,本文提供了治疗患者癌症的方法,包括向对象给予抗肿瘤有效量的本实施方式中任何一种的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞。
在一些方面,癌是实体癌或血液恶性肿瘤。在一些方面,经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞是患者自体的。在一些方面,经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞衍生自具有抗肿瘤活性的自体肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞样本。在一些方面,经修饰的 CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞是同种异体的。在一些方面,经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/ 或NK细胞是与患者匹配的HLA。
在一些方面,经修饰的CD8 T细胞表达CAR多肽和/或TCR多肽。在一些方面,经修饰的CAR和/或TCR对CD19、CD319/CS1、ROR1、CD20、癌胚抗原、甲胎蛋白、CA-125、MUC-1、表皮肿瘤抗原、黑色素瘤相关抗原、突变的p53、突变的ras、HER2/Neu、ERBB2、叶酸结合蛋白、HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120、HIV-1 包膜糖蛋白gp41、GD2、CD123、CD23、CD30、CD56、c-Met、间皮素、GD3、 HERV-K、IL-11Rα、κ链、λ链、CSPG4、ERBB2、WT-1、EGFRvIII、TRAIL/DR4 和/或VEGFR2有抗原特异性。
在一些方面,经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞经静脉内、腹膜内或肿瘤内给予对象。在一些方面,方法还包括向患者给予至少一种额外的治疗剂。在一些方面,至少一种额外治疗剂选自由化疗、放疗和免疫治疗组成的组。在一些方面,至少一种额外治疗剂是免疫治疗,例如免疫检查点抑制剂。在一些方面,免疫检查点抑制剂抑制选自CTLA-4、PD-1、PD-L1、PD-L2、LAG-3、BTLA、B7H3、B7H4、TIM3、KIR或腺苷A2a受体(A2aR)的免疫检查点蛋白或其配体。在一些方面,免疫检查点抑制剂抑制PD-1或CTLA-4。
在一些方面,方法进一步包括在给予经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞之前对象的淋巴耗竭。在一些方面,淋巴耗竭包括给予环磷酰胺和/或氟达拉滨。
在一些方面,这些方法增加了患者癌症中CD8效应T细胞的频率。在一些方面,这些方法增加了患者癌症中第4阶段成熟NK细胞的频率。在一些方面,这些方法克服了患者的免疫耐受。在一些方面,这些方法降低了患者的CD8 T细胞的自身耐受性。在一些方面,这些方法增加了患者癌症中肿瘤浸润CD8T细胞和NK细胞的数量。
通过以下详细说明,本发明的其他目的、特征和优点将显而易见。然而,应当理解,在指示本发明的优选实施方式的同时,详细描述和具体实施例仅是示例说明,因为本发明的精神和范围内的各种改变和修改对于本领域技术人员而言将由该详细描述变得显而易见。
附图简述
以下所述附图属于说明书的一部分,包括于此用以进一步说明本文某些方面的内容。参照这些附图中的一幅或者多幅并结合具体实施方式的详细描述可更好地理解本发明。
图1A-H.Otub1调节CD8 T细胞的稳态和活化。图1A,WT和 Otub1-TKO(TKO)小鼠脾脏中原初(CD44loCD62Lhi)和记忆(CD44hiCD62Llo)CD4 T细胞以及原初(CD44lo)和记忆(CD44hi)CD8 T细胞的流式细胞术分析。数据以基于多只小鼠(WT,n=13;TKO,n=8)的代表图(上)和汇总图(下)表示。图1B和C,流式细胞术分析莫能菌素存在下用PMA和伊诺霉素刺激4小时的WT 和Otub1-TKO脾脏CD8 T细胞(图1B)或CD4 T细胞(图1C)中的胞内IFN-γ、TNF和IL-2。数据以基于多只小鼠(WT,n=5;TKO,n=5)的代表图(左)和汇总图(右)表示。图1D和E,从幼龄(6周,n=4)WT和Otub1-TKO小鼠脾脏中纯化,并用平板结合抗CD3(1μg/ml)和抗CD28(1μg/ml)刺激66小时的原初CD8和CD4 T细胞(图1D)或OT-I CD8 T细胞(图1E)培养上清液中所示细胞因子的ELISA。图1F-H,肝细菌滴度(图1F)和流式细胞术分析 OVA257-264-刺激的脾脏T细胞(图1G和H)中产生IFN-γ的CD8效应T细胞频率,这些T细胞衍生自感染LM-OVA的WT和Otub1-TKO小鼠(图1G, WT:n=6;TKO:n=4)或WT OT-I和TKO OT-I小鼠(图1H,WT-I:n=6;TKO OT-I:n=5)。数据汇总三个(图1B-H)或五个(图1A)独立实验。汇总图以平均值±s.e.m.表示,P值通过双尾斯氏t检验确定。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P< 0.0001。象限中的数字表示细胞百分数。
图2A-H.Otub1控制IL-15介导的稳态反应和CD8 T细胞的引发。图2A-C,过继转移羧基荧光素琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)标记的WT和Otub1-TKO原初CD8 T细胞7天后,对来自Il15ra+/+或Il15ra-/-受体小鼠的记忆(CD44hi)和原初(CD44lo) CD8 T细胞流式细胞术分析的实验设计示意图(图2A),代表图(图2B),和汇总图(图2C)。将WT和Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞检测为CFSE+细胞,并根据 CD45同类系(congenic)标志物(WT:CD45.1+;TKO:CD45.2+)进行鉴别。图2D,用CFSE标记的WT OT-I(CD45.1+CD45.2+)和Otub1-TKO OT-I(TKO OT-I; CD45.2+)细胞的混合物(1:1比例,12×106个细胞)过继转移8天后,从亚致死照射的Il15ra+/+或Il15ra-/-受体小鼠分离的WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I细胞的细胞增殖分析(基于CFSE稀释)。图2E和F,在用CFSE标记的WT OT-I (CD45.1+CD45.2+)和Otub1-TKO OT-I(TKO OT-I;CD45.2+)细胞的混合物(1:1 比例,6×106细胞)过继转移7天后,对从Il15ra+/+或Il15ra-/-受体小鼠分离的 WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I细胞进行ELISA(图2E)和胞内IFN-γ流式细胞仪分析 (图2F),图2E中Il15ra+/+和Il15ra-/-受体的n=4。在图2E中,每个图中的条形从左到右表示WT OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、KO OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、WT OT-I 和Il15ra–/–受体以及KO OT-I和Il15ra–/–受体。在图2F中,每栏从左到右表示 WT OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、KO OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、WT OT-I和Il15ra–/–受体以及KO OT-I和Il15ra–/–受体。图2G,热图显示了从幼龄小鼠(6周)新鲜分离的未经处理的WT和Otub1-TKO原初OT-I CD8 T细胞的RNA测序分析中的效应/ 记忆相关基因和干记忆T细胞(Tscm)的基因列表。图2H,CFSE标记的WT OT-I (CD45.1+CD45.2+)和TKO OT-I(CD45.2+)细胞(WT受体:n=4;Il15ra–/–受体: n=5)的混合物过继转移7天后,对从Il15ra+/+和Il15ra–/–受体小鼠中新分离的 WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I细胞中所示基因进行qRT-PCR分析。在图2H中,每组条从左到右表示WT OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、KO OT-I和Il15ra+/+受体、WT OT-I和 Il15ra–/–受体以及KO OT-I和Il15ra–/–受体。数据代表一个实验(图2G)或汇总三个独立实验(图2B-F和H)。汇总数据以平均值±s.e.m.表示,P值通过双尾斯氏t检验确定。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。
图3A-H.Otub1控制NK细胞的成熟和活化。图3A和B,生产Otub1他莫昔芬诱导的KO(iKO)和WT对照小鼠的实验设计示意图(图3A)以及Otub1-iKO 和WT小鼠脾细胞中Otub1的免疫印迹分析(图3B)。图3C-E,原初(CD44lo) 和记忆样(CD44hi)CD8 T细胞(图3C)、NK细胞(图3D)和NK细胞成熟期亚群频率的流式细胞术分析(图3E,第2阶段:CD11bloCD27hi;第3阶段:CD11bhiCD27hi;和第4阶段:CD11bhiCD27lo)。图3F-H,体外用IL-2(5ng/ml)、IL-12(10ng/ml) 和IL-18(10ng/ml)刺激的WT或Otub1-iKO NK细胞在指定时间段内胞内颗粒酶B(图3F)和CCL5(图3G和H)的流式细胞术分析。CCL5结果显示为直方图(图3G)和点状图(图3H)。数据总结了两个(图3B-E)或三个(图3F-H) 独立实验。汇总数据以平均值±s.e.m.表示,P值通过双尾斯氏t检验确定。*P< 0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。
图4A-K.Otub1控制IL-15R信号传导的AKT轴,并以IL-15依赖的方式定位于膜区室。图4A-C,来自6周龄WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I小鼠的经IL-15刺激的 CD8 T细胞(图4A),用对照shRNA(sh-Ctrl)或两种不同的Otub1-沉默shRNA (sh-Otub1)转导的15R-KIT细胞(图4B),或来自他莫昔芬诱导的Otub1 KO (iKO)和WT对照小鼠的NK细胞(图4C,从16只WT和15只iKO小鼠收集NK细胞)中所示磷酸化(P-)蛋白和总蛋白的免疫印迹分析。图4D,抗CD3 加抗CD28刺激的WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I小鼠(6周龄)CD8 T细胞中所示磷酸化(P-)蛋白和总蛋白的免疫印迹分析。图4E和F,在用CFSE标记的WT OT-I 和TKO OT-I CD8 T细胞混合物过继转移并用抗CD3加抗CD28体外刺激5分钟后7天,从Il15ra+/+和Il15ra-/-受体中分选的WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I细胞中S473- 磷酸化的AKT流式细胞术分析的实验设计示意图(图4E)和代表性图(图4F)。图4G和H,未处理的CD4 T、CD8 T和NK细胞(图4G)或抗CD3/抗CD28 刺激的CD4和CD8 T细胞(图4H)的膜(Mem)和胞浆(Cyt)组分或全细胞裂解物(全细胞)中所示蛋白质的免疫印迹分析。图4I和J,过继转移后7天,从Il15ra+/+或Il15ra-/-受体中分选的WT OT-I CD8 T细胞的膜(Mem)和胞浆(Cyt) 部分中Otub1和所示负载对照物的实验设计示意图(图4I)和免疫印迹分析(图 4J)。图4K,从连续三天每天注射IL-15中和抗体(200mg/小鼠)的WT OT-I 小鼠中分选的OT-I CD8 T细胞的膜(Mem)和胞浆(Cyt)部分中的Otub1、膜蛋白IGF1Rβ和胞质蛋白α-微管蛋白的免疫印迹分析。数据总结了两个(图4C、 F、H、J、K)、三个(图4B、D、G)或六个(图4A)独立实验。
图5A-N.Otub1抑制K63泛素化、PIP3结合和AKT的膜易位。图5A,用对照shRNA或两种不同的Otub1 shRNA转导的经IL-15刺激的15R-KIT T细胞的膜(Mem)和胞浆(Cyt)部分中AKT的免疫印迹分析。图5B和C,经IL-15 刺激的15R-KIT T细胞(图5B)和原代OT-I CD8 T细胞(图5C)中内源性 Otub1-AKT相互作用的共免疫沉淀分析。图5D,稳定表达HA-泛素的经IL-15 刺激的15R-KIT T细胞中的AKT泛素化分析。图5E,稳定表达HA-AKT的经 IL-15刺激的Otub1敲减和对照15R-KIT T细胞中的AKT泛素化分析。图5F,在所示表达载体存在(+)或不存在(–)的情况下,瞬时转染HA标记的WT、 K63或K48泛素的HEK293T细胞中的AKT泛素化分析。Otub1 Mut携带 D88A/C91S突变。图5G和H,在瞬时转染的HEK293细胞(图5G)或稳定表达所示HA-AKT WT和突变体的IL-15刺激的15R-KIT细胞(图5H)中对AKT 的WT和突变形式进行的泛素化分析。图5I,从稳定表达AKT WT和突变体的经IL-15刺激的15R-KIT T细胞中免疫沉淀的磷酸化(P)和总AKT的免疫印迹分析。图5J和K,泛素K63(UbK63)-AKT和UbK63-AKTK14R的示意图(图5J),以及从稳定感染的用IL-15刺激的15R-KIT细胞免疫沉淀的磷酸化和总蛋白水平的免疫印迹分析(图5K)。图5L,从瞬时转染的HEK293细胞中免疫沉淀的泛素化(上)和总(下)AKT或UbK63-AKT蛋白的免疫印迹分析。图5M,分别通过PIP3珠下拉(上)和抗HA IP(下)从瞬时转染的HEK293细胞中分离的PIP3结合(上)和总(下)HA-AKT蛋白的免疫印迹分析。图5N,瞬时转染HEK293细胞的PIP3珠下拉(左)和抗HA免疫沉淀(右)AKT或UbK63-AKT 蛋白的免疫印迹分析。数据总结了两个(图5A、K)或三个(图5B-I和L-N) 独立实验。
图6A-J.Otub1调节活化的CD8 T细胞中的基因表达和糖酵解代谢。图6A,热图显示了通过对WT和Otub1-TKO OT-I CD8 T细胞进行RNA测序分析得到的差异表达的基因列表,这些T细胞使用平板涂覆的抗CD3(1μg/ml)和可溶性抗CD28(1μg/ml)活化24小时。图6B,未处理(NT)或用抗CD3加抗CD28 刺激24小时(活化)的WT或Otub1-TKO原初OT-I CD8 T细胞中HK2的免疫印迹分析。图6C-F,在原初或抗CD3/抗CD28活化(24小时)的WT或Otub1-TKO 原初OT-I CD8 T细胞中基线(葡萄糖注射)和应激(寡霉素注射)条件下胞外酸化率(ECAR)的Searhorse分析(图6C,D),以及基线(未处理)和应激 (FCCP注射)条件下耗氧率(OCR)的Searhorse分析(图6E,F)。数据如代表图(图6C、E)和汇总图(图6D、F)的形式呈现。图6G,H,在存在AKT 抑制剂(AKTi,3μM)或溶剂对照DMSO的情况下,用抗CD3加抗CD28活化 24小时的WT或Otub1-TKO原初OT-I CD8 T细胞的胞外酸化(ECAR)的 Searhorse分析。数据如代表图(图6G)和汇总图(图6H)的形式呈现。图6I, J,在所示时间段内(图6I)或66小时(图6J),在AKT抑制剂(AKTi)或溶剂对照DMSO存在下未处理(NT)或用抗CD3加抗CD28刺激的WT或Otub1-TKO 原初OT-I CD8 T细胞培养上清液(图6J)中Glut1和Hk2表达的qRT PCR分析 (图6I)和所示细胞因子的ELISA(图6J)。数据代表一个实验(图6A)或总结三个独立实验(图6B-J)。汇总数据以平均值±s.e.m.表示,P值通过双尾斯氏 t检验确定。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。
图7A-D:Otub1缺陷促进CD8 T细胞对自身抗原的反应。图7A是9个月大的WT和Otub1-TKO Pmel1小鼠的代表性图像。100%TKO Pmel1(n=21)和0%WT Pmel1(n=18)小鼠出现严重白癜风(毛发脱色)。图7B和C,来自WT Pmel1 和Otub1-TKO Pmel1小鼠(WT,n=4;TKO,n=5)的脾脏CD8 T细胞的原初(CD44lo)和记忆(CD44hi)T细胞频率(图7B)和CXCR3+效应T细胞频率(图 7C)的流式细胞术分析。图7D,在莫能菌素存在下用GP10025-33或对照OVA257-264肽刺激6小时的WT和Otub1-TKO Pmel1 CD8 T细胞中产生IFN-γ的细胞的流式细胞术分析(WT Pmel1,n=4,TKO Pmel1,n=5)。数据代表一个实验(图7A) 或总结三个独立实验(图7B-D)。汇总数据以平均值±s.e.m.表示,P值通过双尾斯氏t检验确定。*P<0.01,**P<0.001。
图8A-O:Otub1调节抗癌免疫。图8A-C,皮下注射2×105B16-OVA细胞的 WT或Otub1-TKO小鼠的肿瘤生长曲线(图8A)、第18天肿瘤重量(图8B),和肿瘤和引流LN(dLN)中CD8 T细胞和效应(IFN-γ+和颗粒酶B+)CD8 T 细胞的频率(CD8 T细胞的百分比)(图8C)。图8D,流式细胞术分析肿瘤浸润性CD8 T细胞中Glut1的表达。图8E-G,接种B16F10黑色素瘤细胞,随后辐照并注射体外活化的(抗CD3加抗CD28 5天)WT和Otub1-TKO Pmel1 T细胞 (6×105)的B6小鼠的实验设计示意图(图8E)、肿瘤生长曲线(图8F)和 Kaplan-Meier图生存曲线(图8G)。对照小鼠接种B16F10细胞,不进行辐照和 Pmel1 T细胞注射。对照,n=4;WTPmel1,n=5;TKO Pmel1,n=5。在图8G中,当以50%存活率读取时,从左到右的线代表对照、WT-Pmel1和KO-Pmel1。图8H-L,实验设计示意图(图8H),肿瘤生长曲线(图8I),第22天肿瘤重量(图8J),肿瘤浸润免疫细胞频率(图8K)和肿瘤浸润效应(IFN-γ+和颗粒酶B+)CD8 T 细胞频率(CD8 T细胞%)(图8L)。图8M-O,接种B16F10黑色素瘤细胞,和如所示,如图14D所示注射NK细胞和CD8 T细胞耗竭抗体(抗NK1.1和抗CD8a) 的WT和Otub1-iKO(iKO)小鼠中肿瘤生长曲线(图8M)、第21天肿瘤重量(图 8N)和肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的频率(图8O)。在图8O中,每组的栏从左到右表示 WT、iKO、iKOα-NK1.1和iKOα-CD8。数据代表两个(图8A-G)或三个(图8H-O) 独立实验,每个实验具有多个生物重复。汇总数据为平均值±s.e.m.,P值通过Bonferroni事后检验(图8A、F、I、M)、双尾斯氏t检验(图8B-D和J-L和 N和O)或对数秩(图8G)的双向ANOVA确定。*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001。
图9A-E:Otub1缺陷不会影响胸腺细胞和外周T细胞群体的频率。图9A,使用FRT-LoxP载体靶向Otub1基因的示意图。将靶向的小鼠与FLP-deleter (Rosa26-FLPe)小鼠杂交以产生Otub1-floxed小鼠,其进一步与Cd4-Cre小鼠杂交以产生T细胞调理的KO(TKO)小鼠。图9B,使用P1/P2引物对针对WT 等位基因和P3/P4引物对针对flox等位基因,对flox和对照小鼠进行基因分型 PCR分析。图9C,使用来自WT或Otub1-TKO(KO)小鼠经分选的T和B细胞对Otub1进行免疫印迹分析。图9D,WT和Otub1-TKO(KO)小鼠(6周龄) 的胸腺细胞流式细胞术分析,显示CD4–CD8–双阴性、CD4+CD8+双阳性以及CD4+和CD8+单阳性群体的百分比。显示了胸腺细胞数的汇总图。图9E,WT和 Otub1-TKO小鼠脾细胞中CD4和CD8 T细胞频率的流式细胞术分析。
图10A-E,Otub1对于Treg细胞的产生和功能是必不可少的。图10A和B,年龄和性别匹配的WT和Otub1-TKO(KO)小鼠(6-8周龄)胸腺和脾脏中CD4+T 细胞中Treg细胞(Foxp3+CD25+)频率的流式细胞术分析,以代表性图(图10A) 和基于多只小鼠的汇总图(图10B,每个圆圈代表一只小鼠)呈现。图10C,6 周龄Rag1-KO小鼠在过继转移了WT原初CD45RBhi CD4T细胞和PBS (CD45RBhi+PBS)或来自6周龄WT小鼠(CD45RBhi+WT-Treg)或Otub1-TKO 小鼠(CD45RBhi+KO-Treg)的经分选Treg细胞后的体重减轻。图10D,来自 Otub1-TKO(KO,CD45.1–CD45.2+)和WT B6.SJL(WT,CD45.1+CD45.2-)小鼠的骨髓细胞(2×106)以1:1的比例混合,并过继转移到γ-辐照过的Rag1-KO小鼠中。6周后,处死受体小鼠,用流式细胞术分析来自WT和Otub1-KO(KO) 骨髓的CD4和CD8 T细胞(左)以及基于CD44和CD62L标志物的原初和记忆群体(原初:CD44loCD62Lhi;记忆:CD44hiCD62Llo)(右)。图10E,图10D 中基于每组四名受体的原初和记忆T细胞数据汇总图。*P<0.05(双尾未配对t 检验)。
图11A-E:IL-15在Otub1的控制下引发CD8 T细胞活化。图11A,来自,用抗CD3和抗CD28体外刺激66小时的WT、Otub1-TKO(TKO)、WT/Il15ra–/–和Otub1-TKO/Il15ra–/–小鼠的原初CD8 T细胞的ELISA。图11B,混合的T细胞过继转移和李斯特菌感染的示意图。用CFSE标记的WT OT-I或Otub1-TKO OT-I 原初CD8 T细胞以1:1比例混合(各5×106个细胞)过继转移Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–小鼠,并感染表达卵清蛋白的重组单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeriamonocytogenes) (LM-OVA,2×104)。7天后分析转移的OT-I细胞。图11C和D,从图11B 所示的LM-OVA感染的受体小鼠(用OVA257-274体外刺激6小时)分离的WT 和Otub1-TKO OT-I细胞的总群体(图11C)或产生IFNg的效应细胞频率(图11D) 的流式细胞术分析。图11E,相对于WT OT-I T细胞,Otub1-TKO OT-I T细胞中显著上调(粉红色,6821个基因)和下调(蓝色,1142个基因)基因的散点图。图2G所示热图中的一些基因以绿色表示。使用从未经处理的原初WT或 Otub1-TKO OT-I CD8 T细胞分离的RNA进行RNA测序。NS,不显著*P<0.05; **P<0.01,双尾斯氏t检验。
图12A-G:Otub1负调节CD8 T细胞中AKT活化。图12A-D,用所示诱导物刺激的原初OT-I CD8 T细胞(图12A和B)、原初CD8 T细胞(图12C)或原初CD4 T细胞(图12D)中所示磷酸化(P-)和总蛋白的免疫印迹分析。图12A中包括一组含有3倍以上负载材料(3x负载)的P-AKT T308,以呈现IL-15 刺激的弱AKT T308磷酸化。图12E,瞬时转染编码指定蛋白质的表达载体的 HEK293细胞中Otub1-AKT相互作用的Co-IP分析。图12F和G,用空逆转录病毒载体或编码Otub1野生型(WT)或无活性突变体(Mut,D88A/C91S)的载体感染经IL-15刺激的Otub1-缺陷型OT-I CD8 T细胞(图12F)或Otub1敲减的 15R-KIT T细胞(图12G)中所示的磷酸化(P-)和总蛋白的免疫印迹分析。
图13.Otub1控制CD8 T细胞中的基因表达。相对于用抗CD3加抗CD28刺激24小时并通过RNA测序进行分析的WT OT-I T细胞,Otub1-TKO(KO)OT-I T细胞中显著上调(粉红色,1254)和下调(蓝色,297)基因的散点图。图6A 所示热图中的一些基因以绿色表示。
图14A-E:Otub1缺失通过CD8 T细胞和NK细胞促进抗肿瘤免疫。图14A,实验流程示意图,其中所示小鼠从肿瘤细胞接种前第14天开始每天注射他莫昔芬连续4次,并在肿瘤接种后第7天再次注射他莫昔芬,以产生WT或Otub1诱导的KO(iKO)MC38-荷瘤小鼠。图14B,WT和Otub1-iKO小鼠的肿瘤负荷,显示为肿瘤生长曲线(左)和第19天肿瘤重量(右)。图14C,WT和Otub1-iKO 小鼠肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的流式细胞术分析汇总图。图14D,实验程序示意图,其中所示小鼠从肿瘤细胞接种前第14天开始每天注射他莫昔芬连续4次,并在肿瘤接种后第7天再次注射他莫昔芬,以产生WT或Otub1诱导的KO(iKO)B16F10- 荷瘤小鼠。一些荷瘤小鼠也腹膜内注射抗NK1.1和抗CD8a抗体,分别用于耗竭 NK细胞和CD8 T细胞。图14E)NK细胞和CD8 T细胞的流式细胞术分析显示抗体介导的耗竭效率。P值通过Bonferroni事后检验(图14B)或双尾斯氏t检验(图14C)的双向ANOVA确定。
图15A-C:皮肤黑色素瘤中Otub1表达水平与患者生存率和效应T细胞特征基因表达呈负相关。图15A为458例皮肤黑色素瘤患者(列)间主要CD8效应 T细胞特征基因(行)表达的热图。热图的色标表示相对基因表达。图15B,Otub1 低和高的组中CD8 T细胞特征基因的mRNA水平。****P<0.0001,双尾斯氏t 检验。图15C,Kaplan-Meier图,比较分级聚类分析中确定的两大类患者的生存率。(p<0.0001,对数秩检验)。最顶部的行表示Otub1低;底部线代表Otub1 高。
图16.活免疫细胞群基于FSC-A和SSC-A门控,单个细胞基于FSC-A和 FAS-H门控。所示免疫细胞的亚群基于单个组中所示的特定表面标志物门控。
图17A-D:B16F10-hCD19细胞克隆和抗-hCD19 CAR T细胞的产生。图17A,用编码人CD19(hCD19)的逆转录病毒载体转导的B16F10细胞中CD19的流式细胞术分析。图17B,含有CD8α信号肽、Myc表位-标签、抗-人CD19 scFv、小鼠CD28、小鼠CD3z信号传导结构域、P2A自裂解肽和小鼠Thy1.1报道物的CAR 构建。图17C,产生抗-hCD19 CAR T细胞的工作流程。图17D,基于Myc表位标签和Thy1.1的表面表达的抗-hCD19 CAR转导的鼠CD8 T细胞中CAR表达的流式细胞术分析。以模拟转导的CD8+T细胞作为对照。
图18A-D:基因消融Otub1可促进CAR T细胞针对B16黑色素瘤的活性。图18A,实验设计示意图。B6小鼠接种B16F10-hCD19黑色素瘤细胞,并在第7 天过继转移抗-hCD19 CAR-转导的小鼠CD8 T细胞。图18B,C,肿瘤生长曲线根据所示的小鼠数量(图18B)和单个小鼠的曲线(图18C)呈现为汇总图。在图18B中,当在肿瘤注射后30天读数时,从上到下的这些线条表示PBS、WT-CarT 和KO-CarT。图18D,Kaplan Meier生存图。汇总数据显示为平均值±SEM,P 值由具有Bonferroni校验(图18A)或对数秩检验(图18C)的双向ANOVA确定。
图19A-C.使用OT-I T细胞模型的CAR T细胞治疗。B6小鼠接种 B16F10-hCD19黑色素瘤细胞,并在第7天过继转移抗-hCD19 CAR转导的小鼠 OT-I CD8 T细胞。如图2图例所述,监测经治疗小鼠的肿瘤生长(图19A和B) 和存活(图19C)。汇总数据显示为平均值±SEM,P值由具有Bonferroni校验 (图19A)或对数秩检验(图19C)的双向ANOVA确定。
图20A-E:ShRNA介导的Otub1敲减增加CAR T细胞的抗肿瘤活性。图20A,用Otub1-特异性shRNA(F9)或非沉默(NS)对照shRNA转导的鼠EL4胸腺瘤细胞中内源性Otub1的免疫印迹分析。图20B,产生对照或Otub1-敲减抗 -hCD19 CAR转导的OT-I CD8 T细胞的工作流程。图20C-E,使用对照(NS) 和Otub1-敲减(F9)CAR T细胞治疗的B16F10-hCD19荷瘤小鼠基于多只小鼠的肿瘤生长总结曲线(图20C),基于单只小鼠的肿瘤生长曲线(图20D)以及Kaplan-Meier生存图(图20E)。汇总数据显示为平均值±SEM,P值由具有 Bonferroni校验(图20C)或对数秩检验(图20E)的双向ANOVA确定。
图21A-D:Otub1的基因消融增加CAR NK细胞的抗肿瘤功能。图21A,产生抗-hCD19CAR NK细胞并过继转移至荷瘤小鼠的工作流程。图21B-D,使用野生型(WT)或Otub1-TKO(KO)CAR NK细胞治疗的B16F10-hCD19荷瘤小鼠基于多只小鼠的肿瘤生长总结曲线(图21B)、基于个体小鼠的肿瘤生长曲线 (图21C)以及Kaplan-Meier生存曲线(图21D)。汇总数据显示为平均值±SEM, P值由具有Bonferroni校验(图21B)或对数秩检验(图21D)的双向ANOVA 确定。
图22A-B.靶向人Otub1的shRNA的产生和表征。图22A,四种新的人Otub1 shRNA(H1-H4),以及两种市售人Otub1 shRNA(#2和#4)的序列,它们被克隆到pGIPZ慢病毒载体中。核苷酸编号基于hOtub1 cDNA序列。图22B,编码非沉默(NS)对照shRNA或所示Otub1shRNA的pGIPZ慢病毒载体转导的人293T细胞中Otub1和负荷对照HSP60的免疫印迹分析,显示H2和H3的高敲减效率。
具体实施方式
CD8 T细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞是抵抗病原体和癌症的免疫反应的中心细胞成分,它们依赖IL-15维持稳态。IL-15介导CD8 T细胞的稳态引发以进行抗原刺激的活化,该活化由去泛素化酶Otub1控制。IL-15介导Otub1的膜募集,抑制AKT的泛素依赖性活化,AKT是T细胞活化和代谢的关键激酶。小鼠中的 Otub1缺陷导致CD8 T细胞对IL-15的异常反应,使原初CD8 T细胞对抗原刺激高度敏感,其特征是代谢性重编程和效应功能增强。Otub1还控制NK细胞的成熟和活化。Otub1通过作为IL-15介导的引发检查点来控制CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的活化。一直以来,Otub1缺失通过CD8 T细胞和NK细胞活性的释放而显著增强抗癌免疫。
嵌合抗原受体(CAR)转导的靶向肿瘤相关抗原的T细胞在B细胞恶性肿瘤的治疗中显示出良好的前景;然而,由于肿瘤浸润性T细胞衰竭,CAR T细胞治疗对实体瘤的效果较差。虽然已经做出了大量的努力来修饰CAR信号传导基序,但对于如何靶向细胞内因子以提高CAR T细胞治疗的疗效知之甚少。使用本文提供的人CD19 CAR T细胞系统,临床前证据表明Otub1基因敲除或敲减可显著增强CAR T细胞对抗hCD19-转导的实体瘤的功能。靶向Otub1还能增强 CAR NK细胞的功能。
I.本实施方式的方面
本文提供的结果提示了一种泛素依赖性机制,其可调节CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的IL-15R信号传导和IL-15依赖性稳态,并将DUB Otub1确立为一种关键调节因子。Otub1控制IL-15刺激的AKT泛素化和活化,AKT是一种介导CD8 T 细胞活化和代谢重编程的激酶。尽管Otub1在CD4 T细胞中大量表达,但Otub1 缺陷对CD4 T细胞的稳态没有影响。Otub1的这种细胞类型特异性功能可以通过其在调节IL-15R信号传导中的作用来解释,IL-15R信号传导是CD8 T细胞和 NK细胞稳态特别需要的(Schluns等人,2000年;Schluns和Lefrancois,2003 年;Guillerey等人,2016年)。
这些数据表明,CD8 T细胞对IL-15的稳态接触是抗原特异性CD8 T细胞活化的关键引发步骤,该活化由Otub1控制。Otub1的T细胞特异性缺失使CD8 T 细胞对体内细菌感染,和体外由TCR-CD28信号活化高度敏感。这种表型是由于IL-15对原初CD8 T细胞的异常引发所致,因为在IL-15Rα缺陷型小鼠中未检测到这种现象。在CD8 T细胞和NK细胞中,Otub1位于膜区室。Otub1的膜定位依赖于IL-15信号传导,因此意味着Otub1是IL-15介导的CD8 T细胞引发的检查点。由于AKT活化发生在不同的膜区室中(Jethwa等人,2015年),这些发现表明Otub1的膜定位可能有利于其在调节AKT活化中的作用。
Otub1调节CD8 T细胞活化和功能的不同方面。Otub1缺乏敏化CD8 T细胞,通过TCR-CD28刺激和李斯特菌感染活化,并促进抗原特异性效应细胞的产生。 Otub1在调节CD8T细胞反应中的关键作用也通过Otub1 TKO Pmel1小鼠中白癜风的发生而被揭示,这是由于黑素细胞自身抗原gp100异常活化CD8 T细胞所致。Otub1的另一个重要功能是调节活化CD8T细胞的代谢重编程,这是支持增殖、效应细胞生成和功能的基本机制(Pearce等人,2013)。Otub1的这一功能与其在AKT调节中的作用一致,因为AKT是一种主要激酶,介导CD8 T细胞活化、代谢和效应功能(Gubser等人,2013年;Kim和Suresh,2013年;Cammann 等人,2016年)。
成年小鼠中Otub1的可诱导缺失极大地促进了肿瘤排斥反应,与多种免疫细胞(包括CD8 T细胞、NK细胞以及CD4 T细胞和cDC1细胞)的肿瘤浸润增加有关。NK细胞或CD8 T细胞的耗竭损伤抗癌免疫力,消除了WT和Otub1-iKO 小鼠在肿瘤排斥反应方面的差异。抗体介导的细胞耗竭研究显示NK细胞在介导 Otub1-iKO小鼠CD4 T细胞和cDC1细胞的募集中起着关键作用。在过继性T细胞治疗模型中,Otub1缺失也显著增强了CD8效应T细胞的肿瘤排斥活性,这与Otub1在调节活化的CD8 T细胞的代谢和效应分子表达中的作用一致。这些发现意味着Otub1是癌症免疫治疗的潜在药物靶点。
泛素化在调节IL-15R信号传导中的作用尚不明确。目前的结果证明Otub1是一种DUB,特异性调节IL-15R信号传导的AKT轴。AKT活化的一个中心步骤是其向质膜的募集,在质膜上通过mTORC2的S473磷酸化和PDK1的T308磷酸化而活化(Mishra等人,2014)。AKT的膜募集涉及其通过N末端PH结构域与膜磷脂PIP3结合。这些数据表明Otub1介导的AKT去泛素化减弱了其与 PIP3的结合。值得注意的是,AKT的泛素化位点K14位于其PH结构域中。据信由于其N端PH结构域和C端激酶结构域之间的分子内相互作用,非活性AKT 以封闭构象存在(Calleja等人,2009)。因此,在AKT的PH结构域泛素化可能干扰分子内相互作用,从而促进PH结构域暴露,利于PIP3结合。
II.定义
如本文所用,就特定组分而言,“基本上不含”在本文中用于表示该特定组分未被有意配制入组合物和/或仅作为污染物存在或微量存在。因此,由组合物的任何非计划污染产生的该指定组分的总量远低于0.05%,优选低于0.01%。最优选的是使用标准分析方法无法检测到任何量的指定成分的组合物。
如本说明书中所用,“一”或“一个/种”可指一个/种或多个/种。如本文权利要求中所用,当与词语“包括”结合使用时,“一”或“一个/种”可指一个或多于一个。
在权利要求中使用的术语“或”表示“和/或”,除非特别指出仅指替代方式,或替代方式互相排除,但公开内容支持仅指替代方式和“和/或”的定义。如本文所用,“另一”可指至少第二个/种或更多个/种。
在本申请全文中,术语“约”用于表示数值包括装置、用于确定该数值的方法、研究对象之间差异的固有误差变化,或在规定数值10%范围内的值。
“免疫病”、“免疫相关疾病”或“免疫介导疾病”是指免疫反应在疾病发生或进展中起关键作用的疾病。免疫介导疾病包括自身免疫病、同种异体排斥反应、移植物抗宿主病以及炎症和过敏性疾病。
“免疫反应”是免疫系统的细胞,如B细胞、T细胞或先天免疫细胞对刺激的反应。在一个实施方式中,该反应对特定抗原具有特异性(“抗原特异性反应”)。
疾病或病症的“治疗”或疗法指执行一种方案,其可包括对患者给予一种或多种药物,目的是减轻疾病征兆或症状。治疗的理想效果包括降低疾病进展的速度,改善或平息疾病状态,以及缓解和改善预后。缓解可以发生在疾病或状况的症状或体征出现之前,也可以发生在出现之后。因此,“治疗”或“处理”可能包括“预防”或“防止”疾病或不良状况。此外,“治疗”或“处理”不需要完全缓解症状或体征,也不需要治愈,特别包括对患者仅有边际影响的方案。
本申请中通篇使用的术语“治疗益处”或“治疗有效性”是指促进或增强对象在该疾病的医疗治疗方面的健康的任何物质。这包括但不限于降低疾病体征或症状的频率或严重程度。例如,癌症的治疗可能涉及例如减小肿瘤的大小、降低肿瘤的侵袭性、降低癌症的生长速率或预防转移。癌症的治疗也可涉及延长癌症对象的生存期。
“对象”和“患者”是指人类或非人类,如灵长类、哺乳动物和脊椎动物。在具体实施方式中,对象是人。
短语“药学上或药理学上可接受的”是指当适当地给予动物(如人)时不会产生不良、过敏或其他不良反应的分子实体和组合物。根据本公开的启示,本领域技术人员将知道包含抗体或附加活性成分的药物组合物的制备。此外,对于动物(如人)给药,应了解制剂应符合FDA生物标准办公室所要求的无菌性、热原性、一般安全性和纯度标准。
如本文所用,“药学上可接受的运载体”包括任何及所有水性溶剂(例如,水、酒精/水溶液、盐水溶液、胃肠外载剂,例如氯化钠、林格葡萄糖等)、非水溶剂(如丙二醇、聚乙二醇、植物油和可注射有机酯,如油酸乙酯)、分散介质、包衣、表面活性剂、抗氧化剂、防腐剂(如抗菌剂或抗真菌剂、抗氧化剂、螯合剂和惰性气体),等渗剂、吸收延迟剂、盐、药物、药物稳定剂、凝胶、粘合剂、赋形剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、甜味剂、调味剂、染料、液体和营养补充剂,如本领域普通技术人员已知的相似材料及其组合。根据熟知的参数常规调节药物组合物的各种组分的pH和确切浓度。
术语“单倍型分型或组织分型”指用于识别对象的单倍型或组织类型的方法,例如通过确定特定对象的淋巴细胞上表达哪个或哪几个HLA基因座。ΗLA基因位于主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)中,这是6号染色体短臂上的一个区域,参与细胞间相互作用、免疫反应、器官移植、癌症发展和疾病易感性。在移植中有六个重要的基因座,分别是HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-C和HLA-DR、HLA-DP和 HLA-DQ。在每个基因座上,可以有几个不同的等位基因中的任何一个。
一种广泛使用的单倍型分型方法使用聚合酶链反应(PCR)将对象的DNA与编码MHC抗原的已知基因节段进行比较。这些基因区域的可变性决定了对象的组织类型或单倍型。血清学方法也用于检测细胞表面用血清学定义的抗原。 HLA-A、-B和-C决定簇可通过已知的血清学技术进行测量。简而言之,对象的淋巴细胞(从新鲜外周血中分离)与识别所有已知HLA抗原的抗血清一起孵育。这些细胞分布在具有含有各种抗血清的微孔的托盘上。细胞孵育30分钟,然后再进行60分钟补体孵育。如果淋巴细胞表面有抗血清中抗体识别的抗原,则淋巴细胞被裂解。可以添加染料以显示细胞膜渗透性的变化和细胞死亡。裂解破坏的细胞模式表明组织学不相容的程度。例如,如果被检测为HLA-A3的人的淋巴细胞在含有HLA-A3抗血清的孔中被破坏,则该抗原组的检测呈阳性。
术语“抗原呈递细胞(APC)”是指能够以免疫系统的特定效应细胞可识别的肽-MHC复合物的形式递呈一种或多种抗原,从而诱导针对所递呈的一种或多种抗原的有效细胞免疫反应的一类细胞。术语“APC”包括完整的全细胞,如巨噬细胞、B细胞、内皮细胞、活化T细胞和树突细胞,或天然存在或合成的能够递呈抗原的分子,如与β2-微球蛋白复合的纯化MHC I类分子。
III.工程化CD8 T细胞和NK细胞
本说明书提供了用于产生已改变的某些基因(例如Otub1)表达的工程化CD8 T细胞或NK细胞的方法。考虑用这些工程化的CD8 T细胞和NK细胞进行过继免疫治疗,其涉及转移离体产生的自体或同种异体抗原特异性T细胞。可进一步修饰工程化CD8 T细胞和NK细胞以在其表面表达抗原特异性受体。通过转基因T细胞受体或嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的遗传转移,已经成功地在T细胞中产生了新的特异性。CAR已成功地使T细胞重定向针对各种恶性肿瘤(包括淋巴瘤和实体瘤)的肿瘤细胞表面表达的抗原。
A.CD8 T细胞的制备
CD8 T细胞可能来源于血液、骨髓、淋巴、淋巴器官或肿瘤活检样品。在一些方面中,细胞是人细胞。细胞可以是原代细胞,例如直接从对象分离和/或从对象分离并冷冻的细胞。在一些实施方式中,细胞包括T细胞或其他细胞类型的一个或多个亚组,如全T细胞群、CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞及其亚群,如由功能、活化状态、成熟、分化潜力、扩增、再循环、定位,和/或持续能力、抗原特异性、抗原受体类型、特定器官或区室中的存在、标志物或细胞因子分泌概况,和 /或分化程度限定的那些。关于待治疗的对象,细胞可以是同种异体和/或自体的。在一些方面,例如对于现成技术,细胞是多潜能和/或多能的,例如干细胞,例如诱导的多潜能干细胞(iPSC)。在一些实施方式中,该方法包括从对象分离细胞,如本文所述制备、处理、培养和/或使其工程化,并在冷冻保存之前或之后将它们重新引入同一患者。
T细胞(例如CD4+和/或CD8+T细胞)的亚型和亚群包括:原初T(TN)细胞、效应T细胞(TEFF)、记忆T细胞及其亚型,如干细胞记忆T(TSCM)、中心记忆T(TCM)、效应记忆T(TEM)、或终末分化的效应记忆T细胞、肿瘤-浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)、不成熟T细胞、成熟T细胞、辅助T细胞、细胞毒性T细胞、粘膜相关的非变体T(MAIT)细胞、天然产生的和过继性调节T(Treg)细胞、辅助T细胞,如TH1细胞、TH2细胞、TH3细胞、TH17细胞、TH9细胞、 TH22细胞、滤泡辅助T细胞、α/βT细胞,和δ/γT细胞。
在一些实施方式中,针对一个或多个T细胞群体富集或耗竭对特定标志物(例如表面标记物)呈阳性或对特定标志物呈阴性的细胞。在某些情况下,此类标志物是在某些T细胞群体(例如,非记忆细胞)上缺失或表达水平相对较低,但在某些其他T细胞群体(例如,记忆细胞)上存在或表达水平相对较高的标志物。
在一些实施方式中,通过对非T细胞(如B细胞、单核细胞或其它血液白细胞)上表达的标志物(如CD14)进行负选择来从PBMC样品分离T细胞。在一些方面,CD8+选择步骤用于分离CD4+辅助细胞和CD8+细胞毒性T细胞。通过针对一种或多种原初、记忆和/或效应T细胞亚群上表达或以相对高程度表达的标志物进行正或负选择,可将此类CD8+群进一步分选成亚群。
在一些实施方式中,CD8+T细胞进一步富集或耗尽原初、中央记忆、效应记忆和/或中央记忆干细胞,例如通过基于与各亚群相关的表面抗原的阳性或阴性选择。在一些实施方式中,对中央记忆T(TCM)细胞进行富集以提高功效,例如在给药后改善长期存活、扩增和/或植入,其在一些方面在此类亚群中特别强健。
在一些实施方式中,T细胞是自体T细胞。在这种方法中,从患者获取肿瘤样本,并获得单细胞悬液。单细胞悬液可以以任何合适的方式获得,例如,机械法(使用例如gentleMACSTMDissociator,美天旎生物技术公司(Miltenyi Biotec),加利福尼亚州奥本)或酶法(如胶原酶或DNA酶)。肿瘤酶消化物的单细胞悬液在白细胞介素-2(IL-2)中培养。培养细胞直到汇合(例如,约2×106淋巴细胞),例如,从约5天到约21天,优选从约10天到约14天。例如,细胞可从 5天、5.5天或5.8天培养至21天、21.5天或21.8天,例如从10天、10.5天或 10.8天培养至14天、14.5天或14.8天。
培养的T细胞可合并并迅速扩增。快速扩增使工程化T细胞的数量在大约10 到14天的时间内增加至少约50倍(例如,50倍、60倍、70倍、80倍、90倍或100倍以上)。更优选地,快速扩增在约10至约14天期间提供至少约200倍 (例如,200-、300-、400-、500-、600-、700-、800-、900-或更多倍)的增加。
扩增可以通过本领域已知的许多方法中的任何一种来实现。例如,在饲养淋巴细胞和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)或白细胞介素-15(IL-15)存在下,使用非特异性T细胞受体刺激可快速扩增T细胞。非特异性T细胞受体刺激物可包括约30 ng/ml OKT3,一种用于人抗CD3的小鼠单克隆抗体(可从新泽西州拉瑞坦的购得)。或者,T细胞可通过在存在T细胞生长因子的情况下,例如300IU/ml IL-2或IL-15情况下用一种或多种癌症抗原(包括其抗原部分,例如表位或细胞)在体外刺激外周血单核细胞(PBMC)而快速扩增,抗原可任选地从载体表达,例如人白细胞抗原A1(HLA-A1)结合肽。体外诱导的T细胞通过用相同的癌抗原脉冲到表达HLA-A1的抗原递呈细胞上而迅速扩增。或者,例如可使用经辐照的自体淋巴细胞或经辐照的HLA-A1+同种异体淋巴细胞和 IL-2再刺激T细胞。
可修饰自体T细胞以表达促进自体T细胞生长和活化的T细胞生长因子。合适的T细胞生长因子包括例如白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-7、IL-15和IL-12。合适的修饰方法是本领域已知的。参见例如,Sambrook等,《分子克隆:实验室手册》(Molecular Cloning:A LaboratoryManual)(第2版,冷泉港实验室出版社 (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press),纽约冷泉港(1989))和Ausubel等的 Current Protocols in Molecular Biology(《新编分子生物学实验指南》),纽约州纽约的格林出版联合公司(Greene Publishing Associates)和约翰威利父子出版公司 (John Wiley&Sons)(1994)。具体而言,修饰的自体T细胞高水平表达T细胞生长因子。T细胞生长因子编码序列(例如IL-12的序列)在本领域中是容易获得的,如启动子,其与T细胞生长因子编码序列的可操作连接促进高水平表达。
B.NK细胞制备
该方法可包括从脐带血、外周血、骨髓、CD34+细胞或iPSC(尤其是从脐带血)获得起始细胞群。然后,可对起始细胞群施加Ficoll-Paque密度梯度以获得单核细胞(MNC)。
然后,可耗竭MNC中的CD3、CD14和/或CD19细胞以负筛选NK细胞,或可通过CD56和/或CD16选择进行NK细胞的阳性筛选。可对所选NK细胞表征,确定CD56+/CD3-细胞的百分比。然后,NK细胞可与APC和细胞因子(如 IL-2、IL-21和IL-18)一起培养,然后进行Otub1敲减。工程化的NK细胞可以在经辐照的APC和细胞因子(如IL-2和IL-15)的存在下进一步扩增。
NK细胞可在APC,尤其是经辐照的APC(例如UAPC)存在的情况下扩增。扩增可以是大约2-30天或更长,例如3-20天,特别是12-16天,例如12、13、 14、15、16、17、18或19天,具体地说大约14天。NK细胞和APC可以约3:1-1:3 的比率存在,例如2:1、1:1、1:2,特别是约1:2。扩增培养物可进一步包含促进扩增的细胞因子,例如IL-2、IL-21和/或IL-18。细胞因子可以约10-500U/mL 的浓度存在,例如100-300U/mL,尤其是约200U/mL。细胞因子可在扩增培养物中补充,例如每2-3天补充一次。可以至少第二次将APC添加到培养物中,例如在CAR转导之后。
扩增后,可立刻输注或储存免疫细胞,如冷冻保存。在某些方面,细胞可在约1、2、3、4、5天内作为批量群体在离体繁殖数天、数周或数月。
扩增的NK细胞可分泌I型细胞因子,如,活化先天性和适应性免疫细胞的干扰素-γ、肿瘤坏死因子-α和粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)以及其他细胞因子和趋化因子。可测定这些细胞因子以确定NK细胞的活化状态。此外,本领域已知的用于确定NK细胞活化的其他方法可用于表征本发明的NK细胞。
C.基因表达的修饰
在一些实施方式中,本发明的免疫细胞经修饰以改变某些基因(例如Otub1) 的表达。在一些实施方式中,可修饰免疫细胞以表达降低水平的Otub1。在一些实施方式中,可修饰免疫细胞以敲除Otub1基因。作为治疗方案的一部分,可向癌症患者给予Otub1 KO免疫细胞。该方法可以单独使用,也可以与其他检查点抑制剂联合使用,以提高抗肿瘤活性。
在一些实施方式中,改变的基因表达通过实现基因的破坏来实现,例如敲除、插入、错义或移码突变,例如双等位移码突变,和/或基因的全部或部分(例如,一个或多个外显子或其部分)的缺失。例如,改变的基因表达可受序列特异性或靶向核酸酶的影响,包括DNA结合靶向核酸酶,如锌指核酸酶(ZFN)和转录激活因子样效应核酸酶(TALEN),以及RNA引导的核酸酶,如CRISPR相关核酸酶(Cas),专为针对该基因或其部分的序列而设计。
在一些实施方式中,使用反义技术实现基因改变,例如通过RNA干扰 (RNAi)、小干扰RNA(siRNA)、短发夹(shRNA)和/或核酶来选择性地抑制或阻遏基因的表达。siRNA技术是一种RNAi技术,其利用双链RNA分子,该分子具有与从基因转录出的mRNA的核苷酸序列同源的序列以及与核苷酸序列互补的序列。siRNA通常与从基因转录出的mRNA的一个区域同源/互补,或者可以是包括与不同区域同源/互补的多个RNA分子的siRNA。在一些方面, siRNA包含在多顺反子构建物中。
在一些实施方式中,与在不存在基因修饰或在不存在引入以实现修饰的组分的情况下的表达相比,对基因进行修饰以使其表达降低至少或约20%、30%或 40%,通常至少或约50%、60%、70%、80%、90%或95%。
D.遗传工程改造的抗原受体
本发明的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞可以通过遗传工程改造来表达抗原受体,例如工程化TCR和/或CAR。例如,修饰CD8 T细胞和NK细胞以表达对癌症抗原具有抗原特异性的TCR。可向CD8 T细胞和NK细胞添加多个CAR和/或 TCR,例如针对不同抗原的CAR和/或TCR。
1.嵌合抗原受体
嵌合抗原受体分子是一种重组融合蛋白,其特点是能够结合抗原并通过其胞质尾部的免疫受体酪氨酸基活化基序(ITAM)传递活化信号。利用抗原结合部分(例如,由单链抗体(scFv)产生的)受体构建物具有“通用性”的额外优势,因为它们以HLA非依赖性方式结合靶细胞表面的天然抗原。
嵌合抗原受体可通过本领域已知的任何方法制备,但优选使用重组DNA技术制备。通过分子克隆的标准技术(基因组文库筛选、PCR、引物辅助连接、酵母和细菌的scFv文库、定点突变等),可以制备编码嵌合抗原受体多个区域的核酸序列,并将其组装成完整的编码序列。产生的编码区可插入表达载体并用于转化合适的表达宿主同种异体或自体免疫效应细胞,例如T细胞或NK细胞。
本文所述CAR的实施方式包括编码抗原特异性嵌合抗原受体(CAR)多肽的核酸,其包含胞内信号传导结构域、跨膜结构域和包含一个或多个信号传导基序的胞外结构域。在某些实施方式中,CAR可识别由一个或多个抗原之间的共享空间构成的表位。在一些实施方式中,嵌合抗原受体包含:a)胞内信号传导结构域,b)跨膜结构域,和c)包含抗原结合结构域的胞外结构域。任选地, CAR可包括位于跨膜结构域和抗原结合结构域之间的铰链结构域。在某些方面,实施方式的CAR进一步包含将CAR的表达指引到细胞表面的信号肽。例如,在一些方面,CAR可包含来自GM-CSF的信号肽。
在某些实施方式中,当存在少量肿瘤相关抗原时,CAR还可与膜结合细胞因子共表达以改善持久性。例如,CAR可以与膜结合的IL-15共表达。
根据CAR结构域的排列和结构域中使用的特定序列,表达CAR的免疫效应细胞可能对靶细胞具有不同水平的活性。在某些方面,可将不同的CAR序列引入免疫效应细胞以生成工程化的细胞,选择具有提高的SRC的工程化细胞和测试活性以鉴定预测具有最大治疗功效的CAR构建物的所选细胞。
a.抗原结合结构域
在某些实施方式中,抗原结合结构域可包括单克隆抗体的互补决定区、单克隆抗体的可变区和/或其抗原结合片段。在另一个实施方式中,该特异性源自与受体结合的肽(例如,细胞因子)。“互补决定区(CDR)”是在抗原受体(例如免疫球蛋白和T细胞受体)蛋白质的可变结构域中发现的一个短氨基酸序列,它与抗原互补,从而为受体提供对该特定抗原的特异性。抗原受体的每条多肽链包含三个CDR(CDR1、CDR2和CDR3)。由于抗原受体通常由两条多肽链组成,因此每个与抗原接触的抗原受体有六个CDR—每条重链和轻链包含三个 CDR。由于大多数与免疫球蛋白和T细胞受体相关的序列变异在CDR中发现,这些区域有时被称为高变结构域。其中,CDR3表现出最大的可变性,因为它是通过VJ(重链和TCRαβ链中的VDJ)区域重组编码的。
预期CAR核酸,特别是scFv序列是人类基因,用于增强人类患者的细胞免疫治疗。在特定实施方式中,提供全长CAR cDNA或编码区。抗原结合区或结构域可包含源自特定小鼠或人或人源化单克隆抗体的单链可变片段(scFv)的 VH和VL链片段。该片段也可以是抗原特异性抗体的任意数量的不同抗原结合结构域。在更具体的实施方式中,该片段是针对人密码子用途进行优化以在人类细胞中表达的序列编码的抗原特异性scFv。在某些方面中,CAR的VH和VL 结构域由接头序列(例如Whitlow接头)分隔。通过引用并入本文的国际(PCT) 专利公开号WO/2015/123642中还提供了可根据实施方式修改或使用的CAR构建物。
如前所述,原型CAR编码包含源自一种单克隆抗体(mAb)的VH和VL结构域的scFv,其与跨膜结构域和一个或多个胞质信号传导结构域(例如,共刺激结构域和信号传导结构域)偶联。因此,CAR可包含与感兴趣的抗原(例如肿瘤相关抗原)结合的抗体的LCDR1-3序列和HCDR1-3序列。然而,在其它方面中,识别了与感兴趣的抗原结合的多种抗体中的两种,并且构建了一种CAR,其包括:(1)与抗原结合的第一抗体的HCDR1-3序列;和(2)与抗原结合的第二抗体的LCDR1-3序列。这种包含来自两种不同抗原结合性抗体的HCDR和 LCDR序列的CAR可能具有优先结合抗原的特定构型(例如,与正常组织相比优先与癌细胞结合的构型)的优势。
或者,可以使用从不同mAb衍生的VH和VL链来工程改造CAR,以生成一组CAR+T细胞。CAR的抗原结合域可包含第一抗体的LCDR1-3序列和第二抗体的HCDR1-3序列的任意组合。
b.铰链结构域
在某些方面,实施方式的CAR多肽可包括位于抗原结合结构域和跨膜结构域之间的铰链结构域。在某些情况下,铰链结构域可包含在CAR多肽中,以在抗原结合结构域和细胞表面之间提供足够的距离,或减轻可能对CAR基因修饰的 T细胞的抗原结合或效应功能产生不利影响的空间位阻。在一些方面,铰链结构域包含与Fc受体(例如FcγR2a或FcγR1a)结合的序列。例如,铰链序列可包含来自与Fc受体结合的人免疫球蛋白(例如,IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1、 IgA2、IgM、IgD或IgE)的Fc结构域。在某些方面,铰链结构域(和/或CAR) 不包含野生型人IgG4 CH2和CH3序列。
在一些情况下,CAR铰链结构域可衍生自人免疫球蛋白(Ig)恒定区或其包括Ig铰链的一部分,或衍生自人CD8α跨膜结构域和CD8a-铰链区。在一个方面, CAR铰链结构域可包含抗体同种型IgG4的铰链-CH2-CH3区。在某些方面,可以在抗体重链CH2结构域中引入点突变,以减少CAR-T细胞或任何其他CAR修饰的细胞的糖基化和非特异性Fcγ受体结合。
在某些方面中,实施方式的CAR铰链结构域包含Ig Fc结构域,其包含相对于野生型Ig Fc结构域的至少一个减少Fc受体结合的突变。例如,CAR铰链结构域可包含IgG4-Fc结构域,该结构域包含相对于野生型IgG4-Fc结构域的至少一个减少Fc-受体结合的突变。在一些方面中,CAR铰链结构域包含在相对于野生型IgG4-Fc序列对应于L235和/或N297的位置处具有突变(例如氨基酸缺失或取代)的IgG4-Fc结构域。例如,CAR铰链结构域可包含具有相对于野生型 IgG4-Fc序列的L235E和/或N297Q突变的IgG4-Fc结构域。在其它方面,CAR铰链结构域可包含IgG4-Fc结构域,该结构域在L235位置处具有氨基酸取代,以取代亲水性氨基酸,例如R、H、K、D、E、S、T、N或Q,或具有与“E”类似的性质的氨基酸,例如D。在某些方面,CAR铰链结构域可包含在位置N297 处具有氨基酸取代的IgG4-Fc结构域,该氨基酸具有类似于“Q”的性质,例如 S或T。
在某些特定方面中,铰链结构域包含与IgG4铰链结构域、CD8a铰链结构域、 CD28铰链结构域或工程化铰链结构域约85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、 95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%相同的序列。
c.跨膜结构域
抗原特异性胞外结构域和胞内信号传导结构域可通过跨膜结构域连接。可用作跨膜结构域部分的多肽序列包括但不限于人CD4跨膜结构域、人CD28跨膜结构域、跨膜人CD3ζ结构域,或半胱氨酸突变的人CD3ζ结构域,或来自其他人跨膜信号传导蛋白,如CD16和CD8以及促红细胞生成素受体的其他跨膜结构域。在一些方面,例如,跨膜结构域包含至少85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、 95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%与美国专利公开号2014/0274909(例如CD8 和/或CD28跨膜结构域)或美国专利号8,906,682(例如CD8α跨膜结构域)中提供的序列之一相同的序列,两者均通过引用并入本文。本发明中的特定用途的跨膜区可衍生自(即,至少包括以下的跨膜区)T细胞受体、CD3ε、CD45、 CD4、CD5、CD8、CD9、CD16、CD22、CD33、CD37、CD64、CD80、CD86、 CD134、CD137、CD154的α、β或ζ链的跨膜区。在某些特定方面中,跨膜结构域可与CD8a跨膜结构域或CD28跨膜结构域85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、 94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%相同。
d.胞内信号传导结构域
实施方式的嵌合抗原受体的胞内信号传导结构域负责活化经工程改造以表达嵌合抗原受体的免疫细胞的至少一种正常效应功能。术语“效应功能”是指分化的细胞的专门功能。例如,T细胞的效应功能可以是细胞溶解活性或辅助活性,包括细胞因子的分泌。原初、记忆或记忆型T细胞中的效应功能包括抗原依赖性增殖。因此,术语“胞内信号传导结构域”是指蛋白质中传导效应功能信号并指导细胞执行特定功能的部分。在一些方面,细胞内信号传导结构域衍生自天然受体的胞内信号传导结构域。此类天然受体的例子包括T细胞受体的ζ链或其任何同系物(例如,η、δ、γ或ε)、MB1链、B29、Fc RIII、Fc RI以及信号传导分子的组合,例如CD3ζ和CD28、CD27、4-1BB、DAP-10、OX40及其组合,以及其他类似分子和片段。可以使用活化蛋白家族的其他成员的细胞内信号传导部分。虽然通常使用整个胞内信号传导结构域,但在许多情况下,不需要使用完整胞内多肽。在可使用胞内信号传导结构域的截短部分的范围内,只要该截短部分仍能传递效应功能信号,则可使用该截短部分代替完整链。因此,术语“胞内信号传导结构域”指包括胞内信号传导结构域的截短部分,其足以在CAR结合到靶标时传导效应功能信号。在优选实施方式中,人类CD3ζ胞内结构域用作实施方式的CAR的胞内信号传导结构域。
在特定实施方式中,CAR中的胞内受体信号传导结构域包括T细胞抗原受体复合物的结构域,例如CD3的ζ链,也包括FcγRIII共刺激信号传导结构域、CD28、 CD27、DAP10、CD137、OX40、CD2,单独或例如与ζCD3串联。在特定实施方式中,胞内结构域(可称为胞质结构域)包含一个或多个TCRζ链、CD28、CD27、 OX40/CD134、4-1BB/CD137、FcεRIγ、ICOS/CD278、IL-2Rβ/CD122、IL-2Rα/CD132、DAP10、DAP12和CD40的部分或全部。在一些实施方式中,在胞内结构域中使用内源性T细胞受体复合物的任何部分。可使用一个或多个胞质结构域,因为所谓的第三代CAR具有至少两个或三个融合在一起的信号传导结构域以产生叠加或协同效应,例如,CD28和4-1BB可以组合在CAR构建物中。
在一些实施方式中,CAR包括额外的其他共刺激结构域。其他共刺激结构域可包括但不限于CD28、CD27、OX-40(CD134)、DAP10和4-1BB(CD137) 中的一个或多个。除了CD3ζ引发的主要信号之外,插入人CAR中的人共刺激受体提供的额外信号对于T细胞的充分活化非常重要,并且有助于提高过继免疫疗法的体内持久性和治疗成功率。
在某些特定方面,胞内信号传导结构域包含与CD3ζ胞内结构域、CD28胞内结构域、CD137胞内结构域或包含融合到4-1BB胞内结构域的CD28胞内结构域的结构域85%、90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%相同的序列。
e.自杀基因
本发明的免疫细胞的CAR可包含一个或多个自杀基因。本文中使用的术语“自杀基因”定义为在给予前药后影响基因产物转化为杀死其宿主细胞的化合物的基因。可使用的自杀基因/前药组合的例子是单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶(HSV-tk) 和更昔洛韦、阿昔洛韦或FIAU;氧化还原酶和环己酰亚胺;胞嘧啶脱氨酶和5- 氟胞嘧啶;胸苷激酶胸苷酸激酶(Tdk::Tmk)和AZT;以及脱氧胞苷激酶和胞嘧啶阿糖胞苷。
大肠杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶,一种将前药6-甲基嘌呤脱氧核糖转化为有毒嘌呤6-甲基嘌呤的所谓自杀基因。与前药治疗一起使用的自杀基因的其他例子是大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因和HSV胸苷激酶基因。
典型的自杀基因包括CD20、CD52、EGFRv3或可诱导胱天蛋白酶9。在一个实施方式中,EGFR变体III(EGFRv3)的截短形式可用作可由西妥昔单抗消除的自杀抗原。本领域已知的可用于本发明的其他自杀基因包括嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(PNP)、细胞色素p450酶(CYP)、羧肽酶(CP)、羧酸酯酶(CE)、硝基还原酶(NTR)、鸟嘌呤核糖基转移酶(XGRTP)、糖苷酶、甲硫氨酸-α,γ-裂解酶(MET)和胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)。
2.T细胞受体(TCR)
在一些实施方式中,遗传工程改造的抗原受体包括重组TCR和/或天然存在的T细胞克隆出的TCR。“T细胞受体”或“TCR”是指含有可变α链和β链(分别称为TCRα和TCRβ)或可变γ链和δ链(分别称为TCRγ和TCRδ)且能够特异性结合与MHC受体结合的抗原肽的分子。在一些实施方式中,TCR为αβ形式。
通常,以αβ和γδ形式存在的TCR一般结构相似,但表达它们的T细胞可能具有不同的解剖位置或功能。TCR可在细胞表面或以可溶性形式存在。通常, TCR存在于T细胞(或T淋巴细胞)表面,一般负责识别与主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子结合的抗原。在一些实施方式中,TCR还可包含恒定结构域、跨膜结构域和/或短胞质尾(参见,例如,Janeway等人,1997)。例如在某些方面,TCR的每条链可具有一个N端免疫球蛋白可变结构域、一个免疫球蛋白恒定结构域、跨膜区和位于C端的短胞质尾。在一些实施方式中,TCR与参与介导信号转导的CD3复合物的不变蛋白质相关。除非另有说明,术语“TCR“应理解为包括其功能性TCR片段。该术语还包括完整或全长TCR,包括αβ形式或γδ形式的TCR。
因此,出于本文的目的,对TCR的引用包括任何TCR或功能片段,例如TCR 的抗原结合部分,其结合MHC分子中结合的特定抗原肽,即MHC-肽复合物。 TCR的“抗原结合部分”或“抗原结合片段”可互换使用,指包含TCR结构域的一部分,但与完整TCR结合的抗原(例如MHC-肽复合物)结合的分子。在一些情况下,抗原结合部分包含TCR的可变结构域,例如TCR的可变a链和可变β链,足以形成与特定MHC-肽复合物结合的结合位点,例如通常每个链包含三个互补决定区。
在一些实施方式中,TCR链的可变结构域结合形成类似于免疫球蛋白的环或互补决定区(CDR),其通过形成TCR分子的结合位点和决定肽特异性来赋予抗原识别和决定肽特异性。通常,与免疫球蛋白一样,CDR由框架区(FR)分隔(见例如Jores等人,1990;Chothia等人,1988;Lefranc等人,2003)。在一些实施方式中,CDR3是负责识别加工抗原的主要CDR,尽管α链的CDR1 也显示与抗原肽的N端部分相互作用,而β链的CDR1与肽的C端部分相互作用。CDR2被认为可以识别MHC分子。在一些实施方式中,β链的可变区域可包含进一步的高变(HV4)区。
在一些实施方式中,TCR链包含恒定结构域。例如,与免疫球蛋白一样,TCR 链的胞外部分(例如,a链、β链)可包含两个免疫球蛋白结构域,N-末端的可变结构域(例如Va或Vp;通常为基于Kabat编号的氨基酸1至116,Kabat等人,“免疫相关蛋白质序列”,美国卫生和人类服务部,公共卫生服务国家卫生研究院,1991年,第5版),以及与细胞膜相邻的一个恒定结构域(例如,a链恒定结构域或Ca,通常为基于Kabat的氨基酸117至259,β链恒定结构域或Cp,通常为基于Kabat的氨基酸117至295)。例如,在某些情况下,由两条链形成的 TCR胞外部分包含两个近膜恒定结构域和两个远膜可变结构域,其中包含CDR。 TCR结构域的恒定结构域包含短连接序列,其中半胱氨酸残基形成二硫键,在两条链之间形成连接。在一些实施方式中,TCR可在每条α链和β链中具有额外的半胱氨酸残基,使得TCR在恒定结构域中包含两个二硫键。
在一些实施方式中,TCR链包含跨膜结构域。在一些实施方式中,跨膜结构域带正电。在一些情况下,TCR链包含胞质尾。在一些情况下,这种结构允许 TCR与其他分子如CD3结合。例如,含有具有跨膜区的恒定结构域的TCR可锚定细胞膜中的蛋白质并与CD3信号传导装置或复合物的不变亚基结合。
通常,CD3是一种多蛋白复合物,在哺乳动物中可具有三条不同的链(γ、δ和ε)和ζ链。例如,在哺乳动物中,复合物可能含有一条CD3γ链,一条CD3δ链,两条CD3ε链和CD3ζ链的同二聚体。CD3γ、CD3δ和CD3ε链是包含单个免疫球蛋白结构域的免疫球蛋白超家族的高度相关的细胞表面蛋白。CD3γ、CD3δ和CD3ε链的跨膜区带负电,这是允许这些链与带正电的T细胞受体链结合的特征。CD3γ、CD3δ和CD3ε链的每条链的胞内尾都包含一个称为免疫受体酪氨酸基活化基序或ITAM的单一保守基序,而每条CD3ζ链有三个。通常,ITAM参与TCR复合物的信号传导。这些辅助分子具有带负电的跨膜区域,在将信号从 TCR传播到细胞中起作用。CD3-和ζ-链与TCR一起形成所谓的T细胞受体复合物。
在一些实施方式中,TCR可为两条链α和β(或任选地γ和δ)的异二聚体,或其可为单链TCR构建物。在一些实施方式中,TCR是一异二聚体,包含两条例如通过一个或多个二硫键连接的独立链(α和β链或γ和δ链)。在一些实施方式中,鉴定靶抗原(例如,癌抗原)的TCR并将其引入细胞。在一些实施方式中,编码TCR的核酸可从多种来源获得,例如通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增公开可得的TCR DNA序列。在一些实施方式中,TCR从生物来源获得,例如从细胞如T细胞(例如细胞毒性T细胞)、T细胞杂交瘤或其他公开来源获得。在一些实施方式中,可从体内分离细胞获得T细胞。在一些实施方式中,可从患者分离高亲和力T细胞克隆,并分离TCR。在一些实施方式中,T细胞可以是培养的T细胞杂交瘤或克隆。在一些实施方式中,靶抗原的TCR克隆已在用人免疫系统基因(例如,人白细胞抗原系统或HLA)工程改造的转基因小鼠中生成。在一些实施方式中,噬菌体展示用于针对靶抗原分离TCR。在一些实施方式中, TCR或其抗原结合部分可根据TCR序列的知识合成产生。
3.抗原递呈细胞
抗原呈递细胞包括巨噬细胞、B淋巴细胞和树突细胞,通过其特定MHC分子的表达来区分。APC内化抗原并将该抗原的一部分以及其细胞外膜上的MHC 分子一起重新表达。MHC是一个具有多个基因座的大型遗传复合物。MHC基因座编码两大类MHC膜分子,称为I类和II类MHC。辅助性T淋巴细胞通常识别与MHC II类分子相关的抗原,而细胞杀伤性T淋巴细胞识别与MHC I类分子相关的抗原。在人类中,MHC称为HLA复合物,在小鼠中称为H-2复合物。
在一些情况下,APC可用于制备实施方式的治疗组合物和细胞治疗产品。有关抗原呈递系统的制备和使用的一般指南,请参见例如,美国专利号6,225,042、 6,355,479、6,362,001及6,790,662;美国专利申请公开号2009/0017000和 2009/0004142;国际公开号WO2007/103009。
APC系统可包括至少一种外源辅助分子。可以使用任何合适数量和组合的辅助分子。辅助分子可选自例如共刺激分子和粘附分子等辅助分子。示例性共刺激分子包括CD86、CD64(FcγRI)、41BB配体和IL-21。粘附分子可包括碳水化合物结合性糖蛋白(如选择素)、跨膜结合糖蛋白(如整合素)、钙依赖性蛋白 (如钙粘蛋白)和单次跨膜免疫球蛋白(Ig)超家族蛋白(如胞间粘附分子 (ICAM)),其促进例如细胞对细胞或细胞对基质的接触。示例性粘附分子包括LFA-3和ICAM,例如ICAM-1。例如,美国专利号6,225,042,6,355,479和 6,362,001中举例说明了用于筛选、克隆、制备和表达示例性辅助分子(包括共刺激分子和粘附分子)的技术、方法和试剂。
4.抗原
在遗传工程改造的抗原受体靶向的抗原中,包括那些在通过过继细胞疗法靶向的疾病、病况或细胞类型中表达的抗原。这些疾病和病况包括增殖性、肿瘤性和恶性疾病和异常,包括癌症和肿瘤,包括血液癌症、免疫系统癌症,如淋巴瘤、白血病和/或骨髓瘤,如B、T和髓样白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤。在一些实施方式中,与正常或非靶向细胞或组织相比,抗原在疾病或病况的细胞上选择性表达或过表达,例如肿瘤或病理细胞。在其他实施方式中,抗原在正常细胞上表达和/或在工程改造的细胞上表达。
任何合适的抗原均可用于本方法。示例性抗原包括但不限于来自传染源的抗原分子、自体/自身抗原、肿瘤/癌症相关抗原和肿瘤新抗原。肿瘤相关抗原可能来源于前列腺癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、肾癌、间皮瘤、卵巢癌或黑色素瘤。肿瘤抗原包括来源于癌症的肿瘤抗原,其特征在于肿瘤相关抗原表达,例如HER-2/neu表达。感兴趣的肿瘤相关抗原包括谱系特异性肿瘤抗原,例如黑色素细胞-黑色素瘤谱系抗原MART-1/Melan-A、gp100、gp75、mda-7、酪氨酸酶和酪氨酸酶相关蛋白。说明性肿瘤相关抗原包括但不限于源于或包含以下任意一种或多种的肿瘤抗原:p53、Ras、c-Myc、胞质丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(例如,A-Raf、 B-Raf和C-Raf、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶)、MAGE-A1、MAGE-A2、MAGE-A3、 MAGE-A4、MAGE-A6、MAGE-A10、MAGE-A12、MART-1、BAGE、DAM-6、 -10、GAGE-1、-2,-8、GAGE-3,-4,-5,-6,-7B,NA88-A,MART-1,MC1R,Gp100,PSA,PSM,酪氨酸酶,TRP-1,TRP-2,ART-4,CAMEL,CEA,CEA, Cyp-B,hTERT,hTRT,iCE,MUC1,MUC2,磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3K),TRK 受体,PRAME,P15,RU1,RU2,SART-1,SART-3,Wilms肿瘤抗原(WT1), AFP,-连环蛋白/m,胱天蛋白酶-8/m,CEA,CDK-4/m,ELF2M,GnT-V,G250, HSP70-2M,HST-2,KIAA0205,MUM-1,MUM-2,MUM-3,肌球蛋白/m、RAGE、 SART-2、TRP-2/INT2、707-AP、膜联蛋白II、CDC27/m、TPI/mbcr-abl、BCR-ABL、干扰素调节因子4(IRF4)、ETV6/AML、LDLR/FUT、Pml/RAR、肿瘤相关钙信号转导子1(TACSTD1)、TACSTD2、受体酪氨酸激酶(例如,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)(特别是EGFRvIII)、血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR)、血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR))、胞质酪氨酸激酶(例如,src-家族、syk-ZAP70 家族)、整合素连接的激酶(ILK),转录信号转导子和激活子STAT3、STATS 和STATE,缺氧诱导因子(如HIF-1和HIF-2)、核因子-κB(NF-B)、Notch 受体(如Notch1-4)、c-Met、雷帕霉素的哺乳动物靶点(mTOR)、WNT、胞外信号调节的激酶(ERK)及其调节亚基,PMSA、PR-3、MDM2、间皮素、肾细胞癌-5T4、SM22α、碳酸酐酶I(CAI)和IX(CAIX)(也称为G250)、STEAD、TEL/AML1、GD2、蛋白酶3、hTERT、肉瘤易位断点、EphA2、ML-IAP、EpCAM、 ERG(TMPRSS2 ETS融合基因)、NA17、PAX3、ALK、雄激素受体、细胞周期蛋白B1、聚唾液酸、MYCN、RhoC、GD3、岩藻糖基GM1、间皮素(mesothelian)、 PSCA、sLe、PLAC1、GM3、BORIS、Tn、GLoboH、NY-BR-1、RGsS、SART3、 STn、PAX5、OY-TES1、精子蛋白17、LCK、HMWMAA、AKAP-4、SSX2、 XAGE 1、B7H3、豆荚蛋白、TIE2、Page4、MAD-CT-1、FAP、MAD-CT-2、fos- 相关抗原1、CBX2、CLDN6、SPANX、TPTE、ACTL8、ANKRD30A、CDKN2A、 MAD2L1、CTAG1B、SUNC1、LRG1RN1和独特型。
抗原可包括表位区或表位肽,这些表位区或表位肽来源于肿瘤细胞中突变的基因,或来源于肿瘤细胞中与正常细胞相比以不同水平转录的基因,例如端粒酶、存活蛋白、间皮素、突变的ras、bcr/abl重排、Her2/neu、突变或野生型p53、细胞色素P450 1B1、和异常表达的内含子序列,如N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶-V;骨髓瘤和B细胞淋巴瘤中产生独特的独特型的免疫球蛋白基因克隆重排;包括来自肿瘤病毒过程的表位区或表位肽的肿瘤抗原,例如人乳头瘤病毒蛋白E6和E7; EB病毒蛋白LMP2;具有肿瘤选择性表达的非突变癌胚蛋白,如癌胚抗原和甲胎蛋白。
在其他实施方式中,从致病微生物或机会致病微生物(在本文中也称为传染病微生物)获得或衍生抗原,例如病毒、真菌、寄生虫和细菌。在某些实施方式中,源自此类微生物的抗原包括全长蛋白质。预期在本文所述方法中使用其抗原的说明性致病生物体包括人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(EBV)、甲、乙和丙型流感、水泡性口炎病毒(VSV),水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)、多瘤病毒(如BK病毒和JC病毒)、腺病毒、葡萄球菌(包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(MRSA))和链球菌(包括肺炎链球菌(Streptococcuspneumoniae))。如本领域技术人员所理解的,可在出版物和公共数据库(如和)中鉴定从这些和其他致病微生物衍生的用作本文所述抗原的蛋白质以及编码这些蛋白质的核苷酸序列。示例性病毒抗原还包括但不限于腺病毒多肽、α病毒多肽、杯状病毒多肽(例如杯状病毒衣壳抗原)、冠状病毒多肽、犬瘟热病毒多肽、埃博拉病毒多肽、肠病毒多肽、黄病毒多肽、肝炎病毒(AE)多肽(乙型肝炎核心或表面抗原、丙型肝炎病毒 E1或E2糖蛋白、核心或非结构蛋白)、疱疹病毒多肽(包括单纯疱疹病毒或水痘带状疱疹病毒糖蛋白)、感染性腹膜炎病毒多肽、白血病病毒多肽、马堡病毒多肽、正粘病毒多肽、乳头瘤病毒多肽、副流感病毒多肽(如血凝素和神经氨酸酶多肽)、副粘病毒多肽、细小病毒多肽、鼠疫病毒多肽、小角蛋白病毒多肽(如脊髓灰质炎病毒衣壳多肽),痘病毒多肽(例如,痘苗病毒多肽)、狂犬病病毒多肽(例如,狂犬病病毒糖蛋白G)、呼肠道病毒多肽、逆转录病毒多肽和轮状病毒多肽。
在某些实施方式中,抗原可以是细菌抗原。在某些实施方式中,感兴趣的细菌抗原可以是分泌的多肽。在其他特定实施方式中,细菌抗原包括具有暴露在细菌外部细胞表面上的一部分或多部分的多肽的抗原。可用作抗原的细菌抗原的例子包括但不限于:放线菌多肽、芽孢杆菌多肽、类杆菌多肽、博德特氏菌(Bordetella) 多肽、巴尔多氏球菌(Bartonella)多肽、疏螺旋体(Borrelia)多肽(例如,伯氏疏螺旋体(B.burgdorferi)OspA)、布鲁氏菌(Brucella)多肽、弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter) 多肽、二氧化碳嗜纤维菌(Capnocytophaga)多肽、衣原体(Chlamydia)多肽、棒杆菌(Corynebacterium)多肽、考克斯菌(Coxiella)多肽、嗜皮菌(Dermatophilus)多肽、肠球菌多肽、埃立克体(Ehrlichia)多肽、埃希氏杆菌(Escherichia)多肽、弗朗西斯菌(Francisella)多肽、梭杆菌(Fusobacterium)多肽、血巴尔通体(Haemobartonella) 多肽、嗜血菌多肽(如流感嗜血杆菌(H.influenzae)b型外膜蛋白),螺杆菌 (Helicobacter)多肽、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella)多肽、L-型菌多肽、细螺旋体 (Leptospira)多肽、李斯特菌(Listeria)多肽、分枝杆菌(Mycobacteria)多肽、支原体(Mycoplasma)多肽、奈瑟氏菌(Neisseria)多肽、新立克次体(Neorickettsia)多肽、诺卡氏菌多肽、巴斯德氏菌(Pasteurella)多肽、消化球菌(Peptococcus)多肽、消化链球菌(Peptostreptococcus)多肽、肺炎球菌(Pneumococcus)多肽(即肺炎链球菌(S.pneumoniae)多肽)(见本文描述)、变形杆菌(Proteus)多肽、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)多肽、立克次体(Rickettsia)多肽、罗卡利马氏体(Rochalimaea)多肽、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)多肽、志贺菌(Shigella)多肽、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)多肽、A组链球菌多肽(例如化脓链球菌(S.pyogenes)M蛋白),B组链球菌(无乳链球菌(S.agalactiae))多肽、密螺旋体(Treponema)多肽和耶尔森菌(Yersinia) 多肽(例如鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Ypestis)F1和V抗原)。
真菌抗原的例子包括但不限于犁头霉(Absidia)多肽、枝顶孢(Acremonium) 多肽、链格孢菌(Alternaria)多肽、曲霉(Aspergillus)多肽、蛙粪霉(Basidiobolus) 多肽、双极霉(Bipolaris)多肽、芽生菌(Blastomyces)多肽、念珠菌(Candida)多肽、球孢子菌(Coccidioides)多肽、冠耳霉(Conidiobolus)多肽、隐球菌(Cryptococcus) 多肽、弯孢菌(Curvalaria)多肽、表皮癣菌(Epidermophyton)多肽、外瓶霉(Exophiala) 多肽、地丝菌(Geotrichum)多肽、组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma)多肽、马杜拉分枝菌(Madurella)多肽、马拉色菌(Malassezia)多肽、小孢子菌(Microsporum)多肽、丛梗孢酵母(Moniliella)多肽、被孢霉(Mortierella)多肽、毛霉菌(Mucor)多肽、拟青霉(Paecilomyces)多肽、青霉菌(Penicillium)多肽、单胞瓶霉(Phialemonium) 多肽、瓶霉(Phialophora)多肽、原壁菌(Prototheca)多肽、假霉样真菌 (Pseudallescheria)多肽、假小托菌(Pseudomicrodochium)多肽、腐霉(Pythium)多肽、鼻孢子虫(Rhinosporidium)多肽、根霉(Rhizopus)多肽、线状担子菌 (Scolecobasidium)多肽、孢子丝菌(Sporothrix)多肽、匍柄霉(Stemphylium)多肽、毛癣菌(Trichophyton)多肽、毛孢菌(Trichosporon)多肽和木丝霉(Xylohypha)多肽。
原生动物寄生虫抗原的例子包括但不限于巴倍虫(Babesia)肽、肠袋虫(Balantidium)多肽、贝诺孢子虫(Besnoitia)多肽、隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium)多肽、艾美球虫(Eimeria)多肽、脑炎小孢子虫(Encephalitozoon)多肽、内阿米巴 (Entamoeba)多肽、贾第虫(Giardia)多肽、哈蒙球虫(Hammondia)多肽、肝簇虫 (Hepatozoon)多肽、等孢球虫(Isospora)多肽、利什曼原虫(Leishmania)多肽、微孢子虫(Microsporidia)多肽、新孢子虫(Neospora)多肽、小孢子虫(Nosema)多肽、五鞭虫(Pentatrichomonas)多肽、疟原虫(Plasmodium)多肽。蠕虫寄生虫抗原的例子包括但不限于:棘唇线虫(Acanthocheilonema)多肽、圆线虫(Aelurostrongylus) 多肽、钩虫(Ancylostoma)多肽、血线虫(Angiostrongylus)多肽、蛔虫(Ascaris)多肽、布鲁丝虫(Brugia)多肽、仰口虫(Bunostomum)多肽、毛线虫(Capillaria)多肽、夏伯特线虫(Chabertia)多肽、古柏氏线虫(Cooperia)多肽、锯体线虫(Crenosoma) 多肽、肺虫(Dictyocaulus)多肽、膨结线虫(Dioctophyme)多肽、双瓣丝虫 (Dipetalonema)多肽、裂头绦虫(Diphyllobothrium)多肽、复孔绦虫(Diplydium)多肽、恶丝虫(Dirofilaria)多肽、龙线虫(Dracunculus)多肽、蛲虫(Enterobius)多肽、丝线虫(Filaroides)多肽、血矛线虫(Haemonchus)多肽、兔唇蛔虫(Lagochilascaris)多肽、罗阿丝虫(Loa)多肽、曼森线虫(Mansonella)多肽、穆勒线虫(Muellerius)多肽、侏形吸虫(Nanophyetus)多肽、板口线虫(Necator)多肽、细颈线虫(Nematodirus)多肽、食道口线虫(Oesophagostomum)多肽、盘尾丝虫(Onchocerca)多肽、睾吸虫 (Opisthorchis)多肽、奥斯特线虫(Ostertagia)多肽、副丝虫(Parafilaria)多肽、并殖吸虫(Paragonimus)多肽、副蛔虫(Parascaris)多肽、泡已线虫(Physaloptera)多肽,原圆线虫(Protostrongylus)多肽、丝状线虫(Setaria)多肽、尾旋线虫(Spirocerca)多肽、螺旋绦虫(Spirometra)多肽、丝冠虫(Stephanofilaria)多肽、类小杆线虫 (Strongyloides)多肽、小杆线虫(Strongylus)多肽、吸吮线虫(Thelazia)多肽、弓蛔虫(Toxascaris)多肽、蛔虫(Toxocara)多肽、旋毛虫(Trichinella)多肽、毛圆线虫 (Trichostrongylus)多肽、毛首线虫(Trichuris)多肽、钩刺线虫(Uncinaria)肽和吴策氏线虫(Wuchereria)多肽。(例如,恶性疟原虫(P.falciparum)环子孢子蛋白 (PfCSP))、子孢子表面蛋白2(PfSSP2)、肝态抗原1的羧基末端(PfLSA1 c-端)和输出的蛋白1(PfExp-1)、肺囊虫(Pneumocystis)多肽、肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis) 多肽、血吸虫(Schistosoma)多肽、泰来虫(Theileria)多肽、弓形虫(Toxoplasma)多肽和锥虫(Trypanosoma)多肽。
体外寄生虫抗原的例子包括但不限于:来自跳蚤;蜱,包括硬蜱和软蜱;苍蝇,如蠓、蚊、沙蝇、黑蝇、马蝇、角蝇、鹿蝇、采采蝇、厩蝇、致蝇蛆病的苍蝇和咬人的蚊蚋;蚂蚁;蜘蛛、虱子;螨;以及椿象,如臭虫和锥蝽的多肽(包括抗原以及过敏原)。
5.递送方法
本领域技术人员将能够通过标准重组技术(例如,参见Sambrook等人,2001 和Ausubel等人,1996,两者均通过引用并入本文)构建用于表达本发明的抗原受体的载体。载体包括但不限于质粒、粘粒、病毒(噬菌体、动物病毒和植物病毒)和人工染色体(如YAC),例如逆转录病毒载体(如来源于Moloney小鼠白血病病毒载体(MoMLV)、MSCV、SFFV、MPSV、SNV等),慢病毒载体 (例如,衍生自HIV-1、HIV-2、SIV、BIV、FIV等)、腺病毒(Ad)载体,包括其复制感受态、复制缺陷型及其无病毒形式、腺相关病毒(AAV)载体、猿猴病毒40(SV-40)载体、牛乳头瘤病毒载体、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒载体、疱疹病毒载体,痘苗病毒载体、哈维鼠肉瘤病毒载体、鼠乳癌病毒载体、Rous肉瘤病毒载体、细小病毒载体、脊髓灰质炎病毒载体、水泡性口炎病毒载体、马拉巴病毒载体和B组腺病毒enadenotucirev载体。
E.生物反应器
工程化的T细胞和/或NK细胞可在功能封闭的系统(例如生物反应器)中扩增。扩增可在气体渗透性生物反应器中进行,例如G-Rex细胞培养装置。该生物反应器可在平均450mL体积内支持总共1×109至3×109个细胞。
生物反应器可根据一般类别进行分组,包括:静态生物反应器、搅拌式生物反应器、旋转壁容器生物反应器、中空纤维生物反应器和直接灌注生物反应器。在生物反应器中,细胞可以是游离的,也可以接种在多孔的三维支架(水凝胶) 上。
中空纤维生物反应器可用于增强培养过程中的物质传递。中空纤维生物反应器是一种基于中空纤维的三维细胞培养系统,其是平行排列的小型半透性毛细管膜,典型的分子量截止值(MWCO)范围为10-30kDa。这些中空纤维膜通常成束纳入管状聚碳酸酯壳内,以制造中空纤维生物反应器筒匣。筒匣内有两个区室,其还配有入口和出口:中空纤维内的毛细管内(IC)空间和中空纤维周围的毛细管外(EC)空间。
因此,对于本发明,生物反应器可以是中空纤维生物反应器。中空纤维生物反应器可将细胞嵌入纤维内腔中,介质灌注到腔外空间,或者,可通过中空纤维提供气体和介质灌注,而细胞在腔外空间中生长。
中空纤维应适用于输送营养物质和去除生物反应器中的废物。中空纤维可以是任何形状,例如,它们可以是圆形和环形或同心环的形式。中空纤维可由可吸收或不可吸收的膜组成。例如,中空纤维的合适组分包括聚二噁烷酮、聚丙交酯、聚乳糖、聚乙醇酸、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸/碳酸三甲酯、纤维素、甲基纤维素、纤维素聚合物、纤维素酯、再生纤维素、Pluronic、胶原、弹性蛋白及其混合物。
生物反应器可在接种细胞之前进行预处理。预处理可包括用缓冲液(例如 PBS)冲洗。预处理还可包括用胞外基质蛋白(例如纤连蛋白)涂覆生物反应器。然后,可使用培养基(如αMEM)洗涤生物反应器。
在具体实施方式中,本方法使用GRex生物反应器。GRex烧瓶的底部是一层透气膜,细胞位于该膜上。因此,细胞处于高氧环境中,使其能够高密度生长。系统易于扩大规模,并且不需要多少培养操作。GRex烧瓶与标准组织培养箱和细胞实验室设备兼容,减少了启动ACT程序所需的专用设备和资本投资。
细胞可以约100-1,000细胞/cm2,例如约150细胞/cm2,约200细胞/cm2, 约250细胞/cm2,约300细胞/cm2,例如约350细胞/cm2,例如约400细胞/cm2, 例如约450细胞/cm2,例如约500细胞/cm2,例如约550细胞/cm2,例如约600 细胞/cm2,例如约650细胞/cm2,例如约700细胞/cm2,例如约750细胞/cm2,例如约800细胞/cm2,例如约850细胞/cm2,例如约900细胞/cm2,例如约950细胞/cm2,或约1000细胞/cm2的密度接种在生物反应器中。具体而言,可以约 400-500个细胞/cm2(例如约450个细胞/cm2)的细胞密度接种细胞。
接种在生物反应器中的细胞总数可能约为1.0×106至1.0×108个细胞,例如约为1.0×106至5.0×106、5.0×106至1.0×107、1.0×107至5.0×107、5.0×107至1.0×108个细胞。在具体方面中,在生物反应器中接种的细胞总数约为1.0× 107至3.0×107,例如约为2.0×107个细胞。
可将细胞接种在任何合适的细胞培养基中,其中许多可以是市售的。示例性培养基包括DMEM、RPMI、MEM、培养基199、HAMS等。在一个实施方式中,培养基为α-MEM培养基,尤其是补充有L-谷氨酰胺的α-MEM。培养基可补充以下一项或多项:生长因子、细胞因子、激素或B27、抗生素、维生素和/或小分子药物。特别是,培养基可以是无血清的。
在一些实施方式中,细胞可在室温下孵育。培养箱可加湿,并具有约5%CO2和约1%O2的大气。在一些实施方式中,CO2浓度可在约1-20%、2-10%或3-5%范围内。在一些实施方式中,O2浓度可在约1-20%、2-10%或3-5%范围内。
IV.治疗方法
在一些实施方式中,本发明提供免疫治疗方法,包括给予有效量的本发明的工程化CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞。在一个实施方式中,通过转移引起免疫应答的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群来治疗医学疾病或病症。在本发明的某些实施方式中,通过转移引起免疫应答的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群来治疗癌症或感染。本文提供用于治疗或延迟个体癌症进展的方法,包括给予个体有效量的过继细胞疗法。本方法可用于治疗实体癌、血液癌和感染。
本治疗方法有用的肿瘤包括任何恶性细胞类型,例如在实体瘤或血液肿瘤中发现的那些。示例性实体瘤可包括但不限于选自胰腺、结肠、盲肠、胃、脑、头、颈、卵巢、肾、喉、肉瘤、肺、膀胱、黑色素瘤、前列腺和乳腺的器官的肿瘤。示例性血液肿瘤包括骨髓肿瘤、T或B细胞恶性肿瘤、白血病、淋巴瘤、母细胞瘤、骨髓瘤等。可使用本文提供的方法治疗的癌症的其他例子包括但不限于:肺癌(包括小细胞肺癌、非小细胞肺癌、肺腺癌和肺鳞癌)、腹膜癌、胃癌(包括胃肠道癌和胃肠道间质癌)、胰腺癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌或子宫癌、涎腺癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、外阴癌、甲状腺癌、各种头颈癌和黑色素瘤。
癌症可能具体为以下组织学类型,但不限于此:恶性肿瘤;癌;未分化癌;巨细胞和梭形细胞癌;小细胞癌;乳头状癌;鳞状细胞癌;淋巴上皮癌;基底细胞癌;毛样基质癌;移行细胞癌;乳头状移行细胞癌;腺癌;胃泌素瘤,恶性;胆管癌;肝细胞癌;肝细胞癌和胆管癌联合;小梁腺癌;腺样囊性癌;腺瘤性息肉中的腺癌;腺癌,家族性结肠息肉病;实体癌;恶性类癌;鳃腺泡腺癌;乳头状腺癌;嫌色细胞癌;嗜酸细胞癌;嗜氧腺癌;嗜碱性细胞癌;透明细胞腺癌;颗粒细胞癌;滤泡腺癌;乳头状和滤泡状腺癌;非包膜硬化性癌;肾上腺皮质癌;子宫内膜样癌;皮肤附件癌;顶泌腺癌;皮脂腺癌;宫颈腺癌;粘液表皮样癌;囊腺癌;乳头状囊腺癌;乳头状浆液性囊腺癌;粘液性囊腺癌;粘液腺癌;印戒细胞癌;浸润性导管癌;髓样癌;小叶癌;炎性癌;乳腺佩吉特病;腺泡细胞癌;腺鳞癌;腺癌伴鳞状化生;恶性胸腺瘤;卵巢间质瘤,恶性;卵泡膜瘤,恶性;恶性颗粒细胞瘤;雄性母细胞瘤,恶性;支持细胞癌;间质细胞瘤,恶性;恶性脂质细胞瘤;恶性副神经节瘤;乳腺外副神经节瘤,恶性;嗜铬细胞瘤;舌癌;恶性黑色素瘤;无色素性黑色素瘤;浅表扩散性黑色素瘤;雀斑样恶性黑色素瘤;肢端豆状黑色素瘤;结节性黑色素瘤;巨大色素痣中的恶性黑色素瘤;上皮样细胞黑色素瘤;蓝色痣,恶性;肉瘤;纤维肉瘤;恶性纤维组织细胞瘤;黏液肉瘤;脂肪肉瘤;平滑肌肉瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤;肺泡横纹肌肉瘤;间质肉瘤;混合瘤,恶性;苗勒氏混合瘤;肾母细胞瘤;肝母细胞瘤;癌肉瘤;恶性间叶瘤;移行细胞肿瘤,恶性;叶状肿瘤,恶性;滑膜肉瘤;恶性间皮瘤;无性细胞瘤;胚胎癌;恶性畸胎瘤;卵巢甲状腺肿,恶性;绒毛膜癌;恶性中肾瘤;血管肉瘤;恶性血管内皮瘤;卡波西肉瘤;恶性血管外皮细胞瘤;淋巴管肉瘤;骨肉瘤;皮质旁骨肉瘤;软骨肉瘤;软骨母细胞瘤,恶性;间充质软骨肉瘤;骨巨细胞瘤;尤因肉瘤;牙源性恶性肿瘤;成釉细胞性牙肉瘤;成釉细胞瘤,恶性;成釉细胞纤维肉瘤;松果体,恶性;脊索瘤;恶性胶质瘤;室管膜瘤;星形细胞瘤;原生质性星形细胞瘤;纤维状星形细胞瘤;星形母细胞瘤;胶质母细胞瘤;少突胶质细胞瘤;少突胶质母细胞瘤;原始神经外胚层;小脑肉瘤;神经节神经母细胞瘤;神经母细胞瘤;视网膜母细胞瘤;嗅觉神经源性肿瘤;恶性脑膜瘤;神经纤维肉瘤;神经鞘瘤,恶性;恶性颗粒细胞瘤;恶性淋巴瘤;霍奇金病;霍奇金;副肉芽肿;恶性淋巴瘤,小淋巴细胞性;弥漫性大细胞恶性淋巴瘤;滤泡性恶性淋巴瘤;蕈样肉芽肿;其他特定的非霍奇金淋巴瘤;B细胞淋巴瘤;低级别/滤泡性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL);小淋巴细胞(SL)非霍奇金淋巴瘤;中级/ 滤泡性非霍奇金淋巴瘤;中级弥漫性非霍奇金淋巴瘤;高级免疫母细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤;高级淋巴母细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤;高级非分裂小细胞NHL;非霍奇金淋巴瘤;套细胞淋巴瘤;艾滋病相关淋巴瘤;瓦尔登斯特罗姆巨球蛋白血症;恶性组织细胞增生症;多发性骨髓瘤;肥大细胞肉瘤;免疫增殖性小肠疾病;白血病;淋巴细胞白血病;浆细胞白血病;红白血病;淋巴肉瘤细胞白血病;髓系白血病;嗜碱性白血病;嗜酸性白血病;单核细胞白血病;肥大细胞白血病;巨核母细胞白血病;髓样肉瘤;毛细胞白血病;慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL);急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL);急性髓系白血病(AML)和慢性粒细胞白血病。
在本发明的某些实施方式中,将免疫细胞递送给有需要的个体,例如患有癌症或感染的个体。然后细胞增强个体的免疫系统,攻击相应的癌症或病原性细胞。在某些情况下,向个体提供一个或多个剂量的免疫细胞。在向个体提供两个或更多剂量的免疫细胞的情况下,两次给药之间的持续时间应足以允许在个体中增殖的时间,并且在特定实施方式中,两次给药之间的持续时间为l、2、3、4、5、6、 7或更多天。
在一些实施方式中,T细胞是自体的。然而,这些细胞可以是同种异体的。如果T细胞是同种异体的,则可以从多个供体合并T细胞。以足以控制、减少或消除正在治疗的疾病的症状和体征的量向感兴趣的对象给予细胞。
在一些实施方案中,可在T细胞治疗之前对对象给予非清髓性淋巴耗竭化疗。非清髓性淋巴耗竭化疗可以是任何合适的此类疗法,可以通过任何合适的途径给予。例如,非清髓性淋巴耗竭化疗可包括给予环磷酰胺和氟达拉滨,特别是当癌症为可能转移的黑色素瘤时。给予环磷酰胺和氟达拉滨的一种示范性途径是静脉内。同样地,可以给予任何适当剂量的环磷酰胺和氟达拉滨。具体而言,给予约 60mg/kg环磷酰胺两天,然后给予约25mg/m2氟达拉滨五天。
在某些实施方式中,将促进工程化T细胞和/或NK细胞的生长和活化的生长因子与工程化T细胞和/或NK细胞同时给予对象,或在给予工程化T细胞和/或 NK细胞之后给予。生长因子可以是促进工程化T细胞和/或NK细胞的生长和活化的任何合适的生长因子。合适的生长因子的例子包括白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-7、 IL-15和IL-12,其可单独使用或以各种组合使用,例如IL-2和IL-7,IL-2和IL-15, IL-7和IL-15,IL-12、IL-7和IL-15,IL-12和IL-7,IL-12和IL-15,或IL-12 和IL2。
可通过静脉内、肌肉内、皮下、腹腔内、植入或输注给予工程化T细胞或 NK细胞。肿瘤内注射或向肿瘤血管内注射是针对离散的、实体的、可接触的肿瘤而特别考虑的。局部、区域或系统给药也可能是合适的。
工程化免疫细胞疗法的适当剂量可根据待治疗疾病的类型、疾病的严重程度和病程、个体的临床状况、个体的临床病史和对治疗的反应以及主治医师的判断来确定。用于过继细胞治疗的免疫细胞的治疗有效量是在治疗对象中实现所需效果的量。
可在与疾病一致的治疗方案中给予工程化免疫细胞群体,例如在一到几天内给予单个或数个剂量以改善疾病状态,或在延长的时间内周期性剂量以抑制疾病进展并防止疾病复发。制剂中将采用的精确剂量还将依赖于给药的途径,和疾病或病况的严重性,并且应根据医生的判断和每个患者的情况决定。免疫细胞的治疗有效量取决于要治疗的对象、疾病的严重程度和类型以及给药方式。在一些实施方式中,可用于治疗人类对象的剂量范围为至少3.8×104、至少3.8×105、至少3.8×106、至少3.8×107、至少3.8×108、至少3.8×109或至少3.8×1010个免疫细胞/m2。在特定实施方式中,用于治疗人类对象的剂量范围为约3.8×109至约3.8×1010个免疫细胞/m2。在其它实施方式中,免疫细胞的治疗有效量可在约5×106细胞/千克体重到约7.5×108细胞/千克体重之间变化,例如约2×107细胞到约5×108细胞/千克体重,或约5×107细胞到约2×108细胞/千克体重。本领域技术人员容易根据对象的年龄、体重、性别和生理状况确定免疫细胞的确切数量。有效剂量可由体外试验或动物模型试验系统所得剂量-反应曲线推导得出。
B.药物组合物
本文还提供包含免疫细胞(例如,工程化T细胞或NK细胞)和药学上可接受的运载体的药物组合物和制剂。本文所述的药物组合物和制剂可通过将具有所需纯度的活性成分(例如抗体或多肽)与一种或多种任选的药学上可接受的运载体(《雷明顿药物科学》(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences)第22版,2012) 混合,以制备成冻干制剂或水溶液的形式。药学上可接受的运载体通常在所用剂量和浓度下对受体无毒,包括但不限于:缓冲剂,例如磷酸盐,柠檬酸盐和其它有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸和蛋氨酸;防腐剂(例如十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵,六甲基氯化铵,苯扎氯铵,苄索氯铵,苯酚,丁基或苄醇,对羟基苯甲酸烷基酯如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯或对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,儿茶酚,间苯二酚,环己醇,3-戊醇和间甲酚);低分子量(少于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白质,如血清白蛋白,明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水性聚合物,如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;氨基酸,如甘氨酸,谷氨酰胺,天冬酰胺,组氨酸,精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖,二糖和其它碳水化合物,包括葡萄糖,甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂如EDTA;糖,如蔗糖,甘露醇,海藻糖或山梨糖醇;成盐抗衡离子如钠;金属络合物(例如,锌-蛋白质络合物);和/或非离子表面活性剂,例如聚乙二醇(PEG)。本文中的示例性药学上可接受的运载体还包括间质内药物分散剂,例如可溶性中性-活性透明质酸酶糖蛋白(sHASEGP),例如人可溶性PH-20透明质酸酶糖蛋白,例如rHuPH20(BaxterInternational,Inc.)。美国专利公开号2005/0260186和2006/0104968中描述了某些示例性sHASEGP和使用方法,包括rHuPH20。在一个方面,sHASEGP与一种或多种额外的糖胺聚糖酶(例如软骨素酶)组合。
C.联合治疗
在某些实施方式中,本实施方式的组合物和方法涉及免疫细胞群与至少一种额外治疗的组合。额外治疗可以是放疗、手术(例如,肿块切除术和乳房切除术)、化疗、基因治疗、DNA治疗、病毒治疗、RNA治疗、免疫治疗、骨髓移植、纳米治疗、单克隆抗体治疗或前述的组合。额外治疗可以是辅助疗法或新辅助疗法。
免疫细胞治疗可在额外癌症治疗(例如免疫检查点治疗)之前、期间、之后或以各种组合进行。给药的时间间隔可以从同时到几分钟到几天到几周不等。在将免疫细胞治疗与额外治疗剂分开提供给患者的实施方式中,通常将确保在每次递送之间的有效时间段不会过期,从而两种化合物仍能够对患者施加有利的组合效应。在此类情况中,预期可在彼此之间约12至24或72小时内,更具体地,在彼此之间约6至12小时内,向患者提供抗体治疗和抗癌治疗。在某些情况下,如果各次给药间隔数天(2、3、4、5、6或7天)至数周(1、2、3、4、5、6、7或 8周),则可能需要显著延长治疗时间。
可以采用各种组合。在如下示例中,免疫细胞疗法为“A”,抗癌疗法为“B”:
A/B/A B/A/B B/B/A A/A/B A/B/B B/A/A A/B/B/B B/A/B/B
B/B/B/A B/B/A/B A/A/B/B A/B/A/B A/B/B/A B/B/A/A
B/A/B/A B/A/A/B A/A/A/B B/A/A/A A/B/A/A A/A/B/A
将该实施方式的任何化合物或疗法给予患者将遵循给予该化合物的一般方案,(必要时)考虑药剂的毒性。因此,在一些实施方式中,存在对联合治疗导致的毒性的监测步骤。
1.化疗
根据本实施方式,可使用多种化学治疗剂。术语“化疗”是指使用药物治疗癌症。“化学治疗剂”是指在癌症治疗中给予的化合物或组合物。这些药剂或药物根据其在细胞内的活性方式进行分类,例如,它们是否影响细胞周期以及在何阶段影响细胞周期。或者,可基于其直接交联DNA、插入DNA或通过影响核酸合成诱导染色体和有丝分裂畸变的能力来表征药剂。
化疗剂的例子包括烷基化剂,例如硫替帕和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐,如白消安、英丙舒丹和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶,如苄替哌(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(uredopa);乙烯亚胺和甲基三聚氰胺 (methylamelamine)包含六甲蜜胺、三乙撑蜜胺、三乙烯磷酰胺、三乙撑硫代磷酰胺和三轻甲基蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);聚乙酰精宁(acetogenins)(特别是泡番荔枝辛(bullatacin)和布鲁啉酮(bullatacinone));喜树碱(包括合成类似物拓扑替康);苔藓抑素;卡利他汀(callystatin);CC1065(包括其阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)和比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);念珠藻素(cryptophycin)(特别是自念珠藻环肽1和自念珠藻环肽8);多拉他汀;杜卡霉素(包括合成类似物KW-2189和CB1-TM1);艾榴塞洛素;水鬼蕉碱(pancratistatin);匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);软海绵素(spongistatin);氮芥,例如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、氯磷酰胺、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、双氯乙基甲胺、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新恩比兴(novembichin)、苯芥胆甾醇、泼尼氮芥(prednimustine)、曲磷胺、乌拉莫司汀;亚硝基脲,例如卡莫司汀、吡葡亚硝脲、福莫司汀(foremustine)、洛莫司丁、尼莫司汀、雷莫司汀;抗生素,例如烯二炔抗生素(例如,卡奇霉素、特别是卡奇霉素γII和卡奇霉素Ω1;达内霉素 (dynemicin),包含达内霉素(dynemicin A);二膦酸盐,例如氯屈膦酸(clodronate);埃斯培拉霉素(esperamicin);和新抑癌蛋白(neocarzinostatin) 发色团和相关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、放线菌素、安曲霉素(authrarnycin)、偶氮丝氨酸、博莱霉素、放线菌素C、卡柔比星(carabicin)、洋红霉素、嗜癌菌素、色霉素、放线菌素D、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮基-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星(包括吗啉代-多柔比星、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉-多柔比星和脱氧多柔比星)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、马塞霉素、丝裂霉素如丝裂霉素C、霉酚酸、诺拉霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、泊非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗红霉素、链黑霉素、链佐星、块菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢剂,如氨甲喋呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,例如二甲叶酸、蝶罗呤、三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物,如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤和硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物,如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮杂尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、二脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他宾、氟尿苷;雄激素,如卡鲁睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酪;抗肾上腺药物,如米托坦和曲洛坦;叶酸补充剂,如亚叶酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基乙酰丙酸;依那普利;氨吖啶;阿莫司汀(bestrabucil);比生群;依达曲沙(edatraxate);地磷酰胺(defofamine);脱羰秋水仙碱;亚丝醌;依氟鸟氨酸碱盐酸盐(elfornithine);依利醋铵;大环内酯;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;氯尼达明;类美坦西醇,例如美登素和安丝菌素;米托胍腙;米托蒽醌;莫哌达醇;二胺硝吖啶;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;洛索蒽醌;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;PSK多糖复合物;雷佐生;根霉素;西佐喃;锗螺胺;细交链孢菌酮酸;三亚胺醌;2,2',2”-三氯三乙胺;单端孢菌毒素(特别是T-2毒素、疣孢漆斑霉素A、露湿漆斑霉素A和蛇形菌素(anguidine));氨基钾酸酯;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;盐酸甘露醇氮芥;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;胍血生;加西托新(gacytosine);阿糖胞苷("Ara-C");环磷酰胺;噻替派;紫杉烷,例如紫杉醇和多西他赛;吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯基嘌呤;铂配合物,例如顺铂、奥沙利铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊甙(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌;长春新碱(vancristine);长春瑞滨(Navelbine);诺肖林;替尼泊苷;依达曲沙;道诺霉素;氨基蝶呤;希罗达(xeoloda);伊班膦酸钠;伊立替康(例如,CPT-Il);拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);视黄醇,例如视黄酸;卡培他滨(capecitabine);卡铂、丙卡巴嗪、普利康霉素、吉西他滨、长春花碱、法尼基蛋白转氨酶抑制剂、反铂(transplatinum)以及上述任何一种药物的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
2.放疗
导致DNA损伤并被广泛使用的其他因素包括通常所知的γ射线、X射线和/ 或定向递送到肿瘤细胞的放射性同位素。还涵盖了其他形式的DNA损伤因素,如微波、质子束辐照(美国专利5,760,395和4,870,287)以及UV辐照。所有这些因素都极可能对DNA、DNA前体、DNA复制和修复以及染色体的组装和维持造成各种损害。X射线的剂量范围从每天50到200伦琴,持续较长时间(3到4 周),到单剂2000到6000伦琴。放射性同位素的剂量范围变化很大,取决于同位素的半衰期、辐射强度和类型以及肿瘤细胞的吸收。
3.免疫治疗
本领域技术人员将理解,额外免疫治疗可结合或合并本实施方式的方法使用。在癌症治疗的背景下,免疫疗法通常依赖于使用免疫效应细胞和分子来靶向和破坏癌细胞。利妥昔单抗就是这样一个例子。例如,免疫效应物可为肿瘤细胞表面某些标志物的特异性抗体。抗体本身可作为治疗效应物,或者可招募其他细胞来实际影响细胞杀伤。抗体也可与药物或毒素(化疗、放射性核素、蓖麻毒素A链、霍乱毒素、百日咳毒素等)偶联并作为靶向剂。或者,效应物可以是携带表面分子的淋巴细胞,该表面分子可直接或间接与肿瘤细胞靶标相互作用。各种效应细胞包括细胞毒性T细胞和NK细胞。
抗体-药物偶联物已成为癌症治疗学发展的突破性方法。癌症是世界上主要的死亡原因之一。抗体-药物偶联物(ADC)包括与细胞杀伤药物共价连接的单克隆抗体(MAb)。这种方法将针对其抗原靶标的单克隆抗体的高度特异性与高效细胞毒性药物结合起来,从而产生“武装的”单克隆抗体,将有效载荷(药物) 递送到抗原水平丰富的肿瘤细胞。药物的靶向传递还可以最大限度地减少其接触正常组织,从而降低毒性并改善治疗指数。FDA批准了两种ADC药物:2011 年的(本妥昔单抗(brentuximab vedotin))和2013年的 (曲妥珠单抗美坦(emtansine)或T-DM1),验证了该方法。目前有30多种ADC候选药物参与癌症治疗临床试验的各个阶段(Leal等人,2014)。随着抗体工程改造和接头-载荷优化变得越来越成熟,新ADC的发现和开发越来越依赖于识别和验证适合这种方法的新靶点以及靶向单克隆抗体的产生。ADC靶标的两个标准是肿瘤细胞中表达的上调/高水平和稳健的内化。
在免疫治疗的一个方面中,肿瘤细胞必须具有能够被靶向(即,在大多数其他细胞上不存在)的某些标志物。存在许多肿瘤标志物,并且其中任何一种可适合在本实施方式的背景下被靶向。常见的肿瘤标志物包括CD20、癌胚抗原、酪氨酸酶(p97)、gp68、TAG-72、HMFG、唾液酸Lewis抗原、MucA、MucB、PLAP、层粘连蛋白受体、erb B和p155。免疫治疗的另一个方面是将抗癌作用与免疫刺激作用结合起来。免疫刺激分子也存在,包括:细胞因子,如IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、 GM-CSF、γ-IFN,趋化因子,如MIP-1、MCP-1、IL-8,和生长因子,如FLT3配体。
目前正在研究或使用的免疫治疗的实例包括免疫佐剂,例如牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)、恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)、二硝基氯苯和芳香化合物(美国专利5,801,005和5,739,169;Hui和Hashimoto,1998;Christodoulides 等,1998);细胞因子疗法,例如干扰素α、β及γ、IL-1、GM-CSF和TNF(Bukowski 等,1998;Davidson等,1998;Hellstrand等,1998);基因治疗,例如TNF、IL-1、 IL-2和p53(Qin等,1998;AustinWard和Villaseca,1998;美国专利5,830,880 和5,846,945);以及单克隆抗体,例如抗CD20、抗神经节苷脂GM2和抗 p185(Hollander,2012;Hanibuchi等,1998;美国专利5,824,311)。预期一种或多种抗癌疗法可与本文所述的抗体疗法一起使用。
在一些实施方式中,免疫治疗包括免疫检查点抑制剂。免疫检查点打开信号 (例如,共刺激分子)或关闭信号。免疫检查点阻断可能靶向的抑制性免疫检查点包括腺苷A2A受体(A2AR)、B7-H3(也称为CD276)、B和T淋巴细胞减毒剂(BTLA)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4,也称为CD152)、吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)、杀伤细胞免疫球蛋白(KIR),淋巴细胞活化基因-3(LAG3)、程序性死亡1(PD-1)、T细胞免疫球蛋白结构域和粘蛋白结构域3(TIM-3)以及T细胞活化的V结构域Ig抑制物(VISTA)。特别是,免疫检查点抑制剂靶向PD-1轴和/或CTLA-4。
免疫检查点抑制剂可以是药物,例如小分子、配体或受体的重组形式,或者特别是抗体,例如人类抗体(例如,国际专利公开WO2015/016718;Pardoll,Nat Rev Cancer,12(4):252-64,2012;两者通过引用纳入本文)。可以使用已知的免疫检查点蛋白抑制剂或其类似物,特别是可以使用嵌合、人源化或人类形式的抗体。本领域技术人员将知道,对于本公开中提到的某些抗体,可使用别名和/或等同名称。在本公开的上下文中,此类别名和/或等同名称可以互换。例如,众所周知,兰姆单抗(lambrolizumab)也以别名和等同名称MK-3475和派姆单抗 (pembrolizumab)为人所知。
在一些实施方式中,PD-1结合拮抗剂是抑制PD-1与其配体结合伴侣结合的分子。在特定方面中,PD-1配体结合伴侣为PD-L1和/或PD-L2。在一些实施方式中,PDL1结合拮抗剂是抑制PDL1与其结合伴侣结合的分子。在特定方面中, PD-L1结合伴侣为PD-1和/或B7-1。在一些实施方式中,PDL2结合拮抗剂是抑制PDL2与其结合伴侣结合的分子。在特定方面中,PD-L2结合伴侣是PD-1。拮抗剂可以是抗体、其抗原结合片段、免疫粘附素、融合蛋白或寡肽。示例性抗体在美国专利号US8,735,553、US8,354,509和US8,008,449中描述,所有这些专利均通过引用纳入本文。本领域已知用于本文所提供方法的其他PD-1轴拮抗剂,如美国专利申请号US20140294898、US201402021和US20110008369中所述,均通过引用并入本文。
在一些实施方式中,PD-1结合拮抗剂是抗PD-1抗体(例如,人抗体、人源化抗体或嵌合抗体)。在一些实施方式中,抗PD-1抗体选自纳武单抗、派姆单抗和 CT-011。在一些实施方式中,PD-1结合拮抗剂是免疫粘附素(例如,包含与恒定区(例如,免疫球蛋白序列的Fc区)融合的PD-L1或PD-L2胞外或PD-1结合部分的免疫粘附素)。在一些实施方式中,PD-1结合拮抗剂是AMP-224。纳武单抗,也称MDX-1106-04、MDX-1106、ONO-4538、BMS-936558和是 WO2006/121168中描述的抗PD-1抗体。派姆单抗,也称MK-3475、Merck 3475、兰姆单抗、和SCH-900475,是WO2009/114335中描述的抗PD-1 抗体。CT-011,也称hBAT或hBAT-1,是WO2009/101611中描述的抗PD-1抗体。AMP-224,也称B7-DCIg,是WO2010/027827和WO2011/066342中描述的 PD-L2-Fc融合可溶受体。
可在本文提供的方法中被靶向的另一免疫检查点蛋白是细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4(CTLA-4),也称为CD152。人类CTLA-4的完整cDNA序列的Genbank 登录号为L15006。CTLA-4存在于T细胞表面,当与抗原呈递细胞表面的CD80 或CD86结合时,CTLA-4起到“关闭”开关的作用。CTLA4是在辅助T细胞表面上表达的免疫球蛋白超家族的成员,并且向T细胞传递抑制信号。CTLA4 类似于T细胞共刺激蛋白CD28,这两种分子都与抗原呈递细胞上的CD80和 CD86(也分别称为B7-1和B7-2)结合。CTLA4向T细胞传递抑制信号,而CD28 向T细胞传递刺激信号。细胞内CTLA4也存在于调节性T细胞中,可能对其功能很重要。通过T细胞受体和CD28激活T细胞导致CTLA-4表达增加,CTLA-4 是B7分子的抑制性受体。
在一些实施方式中,免疫检查点抑制剂是抗CTLA-4抗体(例如,人抗体、人源化抗体或嵌合抗体)、其抗原结合片段、免疫粘附素、融合蛋白或寡肽。
可使用本领域公知的方法生成适于在本公开方法中使用的抗人CTLA-4抗体 (或从其衍生的VH和/或VL结构域)。或者,可以使用本领域认可的抗CTLA-4 抗体。可用于本文所述方法中的抗-CTLA-4抗体公开于例如:美国专利第 8,119,129号;PCT公开第WO 01/14424号、第WO 98/42752号、第WO 00/37504 号(CP675,206,也称作特姆单抗(tremelimumab);原称替西单抗(ticilimumab));美国专利第6,207,156号;Hurwitz等,(1998)Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,95(17): 10067-10071;Camacho等,(2004)J ClinOncology,22(145):摘要号2505(抗体 CP-675206);以及Mokyr等,(1998)Cancer Res,58:5301-5304。各前述公开物中的教导通过引用纳入本文。也可使用与这些本领域认可的抗体中的任何一种竞争以结合CTLA-4的抗体。例如,在国际专利申请号WO2001/014424、WO2000/037504和美国专利号8,017,114中描述了人源化CTLA-4抗体;所有内容通过引用纳入本文。
示例性抗CTLA-4抗体为伊普利单抗(ipilimumab,也称为10D1、MDX-010、 MDX-101和)或其抗原结合片段及变体(例如,参见WO 01/14424)。在其他实施方式中,抗体包含伊普利单抗的重链和轻链CDR或VR。因此,在一个实施方式中,抗体包含伊普利单抗VH区的CDR1、CDR2和CDR3结构域,以及伊普利单抗的VL区的CDR1、CDR2和CDR3结构域。在另一实施方式中,抗体竞争结合和/或结合到与上述抗体相同的CTLA-4表位。在另一个实施方式中,抗体与上述抗体具有至少约90%的可变区氨基酸序列同一性(例如,与伊普利单抗具有至少约90%、95%或99%的可变区同一性)。
用于调节CTLA-4的其他分子包括CTLA-4配体和受体,如美国专利号 US5,844,905、US5,885,796和国际专利申请号WO1995001994和WO1998042752 中所述;全部通过引用纳入本文,以及美国专利号US8329867中所述的免疫粘附素,通过引用纳入本文。
4.手术
大约60%的癌症患者将接受某种类型的手术,包括预防性、诊断性或分期性、治疗性和姑息性手术。治疗性手术包括切除,其中全部或部分癌组织被物理移除、切除和/或破坏,并且可以与其他治疗结合使用,例如与本实施方式的治疗、化疗、放疗、激素治疗、基因治疗、免疫治疗和/或替代治疗结合。肿瘤切除术是指物理切除至少部分肿瘤。除了肿瘤切除,手术治疗还包括激光手术、冷冻手术、电外科和显微镜控制手术(莫氏手术)。
切除部分或全部癌细胞、组织或肿瘤后,可在体内形成空洞。治疗可以通过在该区域灌注、直接注射或局部应用其他抗癌治疗来完成。例如,可每1、2、3、 4、5、6或7天,或每1、2、3、4和5周,或每1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、 10、11或12个月重复进行此类治疗。这些治疗也可能有不同的剂量。
5.其他药剂
预期其他药剂可与本实施方式的某些方面结合使用以提高治疗的治疗效果。这些其他药剂包括影响细胞表面受体和GAP连接上调的药剂、细胞抑制剂和分化试剂、细胞粘附抑制剂、增加过度增殖细胞对凋亡诱导物敏感性的试剂或其他生物试剂。通过增加GAP连接的数量来增加细胞间信号传导,将增加对邻近过度增殖细胞群的抗过度增殖作用。在其他实施方式中,细胞抑制剂或分化剂可与本实施方式的某些方面结合使用,以提高治疗的抗过度增殖功效。预期细胞粘附的抑制剂可提高本实施方式的功效。细胞粘附抑制剂的例子有粘着斑激酶(FAKs) 抑制剂和洛伐他汀。进一步设想,可结合本实施方式的某些方面使用增加过度增殖细胞对凋亡的敏感性的其他药剂,例如抗体c225,以提高治疗效果。
V.制品或试剂盒
本文还提供了包含免疫细胞的制品或试剂盒。所述制品或试剂盒可进一步包括包装插页,所述包装插页包含用于使用免疫细胞治疗或延迟个体癌症进展或增强患有癌症个体的免疫功能的说明。本文所述的任何修饰的免疫细胞可包括在制品或试剂盒中。此外,本文所述的制备修饰的免疫细胞的试剂可包括在制品或试剂盒中。合适的容器包括例如瓶、小瓶、袋和针筒。容器可由多种材料制成,如玻璃、塑料(如聚氯乙烯或聚烯烃)或金属合金(如不锈钢或哈氏合金)。在一些实施方式中,容器容纳制剂和容器上或与容器结合的标签可指示使用说明。制品或试剂盒还可以包括从商业和用户角度出发期望的其他材料,包括其他缓冲剂、稀释剂、过滤器、针、注射器和带有使用说明书的包装插页。在一些实施方式中,制品还包括另一种药剂(例如,化疗剂和抗肿瘤剂)中的一种或多种。一种或多种药剂的合适容器包括例如瓶、小瓶、袋和针筒。
VI.实施例
包括以下实施例以演示本发明的优选实施方式。本领域技术人员应当理解,在下面的实施例中公开的技术代表发明人发现的在本公开的实践中发挥良好作用的技术,因此可以被视为构成其实践的优选模式。在本文基础上,本领域技术人员应懂得,在本文要旨和范围内可对本文所述具体实施方式进行多种改变而仍然得出相同或相近结果。
实施例1-9的物质和方法
小鼠。Otub1-flox小鼠(B6遗传背景)是使用从欧洲条件性小鼠诱变计划(EUCOMM,Otub1tm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu品系)获得的胚胎生成的。将Otub1-flox小鼠与CD4Cre转基因小鼠(均为B6遗传背景并来自Jackson Laboratories)杂交,产生年龄匹配的Otub1+/+CD4Cre(命名为WT)和Otub1fl/flCD4Cre(命名为T细胞 -条件性Otub1敲除或TKO)小鼠。Otub1-flox小鼠还与ROSA26 CreER(Jackson Laboratories)杂交,产生Otub1+/+CreER和Otub1fl/flCre-ER小鼠,然后每天腹膜内注射溶于玉米油的他莫昔芬(每只小鼠2mg)连续四天,以诱导Cre功能,产生WT和诱导的Otub1 KO(iKO)小鼠。OT-I和Pmel1 TCR-转基因小鼠,B6.SJL (CD45.1+)、C57BL/6、Rag1-KO和Il15ra-KO小鼠来自Jackson Laboratory。除另有说明外,用年轻的成年(6-8周)雌性和雄性小鼠进行实验。所有小鼠均在B6遗传背景下,并维持在德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的无病原体设施中,所有动物实验都是按照德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的协议进行的。
细胞系。HEK293T、B16F10、MC38来自ATCC,B16-OVA由Qing Yi (ClevelandClinic)提供。稳定转染IL-15Rα的KIT225 T细胞系(15R-KIT) (Dubois等人,2002年)由Sigrid Dubois博士(NCI/NIH)提供,并在补充有 10%FBS、抗生素和人IL-2(0.5nM)的RPMI1640培养基中培养。
质粒、抗体和试剂。通过将人AKT1 cDNA插入逆转录病毒载体pMIGR1 HA 标签下游的EcoRI和BglII位点生成pMIGR1-HA-AKT,并通过定点诱变产生 AKT突变体(K8R、K14R、E17K)。Danuek Durocher博士(Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute)提供了Flag标记的Otub1和Otub1 C91S突变体的pcDNA3表达载体,并通过定点诱变产生了Flag-Otub1C91S/D88A突变体。通过将人Otub1 和Otub1 C91S/D88 A插入pPRIChp-HA逆转录病毒载体(由Patrick Martin博士 (University of Nice Sophia Antipolis)提供),产生pPRIChp-Otub1-HA和 pPRIChp-Otub1C91S/D88A-HA。从Addgene获得PRK5–HA-泛素WT、K63和 K48(质粒#17608,#17605,#17606)。泛素K63和K48在除赖氨酸63和赖氨酸48外的所有赖氨酸处都存在赖氨酸至精氨酸的取代。从Addgene获得pLenti puro HA-泛素(质粒#74218),通过将人AKT1 cDNA紧接泛素cDNA下游插入 pLenti puro HA-泛素产生pLenti puro HA-Ub-AKT。pLenti puro HA-Ub-AKT K14R 是通过定点诱变产生的。pLenti puro HA-UbK63-AKT和HA-UbK63-AKT K14R 是通过在pLenti HA-Ub-AKT和HA-Ub-AKT K14R载体中用UbK63取代WT泛素产生的。T7-AKT是通过将人AKT1 cDNA插入T7-RelA载体(Addgene,#21984) 的BamH1和XbaI位点以置换RelA cDNA产生的。
功能级抗小鼠(m)CD3ε(145-2C11)和抗-mCD28(37.51)抗体来自eBioscience。山羊抗仓鼠IgG(H+L)来自南方生物技术公司(Southern biotech)。用于体内IL-15 中和的小鼠IL-15单克隆抗体(AIO.3)来自eBioscience。AKT1(B-1;用于免疫印迹分析)、ERK1/2(K-23)、泛素(P4D1)、SLP76(H-300)、Zap70(1E7.2)、P85α(B-9)和PTEN(A2B1)的抗体来自圣克鲁斯生物技术公司(Santa Cruz Biotechnology)。抗-AKT(40D4;用于IP)来自CellSignaling,抗-Otub1(EPR13028 (B))来自Abcam。抗-肌动蛋白(C-4)和辣根过氧化物酶-偶联的抗-Flag(M2) 来自Sigma-Aldrich。磷酸-AKT1 S473(D9E),磷酸-AKT1 T308(C31E5E),磷酸 -FoxO1 Thr24/FoxO3a Thr32,磷酸-S6K1 Thr421/Ser424,磷酸-S6 Ser235/236(D57.2.2E),磷酸-Stat5 Tyr694(C11C5),磷酸-SLP76 Ser376,磷酸-Zap70 Tyr329/SykTyr352,S6K1(49D7),S6(54D2),FoxO1(C29H4),Foxo3a(75D8), HK2(C64G5),α-微管蛋白,IGF1Rβ(111a9),和Stat5的抗体来自Cell Signaling Technology。辣根过氧化物酶偶联的抗-血凝素(HA-7)来自罗氏。抗CD8 (YTS169.4)和抗NK1.1(PK136)中和抗体购自BioXCell。
mCD4(L3T4),mCD8(53-6.7),mCD3(145-2C11),CD44(IM7),mCD62L (MEL-14),mTCRβ(H57-597),mCD45.1(A20),mCD45.2(104),mCXCR3 (CXCR3-173),mFoxp3(FJK-16S),mCD45(30-F11),mNK1.1(PK136), mCD11c(N418),mMHCII(M5/114.15.2),mCD64(X54-5/7.1),mCD11b(M1/70), mIL-2(JES6-SH4),mTNF(MP6-XT22)mGranzyme B(NGZB)和mIFN-γ(XMG1.2)的荧光标记抗体购自eBioscience。mCD24(M1/69)和mCD103(M290) 购自BD,mCCL5(2E9/CCL5)来自Biolegend。Glut1(EPR3915)来自abcam。
重组小鼠IL-15、IL-2、IL-12、IL-18和人IL-15细胞因子来自R&D。人IL-2 来自NCI。小鼠IL-2、TNF、IFN-γ的ELISA试剂来自eBioscience。用于检测 PI3K和PTEN活性的PIP3珠和ELISA试剂盒来自Echelon。GP10025-33和 OVA257-264订购自ANAspec。AKT抑制剂1/2(AKTi)来自Calbiochem。
流式细胞术分析和细胞分选。如前所述(Yu等人,2015),使用FACS fortessa 和FACSAria(BD Biosciences),对脾细胞和淋巴结细胞的单细胞悬液进行流式细胞术分析和细胞分选。对于胞内细胞因子染色(ICS)分析,用PMA(50ng/mL) 和伊诺霉素(500ng/mL)刺激(在最后一小时存在莫能菌素(10μg/mL))从小鼠脾脏、引流淋巴结、肿瘤或体外培养物中分离的T细胞4小时。经刺激的细胞用2%多聚甲醛固定,用0.5%皂甙透化,然后进行细胞因子染色流式细胞术分析。 FACS数据在FlowJo 9.7.7中进行分析,在FlowJo 10增殖建模模块中计算CFSE 标记的细胞的增殖指数。图16总结了门控策略。
单核细胞增生李斯特菌感染。年龄和性别匹配的WT和KO小鼠(6-8周龄) 静脉内感染1×105集落形成单位的表达OVA的重组单核细胞增生李斯特菌 (LM-OVA)(Pearce和Shen,2007)(由Hao Shen博士,宾夕法尼亚大学提供)。感染后第7天,处死小鼠,分析脾脏中OVA特异性CD8效应T细胞。简言之,用10μg/ml OVA257-264肽(SIINFEKL,GenemedSynthesis)刺激脾细胞6小时,最后1小时存在蛋白质转运抑制剂莫能菌素,然后进行胞内IFN-γ染色和流式细胞术分析。使用2×104集落形成单位的LM-OVA感染WT OT-I和Otub1-TKO OT-I小鼠。在感染后第7天,收集脾细胞并用OVA257-264肽(10μg/ml)刺激6小时,最后一小时加入莫能菌素,然后进行胞内IFN-γ染色和流式细胞术分析。
肿瘤模型。年龄和性别匹配的WT和Otub1-TKO或WT和Otub1-iKO小鼠皮下注射2×105鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10或B16-OVA或2×106MC38结肠癌细胞,并监测肿瘤生长。根据德克萨斯大学MD安德森的研究动物护理和使用委员会批准的方案,当小鼠的肿瘤大小达到225mm2时处死小鼠并认为它们是致命的。在指定的时间点处死所有小鼠,对引流淋巴结和肿瘤的免疫细胞进行流式细胞术分析。对于CD8 T细胞和NK细胞耗竭实验,年龄和性别匹配的WT和Otub1-iKO 小鼠皮下接种2×105B16F10黑色素瘤细胞,同时腹膜内注射抗-CD8(克隆 YTS169.4)和抗-NK1.1(克隆PK136)中和抗体(100μg),如图14D所示。
使用识别B16黑色素瘤抗原gp100的Pmel1 CD8 T细胞进行过继细胞治疗(ACT)。简而言之,从WT Pmel1或Otub1-TKO Pmel1小鼠中分离脾细胞,并在体外使用平板包被的抗-CD3(1μg/ml)和可溶性抗-CD28(1μg/ml)抗体进行刺激。在第2天向培养物提供mIL-2(10ng/ml),在第5天从培养物中纯化CD8 T细胞并用于过继转移实验。为产生荷瘤小鼠,WT B6小鼠皮下注射B16F10黑色素瘤细胞。四天后,荷瘤小鼠接受全身辐照(500拉德,137Cs辐照器)以诱导淋巴耗竭。辐照后一天,小鼠注射体外活化的WT Pmel1或Otub1-TKO Pmel1 CD8 T细胞(6×105)。对照小鼠未经辐照或注射Pmel1 T细胞。在指定的时间段内每隔一天测量一次肿瘤大小。
混合骨髓和混合T细胞过继转移。将从Otub1-TKO(CD45.2+)小鼠分离的骨髓细胞(2×106)与来自WT B6.SJL(CD45.1+)小鼠的骨髓细胞以1:1混合,过继转移至经辐照(1000rad)的Rag1-KO小鼠中。6周后,处死骨髓嵌合的小鼠,通过基于CD45.1和CD45.2先天性标记物的流式细胞术分析来自WT (B6.SJL)和Otub1-TKO骨髓的T细胞稳态。
对于混合T细胞转移,用CFSE染料标记WT(CD45.1+)和Otub1-TKO (CD45.2+)原初CD8 T细胞(WT:CD45.1+;TKO:CD45.2+)或WT和Otub1-TKO 原初OT-I CD8 T细胞(WT OT-I:CD45.1+CD45.2+;TKO OT-I:CD45.2+),以1:1 比例混合,并过继转移到WT和Il15ra-KO小鼠中。在指定时间点,通过流式细胞术分析转移的WT和Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞。在一些实验中,对Il15ra+/+和 Il15ra–/–受体小鼠进行亚致死量辐照(600拉德,137Cs辐照器),以检测IL-15在介导CD8 T细胞淋巴细胞减少的增殖中的作用。
代谢分析。按照制造商的说明,使用XF96胞外通量分析仪(Seahorse Bioscience)测量OCR和ECAR。简而言之,将WT或Otub1-TKO CD8原初T 细胞(新鲜分离或体外用抗-CD3和抗-CD28活化24小时)接种在XF96微孔板 (150,000细胞/孔)中。快速离心平板以固定细胞。在非CO2培养箱中的未缓冲分析培养基(Seahorse Biosciences)中孵育30分钟后,使用XF糖酵解应激测试试剂盒(Seahorse Biosciences)对细胞进行糖酵解分析。当细胞在不含葡萄糖的糖酵解应激试验培养基中孵育以记录基线时,进行ECAR的初始测量。然后注射葡萄糖(10mM)诱导ECAR,反映基础条件下的糖酵解速率。随后,注射寡霉素(1μM)以抑制线粒体ATP的产生,并将能量产生转移到糖酵解,从而测量最大糖酵解能力(也称为应激ECAR)。最后,注射葡萄糖类似物2-脱氧-葡萄糖(2-DG, 100mM),通过靶向葡萄糖己糖激酶抑制糖酵解,导致ECAR降低,作为确认检测到的ECAR的糖酵解依赖性的量度。通过在24孔培养板(4×106细胞/孔) 中指定浓度的AKT1/2抑制剂或DMSO存在下培养细胞,进行抑制剂研究。
使用有丝分裂应激测试试剂盒(Seahorse Biosciences)测量不同条件下的 OCR。在初始测量基线OCR后,注射1μM寡霉素以计算ATP相关的呼吸,然后注射质子阱FCCP(0.25μM),其使耗氧量与ATP生产解除关联,以获得最大OCR (也称为应激OCR)。最后,注射0.5μM鱼藤酮/抗霉素A以抑制复合物I和III,并关闭ETC呼吸以测量非线粒体呼吸。
T细胞和NK细胞的纯化和体外处理。用抗-CD8或抗-CD4偶联磁珠(Miltenyi) 从脾细胞中分离CD8和CD4 T细胞,并通过FACS分选进一步纯化原初CD8或 CD4 T细胞以获得CD44loCD62Lhi群体。在96孔板(每孔1×105个细胞)的重复孔中刺激原初T细胞66小时,并通过ELISA(eBioScience)分析培养上清液。
用NK细胞分离试剂盒(Mietenyi)从脾细胞中分离NK细胞。纯化的NK细胞用IL2(5ng/ml)、IL12(10ng/ml)和IL18(10ng/ml)刺激指定的时间,然后进行胞内颗粒酶B和CCL5的流式细胞术分析。
RNA测序分析:从年轻(6-8周龄)WT OT-I和Otub1-TKO OT-I小鼠脾脏中分离出原初CD8 T细胞,并立即裂解以制备RNA或用抗-CD3(1μg/ml)和抗 -CD28(1μg/ml)活化24小时。使用TRIzol(Invitrogen)分离总RNA,并在德克萨斯大学MD Anderson癌症中心的测序和微阵列设施中,使用Illumina测序仪进行RNA测序分析。使用Tophat2 RNASeq比对软件,将原始读数与mm10参考基因组(构建mm10)比对。数据集中所有样本的总体映射率为70%。用HTseq 计数量化To-phat2比对文件中的基因表达计数。使用R软件包DESeq2对计数数据进行差异表达分析。使用错误发现率(Benjamini-Hochberg)调整从多个二项测试中获得的P值。显著的基因定义为Benjamini-Hochberg校正的p值(截留值为0.05)和至少两倍的变化。RNA测序数据通过Genesis(来自genome.tugraz.at/) 和multiplot(来自genepattern.broadinstitute.org/gp/pages/login.jsf)进行分析。RNA 测序数据保存到基因表达综合数据库。
实时定量PCR。用TRIzol试剂从分离的WT OT-I或Otub1-TKO OT-I CD8 T 细胞中提取RNA。使用SYBR试剂(Bio-Rad)对RNA样本进行定量PCR分析。通过标准曲线法计算单个基因的表达,并将其标准化为Actb的表达。表1列出了本研究中使用的基因特异性引物组(全部用于小鼠基因)。
表1.实时定量PCR引物。
逆转录病毒和慢病毒感染如前所述(Yu等人,2015),使用所述基于 pMIGR1-GFP或基于pPRIChp-aHA-mCherry的表达载体制备逆转录病毒颗粒。为了产生慢病毒颗粒,用编码人Otub1-特异性shRNA的pGIPZ慢病毒载体 (shRNA#2的结合位点为:5’-UCCGACUACCUUGUGGUCU-3’(SEQ ID NO: 1);shRNA#4的结合位点为:5’-AAGGAGUUGCAGCGGUUCA-3’(SEQ ID NO: 2))或非沉默对照shRNA以及包装载体psPAX2和pMD2转染HEK293T细胞(通过钙法)。用重组逆转录病毒或慢病毒感染15R-KIT T细胞。48小时后,通过基于GFP表达的流式细胞术分选富集转导的细胞。对于原代T细胞感染,在10 ng/ml IL-15和5ng/ml IL-2存在下,用平板结合的抗-CD3(1μg/ml)和抗-CD28 (1μg/ml)在12孔板中刺激原初OT-I CD8 T细胞24小时,然后用逆转录病毒感染两次(48小时和72小时)。在第二次逆转录病毒转导后24小时,感染的T 细胞在低血清(0.5%FBS)培养基中饥饿过夜,然后IL-15(60ng/ml)刺激进行信号传导分析。
免疫印迹、共免疫沉淀和泛素化分析。对于蛋白质磷酸化的免疫印迹分析,在指定时间段内用IL-15(60ng/ml)、IL-2(60ng/ml)或IL-7(60ng/ml)刺激原初CD4和CD8 T细胞或15R-KIT T细胞品系的细胞,并在补充有磷酸酶抑制剂的激酶细胞裂解缓冲液中裂解(Reiley等人,2007)。采用交联方法,使用 TCR和CD28激动性抗体刺激T细胞(Reiley等人,2007)。简而言之,将细胞与抗-CD3(2μg/ml)和抗-CD28(2μg/ml)一起在冰上孵育,然后与山羊抗仓鼠 Ig(25μg/ml)在37℃下交联不同时间段,然后如上文所述立即裂解以进行免疫印迹分析。
共免疫沉淀基本上按照所述进行(Xiao等人,2001年)。原代OT-I CD8 T 细胞或15R-KIT T细胞系的细胞用IL-15(80ng/ml)刺激一段指定时间,并在激酶细胞裂解缓冲液中裂解(Reiley等人,2007)。使用指示的抗体立即对细胞裂解物进行免疫沉淀,然后对沉淀的蛋白质进行免疫印迹分析。对于泛素化分析,经刺激的T细胞或瞬时转染的HEK293细胞在补充了6M尿素和4mM N-乙基马来酰亚胺的RIPA缓冲液[50mM Tris-HCl,pH 7.4,150mMNaCl,1%(v/v) Nonidet P-40,0.5%(v/v)脱氧胆酸钠和1mM EDTA]中裂解。裂解物用RIPA缓冲液稀释1倍,然后进行AKT免疫沉淀,然后通过免疫印迹检测泛素化AKT。
膜蛋白检测。使用Mem-Per Plus试剂盒(Thermo Fisher)从CD4和CD8 T 细胞或NK细胞中分离膜和胞浆蛋白组分,并进行免疫印迹分析。为了测试IL-15 在介导Otub1膜定位中的作用,OT-I小鼠注射(腹膜内)小鼠IL-15中和抗体 (AIO.3;200μg/小鼠),每日三次,第4天分离CD8 T细胞,制备膜和胞浆蛋白组分。在一些实验中,采用T细胞过继转移法。简而言之,用CFSE标记OT-I CD8 T细胞并过继转移到Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–受体小鼠中。7天后,从受体小鼠中分离出OT-I CD8 T细胞,用于膜和胞浆蛋白制备。
人类癌症的免疫特征和生存分析。为了将Otub1的表达水平与人类癌症中 CD8效应T细胞的水平关联,收集了10个明确的CD8 T细胞相关基因以形成免疫特征。从oncolnc.org/下载SKCM肿瘤样本(n=458),包括临床和mRNA表达信息,将编译后的数据集提交给GenePattern(可从 genepattern.broadinstitute.org/gp/pages/login.jsf获得),以进行无监督分级聚类分析。在GraphPad Prism软件中使用来自不同聚类的生存数据进行Kaplan-Meier 估计。
统计学分析。对于肿瘤临床评分,采用Bonferroni事后检验的双向ANOVA 评估各组之间的差异。对于生存率,通过对数秩检验评估各组之间的差异。其他统计分析采用Prism软件进行双尾非配对T检验。小于0.05的P值被认为是显著的,显著性水平表示为*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.0001。
在动物研究中,根据我们的计算,每组需要3-4只小鼠,以在双尾T检验中达到2.3倍的变化(效果大小),效能为90%,显著性水平为5%。所有的统计测试被证实是合理的,并且数据符合测试的假设。被统计比较的组间变动相似。
数据利用性。RNA测序数据集保存到基因表达综合数据库,登录代码为GSE126777。
实施例1–T细胞特异性Otub1缺陷导致CD8 T细胞异常活化
为了研究Otub1在T细胞中的功能,产生了Otub1 T细胞条件性敲除(TKO) 小鼠(图9A-C)。Otub1-TKO小鼠胸腺细胞和外周T细胞群的频率正常(图9D 和E)。然而,其产生效应细胞因子、IFN-γ、TNF和IL-2的效应/记忆样(CD44hi) CD8 T细胞的频率增加(图1A和B)。尽管Otub1在CD4和CD8 T细胞中的表达相似,但Otub1缺陷并未增加CD4效应/记忆T细胞的频率(图1A和C)。 Otub1-TKO和野生型(WT)小鼠的调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)频率相当,而Otub1缺陷型Treg细胞在抑制原初CD4 T细胞方面具有完全的功能(图10A-C)。混合的骨髓过继转移研究表明,即使在同一受体小鼠中,Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞的效应/记忆样群体频率也比WT CD8 T细胞高(图10D和E),这表明Otub1 在维持CD8 T细胞稳态方面具有细胞固有的作用。此外,Otub1缺陷型原初CD8 T细胞对体外活化具有高度反应性(图1D)。来自OT-I小鼠的原初CD8 T细胞获得了类似的结果,产生了具有鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)肽SIINFEKL21特异性的重组TCR的CD8 T细胞(图1E)。相反,Otub1缺陷对原初CD4 T细胞活化没有影响(图1D)。
为了检测Otub1的体内功能,使用表达鸡卵清蛋白的重组单核细胞增生李斯特菌菌株建立细菌感染模型LM-OVA。Otub1-TKO小鼠对LM-OVA感染表现出明显增强的免疫应答,如肝脏细菌负荷减少和产生IFN-γ的抗原特异性CD8效应T 细胞频率增加所示(图1F和G)。使用产生OVA特异性CD8 T细胞的WT和 Otub1-TKO OT-I小鼠获得了类似的结果(图1H)。这些结果表明,Otub1维持CD8 T细胞稳态,并负调节CD8 T细胞活化。
实施例2–Otub1调节CD8 T细胞对IL-15的反应
γc家族细胞因子IL-7和IL-15对T细胞稳态非常重要(Surh和Sprent, 2008;Lodolce等人,2002)。虽然IL-7同时调节CD4和CD8 T细胞,但IL-15 对于调节表达高水平IL-15Rβ和γc的CD8 T细胞尤其重要(Schluns等人,2000 年;Schluns和Lefrancois,2003年)。由于Otub1缺陷对CD8 T细胞具有选择效果(图1A),因此通过使用Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–受体小鼠进行混合CD8 T细胞转移来测试Otub1是否调节CD8 T细胞对IL-15的反应(图2A)。由于IL-15 转递呈需要IL-15Rα,因此转移到IL-15ra-/-小鼠的T细胞在IL-15刺激方面存在缺陷(Burkett等人,2003年;Schlung等人,2004年)。在Il15ra+/+受体中, Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞具有比WT CD8 T细胞高得多的记忆样T细胞频率(图 2B和C)。然而,这种表型在Il15ra–/–受体中不再显著,这表明Otub1在控制 CD8 T细胞对IL-15的反应中起作用(图2B和C)。
在淋巴细胞减少的情况下,还研究了Otub1缺陷对IL-15介导的CD8 T细胞增殖的影响。使用OT-I CD8 T细胞,因为OT-I TCR对共生抗原无反应,并且 OT-I T细胞的扩增是由稳态细胞因子介导的,主要是IL-7和IL-15(Surh和Sprent, 2008;Goldrath等人,2002)。WT OT-I T细胞在Il15ra+/+和Il15ra–/–受体小鼠中增殖至相似水平(图2D),与IL-7和IL-15参与介导淋巴细胞减少性T细胞增殖一致(Surh和Sprent,2008;Schluns等人,2000;Goldrath等人,2002)。然而,Otub1-TKO OT-I T细胞的过度增殖严重依赖于IL-15,因为它在Il15ra–/–受体小鼠中基本被消除(图2D)。这些结果进一步强调了Otub1在控制CD8 T 细胞对稳态细胞因子IL-15的反应中的关键作用。
实施例3-IL-15在Otub1的控制下引发CD8 T细胞活化。
Otub1缺陷通过TCR-CD28信号促进CD8 T细胞的激活,表明CD8 T细胞与 IL-15的稳态接触可能使其被抗原活化。进一步支持这一点的是,在Il15ra+/+中检测到Otub1-TKOCD8 T细胞的高反应性表型,但在Il15ra-/-背景中未检测到(图 11A)。此外,在T细胞过继转移实验中,从Il15ra+/+受体分离的Otub1-TKO OT-I CD8 T细胞而不是从Il15ra-/-受体分离的T细胞,显示出过度活化表型(图2E)。作为体内模型,使用WT和Otub1–TKO原初OT-I CD8 T细胞的混合物适应性转移的Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–小鼠进行LM-OVA感染(图11B和C)。在Il15ra+/+受体中,Otub1-TKO OT-I T细胞对LM-OVA感染的反应比WT OT-I T细胞强得多,但在Il15ra-/-受体中未检测到这种表型(图2F和11D)。因此,Otub1在体外和体内控制CD8 T细胞的抗原特异性反应受IL-15介导启动。
RNA测序显示,Otub1-TKO原初OT-I T细胞在稳态条件下大量基因表达上调(图11E),包括与效应/记忆功能和干记忆T细胞(Tscm)相关的特征(图 2G)。为了检测该基因表达特征是否依赖于IL-15信号传导,使用从过继转移的 Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–受体小鼠分离的WT和Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞进行qRT-PCR 分析(图2H)。在Il15ra+/+受体小鼠中,与WT CD8T细胞相比,Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞显示出几乎所有分析基因表达上调(图2H)。然而,在Il15ra–/–受体小鼠内,WT和Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞的基因表达不再显示差异,并且与来自Il15ra+/+受体小鼠的CD8 T细胞相比,两者的基因表达水平均降低(图2H)。总之,这些结果表明,在稳态条件下IL-15刺激CD8 T细胞对TCR-CD28信号作出反应,而TCR-CD28信号受Otub1负调控。
实施例4–Otub1调节NK细胞成熟和活化
NK细胞也表达高水平的IL-15Rβ/γ异二聚体,并依赖IL-15成熟和活化(Guillerey等人,2016)。根据CD11b和CD27的表面表达,NK细胞可分为四个成熟阶段:第1阶段(CD11bloCD27lo)、第2阶段(CD11bloCD27hi)、第 3阶段(CD11bhiCD27hi)和第4阶段(CD11bhiCD27lo),并逐步获得效应功能 (Chiossone等人,2009)。IL-15缺陷会损害第3阶段和第4阶段NK细胞的生成,而IL-15过度表达会导致第4阶段NK细胞的主要积聚(Polansky等人,2016)。为了研究Otub1在NK细胞调节中的功能,使用他莫昔芬诱导性Cre(CreER) 系统在成年小鼠中诱导删除Otub1(图3A和B)。正如Otub1 TKO结果所预期的(图1A),Otub1诱导的KO(Otub1-iKO)小鼠的记忆样CD8 T细胞频率增加(图3C)。重要的是,尽管Otub1缺失对脾脏中的NK细胞总数没有影响,但它显著增加了第4阶段的成熟NK细胞(CD11bhiCD27lo)的频率,同时减少了第3阶段的NK细胞(CD11bhiCD27hi)(图3D和E)。与此一致的是,Otub1-iKO NK细胞对细胞因子刺激的活化具有高度反应性,基于颗粒酶B和趋化因子CCL5 生产的检测(图3F-H),它们分别介导NK细胞效应功能和1型常规树突状细胞(cDC1)的募集(Bottcher等人,2018)。这些结果表明Otub1控制NK细胞的成熟和活化,进一步强调了该DUB在调节IL-15反应中的作用。
实施例5–Otub1调节IL-15受体信号传导的AKT轴
用IL-15刺激原初CD8 T细胞触发转录因子STAT5和激酶AKT的活化,如其位点特异性磷酸化所示(图4A)。Otub1缺陷不影响STAT5的活化,但显著增强AKT的活化(图4A)。AKT的活化是通过其在苏氨酸308(T308)和丝氨酸473(S473)的磷酸化介导的。AKT T308磷酸化对代谢性激酶mTORC1的活化至关重要,而AKT S473磷酸化是磷酸化和FOXO转录因子家族失活所必需的,这是一种促进CD8 T细胞效应功能的机制(Vadlakonda等人,2013年;Kim 等人,2012年)。Otub1缺陷增强了IL-15刺激的AKT S473以及FOXO1和FOXO3 的磷酸化(图4A和12A)。IL-15刺激的AKT T308磷酸化相对较弱,需要加载更多细胞裂解物才能进行清晰检测(图12A)。然而,在Otub1缺陷的CD8 T细胞中,AKT T308磷酸化也增强(图12A)。Otub1缺陷对IL-2和IL-7刺激的AKT 磷酸化作用较弱(图12B)。值得注意的是,IL-2和IL-15的受体共享两个共同的亚基,即IL-2/IL-15Rβ和γc,尽管这两种细胞因子显示出不同的生物学功能(Waldmann,2015)。这些发现表明这两种密切相关的细胞因子之间存在信号传导的差异。通过使用IL-15反应性T细胞品系15R-KIT(稳定转染IL-15Rα的人KIT-225细胞系)进一步证实了Otub1在调节IL-15刺激的AKT活化中的作用。 15R-KIT T细胞中的Otub1敲减强烈促进IL-15刺激的AKT磷酸化(图4B)。此外,NK细胞中Otub1缺陷也显著增强了IL-15刺激的AKT活化,但没有活化 STAT5(图4C)。因此,Otub1控制CD8 T细胞和NK细胞中IL-15R信号传导的AKT轴。
由于Otub1缺陷型CD8 T细胞在体外对TCR-CD28刺激和在体内对抗原特异性反应具有高反应性(图1D-H),因此研究了Otub1缺失对TCR信号传导的影响。Otub1缺陷不影响蛋白酪氨酸激酶Zap70、衔接子蛋白SLP76和MAP激酶 ERK的磷酸化(图12C)。然而,Otub1缺陷显著增强了TCR-CD28刺激的AKT 活化和几个AKT下游蛋白的磷酸化,包括转录因子Foxo1和Foxo3以及mTORC1 靶标S6激酶(S6K)、核糖体S6蛋白和4E-BP1(图4D)。另一方面,Otub1 缺陷并不影响CD4 T细胞中TCR-CD28刺激的AKT信号传导(图12D),这与 Otub1控制CD8而不是CD4 T细胞活化的发现一致(图1D)。
为了检测TCR-CD28刺激的Otub1缺陷型CD8 T细胞中的AKT过度活化是否是IL-15引发的,将WT或Otub1-TKO原初OT-I T细胞过继转移至Il15ra+/+或Il15ra–/–受体小鼠,并对转移的T细胞进行分选以进行AKT活化试验(图4E)。从Il15ra+/+而不是Il15ra–/–受体小鼠分离的Otub1-TKO OT-I CD8 T细胞表现出 AKT的过度活化(图4F),表明IL-15在Otub1的控制下为TCR-CD28信号传导的AKT轴启动CD8 T细胞。为了进一步探索Otub1选择性调节CD8 T细胞中 AKT信号传导的机制,发现CD8而非CD4 T细胞含有丰富的膜关联Otub1(图 4G)。与CD8T细胞一样,NK细胞也含有高水平的膜关联Otub1(图4G)。 Otub1的膜关联不受TCR-CD28信号传导的影响(图4H),但严重依赖于IL-15,因为在T细胞转移研究中,其在来自IL-15Rα缺陷型宿主的CD8 T细胞中减少 (图4I和J)。WT OT-I小鼠中抗体介导的IL-15中和也抑制CD8T细胞中的 Otub1膜定位(图4K)。由于AKT活化发生在不同的膜区室中(Jethwa等人,2015年),这些发现为深入了解Otub1 AKT调节功能的机制提供了依据。
实施例6–Otub1抑制K63泛素化和AKT的PIP3结合功能
AKT活化的关键步骤是通过其普列克底物蛋白(pleckstrin)同源性(PH)结构域与膜脂PIP3的相互作用招募到膜区室(Cantley,2002)。一旦进入细胞膜, AKT在T308和S473分别被PDK1和mTORC2磷酸化。通过Otub1基因敲减, IL-15刺激的AKT膜易位显著增强(图5A)。Otub1基因敲减对AKT上游调节因子PI3激酶(PI3K)和PTEN的活性没有明显影响,它们分别催化正向和反向 PIP3生成反应(Carnero等人,2008)。有趣的是,AKT与15R-KIT细胞中的 Otub1存在物理关联,在IL-15刺激下,Otub1强烈增强(图5B)。在原代OT-I CD8 T细胞中,稳定状态下几乎检测不到AKT-Otub1相互作用,但其可被IL-15强烈诱导(图5C)。在转染条件下也很容易检测到Otub1-AKT结合(图12E)。
由于Otub1是DUB,接下来研究Otub1是否调节AKT的泛素化。IL-15刺激 AKT泛素化,在Otub1敲减后增强(图5D和E)。相反,Otub1过表达抑制AKT 泛素化,这对K63连接但不是K48连接的多泛素链有效(图5F)。先前的研究确定了Otub1的三个催化残基:半胱氨酸91(C91)、天冬氨酸88(D88)和组氨酸265(H265)(Balakirev等人,2003)。C91的突变仅稍稍抑制Otub1的功能,但D88和C91的同时突变产生了无法抑制AKT泛素化的Otub1突变体 D88A/C91S(图5F)。WT Otub1,而不是D88A/C91S,也能够抑制重建的Otub1 缺陷型CD8 T细胞和Otub1敲减15R-KIT细胞中的AKT活化(图12F和G),因此表明Otub1-介导的AKT K63泛素化抑制有助于AKT活化的负调控。
已知TRAF6在癌细胞的K8和K14处介导生长因子诱导的AKT泛素化(Yang 等人,2009)。在基础和IL-15刺激条件下,K14的突变也消除了AKT泛素化 (图5G和H)。然而,K8突变对AKT泛素化没有影响(图5G和H)。与此一致的是,K14而不是K8的突变消除了AKT磷酸化(图5I),表明AKT K14 泛素化通过IL-15介导其活化。为了进一步评估AKT K63泛素化的功能,将K63 泛素突变体(UbK63)与AKT或AKT K14R在靠近残基K14的N端融合(图 5J)。UbK63-AKT融合蛋白在响应IL-15的磷酸化中的表现类似AKT(图5K)。 UbK63与AKT K14R的融合在很大程度上挽救了其在IL-15刺激的磷酸化和泛素化方面的缺陷(图5K和L),表明融合的UbK63可以作为多泛素链形成的受体泛素,从而活化AKT。
由于其N端PH结构域和C端激酶结构域之间的分子内相互作用,AKT通常以封闭构象存在(Calleja等人,2009)。由于泛素化常常引起构象变化,因此推测AKT泛素化可能促进其PIP3结合活性。虽然WT AKT和AKT K8R表现出较强的PIP3结合活性,但AKT K14R突变体在PIP3结合方面存在缺陷(图5M)。此外,Otub1强烈抑制AKT WT和AKT K8R的PIP3结合活性,但不影响K14R 的残余PIP3结合活性(图5M)。UbK63与AKT K14R融合恢复其泛素化(图5L),完全恢复其PIP3结合功能(图5N)。这些结果表明,Otub1对AKT去泛素化,干扰AKT的PIP3结合和膜易位,从而抑制其磷酸化和活化。
实施例7–Otub1调节活化的CD8 T细胞中的重要基因特征和代谢程序化
体外活化的CD8 T细胞的RNA测序分析显示,与WT CD8 T细胞相比,Otub1 缺陷型CD8 T细胞有1254个显著上调的基因,297个显著下调的基因(图13)。上调的基因包括参与CD8 T细胞活化、效应功能或存活的基因(图6A)。主要下调基因包括编码促凋亡因子、Bim和免疫检查点分子(Pd1、Vista和CD160)的基因(图6A)。最惊人的结果是Otub1缺陷型CD8 T细胞中代谢基因特征的表达上调,特别是那些参与糖酵解途径的基因,如葡萄糖转运蛋白1(Glut1,也称为 Slc2a1)和己糖激酶2(Hk2)(图6A和13)。免疫印迹分析证实,在Otub1-TKOCD8 T细胞中,HK2(一种催化糖酵解途径第一步的酶)显著上调(Roberts和 Miyamoto,2015年)(图6B)。这些发现很有趣,因为代谢重编程是T细胞活化的标志,也是效应T细胞功能所必需的(Pearce等人,2013年;Zheng等人, 2009年;McKinney和Smith,2018年)。
接下来,进行Seahorse胞外通量分析,分别测量胞外酸化率(ECAR)和耗氧率(OCR),它们是有氧糖酵解和氧化性磷酸化指标(Pearce等人,2013)。与WT CD8 T细胞相比,Otub1缺陷型CD8 T细胞在活化的条件下具有增强的 ECAR和最大糖酵解能力(应激ECAR)(图6C和D)。与糖酵解不同,Otub1 缺陷不会显著改变OCR(图6E和F)。Otub1似乎通过控制AKT来调节糖酵解,因为选择性AKT抑制剂(AKTi)消除了WT和Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞之间的ECAR差异(图6G和H)。AKT抑制剂还阻断了TCR-CD28刺激的糖酵解调节基因Glut1和Hk2的过度表达,以及Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞中细胞因子的产生 (图6I和J)。这些结果表明,Otub1通过调节AKT信号传导机制控制活化的 CD8 T细胞中的糖酵解诱导。
实施例8–Otub1缺陷损害CD8 T细胞自身耐受性
已知IL-15可降低T细胞活化阈值,并使CD8 T细胞对自身抗原的反应敏感(Deshpande等人,2013年;Huang等人,2015年)。使用明确的小鼠模型Pmel1 检测Otub1在调节CD8 T细胞自身耐受中的作用,该模型产生具有黑素细胞自身抗原gp100特异性的转基因TCR的CD8 T细胞(Overwijk等人,2003)。Pmel1 CD8 T细胞通常对自身抗原gp100具有耐受性,而自我耐受性受损会导致皮肤自身免疫性白癜风,其特征是毛发脱色(Overwijk等人,2003年;Zhang等人,2007 年)。虽然WT Pmel1小鼠在9个月龄之前仅出现轻微白癜风,但100%的 Otub1-TKO Pmel1小鼠在3个月大左右开始出现严重白癜风,并随着时间的推移变得更加严重(图7A)。虽然WT Pmel1 CD8 T细胞主要处于原初状态,但大部分Otub1-TKOPmel1 CD8 T细胞被活化,显示CD44和CXCR3活化标志物(图 7B和C)。此外,Otub1-TKO而非WT,Pmel1 T细胞对体外用抗原gp100重刺激以产生IFN-γ产生反应(图7D)。这些结果表明,Otub1在体内控制CD8 T细胞对微生物抗原和自身抗原的反应。
实施例9–Otub1通过T细胞和NK细胞调节抗癌免疫
尽管耐受性可防止自身免疫,但它是癌症免疫反应的主要障碍,癌症免疫治疗的一般原则是克服免疫耐受(Maueroder等人,2014)。发现Otub1控制CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的活化,这是癌症免疫的核心组分(Durgeau等人,2018年; Chiossone等人,2018年),表明Otub1在调节抗肿瘤免疫中发挥作用。首先通过使用Otub1-TKO小鼠和鼠黑色素瘤模型B16-OVA(表达替代抗原卵清蛋白的 B16细胞)测试Otub1的T细胞特异性功能。与WT小鼠相比,Otub1-TKO小鼠显著降低了肿瘤负荷(图8A和B),同时肿瘤和引流淋巴结中产生IFN-γ和颗粒酶B的CD8效应T细胞频率增加(图8C)。此外,在肿瘤微环境中,Otub1-TKO CD8 T细胞比WTCD8 T细胞表达更高水平的Glut1(图8D),这与Otub1在调节糖酵解中的作用一致(图6C和D)。
为了检测靶向Otub1的治疗潜力,采用了过继性T细胞治疗(ACT)的小鼠模型(Restifo等人,2012年)。B6小鼠接种B16F10黑色素瘤细胞,然后通过过继转移来自WT或Otub1-TKO Pmel1小鼠的体外扩增的CD8 T细胞治疗荷瘤小鼠(图8E)。Pmel1 CD8 T细胞识别B16F10肿瘤表达的肿瘤抗原gp100。与 WT Pmel1 CD8 T细胞相比,Otub1-TKO Pmel1 CD8T细胞在抑制肿瘤生长和提高B16荷瘤小鼠存活率方面更为有效(图8F和G)。
接下来,用B16F10肿瘤细胞攻击Otub1-iKO模型,在该模型中,不同细胞类型的成年小鼠中Otub1被诱导删除(图8H)。与WT小鼠相比,Otub1-iKO 小鼠的肿瘤负荷显著降低(图8I和J),这与肿瘤浸润性CD8 T细胞和NK细胞以及CD4 T细胞和cDC1细胞的增加有关(图8K)。此外,在Otub1-iKO小鼠中,肿瘤浸润性CD8 T细胞含有表达IFN-γ和颗粒酶B的效应细胞的频率显著较高 (图8L)。MC38结肠癌模型也获得了类似结果(图14A-C)。抗体介导的CD8T细胞或NK细胞耗竭损害了Otub1-iKO小鼠的有效抗癌免疫力,导致肿瘤负荷增加到与WT小鼠相似或更高的水平(图8M和N,图14D和E)。Otub1-iKO 小鼠中NK细胞耗竭可显著降低肿瘤浸润性cDC1和CD4 T细胞,而CD8 T细胞耗竭可部分降低肿瘤浸润性cDC1,但不降低CD4 T细胞(图8O)。这些结果表明,在Otub1-iKO小鼠中,CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的过度活化有助于增强抗癌免疫。
为了评估Otub1在调节人癌症中的抗肿瘤免疫力的作用,我们分析了癌症数据库中Otub1表达与肿瘤中T细胞基因特征的潜在相关性。有趣的是,对人皮肤黑色素瘤数据库的分析显示,Otub1表达水平与CD8效应T细胞基因特征的丰度以及患者存活率之间存在显著的负关联(图15A-C)。总之,这些结果证明 Otub1是抗肿瘤免疫的重要调节因子,并暗示Otub1是癌症免疫治疗的潜在靶点。
实施例10–Otub1调节改善CAR免疫治疗
免疫治疗已成为治疗多种癌症的一种有前途的治疗策略。癌症免疫治疗的主要方法有:(1)靶向免疫检查点受体,例如程序性细胞死亡蛋白(PD-1)和细胞毒性T细胞淋巴细胞相关蛋白(CTLA-4)(Pardoll,2012)和(2)以及使用表达识别肿瘤相关抗原的嵌合抗原受体(CAR)的T细胞的过继性细胞治疗 (Kuwana等人,1987)。CAR T细胞免疫疗法在B细胞恶性肿瘤的治疗中显示出良好的前景(Maude等人,2014年)。然而,尽管尝试修改CAR的信号传导基序,但这种方法治疗实体瘤的效果仍然很低,部分原因是肿瘤微环境中CAR T 细胞功能耗竭(Wherry,2011;Schietinger等人,2016;Seo等人,2019)。基于检查点阻断抗体和CAR T细胞组合的疗法已经在临床试验中进行了测试,希望能够活化耗尽的CAR T细胞(Ramello等人,2018年)。随着对调节性T细胞活化和耗竭的信号传导机制的更好理解,通过靶向细胞内信号传导调节物来工程改造功能改良的CAR T细胞已成为一种有效的方法。
设计CAR的概念是将胞外单链可变片段(ScFV)连接到胞内信号传导模块,该模块包括来自CD3z、共刺激受体CD28和其他共刺激分子的信号传导结构域,以在抗原结合时诱导T细胞活化(Srivastava和Riddell,2015)。这种设计策略基于T细胞活化同时需要TCR信号(信号1)和共刺激信号(信号2)这一事实。然而,现在很清楚,最佳的T细胞活化和效应功能需要额外的信号,如环境线索 (Curtsinger和Mescher,2010)。特别是,T细胞在淋巴器官启动期间以及在癌症微环境中的效应功能期间接收来自特定细胞因子(信号3)的信号(Curtsinger 等人,1999)。一种重要的免疫刺激细胞因子是IL-15,它介导CD8 T细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞的稳态、活化和存活,并参与抗肿瘤免疫的调节(Klebanoff 等人,2004年)。肿瘤部位缺少IL-15信号与癌症消退不良有关(Santana Carrero 等人,2019年)。
如上所示,Otub1的缺失通过增加肿瘤部位的免疫细胞募集和细胞因子分泌,显著增强IL-15介导的CD8 T细胞和NK细胞活化和抗肿瘤免疫(Zhou等人, 2019)。然而,目前尚不清楚靶向Otub1是否可以作为一种改善癌症免疫治疗中 CAR T和CAR NK细胞功能的方法。在此,使用CAR免疫治疗的小鼠模型证明,在CAR转导的CD8 T细胞或NK细胞中,Otub1基因敲除或敲减可显著增强针对实体瘤的免疫治疗效果。
为了研究靶向Otub1对提高CAR T细胞介导的实体瘤治疗效果的治疗潜力,建立了一个允许在体内检测肿瘤排斥反应的临床前模型。简单说,一小鼠B16F10 细胞系被工程改造成稳定表达人类B细胞特异性抗原hCD19(B16F10-hCD19),并且通过流式细胞术确认hCD19的表达(图17A)。然后,针对hCD19构建第二代CAR(抗-hCD19 CAR),并将其转导入体外活化的小鼠CD8 T细胞(图17B、 C)。基于Myc表位标记的CAR和小鼠thy1.1的表达的流式细胞术分析显示了高效的转导(图17D)。
对于CAR T细胞介导的治疗,B6小鼠接种B16F10-hCD19黑色素瘤细胞,然后通过过继转移来自WT或Otub1 T细胞条件性敲除(Otub1-TKO)小鼠的体外扩增的CD8抗-hCD19 CART细胞治疗荷瘤小鼠(图18A)。抗-hCD19 CAR CD8 T细胞识别B16F10-hCD19肿瘤过度表达的hCD19抗原,允许抗原特异性肿瘤细胞破坏。与注射磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)的对照小鼠相比,转移抗-hCD19 CAR WT T细胞的小鼠肿瘤大小稍稍减小(图18B、C)。重要的是,抗-CD19 CAROtub1-TKO T细胞的转移对肿瘤生长产生了程度大得多的抑制,同时显著提高了 B16F10-hCD19荷瘤小鼠的存活率(图18B-D)。
由于CAR使用固定的人工scFv来绕过传统T细胞受体(TCR)对抗原活化的需要(Srivastava和Riddell,2015),TCR转基因CD8 T细胞可能替代多克隆 CD8 T细胞。为了验证这一观点,使用来自OT-I小鼠的CD8 T细胞产生CAR T 细胞,该小鼠产生具有对鸡卵白蛋白(OVA)肽SIINFEKL特异性的重组TCR 的CD8 T细胞(Hogquist等人,1994)。将抗-CD19 CAR转导的WT或Otub1-TKO OT-I T细胞过继转移至B16F10-hCD19荷瘤小鼠,然后测量肿瘤生长和存活率。有趣的是,在该模型中,WT抗hCD19 CAR T细胞显示出强大的肿瘤抑制功能 (图19A、B)。然而如多克隆CD8 T细胞模型所示,与使用WT抗-hCD19 CAR OT1 T细胞治疗的小鼠相比,使用Otub1-TKO抗-hCD19 CAR OT-I T细胞治疗的小鼠显示出强得多的肿瘤抑制作用和更高的存活率(图19A-C)。这些结果表明,Otub1缺失大大提高了CAR T细胞在肿瘤抑制中的功能。
RNA干扰代表了通过使特定靶基因沉默的癌症免疫治疗中的一种有希望的治疗策略(Ghafouri-Fard和Ghafouri-Fard,2012)。为了进一步将这些发现转化为可临床应用的概念,研究了短发夹RNA(shRNA)敲减Otub1是否可以提高CAR T细胞介导的肿瘤抑制效果。将小鼠Otub1特异性shRNA(F9)克隆到pGIPZ 慢病毒载体中,可以高效地沉默Otub1的表达(图20A)。用非沉默(NS)对照 shRNA或Otub1特异性shRNA F9转导WT OT-I CD8 T细胞,然后用抗-CD19 CAR进一步转导细胞,分别生成对照(NS-CarT)和Otub1敲减(F9-CarT)CAR T细胞(图20B)。过继转移NS-CarT到B16F10-hCD19荷瘤B6小鼠体内与注射PBS相比抑制肿瘤生长;然而,F9-CarT的过继转移比NS-CarT细胞的过继转移引起更大程度的肿瘤抑制(图20C,D)。与使用NS-CarT细胞治疗的荷瘤小鼠相比,使用F9-CarT细胞治疗的荷瘤小鼠的存活率显著提高(图20E)。这些数据强调了在基于过继CAR T细胞转移的癌症免疫治疗中沉默Otub1的潜力。为了在人类T细胞中敲减Otub1,设计了几种靶向人类Otub1的新型shRNA,并将其克隆到pGIPZ慢病毒载体中(图22A)。通过转导人293T细胞系,发现其中两个新设计的shRNA能够高效沉默人类Otub1(图22B)。
除了CD8 T细胞外,NK细胞也是细胞免疫系统的重要组成部分,具有杀死肿瘤和病毒感染细胞的强大能力。NK细胞介导其肿瘤杀伤功能而无需MHC匹配,使其成为生产“现成”通用CAR产品用于大规模临床应用的理想候选细胞 (Ruella和Kenderian,2017)。
为了测试靶向Otub1对CAR NK细胞介导的抗肿瘤免疫的影响,使用他莫昔芬诱导性Cre(CreER)系统在成年小鼠中诱导删除Otub1。用抗-CD19 CAR构建物在体外转导从WT或诱导的Otub1基因敲除(Otub1-iKO)小鼠分离的NK 细胞。B16F10-hCD19荷瘤小鼠在第7天过继转移3X106 WT或Otub1-iKO CAR NK细胞。如CAR T转移所见,过继转移CAR NK细胞可强烈抑制肿瘤生长(图 21B、C)。此外,与WT CAR NK细胞相比,Otub1-缺陷型CAR NK细胞在抑制肿瘤生长和提高荷瘤小鼠存活率方面更高效(图21B-D)。因此,靶向Otub1 可能是一种基于过继转移CAR T细胞和CAR NK细胞来提高癌症免疫治疗效果的有效方法。
本研究结果表明,靶向Otub1增强基于CAR T和CAR NK细胞的治疗实体瘤的免疫治疗。CAR-介导的肿瘤细胞靶向的效力可以与增强IL-15信号传导的能力相结合,以增强CART和CAR NK细胞的功能。十多年来,IL-15被广泛认为是一种有前途的癌症免疫治疗剂;然而,基于重组IL-15注射的临床试验并未显示出有希望的结果,因为存在一些局限性,例如半衰期短以及导致毒性的使用高剂量的必要性(Robinson和Schluns,2017)。最近的研究表明,IL-15是在肿瘤微环境中产生的,但在晚期肿瘤中,IL-15水平较低(Santana Carrero等人,2019 年)。天然免疫刺激物,如STING激动剂,可刺激IL-15的产生,从而有助于诱导抗肿瘤免疫(Santana Carrero等人,2019年)。Otub1是IL-15诱导的信号传导的关键负调节因子(Zhou等人,2019年)。重要的是,成年小鼠中Otub1 的缺失足以触发CD8 T细胞和NK细胞中的内源性IL-15信号传导,从而显著增强抗肿瘤免疫(Zhou等人,2019年)。本研究的数据进一步证明,在过继细胞治疗中,靶向Otub1是增强CAR T细胞和CAR NK细胞抗肿瘤功能的有效途径。
CAR-T细胞疗法的一个主要挑战是其治疗实体瘤的疗效有限(Martinez和Moon,2019)。限制CAR T细胞功能的主要因素之一是导致CAR T细胞功能低下的免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境(Wherry,2011)。因此,调节CAR T细胞中的信号传导网络以增强其功能代表了提高CAR T细胞介导的实体瘤治疗效力的新策略。鉴于IL-15的强大免疫刺激功能及其在肿瘤微环境中的产生,操纵IL-15 信号传导通路是一个有吸引力的策略。与先前发现的Otub1缺陷使CD8 T细胞对IL-15刺激高度敏感的研究结果一致,本研究显示,基因消融或shRNA介导的Otub1敲减可显著促进CAR T细胞抑制B16黑色素瘤生长和延长荷瘤小鼠生存期的功能。除了CD8 T细胞外,NK细胞也是IL-15的靶细胞,依赖IL-15生存和活化。一致的是,数据显示Otub1缺失也增强了CAR NK细胞的抗肿瘤功能。CAR NK细胞的一个优点是,即使在MHC不匹配的患者中,它们也缺乏诱导移植物抗宿主疾病的活性,因此提供了一种“现成”治疗工具的可能来源(Ruella 和Kenderian,2017)。迄今为止,包括本研究在内的大多数CAR NK研究都使用了为T细胞设计的CAR,这些T细胞没有针对NK细胞信号传导进行优化(Li 等人,2018年)。即便如此,Otub1基因敲除的CAR NK细胞仍然显示出显著增强的介导肿瘤消退的能力。有理由期待NK细胞优化的CAR能更显著地减少肿瘤大小。综上所述,这些发现对癌症免疫治疗具有重要意义,因为CD8 T细胞和NK细胞是癌症免疫中两种主要且功能互补的细胞成分。
实施例11–实施例10的材料和方法
小鼠。先前描述的Otub1fl/fl小鼠(Zhou等人,2019)与CD4-Cre转基因小鼠(B6遗传背景,来自Jackson laboratories)杂交,以产生年龄匹配的 Otub1+/+CD4-Cre(命名为WT)和Otub1fl/flCD4-Cre(命名为T细胞条件性Otub1 敲除或TKO)小鼠。Otub1-fl/fl小鼠还与ROSA26 CreER(Jackson Laboratories) 杂交,产生Otub1+/+ROSA26-CreER和Otub1fl/flROSA26-CreER小鼠,然后每天腹膜内注射溶于玉米油的他莫昔芬(每只小鼠2mg)连续四天,以诱导Cre 功能,产生WT和诱导的KO(iKO)小鼠。OT-I TCR转基因小鼠和B6小鼠来自Jackson Laboratories。除另有说明外,用年轻的成年(6-8周龄)雌性和雄性小鼠进行实验。所有小鼠均在B6遗传背景下,并维持在德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的无特定病原体设施中,所有动物实验都是按照德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的协议进行的。
细胞系、质粒、抗体和试剂。人HKE293T和鼠EL4和B16F10细胞系来自 ATCC。慢病毒载体PLOC(精确lentiORF表达文库)中的hCD19购自MD安德森癌症中心的FunctionalGenomics Core。功能级抗小鼠(m)CD3ε(145-2C11) 和抗-mCD28(27.51)来自eBioscience。mThy1.1的荧光标记抗体来自BD Biosciences。Myc标签(9B11)来自cell signaling。重组mIL-2和mIL-15细胞因子来自R&D。抗-mCD8a-和抗mThy1.1-偶联微珠和小鼠NK细胞分离试剂盒来自Miltenyi。
抗hCD19 CAR的构建。抗hCD19 CAR是利用抗-hCD19单链可变片段克隆 FMC63已公开的片段(Nicholson等人,1997年)和一部分鼠CD28和CD3z序列设计的(Kochenderfer等人,2010年)。N端的hCD8信号肽和Myc标签的序列来自公共数据库。Twist Bioscience合成了完整的CAR结构,然后将其亚克隆到含有内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)-EGFP报告基因的pMGIR1鼠逆转录病毒载体中以筛选细胞。
含有Thy1.1的CAR构建物的核苷酸序列(hCD8信号-Myc-VL-铰链 -VH-mCD28-mCD3z-P2A-thy1.1:(2016nt)
atggCTTTGCCAGTGACAGCTCTTCTCCTTCCACTGGCCCTCCTCCTTCAC GCCGCTAGGCCAGAGCAGAAACTTATTTCAGAGGAAGACCTGGACATTCA AATGACACAAACTACTTCTTCTCTCTCCGCCTCACTTGGTGACCGCGTCAC TATTAGTTGCCGCGCTAGTCAAGATATTAGTAAGTACCTGAATTGGTATCA ACAAAAACCTGACGGGACTGTAAAGCTGCTTATATATCATACTTCTAGGCT GCATTCTGGAGTACCTTCACGATTTAGCGGTAGCGGATCCGGCACCGACT ACTCCCTCACAATTAGCAATCTGGAGCAAGAGGACATAGCCACCTACTTC TGCCAGCAAGGGAATACCTTGCCATACACTTTCGGTGGTGGAACTAAGCT CGAAATTACTGGGGGTGGAGGCAGTGGCGGAGGGGGGTCAGGTGGGGGA GGTTCAGAAGTCAAACTCCAGGAATCTGGACCTGGACTCGTTGCCCCTTCC CAATCCCTTAGTGTTACATGCACTGTATCAGGTGTATCCCTCCCTGATTAC GGTGTCTCCTGGATTCGGCAGCCTCCTCGGAAGGGTCTCGAGTGGTTGGG AGTGATTTGGGGGTCTGAAACTACTTATTATAACAGTGCCCTTAAGAGTAG ATTGACTATAATTAAGGATAACAGTAAGTCACAAGTATTCCTCAAAATGA ATTCCTTGCAAACAGACGATACAGCAATATATTACTGCGCAAAACACTAC TACTATGGCGGTAGTTACGCTATGGACTATTGGGGTCAAGGAACCTCTGTC ACAGTTTCTAGCATTGAGTTCATGTATCCCCCACCTTACTTGGACAATGAA AGGTCTAATGGGACCATCATACACATTAAAGAGAAACACCTGTGTCATAC TCAGAGTTCTCCAAAATTGTTCTGGGCCTTGGTTGTCGTTGCCGGCGTACT GTTCTGTTACGGTCTCTTGGTTACCGTGGCACTTTGTGTTATCTGGACTAAT TCCCGGCGGAATCGGGGTGGACAGAGCGATTACATGAATATGACCCCAAG AAGACCTGGACTGACCAGGAAACCATATCAACCCTATGCTCCTGCTCGGGACTTTGCTGCTTACCGCCCACGCGCAAAGTTTTCTAGGAGCGCTGAAACCG CTGCCAACCTCCAAGACCCTAATCAGCTTTACAATGAATTGAACTTGGGAC GCCGGGAGGAGTATGACGTCCTTGAGAAAAAGCGGGCTCGGGATCCAGAAATGGGCGGAAAGCAACAGAGGCGAAGAAATCCACAAGAGGGGGTCTAT AACGCTCTTCAGAAAGATAAAATGGCTGAGGCATATAGCGAAATTGGGAC CAAGGGGGAGAGAAGAAGAGGCAAGGGACATGACGGGCTTTACCAGGGT TTGTCTACCGCAACAAAAGACACCTATGATGCTTTGCACATGCAAACACT GGCTCCTAGAGCCACCAACTTCTCCCTGCTGAAGCAGGCCGGCGACGTGG AGGAGAACCCCGGCCCCATGAACCCAGCCATCAGCGTCGCTCTCCTGCTCTCAGTCTTGCAGGTGTCCCGAGGGCAGAAGGTGACCAGCCTGACAGCCTG CCTGGTGAACCAAAACCTTCGCCTGGACTGCCGCCATGAGAATAACACCA AGGATAACTCCATCCAGCATGAGTTCAGCCTGACCCGAGAGAAGAGGAAGCACGTGCTCTCAGGCACCCTCGGGATACCCGAGCACACGTACCGCTCCCG CGTCACCCTCTCCAACCAGCCCTATATCAAGGTCCTTACCCTAGCCAACTT CACCACCAAGGATGAGGGCGACTACTTTTGTGAGCTTCGAGTCTCGGGCGCGAATCCCATGAGCTCCAATAAAAGTATCAGTGTGTATAGAGACAAACTG GTCAAGTGTGGCGGCATAAGCCTGCTGGTTCAGAACACATCCTGGATGCT GCTGCTGCTGCTTTCCCTCTCCCTCCTCCAAGCCCTGGACTTCATTTCTCTG TGA(SEQ ID NO:7)
CAR构建物加Thy1.1的氨基酸序列:(671AA)
MALPVTALLLPLALLLHAARPEQKLISEEDLDIQMTQTTSSLSASLGDRVTI SCRASQDISKYLNWYQQKPDGTVKLLIYHTSRLHSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDYSLTI SNLEQEDIATYFCQQGNTLPYTFGGGTKLEITGGGGSGGGGSGGGGSEVKLQ ESGPGLVAPSQSLSVTCTVSGVSLPDYGVSWIRQPPRKGLEWLGVIWGSETTY YNSALKSRLTIIKDNSKSQVFLKMNSLQTDDTAIYYCAKHYYYGGSYAMDY WGQGTSVTVSSIEFMYPPPYLDNERSNGTIIHIKEKHLCHTQSSPKLFWALVV VAGVLFCYGLLVTVALCVIWTNSRRNRGGQSDYMNMTPRRPGLTRKPYQPYAPARDFAAYRPRAKFSRSAETAANLQDPNQLYNELNLGRREEYDVLEKKRA RDPEMGGKQQRRRNPQEGVYNALQKDKMAEAYSEIGTKGERRRGKGHDGL YQGLSTATKDTYDALHMQTLAPRATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPGPMNPAISVALL LSVLQVSRGQKVTSLTACLVNQNLRLDCRHENNTKDNSIQHEFSLTREKRKH VLSGTLGIPEHTYRSRVTLSNQPYIKVLTLANFTTKDEGDYFCELRVSGANPM SSNKSISVYRDKLVKCGGISLLVQNTSWMLLLLLSLSLLQALDFISL*(SEQ ID NO:8)
逆转录病毒和慢病毒感染如前所述,使用pMIGR1-CAR表达载体以及包装载体pCL-ECO制备逆转录病毒颗粒(Zhou等人,2019)。为了制备慢病毒颗粒,用编码hCD19的PLOC慢病毒载体或编码Otub1特异性shRNA的pGIPZ慢病毒载体或非沉默对照shRNA以及包装载体psPAX2和pMD2(通过PEI方法)转染HEK293T细胞。用重组逆转录病毒或慢病毒感染CD8 T细胞、NK细胞和 B16F10黑色素瘤细胞。48小时后,通过基于GFP表达的流式细胞术分选富集转导的细胞。使用抗Thy1.1微珠纯化CAR T和CAR NK细胞。
统计学分析。对于肿瘤临床评分,采用Bonferroni校验的双向ANOVA评估各组之间的差异。对于存活。组间差异采用对数秩检验。小于0.05的P值被认为是显著的。所有的统计测试被证实是合理的,并且数据符合测试的假设。被统计比较的组间变动相似。
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根据本公开,本文公开和要求保护的所有方法都可以在不进行不当实验的情况下制造和执行。虽然已经根据优选实施方式描述了本公开的组合物和方法,但对于本领域技术人员来说,显而易见的是,在不脱离本公开的概念、精神和范围的情况下,可以对本文所述方法的步骤或步骤序列进行改变。更具体而言,可以用化学和生理相关的某些试剂代替本文所述的试剂,同时可以得到相同或类似的结果。所有此类类似替代和修改对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见地被视为在所附权利要求所定义的本公开的精神、范围和概念范围内的。
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序列表
<110> 得克萨斯州大学系统董事会(Board of Regents, The University of TexasSystem)
<120> 免疫治疗中的靶向OTUB1
<130> UTFC.P1462WO
<140> 未指定
<141> 2020-05-07
<150> US 62/844,217
<151> 2019-05-07
<160> 46
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
<210> 1
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 1
uccgacuacc uuguggucu 19
<210> 2
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 2
aaggaguugc agcgguuca 19
<210> 3
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 3
cuguuucuau cgggcuuuc 19
<210> 4
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 4
gcuuucggau ucucccacu 19
<210> 5
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 5
gcugugucug ccaagagca 19
<210> 6
<211> 19
<212> RNA
<213> 智人(Homo sapiens)
<400> 6
cacguucaug gaccugauu 19
<210> 7
<211> 2016
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 编码CAR多肽的序列
<400> 7
atggctttgc cagtgacagc tcttctcctt ccactggccc tcctccttca cgccgctagg 60
ccagagcaga aacttatttc agaggaagac ctggacattc aaatgacaca aactacttct 120
tctctctccg cctcacttgg tgaccgcgtc actattagtt gccgcgctag tcaagatatt 180
agtaagtacc tgaattggta tcaacaaaaa cctgacggga ctgtaaagct gcttatatat 240
catacttcta ggctgcattc tggagtacct tcacgattta gcggtagcgg atccggcacc 300
gactactccc tcacaattag caatctggag caagaggaca tagccaccta cttctgccag 360
caagggaata ccttgccata cactttcggt ggtggaacta agctcgaaat tactgggggt 420
ggaggcagtg gcggaggggg gtcaggtggg ggaggttcag aagtcaaact ccaggaatct 480
ggacctggac tcgttgcccc ttcccaatcc cttagtgtta catgcactgt atcaggtgta 540
tccctccctg attacggtgt ctcctggatt cggcagcctc ctcggaaggg tctcgagtgg 600
ttgggagtga tttgggggtc tgaaactact tattataaca gtgcccttaa gagtagattg 660
actataatta aggataacag taagtcacaa gtattcctca aaatgaattc cttgcaaaca 720
gacgatacag caatatatta ctgcgcaaaa cactactact atggcggtag ttacgctatg 780
gactattggg gtcaaggaac ctctgtcaca gtttctagca ttgagttcat gtatccccca 840
ccttacttgg acaatgaaag gtctaatggg accatcatac acattaaaga gaaacacctg 900
tgtcatactc agagttctcc aaaattgttc tgggccttgg ttgtcgttgc cggcgtactg 960
ttctgttacg gtctcttggt taccgtggca ctttgtgtta tctggactaa ttcccggcgg 1020
aatcggggtg gacagagcga ttacatgaat atgaccccaa gaagacctgg actgaccagg 1080
aaaccatatc aaccctatgc tcctgctcgg gactttgctg cttaccgccc acgcgcaaag 1140
ttttctagga gcgctgaaac cgctgccaac ctccaagacc ctaatcagct ttacaatgaa 1200
ttgaacttgg gacgccggga ggagtatgac gtccttgaga aaaagcgggc tcgggatcca 1260
gaaatgggcg gaaagcaaca gaggcgaaga aatccacaag agggggtcta taacgctctt 1320
cagaaagata aaatggctga ggcatatagc gaaattggga ccaaggggga gagaagaaga 1380
ggcaagggac atgacgggct ttaccagggt ttgtctaccg caacaaaaga cacctatgat 1440
gctttgcaca tgcaaacact ggctcctaga gccaccaact tctccctgct gaagcaggcc 1500
ggcgacgtgg aggagaaccc cggccccatg aacccagcca tcagcgtcgc tctcctgctc 1560
tcagtcttgc aggtgtcccg agggcagaag gtgaccagcc tgacagcctg cctggtgaac 1620
caaaaccttc gcctggactg ccgccatgag aataacacca aggataactc catccagcat 1680
gagttcagcc tgacccgaga gaagaggaag cacgtgctct caggcaccct cgggataccc 1740
gagcacacgt accgctcccg cgtcaccctc tccaaccagc cctatatcaa ggtccttacc 1800
ctagccaact tcaccaccaa ggatgagggc gactactttt gtgagcttcg agtctcgggc 1860
gcgaatccca tgagctccaa taaaagtatc agtgtgtata gagacaaact ggtcaagtgt 1920
ggcggcataa gcctgctggt tcagaacaca tcctggatgc tgctgctgct gctttccctc 1980
tccctcctcc aagccctgga cttcatttct ctgtga 2016
<210> 8
<211> 671
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> CAR多肽
<400> 8
Met Ala Leu Pro Val Thr Ala Leu Leu Leu Pro Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu
1 5 10 15
His Ala Ala Arg Pro Glu Gln Lys Leu Ile Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Asp
20 25 30
Ile Gln Met Thr Gln Thr Thr Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Leu Gly Asp
35 40 45
Arg Val Thr Ile Ser Cys Arg Ala Ser Gln Asp Ile Ser Lys Tyr Leu
50 55 60
Asn Trp Tyr Gln Gln Lys Pro Asp Gly Thr Val Lys Leu Leu Ile Tyr
65 70 75 80
His Thr Ser Arg Leu His Ser Gly Val Pro Ser Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser
85 90 95
Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Tyr Ser Leu Thr Ile Ser Asn Leu Glu Gln Glu
100 105 110
Asp Ile Ala Thr Tyr Phe Cys Gln Gln Gly Asn Thr Leu Pro Tyr Thr
115 120 125
Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu Ile Thr Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly
130 135 140
Gly Gly Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Glu Val Lys Leu Gln Glu Ser
145 150 155 160
Gly Pro Gly Leu Val Ala Pro Ser Gln Ser Leu Ser Val Thr Cys Thr
165 170 175
Val Ser Gly Val Ser Leu Pro Asp Tyr Gly Val Ser Trp Ile Arg Gln
180 185 190
Pro Pro Arg Lys Gly Leu Glu Trp Leu Gly Val Ile Trp Gly Ser Glu
195 200 205
Thr Thr Tyr Tyr Asn Ser Ala Leu Lys Ser Arg Leu Thr Ile Ile Lys
210 215 220
Asp Asn Ser Lys Ser Gln Val Phe Leu Lys Met Asn Ser Leu Gln Thr
225 230 235 240
Asp Asp Thr Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Lys His Tyr Tyr Tyr Gly Gly
245 250 255
Ser Tyr Ala Met Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gln Gly Thr Ser Val Thr Val Ser
260 265 270
Ser Ile Glu Phe Met Tyr Pro Pro Pro Tyr Leu Asp Asn Glu Arg Ser
275 280 285
Asn Gly Thr Ile Ile His Ile Lys Glu Lys His Leu Cys His Thr Gln
290 295 300
Ser Ser Pro Lys Leu Phe Trp Ala Leu Val Val Val Ala Gly Val Leu
305 310 315 320
Phe Cys Tyr Gly Leu Leu Val Thr Val Ala Leu Cys Val Ile Trp Thr
325 330 335
Asn Ser Arg Arg Asn Arg Gly Gly Gln Ser Asp Tyr Met Asn Met Thr
340 345 350
Pro Arg Arg Pro Gly Leu Thr Arg Lys Pro Tyr Gln Pro Tyr Ala Pro
355 360 365
Ala Arg Asp Phe Ala Ala Tyr Arg Pro Arg Ala Lys Phe Ser Arg Ser
370 375 380
Ala Glu Thr Ala Ala Asn Leu Gln Asp Pro Asn Gln Leu Tyr Asn Glu
385 390 395 400
Leu Asn Leu Gly Arg Arg Glu Glu Tyr Asp Val Leu Glu Lys Lys Arg
405 410 415
Ala Arg Asp Pro Glu Met Gly Gly Lys Gln Gln Arg Arg Arg Asn Pro
420 425 430
Gln Glu Gly Val Tyr Asn Ala Leu Gln Lys Asp Lys Met Ala Glu Ala
435 440 445
Tyr Ser Glu Ile Gly Thr Lys Gly Glu Arg Arg Arg Gly Lys Gly His
450 455 460
Asp Gly Leu Tyr Gln Gly Leu Ser Thr Ala Thr Lys Asp Thr Tyr Asp
465 470 475 480
Ala Leu His Met Gln Thr Leu Ala Pro Arg Ala Thr Asn Phe Ser Leu
485 490 495
Leu Lys Gln Ala Gly Asp Val Glu Glu Asn Pro Gly Pro Met Asn Pro
500 505 510
Ala Ile Ser Val Ala Leu Leu Leu Ser Val Leu Gln Val Ser Arg Gly
515 520 525
Gln Lys Val Thr Ser Leu Thr Ala Cys Leu Val Asn Gln Asn Leu Arg
530 535 540
Leu Asp Cys Arg His Glu Asn Asn Thr Lys Asp Asn Ser Ile Gln His
545 550 555 560
Glu Phe Ser Leu Thr Arg Glu Lys Arg Lys His Val Leu Ser Gly Thr
565 570 575
Leu Gly Ile Pro Glu His Thr Tyr Arg Ser Arg Val Thr Leu Ser Asn
580 585 590
Gln Pro Tyr Ile Lys Val Leu Thr Leu Ala Asn Phe Thr Thr Lys Asp
595 600 605
Glu Gly Asp Tyr Phe Cys Glu Leu Arg Val Ser Gly Ala Asn Pro Met
610 615 620
Ser Ser Asn Lys Ser Ile Ser Val Tyr Arg Asp Lys Leu Val Lys Cys
625 630 635 640
Gly Gly Ile Ser Leu Leu Val Gln Asn Thr Ser Trp Met Leu Leu Leu
645 650 655
Leu Leu Ser Leu Ser Leu Leu Gln Ala Leu Asp Phe Ile Ser Leu
660 665 670
<210> 9
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 9
cgtgaaaaga tgacccagat ca 22
<210> 10
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 10
cacagcctgg atggctacgt 20
<210> 11
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 11
gtagcgactc cgaaggtgtt 20
<210> 12
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 12
accagaggat tctgcacagc 20
<210> 13
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 13
agcaccagcc aagccatgta 20
<210> 14
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 14
cgtagggaga ggtgctgttt t 21
<210> 15
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 15
gcagtcgtgt ttgtcactcg 20
<210> 16
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 16
agagcaagca atgacaggga 20
<210> 17
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 17
tctgtgcact gtgcatctct c 21
<210> 18
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 18
gacttggtgc atggaacact g 21
<210> 19
<211> 24
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 19
tgaatgaacc ttccaagact caga 24
<210> 20
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 20
ggttatggtc gatctttagc tg 22
<210> 21
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 21
tgtcagcgtg cgacatggct 20
<210> 22
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 22
gagtgaagcg gcggctggtg 20
<210> 23
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 23
ataccccctc gctctctgtt 20
<210> 24
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 24
acataggtcc ccatctgcct 20
<210> 25
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 25
gggatcatct tgctggtgaa 20
<210> 26
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 26
aggtccctgt catgcttctg 20
<210> 27
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 27
agacatccgt tccccctaca 20
<210> 28
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 28
gcagggtgct gacataccat 20
<210> 29
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 29
ccatggaacc gatcagtgtg a 21
<210> 30
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 30
ttttcatccc ggaagcaggg 20
<210> 31
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 31
ctcaggagcc cacaacgagt gc 22
<210> 32
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 32
tctgggcttc ttgcctcttg ggt 23
<210> 33
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 33
cgggaagagc tctggagaac c 21
<210> 34
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 34
gcattctcta acagtctgtg cc 22
<210> 35
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 35
gccagggaac cgcttatatg 20
<210> 36
<211> 23
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 36
gacgatcatc tgggtcacat tgt 23
<210> 37
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 37
tcatcaccta cagcgacgag 20
<210> 38
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 38
gggtagaagg tggggatttc 20
<210> 39
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 39
gcctcttatg cttcaaacaa ca 22
<210> 40
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 40
cagcagcatt gccaaacagt 20
<210> 41
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 41
gaaacccctc cctcttcagg a 21
<210> 42
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 42
agggctgcac agataaaact tc 22
<210> 43
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 43
gatcgccgga ttggaacaga 20
<210> 44
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 44
ggtctagctg cttagcgtcc 20
<210> 45
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 45
gctgtgctta tgggcttctc 20
<210> 46
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 合成寡核苷酸
<400> 46
cacatacatg ggcacaaagc 20
Claims (35)
1.一种用于生产经修饰以表达较未经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或自然杀伤(NK)细胞降低的Otub1水平的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞的离体方法,包括:
(a)培养CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞的起始群体;
(b)引入抑制Otub1表达的载体;和
(c)扩增经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该载体编码Otub1抑制性RNA。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该载体编码抑制Otub1 mRNA表达的shRNA。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该载体编码用于修饰Otub1基因的构建物,从而阻止Otub1表达。
5.如权利要求1-4任一所述的方法,其中,所述载体是慢病毒载体或逆转录病毒载体。
6.如权利要求1-5任一所述的方法,其中引入包括转导、转染或电穿孔。
7.如权利要求1-6任一所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞进一步修饰以表达CAR和/或TCR。
8.如权利要求1-7任一所述的方法,其中CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞的起始群体从具有抗肿瘤活性的自体肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞样本、脐带血、外周血、骨髓、CD34+细胞或诱导的多能干细胞(iPSC)中获得。
9.如权利要求1-8任一所述的方法,其中修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群体是GMP合规的。
10.根据权利要求1-9任一所述的方法产生的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群体。
11.一种药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求10所述的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞群体和药学上可接受的运载体。
12.一种组合物,其包含有效量的权利要求10所述的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞,用于治疗对象中的癌症。
13.一种组合物的用途,其包含有效量的权利要求10所述的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞,用于治疗对象中的癌症。
14.一种治疗患者癌症的方法,包括向对象给予抗肿瘤有效量的权利要求10所述的经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述癌症是实体瘤或血液恶性肿瘤。
16.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞是患者自体的。
17.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞衍生自具有抗肿瘤活性的自体肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞样本。
18.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞是同种异体的。
19.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞是与患者匹配的HLA。
20.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞表达CAR多肽和/或TCR多肽。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中经修饰的CAR和/或TCR对CD19、CD319/CS1、ROR1、CD20、癌胚抗原、甲胎蛋白、CA-125、MUC-1、表皮肿瘤抗原、黑色素瘤相关抗原、突变的p53、突变的ras、HER2/Neu、ERBB2、叶酸结合蛋白、HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120、HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp41、GD2、CD123、CD23、CD30、CD56、c-Met、间皮素、GD3、HERV-K、IL-11Rα、κ链、λ链、CSPG4、ERBB2、WT-1、EGFRvIII、TRAIL/DR4和/或VEGFR2具有抗原特异性。
22.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞经静脉内、腹膜内或肿瘤内给予对象。
23.如权利要求14-22任一所述的方法,其还包括向患者给予至少一种额外治疗剂。
24.如权利要求23所述的方法,其中至少一种额外治疗剂选自由化疗、放疗和免疫治疗组成的组。
25.如权利要求24所述的方法,其中,所述至少一种额外治疗剂是免疫治疗。
26.如权利要求25所述的方法,其中,所述免疫疗法是免疫检查点抑制剂。
27.如权利要求26所述的方法,其中免疫检查点抑制剂抑制选自CTLA-4、PD-1、PD-L1、PD-L2、LAG-3、BTLA、B7H3、B7H4、TIM3、KIR或腺苷A2a受体(A2aR)的免疫检查点蛋白或其配体。
28.如权利要求27所述的方法,其中,所述免疫检查点抑制剂抑制PD-1或CTLA-4。
29.如权利要求14-28任一所述的方法,进一步包括在给予经修饰的CD8 T细胞和/或NK细胞之前对象的淋巴耗竭。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其中淋巴耗竭包括给予环磷酰胺和/或氟达拉滨。
31.如权利要求14-30任一所述的方法,其中方法增加患者癌症中CD8效应T细胞的频率。
32.如权利要求14-30任一所述的方法,其中方法增加患者癌症中第四阶段成熟NK细胞的频率。
33.如权利要求14-30任一所述的方法,其中方法克服了患者的免疫耐受。
34.如权利要求14-30任一所述的方法,其中方法降低了患者的CD8 T细胞的自身耐受性。
35.如权利要求14-30任一所述的方法,其中方法增加了患者癌症中肿瘤浸润CD8 T细胞和NK细胞的数量。
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PCT/US2020/031816 WO2020227492A2 (en) | 2019-05-07 | 2020-05-07 | Targeting otub1 in immunotherapy |
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KR101409445B1 (ko) * | 2013-01-17 | 2014-06-24 | 한국과학기술연구원 | OTUB1 발현을 저해하는 siRNA 및 이를 포함하는 약제학적 조성물 |
WO2017191274A2 (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | Curevac Ag | Rna encoding a therapeutic protein |
CN108210884A (zh) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-06-29 | 武汉大学 | 含otu功能域的泛素醛结合蛋白1在制备治疗脂肪肝及相关疾病药物中的应用 |
CN109121418A (zh) * | 2015-03-02 | 2019-01-01 | 西奈健康系统 | 同源重组因子 |
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WO2010132891A1 (en) * | 2009-05-15 | 2010-11-18 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Combination therapy to inhibit t cell effector function |
WO2014201021A2 (en) * | 2013-06-10 | 2014-12-18 | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. | Methods and compositions for reducing immunosupression by tumor cells |
CA3073045A1 (en) * | 2017-08-15 | 2019-02-21 | Nantcell, Inc. | Hank cetuximab combinations and methods |
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KR101409445B1 (ko) * | 2013-01-17 | 2014-06-24 | 한국과학기술연구원 | OTUB1 발현을 저해하는 siRNA 및 이를 포함하는 약제학적 조성물 |
CN109121418A (zh) * | 2015-03-02 | 2019-01-01 | 西奈健康系统 | 同源重组因子 |
WO2017191274A2 (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | Curevac Ag | Rna encoding a therapeutic protein |
CN108210884A (zh) * | 2018-01-19 | 2018-06-29 | 武汉大学 | 含otu功能域的泛素醛结合蛋白1在制备治疗脂肪肝及相关疾病药物中的应用 |
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EP3965831A4 (en) | 2022-12-21 |
KR20220017922A (ko) | 2022-02-14 |
WO2020227492A3 (en) | 2020-12-17 |
WO2020227492A2 (en) | 2020-11-12 |
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