CN114449941A - 心血管疾病的治疗和预防 - Google Patents
心血管疾病的治疗和预防 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本文所述的方法和组合物利用与全身性慢性炎症相关的量度(炎症年龄‑iAge、心血管年龄‑cAge和某些标志物的水平)来将患者分层为低风险组和高风险组,改善心血管结果。个性化免疫蛋白质组特征创建个体化初始疗法,以降低cAge并且将高风险患者转变为低风险患者。通过治疗患者以降低其cAge、iAge和/或改善其CRS,可以将高风险患者转变为低风险患者。
Description
背景技术
心血管疾病,如缺血性心脏病(IHD)和中风构成大多数经济发达国家中的主要死亡原因,占所有成人死亡的约三分之一。1998年英格兰(England)和威尔士(Wales)有200,000名15岁以上的男性和女性死于心血管疾病,包括死于心脏病和中风,以及较少人数死于与主要心血管风险因素相关的其它心血管原因。
除吸烟之外,这些疾病的主要环境原因为膳食和其它生活方式因素,所述因素增加已确立的血压、血浆或血清胆固醇(下文中简称为血清胆固醇)、血浆或血清高半胱氨酸(下文中简称为血清高半胱氨酸)以及受损的血小板功能和凝血的风险因素。生活方式因素的现实变化(膳食改变、体重减轻、增加运动等)一般不会产生足以显著降低心血管风险的心血管风险因素改变,因此通常使用药物治疗来降低风险因素。
用于降低一般群体中心血管疾病的发病率的此类药物治疗的当前策略基于仅当发现这些风险因素之一(尤其血压)的水平特别高(大约为中年人中分布的前5%和老年人中的前10%)时才进行干预。药物倾向于专门用于控制每个风险因素的高值:发现具有视为高血压的血压但血清胆固醇浓度为平均水平的个体将被给予降低血压的治疗,但不会被给予降低血清胆固醇的治疗。很少向健康个人推荐改变血小板功能的药物(例如阿司匹林(aspirin))和降低血清高半胱氨酸的药物(例如叶酸)。在有过非致命性心脏病发作或中风的个人中,仅当血压处于视为高水平(约前10%)的水平时才给予旨在降低血压的治疗,如果血清胆固醇处于群体中胆固醇分布的大致上半部时给予降低胆固醇的治疗,常规给予阿司匹林,一般不会给予叶酸。
本文描述了一种用于评定和治疗心血管疾病的新范式,其基于受试者的慢性炎症的细胞内或细胞外水平(iAge、细胞因子反应评分CRS和/或Jak-STAT反应),接着设计旨在改善心血管疾病的结果的个体化疗法。
发明内容
本公开描述一种用于治疗心血管疾病患者或具有心血管疾病风险的患者的方法,其中受试者可以根据基于其炎症因子水平的心血管疾病风险分层;并且可以接受个体化干预以治疗和/或减少炎症因子并改善其风险概况、心血管健康和对心血管治疗的反应。
炎症年龄评分系统(iAge)可以用于将患者分类成心血管疾病风险较高的患者与具有低风险的患者。炎症年龄评分系统可以用于引导靶向炎症的初始疗法,以改善接受心血管疾病治疗的患者的结果,并且降低无症状患者的心血管疾病风险(例如预防性治疗)。MIG、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(EOTAXIN)、Mip-1α、瘦素(LEPTIN)、IL-1β、IL-5、IFN-α和IL-4(正面促成因素)以及TRAIL、IFN-γ、CXCL1、IL-2、TGF-α、PAI-1和LIF(负面促成因素)与iAge相关并且可以用于构成iAge评分。MIG、LIF和沉默调节蛋白(Sirtuin)-3与心脏老化和心血管疾病风险强烈相关,并且可以单独或与其它因素组合使用以定义患者的风险水平。
基于受试者的iAge、CRS、Jak-STAT反应、cAge和/或MIG、LIF和/或SIRT3水平,受试者可以被分类为心血管疾病高风险或低风险。被归类为高风险的患者可以进行治疗以降低其iAge、提高其CRS、提高其Jak-STAT反应、降低cAge、降低MIG、升高LIF和/或升高SIRT3,使得受试者移动到低风险类别中。通过将受试者的iAge、CRS、Jak-STAT反应、cAge和/或MIG、LIF和/或SIRT3水平与实足年龄(chronological age)类似的患者的那些进行比较来进行分类。当受试者的iAge、CRS、Jak-STAT反应、cAge和/或MIG、LIF和/或SIRT3水平将其置于对于其年龄组较年轻的iAge,或较高反应的CRS和/或Jak-STAT评分、较低cAge、较低MIG、较高LIF和/或较高SIRT3时,受试者的心血管疾病风险较低。对于其年龄组具有较老的iAge、较低CRS和/或Jak-STAT评分、较老的cAge、较高MIG、较低LIF和/或较低SIRT3的受试者可以进行治疗以降低其iAge、提高其CRS和/或Jak-STAT评分、降低cAge、降低MIG、提高LIF和/或提高SIRT3,使得其移动到较低风险患者队列中。
受试者的MIG、LIF和沉默调节蛋白-3水平也可以用于对心血管疾病的风险进行分类。患者可以通过其MIG、沉默调节蛋白-3、LIF的水平和可选的其它因素进行分类。例如,可以基于这些因素并伴有或不伴有其它因素为患者分配心脏年龄。当患者的MIG、SIRT3、LIF的水平和/或心脏年龄(cAge)将其置于对于其年龄组较年轻的四分位数、五分位数、十分位数(或其它分位数)时,受试者的心血管疾病风险较低。对于其年龄组具有较老水平的MIG、SIRT3、LIF和/或cAge的受试者可以进行治疗以降低其MIG、SIRT3、LIF的水平和/或cAge,使得其移动到较低风险患者队列中。
在一个方面,本公开描述使用本文所提供的标志物、标志物的组合、治疗、预防性治疗和/或药剂,在哺乳动物中诊断心血管疾病、监测心血管疾病进展、监测心血管疾病的治疗、预后心血管疾病、治疗心血管疾病、减轻心血管疾病的症状、抑制心血管疾病的进展以及预防心血管疾病。
附图说明
图1A、1B和1C示出了iAge、初始CD8(+)T细胞和Jak STAT信号传导反应的图。
图2示出了通过iAge和CRS将癌症患者分层为反应者和无反应者。
图3示出了使用iAge对癌症患者进行的分层。
图4示出了在从hiPSC分化成内皮细胞之后细胞传代后,MIG mRNA和SIRT3 mRNA的倍数变化。
图5为示出不同细胞类型中CXCR3的相对表达水平的条形图。
图6示出了在主动脉细胞暴露于不同水平的MIG后,主动脉细胞响应于乙酰胆碱的松弛百分比。
具体实施方式
在描述各个实施例之前,应当理解,本公开的教导不限于所描述的特定实施例,因此当然可以变化。还应当理解,本文所用的术语仅出于描述特定实施例的目的,而并不旨在进行限制,因为本教导的范围将仅由所附权利要求书限制。
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本公开所属领域中的普通技术人员通常所理解相同的含义。尽管任何与本文描述的方法和材料相似或等效的方法和材料也可用于本教导的实践或测试,但现在描述一些示例性方法和材料。
必须指出,除非上下文另外明确规定,否则如本文和所附权利要求书中所用的单数形式“一(a/an)”以及“所述(the)”包括复数个指代物。还应注意,权利要求书可撰写为排除任何可选的要素。因此,此陈述旨在充当结合权利要求要素的叙述使用如“单独(solely)”、“仅(only)”等排他性术语或使用“否定型(negative)”限制的前置基础。除非上下文另外明确规定,否则关于物质的浓度或水平给出的数值限制是近似的。因此,当浓度表示为(例如)10μg时,意在将所述浓度理解为至少大约或约10μg。
如本领域技术人员在阅读本公开后将显而易见,本文描述和说明的每个单独的实施例都具有分立的组件和特征,这些组件和特征可以容易地与其它几个实施例中的任何一个的特征分开或组合,而不偏离本教导的范围或精神。任何所叙述的方法均可以按所叙述事件的顺序或以逻辑上可行的任何其它顺序来进行。
定义
关于本公开,除非另外具体定义,否则本文描述中使用的技术和科学术语将具有本领域普通技术人员通常理解的含义。因此,以下术语旨在具有以下含义。
如本文所用,“激活”被定义为暴露于物质、过敏原、药物、蛋白质、化学品或其它刺激时的生理状况,或去除物质、过敏原、药物、蛋白质、化学品或其它刺激时的生理状况。
如本文所用,“抗体”被定义为蛋白质,其在功能上定义为配体结合蛋白且在结构上定义为包含被技术人员识别为衍生自免疫球蛋白的可变区的氨基酸序列。抗体可以由基本上由免疫球蛋白基因、免疫球蛋白基因片段、杂交免疫球蛋白基因(通过结合来自不同动物的遗传信息制成)或合成免疫球蛋白基因编码的一种或多种多肽组成。公认的原生免疫球蛋白基因包括κ、λ、α、γ、δ、ε和μ恒定区基因,以及无数免疫球蛋白可变区基因和多个D区段和J区段。轻链被分类为κ或λ。重链被分类为γ、μ、α、δ或ε,进而分别限定免疫球蛋白类别IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE。抗体以完整的免疫球蛋白、通过用各种肽酶消化产生的许多特征明确的片段或通过重组DNA技术制成的各种片段形式存在。抗体可以衍生自许多不同的物种(例如兔子、绵羊、骆驼、人类或啮齿动物,如小鼠或大鼠),或者可以是合成的。抗体可以是嵌合的、人源化的或人源工程化(humaneered)的。抗体可以是单克隆或多克隆、多链或单链、片段或完整免疫球蛋白。
如本文所用,“抗体片段”被定义为完整抗体或其重组变体的至少一部分,并且指抗原结合结构域,例如完整抗体的抗原决定可变区,其足以赋予抗体片段对靶标如抗原的识别和特异性结合。抗体片段的实例包括但不限于Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2和Fv片段、scFv抗体片段、线性抗体、单结构域抗体如sdAb(VL或VH)、骆驼科VHH结构域以及由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。术语“scFv”被定义为包含至少一个包含轻链可变区的抗体片段和至少一个包含重链可变区的抗体片段的融合蛋白,其中轻链可变区和重链可变区通过短的柔性多肽接头连续连接,并且能够表达为单链多肽,并且其中scFv保留其来源的完整抗体的特异性。除非说明,否则如本文所用,scFv可以具有按任一顺序的VL和VH可变区,例如,相对于多肽的N端和C端,scFv可以包含VL-接头-VH或可以包含VH-接头-VL。
如本文所用,“抗原”被定义为引发免疫反应的分子。这种免疫反应可能涉及抗体的产生,或特定免疫活性细胞的激活,或两者兼而有之。本领域技术人员会理解,任何大分子,包括但不限于几乎所有的蛋白质或肽,包括糖基化多肽、磷酸化多肽和其它翻译后修饰的多肽,包括用脂质修饰的多肽,都可以充当抗原。此外,抗原可以衍生自重组或基因组DNA。本领域技术人员会理解,包含编码引发免疫反应的蛋白质的核苷酸序列或部分核苷酸序列的任何DNA因此编码如本文所用的术语“抗原”。此外,本领域技术人员会理解,抗原不需要仅由基因的全长核苷酸序列编码。显而易见的是,本发明包括但不限于使用一个以上基因的部分核苷酸序列,并且这些核苷酸序列以各种组合排列以编码引发所需免疫反应的多肽。此外,本领域技术人员会理解,抗原根本不需要由“基因”编码。显而易见的是,抗原可以是合成的或可以衍生自生物样品,或者可以是除多肽之外的大分子。所述生物样品可以包括但不限于组织样品、肿瘤样品、细胞或具有其它生物成分的体液。
如本文所用,“有效量”或“治疗有效量”可互换使用,并定义为如本文所述的化合物、配制物、材料或组合物有效实现特定生物学结果的量。
如本文所用,“表位”被定义为能够引发免疫反应的抗原的部分,或与抗体结合的抗原的部分。表位可以是被抗体识别的蛋白质序列或子序列。
如本文所用,“表达载体”和“表达构建体”可互换使用,并且均被定义为设计用于在细胞中表达蛋白质的质粒、病毒或其它核酸。载体或构建体用于将基因引入宿主细胞,由此载体将与细胞中的聚合酶相互作用以表达载体/构建体中编码的蛋白质。表达载体和/或表达构建体可以染色体外的方式存在于细胞中或整合到染色体中。当整合到染色体中时,包含表达载体或表达构建体的核酸将是表达载体或表达构建体。
如本文所用,“心力衰竭”通常称作充血性心衰(congestive heart failure,CHF)或充血性心力衰竭(congestive cardiac failure,CCF),是指当心脏不能提供足够的泵送作用以维持血流来满足身体需要时发生的病况。心力衰竭可导致许多症状,包括呼吸短促、腿部肿胀和运动不耐受。所述病况典型地通过患者体格检查诊断并且用超声心动图确认。心力衰竭的常见原因包括心肌梗死和其它形式的缺血性心脏病、高血压、心脏瓣膜病和心肌病。术语心力衰竭有时不正确地用于其它心脏相关疾病,如心肌梗死(心脏病发作)或心跳骤停,其可导致心力衰竭但不等同于心力衰竭。
如本文所用,“异源”被定义为指核酸和/或多肽与宿主细胞不同源。或者,“异源”表示核酸或多肽的部分接合在一起形成组合,其中所述部分来自不同的物种,并且所述组合在自然界中未发现。
如本文所用,术语“免疫功能受损”被定义为与完全健康的个体相比,个体的免疫功能的任何降低。免疫功能受损的个体很容易通过CD8+CD28-细胞丰度的大幅增加或更广泛地通过细胞因子反应减少、基线磷蛋白水平提高和其它共存量度来鉴别。
如本文所用,术语“炎性小体”被定义为胞质多蛋白复合体,由炎性小体引发传感器、含有胱天蛋白酶激活和募集结构域(Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain,CARD)的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白充当衔接蛋白和蛋白酶-胱天蛋白酶-1构成。炎性小体引发传感器包括NLR、含pyrin和HIN结构域(也称为PYHIN、Aim 2样受体或ALR;例如Aim2)或TRIM(例如pyrin)家族的成员。复合体的组装引起胱天蛋白酶-1依赖性地将细胞因子前白细胞介素1β(前IL-1β)和前IL-18裂解为分泌的成熟形式。另外,炎性小体引发细胞焦亡。
如本文所用,“单链抗体”(scFv)被定义为具有抗原结合活性功能的免疫球蛋白分子。scFv(单链可变片段)形式的抗体由重链(VH)和轻链(VL)的可变区组成,它们通过柔性肽接头接合在一起。
免疫年龄和心脏年龄
Jak/STAT信号传导通路对于应对免疫系统遇到的多种攻击至关重要,从对抗感染到维持免疫耐受。显然,STAT还在人类免疫系统的发育和功能中涉及,并且在维持癌症的免疫监视中发挥关键作用(Nature.2007;450(7171):903-7;Nat Rev Cancer(2009)9:798-809)。
Jak-STAT通路会随着年龄的增长而发生深刻的改变,这是导致老年人免疫功能障碍的一个主要原因。细胞因子反应评分(CRS)可用于预测免疫力下降和对癌症的免疫监视的下降。
炎症年龄评分系统(iAge)也可用于预测与年龄相关的共病和死亡率。iAge作为心血管健康的生物标志物可能非常敏感,因为即使在没有临床或实验室心血管风险因素的非常健康的老年受试者中,其水平升高也可预测左心室重塑和动脉硬化。iAge还可以鉴别亚临床免疫缺陷的年轻患者(占16-35岁受试者的10%),他们在研究的任何一年(长达6年的随访)都不能对任何流感疫苗株产生反应。这些受试者的特征是在免疫细胞组成、对多种急性刺激的离体反应以及与高龄相关的基因模块的表达方面具有类似老年人的免疫学表型。
由于细胞因子反应评分CRS和iAge是对炎症、T细胞中Jak-STAT信号传导通路的减弱和低初始CD8(+)T细胞计数的独立量度(图1A-C),这些量度可用于根据对免疫疗法的临床反应来对癌症患者进行分层。本文描述的方法使用血液炎症标志物CRS和iAge将癌症患者分层为免疫疗法的反应者组和无反应者组。可以对无反应者进行治疗,以降低其iAge和/或提高其CRS(和/或Jak-STAT评分),从而使无反应者获得将其置于反应者组的iAge和/或CRS(和/或Jak-STAT评分)。
程序涉及在输注免疫疗法治疗之前,通过静脉穿刺或通过任何适当的方法从候选癌症患者身上提取外周血液样本(图2)。免疫疗法治疗可包括使用某些分子,包括针对抑制性免疫受体的抗体、小分子等。通过对堵塞的血液进行离心,或通过任何其它适当的方法将血清与血细胞分离(图2)。
iAge的构建:对于血清蛋白测定,可将所得血清与抗体连接的磁珠在96孔过滤底板上混合,并且可将其在室温下培育2小时,然后在4℃下培育过夜。室温培育步骤可以在轨道振荡器上以500-600rpm进行。板可以真空过滤并用洗涤缓冲液洗涤两次,然后与生物素化的检测抗体在室温下培育2小时。然后可以将样本如上所述过滤和洗涤两次,并重新悬浮在链霉亲和素-PE中。在室温下培育40分钟后,可以再进行两次真空洗涤,并且可以将样本重新悬浮在阅读缓冲液(Reading Buffer)中。每个样本可以一式两份或一式三份地测量。可以使用Luminex 200仪器读取板,每个样本每个细胞因子的下限为100个珠子,并记录平均荧光强度(MFI)。
为了导出炎症年龄(iAge)(图2),可以将平均荧光强度归一化并用于多元回归分析,使用以下回归系数计算:MIG:0.6357,TRAIL:-0.3760,IFNG:-0.3235,EOTAXIN:0.2912,GROA:-0.2723,IL2:-0.2063,TGFA:-0.1978,PAI1:-0.1587,LIF:-0.1587,LEPTIN:0.1549,MIP1A:0.1547,IL1B:0.1471。MFI可以乘以蛋白质的回归系数,并且这些数字/数值可以全部加在一起,得出受试者的iAge。下表1列出了实足年龄数十年内的iAge范围。
表1.iAge范围
那些回归系数为正的标志物的血清浓度随年龄增长而增加(MIG、EOTAXIN、LEPTIN、MIP1A和IL1B),而那些回归系数为负的标志物的血清浓度随年龄增长而下降(TRAIL、IFNG、GROA、IL2、TGFA、PAI1和LIF)。
γ干扰素诱导的单核因子(MIG)是属于CXC趋化因子家族的小细胞因子。MIG是趋化因子之一,起着诱导趋化性,促进白细胞的分化和增殖,并引起组织外渗的作用。MIG调节免疫细胞的迁移、分化和激活。肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞是临床结果和预测对检查点抑制剂反应的关键。体内研究表明,轴线通过增加肿瘤的增殖和转移发挥致瘤作用。MIG主要介导淋巴细胞向病灶部位浸润并抑制肿瘤生长。MIG与CXCR3受体的C-X-C基序趋化因子3结合。
TRAIL(TNF相关凋亡诱导配体)是由大多数正常组织细胞产生和分泌的细胞因子。它被认为主要通过与某些死亡受体结合而在肿瘤细胞引起凋亡。TRAIL也被指定CD253(分化簇253)和TNFSFlO(肿瘤坏死因子(配体)超家族,成员10)。TRAIL描述于Wiley等人Immunity 1005 3:673-82以及Pitti J.Biol.Chem.1996 271:12687-90中。
INFG(又称为干扰素γ、IFNy或II型干扰素)是一种二聚化可溶性细胞因子,是II型干扰素类的唯一成员。IFNG对于针对病毒、一些细菌和原生动物感染的先天性和适应性免疫至关重要。INFG是巨噬细胞的重要激活因子和II类主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)分子表达的诱导因子。INFG描述于Schoenborn等人的Adv.Immunol.2007 96:4I-IOI以及GrayNature.I982 298:859-63中。
嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子(也称为C-C基序趋化因子I I或嗜酸性粒细胞趋化蛋白)是一种属于CC趋化因子家族的小细胞因子。嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子通过诱导嗜酸性粒细胞的趋化性而选择性地募集它们,因此与过敏反应有关。嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子的作用是由其与G蛋白连接受体结合而介导的,所述受体被称为趋化因子受体。CCLI I作为配体的趋化因子受体包括CCR2、CCR3和CCR5。嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子描述于Kitaura等人的TheJournal of Biological Chemistry I 996 27I:7725-30和Jose等人的The Journal ofExperimental Medicine I994 I 79:88I-7中。
GROA(也称为CXCLI、GROI致癌基因、GROa、KC、中性粒细胞激活蛋白3(NAP-3)和黑色素瘤生长刺激活性α(MSGA-a))由人类黑色素瘤细胞分泌,具有促有丝分裂特性并且与黑色素瘤发病机制有关。GROA由巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和上皮细胞表达,并且具有中性粒细胞趋化活性。这种趋化因子通过趋化因子受体CXCR2的信号传导来引发其作用。GROA描述于Haskill等人的Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.I90 87(I9):7732-6中。
IL-2是对免疫系统具有多效作用的关键细胞因子之一。它是一种15.5-16kDa的蛋白质,调节负责免疫的白细胞(white blood cell)(白细胞(leukocyte),通常是淋巴细胞)的活性。IL-2的主要来源是激活的CD4+T细胞、激活的CD8+T细胞、NK细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞。IL-2是维持CD4+调节性T细胞的重要因子,并在CD4+T细胞分化为各种亚群中起着关键作用。它可以促进CD8+T细胞和NK细胞的细胞毒活性,并响应于抗原调节T细胞分化程序,促进初始CD4+T细胞分化为T辅助细胞1(Th1)和T辅助细胞2(Th2),同时抑制T辅助细胞17(Th17)的分化。
TGFA(转化生长因子α)是一种5.7kDa的多肽,与EGF部分同源。TGFA是一种生长因子,是表皮生长因子受体的配体,其激活细胞增殖、分化和发育的信号传导通路。TGFA也是细胞迁移的强效刺激因子。TGFA可以在巨噬细胞、脑细胞和角质形成细胞中产生。TGFA可以诱导上皮发育。TGFA还可以上调TLR的表达和功能,增强上皮表面的宿主细胞防御机制。TGFA可以充当跨膜结合配体或可溶性配体。TGFA与许多类型的癌症有关,并且它也可能与某些唇/腭裂病例有关。已发现此基因的编码不同同种型的选择性剪接转录变体。
PAI1(纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1)是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子(丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(serpin))超家族的成员。PAI1是组织纤溶酶原激活物(tPA)和尿激酶(uPA)的主要抑制因子,因此是纤维蛋白溶解的抑制因子。PAI1也是细胞迁移的调节因子。PAI1可以在许多与年龄有关的病况中发挥作用,包括例如炎症、动脉粥样硬化、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、共病和维尔纳综合征(Werner syndrome)。PAI1在感染的急性期可以通过调节干扰素γ的释放发挥宿主保护作用。IFNG调节PAI-1的表达,这表明PAI-1与IFNG之间存在复杂的相互作用。PAI1还可以通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)激活巨噬细胞,并可以促进促癌M2巨噬细胞迁移到肿瘤中。
LIF(白血病抑制因子)是白细胞介素6类细胞因子,具有影响几个不同系统的多效作用。当LIF水平下降时,细胞分化。LIF具有诱导白血病细胞终末分化的能力。其活性包括诱导正常和骨髓性白血病细胞的造血分化、诱导神经元细胞分化和刺激肝细胞中的急性期蛋白质合成。由这种基因编码的蛋白质是多效性细胞因子,在几个不同系统中发挥作用。LIF参与诱导正常和骨髓性白血病细胞的造血分化,诱导神经元细胞分化,调节肾脏发育过程中间充质向上皮的转化,并且还可能在母胎界面的免疫耐受中发挥作用。已观察到此基因的编码多种同种型的选择性剪接转录变体。LIF通过自分泌和旁分泌两种方式发挥作用。LIF与其特异性受体LIFR结合,然后募集gp130形成高亲和力受体复合体以诱导下游信号通路包括JAK/STAT3、PI3K/AKT、ERK1/2和mTOR信号传导的激活。进一步研究已清楚地证明,LIF是在神经元、肝脏、内分泌、炎症和免疫系统中具有广泛生物功能的多功能蛋白质。LIF调节胚胎干细胞自我更新,并且是维持小鼠胚胎干细胞多能性必不可少的因子。在炎症应激下诱导LIF的表达作为抗炎剂。
LEPTIN(瘦素)由白色脂肪细胞分泌到循环中,并且在能量稳态调节中发挥主要作用。瘦素与脑中的瘦素受体结合,激活抑制进食并促进能量消耗的下游信号传导通路。瘦素还具有多种内分泌功能,并参与调节免疫和炎症反应、造血、血管生成、生殖、骨形成和伤口愈合。瘦素可以直接联系营养状况和促炎性T辅助细胞1免疫反应,并且在食物匮乏期间,瘦素血浆浓度的降低可导致免疫功能受损。瘦素与慢性炎症的发病机制有关,并且肥胖症中循环瘦素水平的升高似乎有助于低度炎症,这使肥胖个体更容易增加患心血管疾病、II型糖尿病和包括自身免疫和癌症的退化性疾病的风险。瘦素水平降低,如在营养不良个体中发现的,与感染风险增加和细胞介导的免疫反应降低有关。此基因及其调控区的突变导致人类患者出现严重肥胖和病态肥胖并伴有性腺功能减退。此基因的突变也与2型糖尿病的发展有关。
MIP1A(巨噬细胞炎症蛋白)是CC或β趋化因子亚家族的成员。MIP1A调节白细胞的激活和运输。MIP1A充当多种细胞的趋化因子,包括单核细胞、T细胞、B细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。MIP1A通过与受体CCR1、CCR4和CCR5结合在炎症反应中发挥作用。
IL-1B(白细胞介素-1β)是白细胞介素1细胞因子家族的成员。IL-1B是炎症反应的重要介质,并参与多种细胞活动,包括细胞增殖、分化和凋亡。LI-1B由激活的巨噬细胞以前蛋白形式产生,所述前蛋白被胱天蛋白酶1(CASP1/ICE)蛋白水解加工成其活性形式。
iAge预测与心血管健康相关的脉搏波速度(动脉僵硬度的量度,或压力波沿血管向下移动的速率)。
CRS的构建:免疫细胞的分离可以包含通过密度梯度对血液进行差速离心的使用(图2)。所得细胞沉淀可以悬浮在温热的培养基中,洗涤两次,并以0.5×10^6个活细胞/毫升重新悬浮。在96孔深孔板中,每孔可以接种200μL的细胞样本。在37℃下静置1小时后,可以通过添加50μl细胞因子(IFNa、IFNg、IL-6、IL-7、IL-10、IL-2或IL-21)刺激细胞(图2),并在37℃下培育15分钟。细胞可以用多聚甲醛固定,用甲醇透化,并在-80℃下保持过夜。然后可以使用Pacific Orange和Alexa-750染料(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)的组合对每个孔进行条形码编码,并汇集到试管中。细胞可以用FACS缓冲液(补充有2%FBS和0.1%叠氮化钠的PBS)洗涤,并用以下抗体(均来自BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)进行染色:CD3 PacificBlue、CD4 PerCP-Cy5.5、CD20 PerCp-Cy5.5、CD33 PE-Cy7、CD45RA Qdot 605、pSTAT-1AlexaFluor488、pSTAT-3AlexaFluor647、pSTAT-5PE。可以洗涤样本并重新悬浮在FACS缓冲液中。在LSRII流式细胞仪(BD Biosciences)上使用DIVA 6.0软件收集每一刺激条件100,000个细胞。数据分析可使用FlowJo v9.3进行,基于前向与侧向散射分布对活细胞进行门控,然后使用前向散射面积与高度对单(细胞)线态(singlet)进行门控,接着进行细胞亚群特异性门控。
由于刺激引起的倍数变化差异可以计算为细胞、细胞因子刺激、磷蛋白测量值与同一板上测量的原始、未归一化、细胞-磷蛋白匹配基线的比率。数据可以通过将个体的数据按其测量当天测定的平均数进行缩放来归一化。
为了构建细胞因子反应评分(CRS)(图2),15个可再现的年龄相关的归一化细胞因子反应可表示为超过基线(未刺激)的倍数增加,并且可以对以下的倍数增加进行求和:CD8+细胞,用IFNa刺激并测量pSTAT1、3和5;CD8+细胞,用IL6刺激并测量pSTAT1、3和5;CD8+细胞,用IFNg刺激并测量pSTAT1;CD8+细胞,用IL21刺激并测量pSTAT1;CD4+细胞,用IFNa刺激并测量pSTAT5;CD4+细胞,用IL6刺激并测量pSTAT5;CD20+细胞,用IFNa刺激并测量pSTAT1;单核细胞用IL10刺激并测量pSTAT3;单核细胞用IFNg刺激并测量pSTAT3;单核细胞用IFNa刺激并测量pSTAT3;以及单核细胞用IL6刺激并测量pSTAT3。
IFNA(干扰素α)是I型干扰素类的成员。并且在人类中有十三(13)个变体。IFNA由造血细胞分泌,主要是浆细胞样树突状细胞。IFNA可以具有保护作用或有害作用。IFNA可由来自病毒或细菌的ssRNA、dsRNA和胞质DNA诱导。IFNA可以诱导胱天蛋白酶-11表达,其有助于非典型炎性小体的激活。已表明使用重组IFNA可有效减少普通感冒的症状并缩短其持续时间。
INFG(干扰素γ)是II型干扰素类的成员。编码的蛋白由先天性和适应性免疫系统两者的细胞分泌。活性蛋白是一种同型二聚体,与干扰素γ受体结合,触发细胞对病毒和微生物感染的反应。此基因的突变与对病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染以及几种自身免疫性疾病的易感性增加有关。
IL6是一种对炎症、免疫反应和造血具有多效作用的细胞因子。IL6响应于感染和组织损伤迅速且短暂地产生,通过刺激急性期反应、造血和免疫反应有助于宿主防御。IL6在炎症和B细胞成熟中起作用。另外,已表明IL6是一种内源性热原,能够在患有自身免疫性疾病或感染的人中诱发发烧。IL6主要在急性和慢性炎症部位产生,在那里它被分泌到血清中,并通过白细胞介素6受体α诱发转录炎症反应。IL6与广泛多种炎症相关的疾病状态有关,包括对糖尿病和全身性幼年型类风湿性关节炎的易感性。IL-6的失调、持续合成对慢性炎症和自身免疫具有病理作用。选择性剪接产生多个转录变体。
IL10是一种在免疫调节和炎症中具有多效作用的细胞因子。IL-10是一种抗炎细胞因子,并且在感染期间,它抑制Th1细胞、NK细胞和巨噬细胞的活性,所有这些细胞都是最佳病原体清除所需的,但也会促成组织损伤。IL10可以通过限制淋巴结中T细胞的激活和分化以及抑制组织中的促炎性反应来直接调节先天性和适应性Th1和Th2反应。它还增强B细胞的存活、增殖和抗体产生。这种细胞因子可以阻断NF-κB的活性,并参与调节JAK-STAT信号传导通路。在小鼠中进行的基因敲除研究表明这种细胞因子作为肠道中必不可少的免疫调节因子的功能。
IL21是具有免疫调节活性的共同γ链细胞因子家族的成员。IL21通过诱导多种靶细胞(包括巨噬细胞、自然杀伤细胞、B细胞、细胞毒性T细胞和上皮细胞)的分化、增殖和活性,在先天性和适应性免疫反应两者中发挥作用。IL21对抗肿瘤和抗病毒反应很重要,并且对促进自身免疫性疾病和炎症性病症发展的炎症反应也有重大影响。
pSTAT1(磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子1)介导细胞对干扰素(IFN)、细胞因子KITLG/SCF和其它细胞因子和其它生长因子的反应。在I型IFN(IFN-α和IFN-β)与细胞表面受体结合后,通过蛋白激酶的信号传导引起Jak激酶(TYK2和JAK1)的激活以及STAT1和STAT2的酪氨酸磷酸化。磷酸化的STAT二聚化并与ISGF3G/IRF-9缔合,形成称为ISGF3转录因子的复合体,进入细胞核(PubMed:28753426)。ISGF3与IFN刺激反应元件(ISRE)结合以激活IFN刺激基因(ISG)的转录,驱动细胞处于抗病毒状态。响应于II型IFN(IFN-γ),STAT1被酪氨酸和丝氨酸磷酸化(PubMed:26479788)。然后它形成一种称为IFN-γ激活因子(GAF)的同型二聚体,迁移到细胞核中并与IFNγ激活序列(GAS)结合,以驱动靶基因的表达,诱导细胞抗病毒状态。
pSTAT 3(磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子3)介导细胞对白细胞介素、KITLG/SCF、LEP和其它生长因子的反应。一旦被激活,就会将共激活因子如NCOA1或MED1募集到靶基因的启动子区。与各种急性期蛋白基因启动子中鉴别的白细胞介素-6(IL-6)反应性元件结合。由IL31通过IL31RA激活。通过调节初始CD4+T细胞分化为T辅助细胞Th17或调节性T细胞(Treg),充当炎症反应的调节因子:LOXL3对赖氨酸残基进行脱乙酰化和氧化,破坏STAT3二聚化并抑制其转录活性。
pSTAT 5(磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子5)由细胞因子受体下游的Janus激活激酶(JAK)激活。STAT5蛋白被广泛多种造血和非造血细胞因子和生长因子激活,所有这些因子都使用JAK-STAT信号传导通路作为其信号转导的主要模式。STAT5蛋白关键性地调节重要的细胞功能,如增殖、分化和存活。STAT5在维持正常的免疫功能和稳态方面发挥重要作用,这两者都由IL-2细胞因子家族的特定成员调节,这些细胞因子的受体复合体有共同的γ链(γ(c))。STAT5关键性地介导免疫系统中γ(c)细胞因子家族成员的生物作用。本质上,STAT5在Treg的功能和发育中发挥关键作用,并且持续激活的STAT5与抗肿瘤免疫的抑制和肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭和存活的增加有关。
心脏年龄的构建。
为了导出心脏年龄(cAge),获得患者样本并且类似于上文关于iAge的描述来处理。平均荧光强度可以归一化并用于多元回归分析。MIG、LIF和SIRT3的水平诊断心血管健康风险。可用于计算心脏年龄的其它参数包括例如主动脉脉搏波速度,血管僵硬度的测量;相对壁厚(RWT),心室重塑的测量,以及早期舒张期二尖瓣环速度(e'),心室舒张的测量。再其它参数包括例如性别、BMI、心率、收缩压、空腹血糖和总胆固醇与HDL的比率。可以将受试者的MIG、LIF、SIRT3水平和/或其它测量值与相同年龄和/或不同年龄其它受试者的那些进行比较,以确定受试者每个因素的分位数,或不同年龄的受试者的因素的分位数。MIG的低分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的低风险,而MIG的高分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的较高风险。LIF和/或SIRT3的高分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的低风险,而LIF和/或SIRT3的高分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的较高风险。其它参数(因素)也可以包括于分析中,并且例如脉搏波速度的高分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的较高风险,异常RWT的高分位数等级诊断心血管疾病的较高风险,并且较低分位数早期舒张期二尖瓣环速度也诊断心血管疾病的较高风险。可以组合多个参数和/或因素来计算心脏年龄,例如可以使用MIG、LIF和SIRT3来导出心脏年龄,或可以将这些因素与其它参数(例如主动脉脉搏波速度、RWT和/或早期舒张期二尖瓣环速度)组合来导出心脏年龄。当这些因素和/或参数组合时,高分位数等级将与较老的心脏年龄和较高心血管疾病风险相关,并且低分位数等级将与较年轻的心脏年龄和较低心血管疾病风险相关。分位数等级可包括例如四分位数、五分位数或十分位数。
SIRT3(Situin-3,一种NAD依赖性脱乙酰酶)是哺乳动物沉默调节蛋白蛋白质家族的成员,其为酵母Sir2蛋白的同源物。SIRT3表现出NAD+依赖性脱乙酰酶活性。SIRT3是线粒体对应激的适应性反应,如代谢重编程和抗氧化防御机制的调节因子。SIRT3通过维持基因组稳定性和线粒体完整性来介导细胞对各种形式的应激的抗性。SIRT3通过限制氧化应激,并且减少活性氧物种(ROS)产生,降低线粒体膜电位,对维持适当线粒体功能至关重要。SIRT3具有涉及老化期间的线粒体稳态、干细胞和组织维持的心脏保护特性,并且与饮食、热量限制和运动对维持心血管健康和长寿的有益作用有关。
MIG与心血管老化标志物PWV呈正相关(R=0.22),PWV为动脉僵硬度的量度,并与RWT呈正相关(R=0.3),RWT为心脏重塑的量度;并且LIF与PWV(R=-0.27)和RWT(R=-0.22)之间呈负相关。在具有升高水平MIG和低水平LIF的其它方面健康个体中可发现亚临床心肌组织重塑和动脉僵硬度增加。
具有亚临床心肌组织重塑和增加的动脉僵硬度的患者可为具有升高水平MIG以及低水平SIRT-3和LIF的其它方面健康个体。心肌组织重塑和动脉僵硬度增加是与心血管疾病的较差结果相关的风险因素。即使在没有心血管疾病的临床或实验室证据的健康老年人中,炎症时钟的最大促成因素MIG也与亚临床水平的动脉僵硬度和心脏重塑呈正相关。炎症时钟(iAge)也可用作心血管功能障碍的早期分子标志物。
基于我们的发现,至少两种MIG介导的炎症的来源随着老化而发生;一种是年龄固有的并在老化内皮中观察到,而一种与年龄无关(可能作为对累积暴露于环境损伤的反应)。相比之下,已知疾病风险因素(BMI、吸烟、血脂异常)与MIG基因或蛋白质表达水平之间没有显著相关性。MIG过度产生可能由细胞老化本身引起,其触发代谢功能障碍,产生损伤相关分子模式(DAMP),如腺嘌呤和N4-乙酰胞苷。然后这些DAMP可以通过炎性小体机构(如NLRC4)起作用,调节多种炎症信号,包括IL-1β和MIG。
内皮在高血压和动脉僵硬的病因中具有关键作用,并且心血管老化的更晚期迹象(如组织重塑和心脏肥大)之前通常有老化内皮的功能障碍并且可能由其引发。内皮细胞显示MIG转录水平的时间依赖性增加,其伴随SIRT3表达的下降,以及由内皮细胞形成的血管网络数量的减少。年轻内皮是来自其它来源的MIG的靶标,并且MIG可以下调内皮细胞中的SIRT3表达。另外,由hiPSC(人类诱导多能干细胞)制成的内皮细胞,而非由hiPSC制成的心肌细胞,表达MIG的CXCR3 he受体。MIG可以旁分泌方式起作用,其中来自免疫来源的这种趋化因子水平的增加影响内皮细胞功能,并且可以在内皮细胞上以自分泌方式起作用,可能产生正反馈回路,其中增加剂量的MIG和其受体在这些细胞中的表达引起老化中内皮功能的累积劣化。内皮细胞暴露于MIG还可以降低内皮细胞形成管状网络的能力,并且MIG可以减少主动脉的血管舒张。
用于降低iAge的药剂
除了使用iAge对患者进行分类(图3)之外,其还可以用于通过比较受试者的个体蛋白质水平与群体(例如实足年龄相似)的蛋白质水平,导出个体炎症概况。所得特征/标记(或条形码)用于使用药物库数据库(www.drugbank.ca)进行蛋白质-化合物关联(PCI)分析,并且可以生成降低iAge的个性化初始疗法(图3)。可以每周监测遵循个性化建议的患者的iAge变化,直到他们达到最优水平(低于给定年龄段的组平均水平),并且他们转变为治疗表型的反应者(图3)。然后,患者被分类为反应者并适合免疫疗法治疗。
受试者可以通过将TRAIL、IFNG、GROA、IL2、TGFA、PAI1和/或LIF的水平降低到个人实足年龄的最优水平的治疗来降低他们的iAge。受试者还可以通过将MIG、EOTAXIN、LEPTIN(瘦素)、IL-1B或MIP1A的水平提高到个人年龄的最优水平的治疗来降低他们的iAge。
受试者还可以通过单独或组合使用以下任何一种减少任何全身性慢性炎症来降低其iAge:(1)药物治疗,包括但不限于抗炎药(NSAID,例如阿司匹林、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、双氯芬酸(diclofenac)、塞来昔布(celecoxib)、奥沙普嗪(oxaprozin)、吡罗昔康(piroxicam)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、美洛昔康(meloxicam)、非诺洛芬(fenoprofen)、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)、依托度酸(etodolac)、酮咯酸(ketorolac)、甲氯芬那酸(meclofenamate)、萘丁美酮(nabumetone))或皮质类固醇(例如糖皮质激素、盐皮质激素);(2)保健营养品或营养补充剂,包括但不限于鱼油、硫辛酸和姜黄素,或香料/草药,如姜、大蒜、姜黄、牛膝草、南非钩麻(Harpagophytum procumbens)和辣椒;(3)膳食改变,包括但不限于增加抗氧化剂和多酚含量高的食物的摄入,如橄榄油、绿叶蔬菜(例如羽衣甘蓝和菠菜)、西兰花、鳄梨、绿茶、甜椒、辣椒、蘑菇、黑巧克力、可可、西红柿、多脂鱼(例如鲑鱼、沙丁鱼、鲱鱼、凤尾鱼和鲭鱼)、坚果(核桃和杏仁)和水果(例如樱桃、黑莓、蓝莓、覆盆子、草莓、葡萄和橙子),和/或减少可能增加炎症的食物的摄入,如精制碳水化合物(例如白面包和糕点)、高果糖玉米糖浆、精制糖、加工和包装食品、油炸食品、红肉、过量酒精和加工肉类;以及(4)生活方式改变,包括但不限于消除或减少吸烟和酒精摄入,维持健康体重和降低压力水平。
用于改善心脏标志物的药剂
可以通过向受试者提供改善心脏标志物水平(降低cAge)的治疗来改善心脏标志物。可以通过减少患者的MIG、增加患者的Sirtuin-3、增加患者的LIF和/或减少来自CXCR3(MIG的受体)的细胞信号传导来降低受试者的心脏标志物评分(cAge)。已知多种药剂可以减少MIG表达、增加Sirtuin-3表达、提高LIF活性(或LIF样活性)和/或充当CXCR3(MIG的受体)的拮抗剂。
可以降低MIG(并且因此改善心脏标志物和iAge标志物)的药剂包括例如三氧化二砷、洛克沙胂(Roxarsone)、硒和/或多种抗体。抗体包括例如MIG-2F5.5(抗人类CXCL9抗体,BioLegend Cat.#740072);抗人类CXCL9抗体,NSJ Bioreagents,Cat#R30501;小鼠MAb克隆49106(抗人类CXCL9,R&D Systems Cat#MAB392);人类CXCL9的小鼠单克隆MAb(中和,GeneTex,Cat#GTX52673);小鼠单克隆抗人类CXCL9抗体(OriGene,Cat#PM1209P);MIG抗体(MM0220-7F11)(Novus Biologicals,NBP2-12236);MIG抗体(1F5)(Novus Biologicals,H00004283-M06);小鼠MAb抗人类CXCL9(ThermoFisher Cat#MA5-23746,Cat#MA5-30320,Cat#MA5-23628,Cat#MA5-23544)。
三氧化二砷(As2O3),一种传统中药的组分,已成功用于治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL),并且As2O3对于治疗其它早幼粒细胞恶性肿瘤和一些实体肿瘤(包括乳腺癌)具有潜在治疗价值。As2O3治疗改变了几个参与细胞周期调节、信号转导和细胞凋亡的基因的表达水平。值得注意的是,As2O3治疗提高细胞周期抑制蛋白p21和p27的mRNA和蛋白质水平。引起关注地,单独敲低p21或p27不改变As2O3诱导的细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞;然而,同时下调p21和p27两者引起G1、G2/M停滞减弱和细胞凋亡减少,因此指示p21和p27作为As2O3的主要分子靶标。
洛克沙胂是有机胂酸,其中有机基团为4-羟基-3-硝基苯基。其具有作为抑球虫剂、抗细菌药、农用化学品和动物生长促进剂的作用。其为有机胂酸和2-硝基苯酚的成员。发现洛克沙胂在较低浓度下展现比AsIII高的血管生成指数。对于洛克沙胂而非AsIII诱导的血管生成,观察到内皮一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性提高。然而,AsIII引起eNOS更快速且明显的磷酸化。
硒(Se)是一种潜在的抗癌营养素,并且Se在细胞生长中的必需作用得到公认,但某些癌细胞似乎在Se缺乏条件下获得了存活优势。Se可以通过增加体液防御基因(A2M)和肿瘤抑制因子相关基因(IGFBP3,HHIP)的表达,同时减少促炎基因(MIG,HSPB2)的表达来发挥其作用。
升高Sirtuin-3水平的药剂包括例如小蘖碱(Berberine)和白藜芦醇(Resveratrol)。小蘖碱(分子式C20H19NO5并且分子量353.36)是一种古老的中草药黄连(Coptis chinensis French)的主要活性组分,黄连已用于治疗糖尿病达数千年。小蘖碱是非处方(OTC)药物,在中国用于治疗胃肠道感染。已表明,小蘖碱在体外和体内调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢。小蘖碱也是一种强效口服降血糖剂,对脂质代谢具有有益作用。
白藜芦醇(3,5,4'-三羟基-反式-二苯乙烯)属于多酚的二苯乙烯类群组,具有通过乙烯桥彼此连接的两个酚环。这种天然多酚已在超过70种植物中检测到,尤其是在葡萄皮和种子中,并且在红葡萄酒和各种人类食品中以离散量发现。其为针对病原体,包括细菌和真菌起作用的植物抗毒素。作为天然食品成分,大量研究已证明白藜芦醇具有极高抗氧化潜力。白藜芦醇还展现抗肿瘤活性,并且被视为预防和治疗几种类型的癌症的潜在候选物。实际上,白藜芦醇抗癌特性已由许多体外和体内研究证实,其显示白藜芦醇能够抑制所有致癌阶段(例如起始、促进和进展)。此外,还已报道其它生物活性作用,即为抗炎、抗癌、心脏保护、血管舒张、植物雌激素和神经保护。
升高LIF水平的药剂包括胺碘酮(Aminodarone)、三氧化二砷、硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine)、雌二醇(Estradiol)、苯丁酸氮芥(Chlorambucil)、克罗米芬(Clomiphene)、香豆磷(Coumaphos)、环孢素(Cyclosporine)、地西他滨(decitabine)、顺铂(Cisplatin)、长春新碱(Vincristine)、甲醛、葡萄糖、过氧化氢、来曲唑(letrozole)、林丹(Lindane)、甲氨蝶呤(Methotrexate)、槲皮素(Quercetin)、羟喹啉、间苯二酚、白藜芦醇、二氧化硅、维甲酸(Tretinoin)和曲格列酮(troglitazone)。
LIF的表达受许多细胞因子调节。在正常人类骨髓基质细胞中,IL-1α、IL-1β、TGF-β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)均可以增加LIF mRNA的转录。在牙龈成纤维细胞和人类气道中的几种细胞类型中也观察到IL-1β和TNF-α对LIF的诱导。另外,已在不同细胞类型(包括气道平滑肌和MT-2细胞)中观察到其它细胞因子(包括IL-6、IL-2)诱导LIF表达。LIF的表达也可以被一些因子抑制,包括1α,25-二羟维生素D3和地塞米松(dexamethasone)。LIF启动子的分析展现转录因子STAT5可以与LIF启动子结合并且诱导其在骨髓细胞系中的表达。另外,LIF启动子区含有若干ETS结合位点。ETS转录因子与LIF启动子的结合对于诱导LIF响应于T细胞激活因子至关重要。
胺碘酮主要为III类抗心律失常药并且是最常用的抗心律失常药之一。尽管美国FDA已将胺碘酮标记为用于治疗危及生命的室性心律失常,但所述药物通常在说明书以外用于治疗室上性快速性心律失常,如心房颤动以及预防高风险患者的室性快速性心律失常(VT)。类似于这一类别的其它抗心律失常药,胺碘酮主要通过阻断负责在心脏动作电位的3相期间心脏复极化的钾整流电流起作用。这种钾通道阻断作用引起心肌细胞动作电位持续时间增加和有效不应期延长。不同于其它III类药剂,胺碘酮还干扰β-肾上腺素能受体、钙通道和钠通道。
克罗米芬是排卵刺激剂,化学命名为柠檬酸2-[对(2-氯-1,2-二苯基乙烯基)苯氧基]三乙胺(1:1)。其分子式为C26H28ClNO·C6H8O7并且分子量为598.09。克罗米芬能够与含雌激素受体的组织,包括下丘脑、垂体、卵巢、子宫内膜、阴道和子宫颈相互作用。其可能与雌激素竞争雌激素受体结合位点,并且可能延迟细胞内雌激素受体的补充。克罗米芬引发一系列内分泌事件,最终引起排卵前促性腺激素激增和后续卵泡破裂。响应于克罗米芬疗法过程的第一个内分泌事件是垂体促性腺激素释放增加。
香豆磷是一种有机硫代磷酸酯杀虫剂,一种有机硫代磷酸酯和一种有机氯化合物。其具有作为农用化学品、杀螨剂、抗线虫药、杀鸟剂和EC 3.1.1.8(胆碱酯酶)抑制剂的作用。香豆磷用于控制牛身上的广泛多种昆虫和蜜蜂身上的寄生螨(雅氏瓦螨(Varroajacobson))。其还用于兽医学,用于治疗家畜上的螺旋蛆、蛆和耳虱。在人类中,香豆磷引起毒蕈碱效应(副交感神经)、烟碱效应(交感神经和运动神经)和与胆碱能系统的大量过度刺激相关的CNS效应。
林丹也称为γ-六氯环己烷(γ-HCH)、γ-六六六(gammaxene)和伽马林(Gammallin),是一种有机氯化学品和六氯环己烷的异构体,其已用作农业杀虫剂以及虱和疥疮的药物治疗两者。林丹是通过与印防己毒素(picrotoxin)结合位点处的GABAA受体-氯离子通道复合体相互作用来干扰GABA神经递质功能的神经毒素。在人类中,林丹影响神经系统、肝脏和肾脏,并且很可能是致癌物。
羟喹啉是一种杂环酚并且硫酸羟喹啉是其盐,两者都被描述为用于化妆品配制物的化妆品杀生物剂。羟喹啉可用作防腐剂、消毒剂,并且具有农药特性。羟喹啉也是一种螯合剂,其已用于金属离子的定量测定。
地西他滨(5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷或5-Aza-Cdr)是一种胞嘧啶类似物,其在20世纪60年代初由Pliml和Sorm首次合成,并且目前由Eisai(Tokyo,Japan)以销售。其与脱氧胞苷的不同之处在于嘧啶环的5位处氮取代碳。注意到其在细胞系中具有抗白血病作用,体外效力比阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)更高。最初,其细胞毒性归因于其与其它抗代谢物类似的减弱DNA合成并引起DNA损伤的能力。在低剂量下,地西他滨通过逆转DNA甲基化诱导的基因沉默来诱导分化。一旦进入细胞内部,地西他滨就被酶脱氧胞苷激酶磷酸化和激活为其三磷酸形式aza-dCTP。然后其与启动子区中成簇出现的胞嘧啶-鸟苷二核苷酸(CpG)岛中的胞嘧啶竞争并替换胞嘧啶。在后续细胞分裂期间,aza-dCTP通过与酶DNA甲基转移酶(DNMT)形成共价键来抑制启动子的甲基化,并且由此捕获酶并促进酶的降解。
苯丁酸氮芥和顺铂是用于治疗癌症的烷化剂。苯丁酸氮芥属于氮芥类别,并且顺铂是基于铂的药剂。苯丁酸氮芥通过干扰DNA复制和破坏细胞中的DNA产生其抗癌作用。DNA损伤通过胞浆p53的积聚和Bcl-2相关X蛋白,一种细胞凋亡促进剂的后续激活,诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡。顺铂以几种不同方式交联DNA,通过有丝分裂干扰细胞分裂。受损DNA引发DNA修复机制并且激活细胞凋亡。
长春新碱是属于称作长春花生物碱的药物群组的化疗药物。长春新碱的作用原理为阻止癌细胞分离成2个新细胞。长春新碱的作用原理部分为通过与微管蛋白结合,阻止微管蛋白二聚体聚合形成微管,使细胞在中期无法分离其染色体。然后细胞经历细胞凋亡。
来曲唑是一种芳香酶抑制剂,其用于手术后治疗对激素有反应的乳腺癌。来曲唑也用于诱导排卵。来曲唑通过其细胞色素P450单元与血红素的竞争性、可逆结合,以这种方式来阻断雌激素的产生。来曲唑已显示将雌激素水平降低98%,同时升高睾酮水平。
维甲酸是维生素A的衍生物。其使用在皮肤上(局部)以治疗轻度到中度痤疮,以及使用在因过度暴露于阳光而受损的皮肤上。维甲酸刺激皮肤并且使皮肤细胞更快生长(分裂)和死亡,从而增加细胞的更新。维甲酸还可以诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞分化并阻止其增殖;在人类中,有证据表明其促使原发性癌性早幼粒细胞分化成其最终形式。
雌二醇是女性中的主要循环雌激素,并且在绝经前达到30-400pg/mL的血浆浓度。雌二醇调节生殖系统的生长和发育,还有助于维持骨组织、中枢神经系统和血管组织中的血管扩张。雌二醇在血管中和针对心血管疾病(CVD)的保护作用已在几项激素替代研究中得到证实。雌二醇通过需要存在β1亚基的过程激活BK通道。Valverde等人首先提出雌二醇通过与β1结合来影响BK通道,但仍有争论的是,雌二醇对BK通道的激动作用是由其与β1亚基的结合还是与α/β1复合体的结合引起的。此外,目前未知雌二醇结合位点的分子性质和激素的作用模式。急性施加雌二醇(100nM)通过激活BK通道降低平滑肌兴奋性。值得注意的是,雌二醇或其不透膜形式(E2-BSA)可以诱导MCF-7乳腺上皮癌细胞中BK通道活性快速提高,EC50为80pM,在10nM34下达到最大作用。雌二醇的快速作用也被报道在极后区(areapostrema)的神经元中,其中纳摩尔浓度的E2可以降低发放频率(firing rate),这很可能是通过增加BK current35。所有这些实例都强调E2调节BK通道的生理重要性,并且在确定这种激素与BK通道之间相互作用的分子性质方面做出了有价值的努力。
环孢素是免疫失调病症和器官移植两者中的免疫抑制的核心组分。对于涉及眼科学、皮肤病学、血液学、胃肠病学、神经学或肌肉骨骼系统的免疫病症,环孢素在缓解临床症状和逆转病理发展方面已展现显著功效。另外,所述药物在移植医学中实施后,急性排斥率和一年移植物存活率显著改善。
甲氨蝶呤是一种化疗剂和免疫系统抑制剂。其用于治疗癌症、自身免疫疾病、异位妊娠并且用于医疗流产。其用于治疗的癌症类型包括乳腺癌、白血病、肺癌、淋巴瘤和骨肉瘤。其用于治疗的自身免疫疾病类型包括银屑病、类风湿性关节炎和克罗恩病(Crohn'sdisease)。其可以通过口服或注射给予。甲氨蝶呤是抗叶酸类型的抗代谢物。其被认为通过两种不同通路影响癌症和类风湿性关节炎。对于癌症,甲氨蝶呤竞争性地抑制二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR),一种参与四氢叶酸合成的酶。甲氨蝶呤对DHFR的亲和力为叶酸对DHFR的亲和力的约1000倍。DHFR催化二氢叶酸转化为活性四氢叶酸。对于DNA合成所需的核苷胸苷的从头合成,需要叶酸。此外,叶酸是嘌呤和嘧啶碱基生物合成所必需的,因此合成将受到抑制。因此,甲氨蝶呤抑制DNA、RNA、胸苷酸和蛋白质的合成。对于治疗类风湿性关节炎(免疫抑制),似乎涉及多种机制,包括抑制参与嘌呤代谢的酶,引起腺苷积聚;抑制T细胞激活和抑制T细胞的细胞间粘附分子表达;选择性下调B细胞;提高激活的T细胞的CD95敏感性;以及抑制甲基转移酶活性,引起与免疫系统功能相关的酶活性失活。MTX的另一机制是抑制白细胞介素1-β与其细胞表面受体的结合。
曲格列酮是一种抗糖尿病和抗炎药,并且是唑烷二酮药物类别的成员。曲格列酮是一种口服抗高血糖剂,其主要通过减少胰岛素抵抗起作用。曲格列酮用于管理II型糖尿病。曲格列酮与核受体(PPAR)结合,PPAR调节许多对控制葡萄糖和脂质代谢至关重要的胰岛素反应基因的转录。曲格列酮减少核因子κ-B(NF-κB)并且增加其抑制因子(IκB)。
硫唑嘌呤是一种具有细胞毒性和免疫抑制活性的嘌呤类似物。硫唑嘌呤是一种前药,其通过肝黄嘌呤氧化酶转化为其活性代谢物6-巯基嘌呤(6-MP)。6-MP被次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶(HGPRT)进一步代谢为6-硫代鸟苷-5'-磷酸(6-硫代-GMP)和6-硫代肌苷单磷酸(6-硫代-IMP),两者都抑制核苷酸转化和从头嘌呤合成。这引起DNA、RNA和蛋白质合成的抑制。结果,可以抑制细胞增殖,尤其是在淋巴细胞和白细胞中。硫唑嘌呤,一种免疫抑制剂,在器官移植中防止排斥反应,并且在自身免疫疾病中作为皮质类固醇节省剂。
槲皮素,一种发现于水果和蔬菜中的类黄酮,具有可改善精神/身体机能并降低感染风险的独特生物特性。这些特性形成对整体健康和疾病抗性的潜在益处的基础,包括抗癌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗氧化和精神兴奋剂活性,以及抑制脂质过氧化、血小板凝集和毛细血管通透性,以及刺激线粒体生物发生的能力。槲皮素是一种天然存在的极性生长素转运抑制剂。槲皮素抑制巨噬细胞中脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)产生和肺A549细胞中LPS诱导的IL-8产生。此外,在神经胶质细胞中,甚至显示槲皮素可以抑制LPS诱导的TNF-α和白细胞介素IL-1α的mRNA水平,槲皮素的这种作用引起小胶质细胞激活诱导的凋亡神经元细胞死亡减少。槲皮素抑制产生炎症的酶(环氧合酶(COX)和脂氧合酶(LOX))的产生。其通过抑制Src和Syk介导的磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)-(p85)酪氨酸磷酸化,以及后续限制RAW 264.7细胞中下游信号传导通路激活的Toll样受体4(TLR4)/MyD88/PI3K复合体形成来限制LPS诱导的炎症。其还可以抑制FcεRI介导的人类脐带血衍生的培养的肥大细胞(hCBMC)中促炎性细胞因子、类胰蛋白酶和组胺的释放;这种抑制似乎涉及对钙内流以及磷蛋白激酶C(PKC)的抑制。
间苯二酚是一种具有式C6H4(OH)2的有机化合物。间苯二酚在局部药物产品中用作防腐剂和消毒剂,所述药物产品用于治疗皮肤病症和感染,如痤疮、脂溢性皮炎、湿疹、银屑病、鸡眼、老茧和疣。间苯二酚也用于治疗鸡眼、老茧和疣。其发挥角质溶解活性。
减少CXCR3(MIG的受体)表达的药剂包括例如甲醛和牛磺酸。作为CXCR3的拮抗剂的药剂包括例如哌嗪基-哌啶(例如SCH546738)、8-氮杂喹唑啉酮(例如AMG 487)、3-苯基-3H-喹唑啉-4-酮、芳基哌嗪(aryl piperazine)、4-芳基-5-哌嗪基噻唑、芳基哌嗪(arylpiperazine)、苄替米特(benzetimide)衍生物、咪唑烷、咪唑鎓、麦角酸衍生物、二氨基环丁烯二酮、酞菁锌以及NBI-74330。(参见Andrews等人,J.Med.Chem.59:2894-917(2016),其出于所有目的以其全文形式被援引加入本文)。CXCR3的特定拮抗剂的化学结构见于Andrews 2016中,并且在此出于所有目的以其全文形式被援引加入本文。以下示出一些特定结构:
其它小分子拮抗剂见于例如US20060036093、WO2009/105435,所述文献均出于所有目的以其全文形式被援引加入本文。
任何前述抗体或其片段(统称抗体)可以通过本领域中已知的方法,例如嵌合、人源化、人源工程化等进行工程化以用于人类。
另外,任何前述抗体或其片段(统称抗体)可以包括延长抗体的半衰期(T1/2)或/和作用持续时间的延长部分。延长部分可以延长抗体的循环T1/2、血液T1/2、血浆T1/2、血清T1/2、终末T1/2、生物T1/2、消除T1/2或功能T1/2或其任何组合。一个或多个延长部分可以与抗体组合(共价或非共价)。延长部分包括例如亲水性聚合物(例如PEG、葡聚糖等)、合成聚合物、糖基化、人类血清白蛋白(HSA)或其与新生儿Fc受体(FcRn)结合的部分(例如结构域III),或羧基端肽(CTP)。
心血管疾病
心血管疾病包括涉及心脏、血管(动脉、毛细血管和静脉)或两者的一类疾病。心血管疾病是指影响心血管系统的任何疾病,主要是心脏疾病,包括心肌病,脑和肾脏的血管疾病以及外周动脉疾病。心血管疾病可以指主要影响心脏的疾病,并且可以称为心脏疾病。心血管疾病可以指病理开始于心脏损伤、功能障碍或畸形的疾病,而不是心脏损伤、功能障碍或畸形是心脏远端部位存在的原发病理的结果的疾病(例如作为另一疾病或病况的共病的心血管疾病)。举例来说,心力衰竭、心律失常(心律异常,包括QT持续时间增加和心房扑动和/或颤动)、炎症性心脏病,包括心内膜炎(心脏内层、心内膜、最常心脏瓣膜的炎症);炎症性心肥大(心脏扩大、心脏肥大);心肌炎(心肌炎症);瓣膜性心脏病;先天性心脏病;以及风湿性心脏病(归因于由链球菌感染引起的风湿热的心肌和瓣膜损伤)是心脏损伤、功能障碍或畸形的示例,其中原发病理可能存在或存在于心脏中,并且随后可能导致血管或其他全身性疾病。或者,冠心病(也称为缺血性心脏病或冠状动脉疾病);高血压性心脏病(继发于高血压的心脏疾病);肺心病(心脏右侧衰竭伴有呼吸系统受累);脑血管疾病(供应到脑的血管的疾病,如中风);外周动脉疾病(供应到手臂和腿部的血管的疾病);以及动脉粥样硬化是最初在心脏远端部位存在的病理的结果。在心脏或心脏远端部位起始的心血管疾病可导致心力衰竭。心血管疾病可以包括初始病理位于心脏远端部位的疾病。心血管疾病还包括影响心脏、心脏瓣膜和身体血管(例如动脉和静脉)的病况,并且涵盖包括但不限于以下的疾病和病况:动脉硬化、动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死、急性冠脉综合征、心绞痛、充血性心力衰竭、主动脉瘤、主动脉夹层、髂或股动脉瘤、肺栓塞、原发性高血压、心房颤动、中风、短暂性脑缺血发作、收缩功能障碍、舒张功能障碍、心肌炎、房性心动过速、心室颤动、心内膜炎、动脉病、血管炎、动脉粥样硬化斑块、易损斑块、急性冠脉综合征、急性脑缺血发作、心源性猝死、外周血管疾病、冠状动脉疾病(CAD)、外周动脉疾病(PAD)以及脑血管疾病。
心肌病包括选自由以下组成的群组的一种或多种病况(例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10或更多种):QT持续时间增加、心律失常、心肌缺血、高血压和血栓栓塞并发症、心肌功能障碍、心肌病、心力衰竭、心房颤动、心肌病和心力衰竭、心力衰竭和LV功能障碍、心房扑动和颤动以及心脏瓣膜损伤和心力衰竭。在某些实施例中,心肌病不包括作为与另一疾病或病况的共病的心肌病。
心力衰竭通常称作充血性心力衰竭(CHF)或充血性心力衰竭(CCF),包括当心脏不能提供足够的泵送作用以维持血流来满足身体需要时发生的病况。心力衰竭可导致许多症状,包括呼吸短促、腿部肿胀和运动不耐受。所述病况通常通过患者体格检查诊断并且用超声心动图确认。心力衰竭的常见原因包括心肌梗死和其它形式的缺血性心脏病、高血压、心脏瓣膜病和心肌病。
心血管疾病包括动脉粥样硬化,一种由内膜的脂质沉积和纤维化表征的慢性疾病过程,不规则地分布在大中型动脉中。所述疾病是进行性的,并且最常在中年和老年人中变为临床表现。严重时,动脉粥样硬化斑块引起动脉内腔横截面积减小,伴有或不伴有血栓形成。动脉粥样硬化斑块可能出现在身体的基本上任何或所有血管中,导致心血管疾病,其涉及心脏(例如急性冠脉综合征、心力衰竭和心肌梗死)、脑(例如中风、短暂性脑缺血发作和脑梗死)、肾脏(例如急性和慢性肾脏疾病、高血压)以及四肢(例如外周血管疾病、下肢和/或上肢跛行和下肢和/或上肢缺血)。产生的缺血表现包括:心绞痛、心肌梗死、中风、间歇性跛行、下肢坏疽和肾血管性高血压。动脉粥样硬化可以被视为炎症性疾病。举例来说,动脉粥样硬化的病变似乎代表可以描述为炎症性疾病的一系列高度特异性细胞和分子反应。参见例如Ross,“Atherosclerosis--An inflammatory disease”N Engl J Med(1999),340:115-126;Ross(1999)中引用的出版物;以及引用Ross(1999)的后续出版物;其中的每一个以其全文形式被援引加入本文。
可以通过存在以下中的任一种来将受试者鉴别为患有心血管疾病:记录的冠状动脉疾病、记录的脑血管疾病、记录的颈动脉疾病、记录的外周动脉疾病或其组合。如果受试者至少45岁并且如下,则也可以将受试者鉴别为患有心血管疾病:(a)在两个主要心外膜冠状动脉中具有一个或多个大于50%的狭窄;(b)有记录的先前MI;(c)因高风险NSTE ACS住院,伴有缺血的客观证据(例如ST段偏差和/或生物标志物阳性);(d)有记录的先前缺血性中风;(e)患有症状性动脉疾病,伴有至少50%颈动脉狭窄;(f)患有无症状的颈动脉疾病,每次血管造影或双超声有至少70%颈动脉狭窄;(g)踝臂指数(“ABI”)小于0.9,伴有间歇性跛行症状;和/或(h)有主动脉-髂动脉或外周动脉介入(基于导管或外科手术)的病史。
使用iAge和心脏标志物进行心血管治疗
对患有心血管疾病或具有心血管疾病风险的受试者进行抽血,并且如上文所描述计算iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和cAge。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于其年龄组的最年轻的四分位数,则其可以被分类为心血管疾病风险低,并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(具有风险但当时此时未患CVD的患者)。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于中间两个四分位数,则可以测试受试者的血细胞(例如CD4+和CD8+细胞)的Jak-STAT活性(参见例如以下实例1)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于最高四分位数的受试者可以被分类为低风险,并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(具有风险但当时此时未患CVD的患者)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于较低三个四分位数的受试者可以被分类为心血管疾病风险较高,并且可以进行治疗以降低iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge(并且提高其Jak-STAT评分),进入低风险组。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于最老的四分位数,则其可以被分类为较高风险患者,并且可以进行治疗以降低其iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge(参见上文),进入低风险组。
或者,如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于其年龄组最年轻的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge五分位数(参见表1),则其可以被分类为低风险并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(此时未患CVD的患者)。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于中间三个五分位数,则刺激受试者的血细胞(例如CD4+和CD8+细胞)并且测量Jak-STAT活性(参见例如以下实例1)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于最高四分位数的受试者可以被分类为低风险,并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(具有风险但当时此时未患CVD的患者)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于较低三个四分位数的受试者可以被分类为较高风险,并且可以进行治疗以降低iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(降低MIG、升高LIF、升高SIRT3)和/或cAge(并且提高其Jak-STAT评分),进入低风险组。如果受试者的iAge将其置于最老的五分位数,则其可以被分类为较高风险,并且可以进行治疗以降低其iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(降低MIG、提高LIF、提高SIRT3)和/或cAge(参见上文),进入更年轻的iAge五分位数的低风险组。
再或者,如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于其年龄组的最年轻的iAge三分位数(参见表1),则其可以被分类为低风险,并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(具有风险但当时此时未患CVD的患者)。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于中间三分位数,则刺激受试者的血细胞(例如CD4+和CD8+细胞)并且测量Jak-STAT活性(参见例如以下实例1)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于最高四分位数的受试者可以被分类为低风险,并且继续进行标准疗法(CVD患者)或不进行疗法(具有风险但当时此时未患CVD的患者)。受试者的Jak-STAT活性将其置于较低三个四分位数的受试者可以被分类为较高风险,并且可以进行治疗以降低iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(降低MIG、提高LIF、提高SIRT3)和/或cAge(并且提高其Jak-STAT评分),进入低风险组。如果受试者的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge将其置于最老的三分位数,则其可以被分类为较高风险,并且进行治疗以降低其iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(降低MIG、提高LIF、提高SIRT3)和/或cAge(参见上文),进入更年轻的iAge、CRS、心脏标志物水平(MIG、LIF、SIRT3)和/或cAge三分位数的低风险组。
从下面的实验细节将更好地理解本文公开的发明。不过,本领域技术人员将容易了解,所讨论的具体方法和结果仅仅是对随后的权利要求书中更全面描述的本发明的说明。除非另外表示,否则本公开不限于特定的程序、材料等,因为这些可以变化。还应理解,本文中所使用的术语仅出于描述特定实施例的目的,而不意图为限制性的。
实例
实例1:iAge与初始CD8(+)T细胞和对刺激的离体Jak-STAT信号传导反应相关
来自斯坦福(Stanford)1KIP的数据用于显示循环初始CD8(+)T细胞的频率随高iAge下降(A),并且iAge预测对刺激的不良离体Jak-STAT信号传导反应(B和C)。关于受试者的iAge,分析了总共96种细胞因子-细胞-STAT组合。这些包括八种细胞类型:B细胞、CD4(+)T细胞(和其CD45(+)和(-)亚群)、CD8(+)T细胞(和其CD45(+)和(-)亚群)和单核细胞;四种细胞因子:白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-10、IL-21和干扰素-α;以及三种STAT蛋白(STAT1、3和5)。B:火山图,用置换检验进行多元回归分析的结果,作为在调整年龄、性别和巨细胞病毒状态后针对iAge获得的回归系数的函数估计错误发现率(Benjamini-Hochberg FDR)(y轴)。C:归一化的离体CD8(+)T细胞对白细胞介素-6的磷酸-STAT-1反应。iAge的较低三分位数比iAge的较高三分位数显示显著更稳健的反应(C)。这一数据显示在图1A-C中。
iAge与初始CD8(+)T细胞和对刺激的离体Jak-STAT信号传导反应呈负相关。
实例2:使用iAge和CRS对癌症患者进行分层
在进行免疫疗法治疗之前,从患者获得血液样本。通过标准方法分离血清和免疫细胞。血清样本用于测量蛋白质浓度,以确定炎症年龄(iAge);并且细胞离体进行细胞因子刺激,以测量细胞内信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT)蛋白的磷酸化,导出细胞因子反应评分(CRS)。iAge和CRS可以独立地预测患者对免疫疗法治疗的反应。图2示出了这个过程的流程图。
iAge和CRS可用于在治疗前将癌症患者分层为免疫疗法的反应者与无反应者。
实例3:使用iAge对癌症患者进行分层
iAge可用于将癌症患者分类为对免疫疗法治疗的反应者和无反应者(A),并导出iAge个体炎症蛋白特征(条形码),将其馈入iAge个性化推荐引擎以创建旨在降低iAge的个体化初始疗法,告知医疗决策,并且因此将那些无反应患者转变为反应患者(适合于免疫疗法)(B)。图3示出了这个过程的流程图。
iAge用于对患者进行分层以进行癌症免疫疗法,并帮助将免疫疗法的无反应者转变为反应者。
实例4:衍生自hiPSC的内皮细胞产生MIG
使用山中因子(Yamanaka factor)(Takahashi和Yamanaka,2006)从分离的成纤维细胞获得人类诱导多能干细胞(hiPSC)(N=5,一式两份),并且在如先前所描述(Hu等人,2016)的明确定义的条件下使其分化成内皮细胞(hiPSC-EC)。
通过RT-PCR测量MIG和SIRT3的表达水平。观察到MIG mRNA表达水平的显著年龄依赖性提高(P<0.01),其在第六次细胞传代后达到平线区。(参见图4)伴随MIG增加,在第二次细胞传代后可以观察到SIRT3 mRNA的下调(P<0.01)。(参见图4)。
实例5:CXCR3在内皮细胞中的表达
如实例4中所述制备人类诱导多能干细胞。MIG受体CXCR3的表达在衍生自hiPSC的年轻心肌细胞(hiPSC-CM)以及hiPSC-EC(衍生自hiPSC的内皮细胞)、HUVEC细胞、新鲜分离的成纤维细胞和hiPSC中测量。
在hiPSC-EC、HUVEC细胞中观察到CXCR3表达升高,但在其它细胞类型(F)中未观察到,表明内皮而非其它细胞亚群是MIG以及潜在其它CXCR3配体的靶标。(参见图5)。
实例6:MIG损害内皮细胞功能
小心地解剖小鼠胸主动脉,并且将血管切成小环并安装在等距线肌动描记器室(isometric wire myograph chamber)(Danish Myo Technology)上并进行标准化方案。标准化之后,将血管与PBS或不同浓度的重组小鼠MIG(R&D systems,目录号492-MM)一起培育。通过累积施加前列腺素激动剂U46619产生浓度依赖性收缩曲线。随后,在这些血管上进行乙酰胆碱的浓度依赖性松弛曲线,并且计算每个剂量的松弛百分比。
图6示出了暴露于不同量的MIG后小鼠胸主动脉切片对乙酰胆碱的松弛百分比的线图。图6示出了随MIG浓度增加血管反应性受损。MIG对处理的主动脉中的血管舒张产生剂量依赖性影响,表明MIG损害血管功能,并且可能促成动脉僵硬和心血管系统过早老化。
本文讨论和引用的所有出版物、专利和专利申请都以其全文形式被援引加入本文。应当理解,所公开的发明不限于所描述的特定方法、方案和材料,因为这些可以变化。还应理解,本文使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施例的目的,并不旨在限制本发明的范围,本发明的范围仅受所附权利要求的限制。
本领域技术人员会认识到或能够仅使用常规实验来确定本文描述的本发明的具体实施例的许多等效物。此类等效物旨在由所附权利要求书涵盖。
Claims (25)
1.一种治疗受试者的方法,包括以下步骤:选择受试者,其心脏标志物的水平在对于所述受试者的实足年龄的最低三分位数之外;以及施用用于降低心脏标志物的水平的有效治疗。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中心脏标志物是MIG。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中有效治疗包括施用CXCR3拮抗剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中CXCR3拮抗剂是抗体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中有效治疗包括施用减少内皮细胞的MIG产生的药剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中药剂是三氧化二砷、洛克沙胂、硒或抗MIG抗体。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中抗体是已经嵌合、人源化或人源工程化的小鼠抗体。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中抗体已用延长部分修饰。
9.一种治疗受试者的方法,包括以下步骤:选择受试者,其心脏标志物的水平在对于所述受试者的实足年龄的最高三分位数之外;以及施用用于升高心脏标志物的水平的有效治疗。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中心脏标志物的水平在最高四分位数之外。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中心脏标志物的水平在最高五分位数之外。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中心脏标志物是LIF或SIRT3。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中有效治疗包括施用增加内皮细胞的SIRT3产生的药剂。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中药剂是小蘖碱或白藜芦醇。
15.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中有效治疗包括施用增加LIF产生的药剂。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中药剂是胺碘酮、三氧化二砷、硫唑嘌呤、雌二醇、苯丁酸氮芥、克罗米芬、香豆磷、环孢素、地西他滨、顺铂、长春新碱、甲醛、葡萄糖、过氧化氢、来曲唑、林丹、甲氨蝶呤、槲皮素、羟喹啉、间苯二酚、白藜芦醇、二氧化硅、维甲酸和曲格列酮。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中药剂是细胞因子。
18.一种检测患者体内的多种免疫蛋白的方法,包括以下步骤:从患者获得样本;检测样本中的MIG;检测样本中的LIF;以及检测样本中的SIRT3。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中患者患有心血管疾病。
20.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中检测步骤包括从抗体结合分析测量平均荧光强度,并且进一步包括以下步骤:将平均荧光强度乘以适用的回归系数;将乘积和加在一起;以及将总和的数值与和患者的实足年龄相似的受试者的cAge范围进行比较。
21.一种用于治疗患者的方法,包括以下步骤:
检测来自患者的样本中的MIG;检测来自患者的样本中的LIF;检测来自患者的样本中的SIRT3;
确定患者的cAge;
选择患者,其cAge处于对于所述患者的实足年龄的最老分位数;以及施用有效量的药剂以降低患者的cAge。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中用于降低cAge的药剂减少内皮细胞的MIG产生。
23.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中用于降低cAge的药剂是CXCR3拮抗剂。
24.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中用于降低cAge的药剂增加内皮细胞的SIRT3产生。
25.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中用于降低cAge的药剂增加LIF产生。
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CN118845785A (zh) * | 2024-09-26 | 2024-10-29 | 哈尔滨医科大学 | Cxcr3抑制剂在治疗免疫检查点抑制剂诱导的心肌肥厚及心衰中的应用 |
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WO2022093763A1 (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-05 | Edifice Health, Inc. | Methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating frailty |
WO2023038858A1 (en) * | 2021-09-10 | 2023-03-16 | Edifice Health, Inc. | Methods and compositions for diagnosing and treating covid-19 |
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US7030152B1 (en) * | 1997-04-02 | 2006-04-18 | The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. | Systematic inflammatory markers as diagnostic tools in the prevention of atherosclerotic diseases and as tools to aid in the selection of agents to be used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease |
US20090274660A1 (en) | 1999-08-17 | 2009-11-05 | Immunopath Profile, Inc. | Pluripotent therapeutic compositions and uses thereof |
ATE458199T1 (de) * | 2001-05-04 | 2010-03-15 | Biosite Inc | Diagnostische marker der akuten koronaren syndrome und ihre verwendungen |
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CA2596171C (en) | 2005-02-04 | 2013-10-08 | Peter Heger | Use of an active ingredient combination that contains hydroxystilbene for preventing and/or treating diseases |
CA2665164A1 (en) | 2006-10-06 | 2008-05-15 | Nestec S.A. | Compositions and multiplex assays for measuring biological mediators of physiological health |
EP2019318A1 (en) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-01-28 | Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam | Protein markers for cardiovascular events |
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CN102573500A (zh) | 2009-08-06 | 2012-07-11 | 纽拉尔图斯制药公司 | 巨噬细胞相关疾病的治疗 |
US10626399B2 (en) | 2010-01-28 | 2020-04-21 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Methods of treating cognitive symptoms of an aging-associated impairment by modulating C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) |
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US20210010034A1 (en) | 2018-03-13 | 2021-01-14 | The Bosrd of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior university | Transient cellular reprogramming for reversal of cell aging |
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Cited By (2)
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CN118761300A (zh) * | 2024-09-09 | 2024-10-11 | 吉林大学 | 老年慢性病智能随访管理系统及方法 |
CN118845785A (zh) * | 2024-09-26 | 2024-10-29 | 哈尔滨医科大学 | Cxcr3抑制剂在治疗免疫检查点抑制剂诱导的心肌肥厚及心衰中的应用 |
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