CN114396107A - Sponge city inland river channel with trapezoidal compound section and design method thereof - Google Patents
Sponge city inland river channel with trapezoidal compound section and design method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114396107A CN114396107A CN202210054533.2A CN202210054533A CN114396107A CN 114396107 A CN114396107 A CN 114396107A CN 202210054533 A CN202210054533 A CN 202210054533A CN 114396107 A CN114396107 A CN 114396107A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F1/00—Methods, systems, or installations for draining-off sewage or storm water
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D21/00—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
- B01D21/02—Settling tanks with single outlets for the separated liquid
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B1/00—Equipment or apparatus for, or methods of, general hydraulic engineering, e.g. protection of constructions against ice-strains
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B5/00—Artificial water canals, e.g. irrigation canals
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B5/00—Artificial water canals, e.g. irrigation canals
- E02B5/02—Making or lining canals
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F3/00—Sewer pipe-line systems
- E03F3/04—Pipes or fittings specially adapted to sewers
- E03F3/046—Open sewage channels
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E03—WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE
- E03F—SEWERS; CESSPOOLS
- E03F5/00—Sewerage structures
- E03F5/14—Devices for separating liquid or solid substances from sewage, e.g. sand or sludge traps, rakes or grates
Abstract
The invention discloses a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoid compound cross section, which comprises a trapezoid compound cross section channel, wherein the tail end of the trapezoid compound cross section channel is connected with a sedimentation pond, and the sedimentation pond is connected with an overflow discharge channel. The invention also discloses a design method of the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoidal compound cross section. The invention utilizes the main trough of the dry season to pass water, and the rainwater in the flood season floods the beach to flood, thereby not only meeting the drainage capacity of the channel in the flood season, but also ensuring the landscape effect of the channel in the dry season. The sediment pond that sets up makes a large amount of silts deposit in the revetment region and sediment pond bottom, makes things convenient for the later stage to fix a position the desilting, has avoided the problem to the channel along journey desilting, practices thrift the cost. The dam gate is arranged at the inlet of the overflow discharge channel connected with the sedimentation pond, and the height of the water level in the sedimentation pond is controlled by adjusting the opening degree of the gate in the dry season, so that the on-way water level of the channel is adjusted, and the problems of silt deposition and the like caused by the arrangement of a step retaining dam are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a river channel and a design method thereof, in particular to a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoidal compound cross section and a design method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of hydraulic engineering channel design.
Background
Most of inland rivers in southern cities are waterlogging drainage channels, and the main sources of channel water flow are rainwater drainage openings and natural rainfall along the two banks. The channel features that the water amount varies greatly with seasons, the flow rate in dry season is small, the flow rate in rainy season is large, and especially the peak flow rate in heavy rain is large.
In this case, in order to meet the drainage requirements of the channel, the channel section is generally designed according to the flow rate in the greater recurrence period. When rainfall is less in dry seasons, the water depth of the channel along the journey is less, and the landscape effect is poorer. In actual engineering, two measures are usually taken to solve the problem, namely a step retaining dam is arranged along the channel to raise the water level to ensure the water depth along the channel, and a running water circulating system is designed at the tail end of the channel to supplement water to the upstream of the channel. However, both of the two schemes have disadvantages, silt is deposited due to the fact that the water level can be raised by arranging the retaining dam, but the flow velocity of water in front of the dam is too slow, water quality is difficult to guarantee, and meanwhile, the riverbed at the downstream of the dam faces the problems of water flow discharge and scouring. Although the water quantity of the channel can be ensured, the dissolved oxygen in the water body can be improved, and the water quality of the water body can be improved by adopting the running water circulating system, a water pipe needs to be buried along the channel, a power source is provided by depending on equipment such as a water pump, the equipment also needs to be maintained regularly, and the cost is higher.
River channels in cities can be divided into two types, namely naturally formed river channels and artificially excavated channels, which are main channels for urban rainwater drainage. The comprehensive treatment of rivers and canals is one of the important contents in sponge city construction, and the primary objective of the water safety treatment is to improve the flood control and drainage capacity of the canal.
At present, the treatment of the channel mostly adopts the traditional design concept, the channel is hardened by artificial hard and raw piling, and the survival conditions of animals, plants and microorganisms in water cannot be met, so that the organisms in the channel are reduced, and the self purification capacity of water flow is damaged. The sponge city construction theory is to enhance the management of urban rainfall flood and to take out the rain water, so that the harmony and the coexistence of human and nature are realized.
Therefore, under the condition that a plurality of problems still exist in channel management at the present stage, how to provide an inland river channel suitable for sponge city construction is a key technical problem to be solved by technical personnel in the field, and has great guiding significance in engineering practice.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoidal compound cross section and a design method thereof, which can meet the drainage capacity of flood season channels and ensure the landscape effect of the channels in dry season.
The invention is realized in such a way that:
a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoid compound cross section comprises a trapezoid compound cross section channel, wherein the tail end of the trapezoid compound cross section channel is connected with a sedimentation pond, and the sedimentation pond is connected with an overflow discharge channel.
The further scheme is as follows:
the trapezoidal composite section channel consists of a main groove and beach lands positioned on two sides of the main groove, wherein the beach lands are planted with flood-resistant and drought-resistant landscape plants, rainwater passes through the main groove in the dry season, and the rainwater overflows the beach lands in the flood season to flood.
The further scheme is as follows:
the flow direction of the sedimentation pond and the trapezoidal compound section channel forms a certain angle (non-straight angle), and the area of the water cross section of the sedimentation pond is larger than that of the trapezoidal compound section channel. The flow velocity of the water flow in the sedimentation pond becomes slow, and silt carried by the water flow in the channel is deposited at the flow velocity, so that the centralized dredging treatment can be carried out.
The further scheme is as follows:
the sedimentation pond is arc bend shape, and the form of arc bend department cross section is "V" type, and the slope of arc convex bank one side will be slowed down in concave bank one side, and the degree of depth of sedimentation pond is 2 ~ 3 times of trapezoidal compound section channel owner groove degree of depth. The principle characteristic of bend circulation can be utilized through the slope design, make the sediment in the rivers deposit in a large amount at the bank area and deposit the bottom of the pool, make things convenient for the later stage to fix a position the desilting, practice thrift the mechanical cost and the human cost of desilting.
The further scheme is as follows:
the revetment is carried out with the stone masonry in the revetment region of settling pond, can reduce the velocity of flow for sediment particle's deposit in the rivers, and reduce rivers and to the erodeing of revetment.
The further scheme is as follows:
the slope of the convex bank side is 1:2, and the slope of the concave bank side is 2: 1.
The further scheme is as follows:
the sedimentation pond is connected with the tail end of the trapezoidal compound section channel through a gentle slope with the gradient of 1: 3-1: 4, and the sedimentation pond is connected with the overflow discharge channel through a steep slope with the gradient of 1: 0.5-1: 1.
The further scheme is as follows:
the upper clear water in the sedimentation pond is discharged into a downstream water body through an overflow discharge channel connected with the upper clear water, a dam gate is installed at the inlet of the overflow discharge channel, the opening degree of the dam gate can be adjusted in a dry season, and the height of the water level in the sedimentation pond is controlled, so that the on-way water level of the channel is adjusted. In the flood season, the gate is fully opened, the whole gate is horizontally arranged to be parallel to the bottom of the canal, and water flow is guaranteed to be discharged in time.
The further scheme is as follows:
the plane form of overflow discharge canal is outer eight characters type, and great opening is towards downstream water, and water cross section area enlarges gradually, and the velocity of flow reduces gradually, reducible rivers wash away to downstream water riverbed.
The invention also provides a design method of the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoidal compound cross section, which comprises the following steps:
step one, designing drainage flow of channels
The drainage flow of the channel is calculated according to the following formula
Wherein Q is1Representing the drainage flow of the channel;
representing the comprehensive runoff coefficient of a catchment area around the channel; f represents the catchment area; and q represents the rainstorm intensity, and the rainstorm intensity formula of the area where the channel is located can be adopted for calculation.
And step two, designing the overflowing section of the channel according to the requirement of a practical economic section in hydraulics, and calculating various hydraulic factors and overflowing areas of the section according to the selected bottom width, width-depth ratio and slope coefficient.
Step three, calculating the flow capacity of the designed section, and calculating the flow capacity of the designed section respectively according to different roughness of a main groove and a beach of the trapezoidal compound section channel, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein Q is2Representing the flow capacity of the design section; a represents the cross-sectional area of water; r represents a hydraulic radius; i represents the hydraulic gradient; n represents the roughness.
Checking the flow, and verifying whether the flow capacity of the designed section is greater than the drainage flow Q of the channel1. If Q2<Q1Returning to the second step to adjust the parameters of the design profile so that Q is equal to2>Q1. Meanwhile, Q is used for ensuring economical and practical work quantity saving2Should not be too large, andrequires no more than Q11.05 times of the total weight of the powder.
The further scheme is as follows:
the main trough drainage flow of the trapezoidal composite cross-section channel is calculated and determined in a 1-year designed rainstorm reappearance period, and the full-cross-section drainage flow of the trapezoidal composite cross-section channel is calculated and determined in a 20-year designed rainstorm reappearance period.
The further scheme is as follows:
the flow velocity of the designed cross section of the trapezoidal duplex cross section channel is larger than the silt-free flow velocity of the channel, so that silt carried in the silt-containing water flow moves downstream along with the water flow and is deposited in a deposition pond connected with the tail end of the channel, and a large amount of deposition does not occur in the channel.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has at least the following beneficial effects:
(1) the invention utilizes the main trough to pass water in the dry season, and the rainwater flows over the beach land to flood in the flood season, thereby avoiding the problem that the water depth is too shallow in the dry season by adopting a single trapezoidal section, meeting the drainage capacity of the flood season channel and ensuring the landscape effect of the dry season channel.
(2) Set up at trapezoidal compound sectional channel end and deposit the pond to ingenious design through the topography, make a large amount of silts deposit in the protruding bank region and deposit the pond bottom, make things convenient for the later stage to fix a position the desilting, avoided the problem to channel along journey desilting, practice thrift the cost.
(3) The dam gate is arranged at the inlet of the overflow discharge channel connected with the sedimentation pond, and the height of the water level in the sedimentation pond is controlled by adjusting the opening degree of the gate in the dry season, so that the on-way water level of the channel is adjusted, and the problems of silt deposition and the like caused by the arrangement of a step retaining dam are avoided.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoidal compound cross section according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view of a channel in an embodiment of the present invention, i.e., a sectional view a-a in fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a channel cross-sectional view of a trapezoidal multiple cross-section, i.e., a cross-sectional view B-B in fig. 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the settling pond, i.e., C-C in fig. 1, in an embodiment of the invention.
Figure 5 is a comparison of water depth for a trapezoidal duplex channel and a single trapezoidal cross section channel at the same flow rate in dry seasons in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph of water depth flow relationship between a trapezoidal compound channel and a single trapezoidal cross section channel in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein: 1-a trapezoidal compound section channel; 2-a sedimentation pond; 3-overflow drain; 11-a main tank; 12-beach land; 13-landscape plants; 21-gentle slope; 22-steep slope; 201-convex bank; 202-concave bank; 31-dam gate.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and the specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in the attached figure 1, the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoid compound cross section comprises a trapezoid compound cross section channel 1, wherein the tail end of the trapezoid compound cross section channel is connected with a settling pond 2, and the settling pond is connected with an overflow discharge channel 3.
As shown in attached figure 3, the trapezoidal compound cross-section channel consists of a main groove 11 and beach lands 12 positioned on two sides of the main groove, wherein the beach lands are planted with flood-resistant and drought-resistant landscape plants 13, rainwater in the dry season passes through the main groove, and rainwater in the flood season passes through the beach lands to flood.
Silt carried by water flow in the channel is deposited in the sedimentation pond 2, so that centralized dredging treatment is convenient to carry out, and upper clear water in the sedimentation pond 2 is discharged into downstream water bodies through the overflow discharge channel 3.
The flow direction of the sedimentation pond and the trapezoidal compound section channel forms a certain angle, and the area of the water cross section of the sedimentation pond is larger than that of the trapezoidal compound section channel. The flow velocity of the water flow in the sedimentation pond becomes slow, and silt carried by the water flow in the channel is deposited at the flow velocity, so that the centralized dredging treatment can be carried out.
As shown in attached figures 2 and 4, the sedimentation pond is in the shape of an arc-shaped curve, the cross section at the arc-shaped curve is in a V shape, the gradient of one side of a convex bank 201 is 1:2, the gradient of one side of a concave bank 202 is 2:1, and the depth of the sedimentation pond is 2-3 times of the depth of a main groove of the trapezoidal compound cross-section channel. According to the principle and characteristics of the circular flow of the curved channel, the water flow is choked to the concave bank under the action of centrifugal force, so that the cross section has a transverse ratio drop to form the transverse circular flow. The direction of circulation points to the concave bank at the upper part and points to the convex bank at the lower part, as shown in figure 4, a large amount of silt in the water flow is deposited at the convex bank area and the bottom of the sedimentation pond, so that later positioning and dredging are facilitated, and the mechanical cost and the labor cost of dredging are saved.
The area of the recessed bank 202 of the settling pond is revered by using masonry stones, so that the flow velocity of water flow can be reduced, the sediment of sediment particles in the water flow is accelerated, and the scouring of the water flow on the recessed bank is reduced.
The sedimentation pond is connected with the tail end of the trapezoidal compound section channel through a gentle slope 21, the gradient is 1: 3-1: 4, the sedimentation pond is connected with the overflow discharge channel through a steep slope 22, and the gradient is 1: 0.5-1: 1.
The clear water at the upper layer in the sedimentation pond is discharged into a downstream water body through an overflow discharge channel connected with the overflow discharge channel, a dam gate 31 is installed at the inlet of the overflow discharge channel, the opening degree of the dam gate can be adjusted in a dry season, and the height of the water level in the sedimentation pond is controlled, so that the on-way water level of the channel is adjusted. In the flood season, the gate is fully opened, the whole gate is horizontally arranged to be parallel to the bottom of the canal, and water flow is guaranteed to be discharged in time.
The plane form of overflow discharge canal is outer eight characters type, and great opening is towards downstream water, and water cross section area enlarges gradually, and the velocity of flow reduces gradually, reducible rivers wash away to downstream water riverbed.
Example 2
Taking a certain channel in Wuhan region as an example, the river bed ratio of the channel is reduced to 0.35 per thousand, the roughness of the main groove is 0.026, the roughness of the beach land is 0.028, and the catchment area around the channel is 2.0km2The comprehensive runoff coefficient is 0.51, so that the channel design with the trapezoidal compound cross section is carried out.
The design method of the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoidal compound cross section comprises the following steps:
firstly, determining the drainage flow of a design channel, adopting a unified rainstorm intensity formula according to a rainstorm intensity formula in Wuhan City and a design rainstorm type (DB 4201/T641-2020), and calculating the rainstorm intensity formula by using an annual maximum value method, wherein the expression is as follows:
wherein P is the recurrence period (a), t is the duration of rainfall (min), and q is the design rainstorm intensity [ L/(s. hm)2)]。
The drainage flow corresponding to the 1 year sudden rain recurrence period of the channel is 17.1m3And/s, the drainage flow rate corresponding to the 20-year designed rainstorm reappearance period is 41.3m3/s。
And step two, designing the overflowing section of the channel according to the requirement of a practical economic section in hydraulics, and simultaneously adopting single trapezoidal section design for comparison in order to embody the channel design characteristics of the trapezoidal compound section.
Firstly, a single trapezoidal section is designed, the slope ratio of the section is selected to be 1, the width-depth ratio under the practical economic section of the channel is selected to be 3, the section channel depth is 3m through trial calculation, the bottom width is 9m, and the flow capacity of the section is 41.9m at the moment3/s>41.3m3And/s, meeting the requirement of designing the drainage capacity corresponding to the heavy rain reproduction period within 20 years.
Designing a main groove with a trapezoidal compound cross section, selecting the slope ratio of the same cross section as 1, selecting the width-depth ratio under the practical economic cross section of the channel as 2.5, and determining that the depth of a channel on the cross section of the main groove is 2.3m, the bottom width is 5.75m and the flow capacity of the cross section is 17.5m at the moment3/s>17.1m3And/s, meeting the requirement of designing the drainage capacity corresponding to the heavy rain reproduction period in 1 year.
Then, designing the beach land with the trapezoid compound cross section, making the total channel depth of the trapezoid compound cross section equal to the channel depth of the single trapezoid cross section for comparison with the single trapezoid cross section, as shown in fig. 5, calculating the flow capacity according to the main channel and the beach land of the trapezoid compound cross section, when the width of the beach land at two sides of the trapezoid compound cross section is determined to be 14m through trial calculation,
the total flow capacity of the trapezoidal compound cross section is the sum of the two and is 41.3m3And/s, meeting the requirement of designing the drainage capacity corresponding to the heavy rain reproduction period within 20 years.
The flow velocity of the designed cross section of the trapezoidal compound cross section channel 1 is larger than the silt-free flow velocity of the channel, so that silt in water flow moves downstream along with the water flow and is deposited in a sedimentation pond connected with the tail end of the channel, the silt-free flow velocity of the channel relates to the related concepts of water flow sand-carrying force and the like, and the discussion is not carried out.
Step three, the channel flow is very small in the current dry season (for example, the channel flow is only 5 m)3And/s), the water depths of the single trapezoidal section and the trapezoidal composite section are respectively 0.84m and 1.15m, the water depth of the trapezoidal composite section is 1.4 times of the water depth of the single trapezoidal section, the water depth is more favorable for living of organisms, plants are planted on the beach land, and the landscape effect is better. Meanwhile, the ratio of the water depth of the trapezoidal compound section to the depth of the main groove of the trapezoidal compound section is 0.5, the ratio of the water depth of the single trapezoidal section to the channel depth of the single trapezoidal section is 0.28, and the problem of deep and shallow channel water of the single trapezoidal section in dry seasons is more prominent.
Fig. 6 is a water depth-flow relationship diagram of a trapezoidal composite cross-section channel and a single trapezoidal cross-section channel according to an embodiment of the invention, in the case of the trapezoidal composite cross-section channel, when the water depth exceeds the beach water depth, the linear proportion of the water depth and the flow rate changes suddenly, because the same water depth is increased just after the water level overflows the beach, the area of the overflow cross section is increased, and the overflow capacity is increased more. And the relation between the water depth and the flow of the single trapezoidal section can not generate sudden change in the linear proportion when the water depth exceeds the water depth of the flat beach.
Although the present invention has been described herein with reference to the illustrated embodiments thereof, which are intended to be preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, and that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the principles of this disclosure.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a sponge city inland river channel of trapezoidal double entry section which characterized in that: the device comprises a trapezoidal compound section channel, wherein the tail end of the trapezoidal compound section channel is connected with a sedimentation pond, and the sedimentation pond is connected with an overflow discharge channel.
2. The ladder-shaped double-section sponge city inland river channel as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the trapezoidal composite section channel consists of a main groove and beach lands positioned on two sides of the main groove, wherein the beach lands are planted with flood-resistant and drought-resistant landscape plants, rainwater passes through the main groove in the dry season, and the rainwater overflows the beach lands in the flood season to flood.
3. The ladder-shaped double-section sponge city inland river channel as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the flow direction of the sedimentation pond and the trapezoidal compound section channel forms a certain angle, and the area of the water cross section of the sedimentation pond is larger than that of the trapezoidal compound section channel.
4. A ladder-shaped double-section sponge city inland river channel according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that:
the sedimentation pond is arc bend shape, and the form of arc bend department cross section is "V" type, and the slope of convex bank one side will be slowed down in concave bank one side, and the degree of depth of sedimentation pond is 2 ~ 3 times of trapezoidal compound section channel owner groove degree of depth, and the concave bank region is carried out the revetment with the stone masonry.
5. The trapezoidal double-section sponge city inland river channel of claim 4, wherein:
the slope of the convex bank side is 1:2, and the slope of the concave bank side is 2: 1.
6. The trapezoidal double-section sponge city inland river channel of claim 4, wherein:
the sedimentation pond is connected with the tail end of the trapezoidal compound section channel through a gentle slope with the gradient of 1: 3-1: 4, and the sedimentation pond is connected with the overflow discharge channel through a steep slope with the gradient of 1: 0.5-1: 1.
7. The trapezoidal double-section sponge city inland river channel of claim 4, wherein:
the dam gate is installed to the entrance of overflow discharge canal, and the planar form of overflow discharge canal is outer eight characters, and great opening is towards downstream water, and water cross section area grow gradually, and the velocity of flow reduces gradually.
8. A design method of a sponge city inland river channel with a trapezoidal compound cross section is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, designing drainage flow of channels
The drainage flow of the channel is calculated according to the following formula
Wherein Q is1Representing the drainage flow of the channel;
representing the comprehensive runoff coefficient of a catchment area around the channel; f represents the catchment area; q represents the rainstorm intensity;
designing an overflowing section of the channel according to the requirement of a practical economic section in hydraulics, and calculating various hydraulic elements and overflowing areas of the section according to the selected bottom width, width-depth ratio and slope coefficient;
step three, calculating the flow capacity of the designed section, and calculating the flow capacity of the designed section respectively according to different roughness of a main groove and a beach of the trapezoidal compound section channel, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein Q is2Representing the flow capacity of the design section; a represents the cross-sectional area of water; r represents a hydraulic radius; i represents the hydraulic gradient; n represents a roughness;
checking the flow, and verifying whether the flow capacity of the designed section is greater than the drainage flow Q of the channel1(ii) a If Q2<Q1Returning to the second step to adjust the parameters of the design profile so that Q is equal to2>Q1(ii) a At the same time, Q is determined2Is not more than Q11.05 times of the total weight of the powder.
9. The method for designing the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoid compound cross section as claimed in claim 8, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the rainstorm intensity is calculated by adopting a rainstorm intensity formula of an area where the channel is located, the drainage flow of a main trough of the trapezoidal compound cross-section channel is calculated and determined in a design rainstorm reappearance period which is 1 year later, and the drainage flow of a full cross-section of the trapezoidal compound cross-section channel is calculated and determined in a design rainstorm reappearance period which is 20 years later.
10. The method for designing the sponge city inland river channel with the trapezoid compound cross section as claimed in claim 8, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
the flow velocity of the designed cross section of the trapezoidal duplex cross section channel is larger than the silt-free flow velocity of the channel, so that silt carried in the silt-containing water flow moves downstream along with the water flow and is deposited in a deposition pond connected with the tail end of the channel, and a large amount of deposition does not occur in the channel.
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