CN114323982A - Load test device and method for providing lateral limit for large main stress - Google Patents
Load test device and method for providing lateral limit for large main stress Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012669 compression test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
The invention discloses a load test device and method for providing lateral limitation by large main stress, which comprises a loading equipment system, four lateral limitation pressure control systems and a measuring equipment system, wherein hydraulic devices are respectively arranged on the loading equipment system and the lateral limitation pressure control systems; the device comprises a square column-shaped sample and a rock-soil body positioned on the outer peripheral side of the square column-shaped sample; the loading equipment system provides vertical test load for the test sample from the top of the test sample; a lateral limit pressure control system is respectively arranged on the rock-soil mass outside each lateral surface of the sample to provide lateral limit pressure for the lateral surface of the sample; the measuring equipment system is used for measuring the displacement change of the test sample under the vertical test load. The invention can realize the controllable matching of the stress of the sample and the indoor test by controlling the large main stress of the surrounding rock-soil mass, and the indoor test result can be better applied to the engineering practice.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of civil engineering, in particular to a load test device and method for providing lateral limit for large main stress.
Background
The strength and deformation characteristics of rock-soil mass are usually obtained by indoor compression test and on-site in-situ load test. However, for gravel soil, because the particle size is large, and because the size of an instrument is limited in an indoor compression test, a reduced scale test is usually adopted, and the strength of an undisturbed soil body cannot be completely reflected; the confining pressure of the sample cannot be measured in the field in-situ load test, the test cost is high, the time consumption is long, and the factors influencing the in-situ test result are complex, so that the accurate determination of the measured value is difficult to a certain extent, and the in-situ test result cannot be matched with the indoor compression test result.
Therefore, the rock body in-situ load test device and method with controllable boundaries and capable of determining the confining pressure are provided, the confining pressure of the sample is obtained through controlling the large main stress of the soil body around the sample, the result can be matched with the indoor test result, and then the empirical parameters are obtained. It is necessary to determine the strength and deformation characteristics of rock mass quickly and reasonably in water conservancy and hydropower engineering, foundation and foundation engineering and slope engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a load test device and a load test method for controlling confining pressure by main stress, which are used for overcoming the defect that the confining pressure of a sample cannot be mastered in the test process by the traditional load test device and the test method by applying vertical load on a rock-soil body at the periphery of the sample to convert the vertical load into lateral pressure on each side surface of the sample, so that the in-situ test result is matched with the indoor test result.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is a load test device for providing lateral limitation for large main stress, which comprises a loading equipment system, four lateral limitation pressure control systems and a measuring equipment system, wherein hydraulic devices are respectively arranged on the loading equipment system and the lateral limitation pressure control systems; the device comprises a square column-shaped sample and a rock-soil body positioned on the outer peripheral side of the square column-shaped sample; the loading equipment system provides vertical test load for the test sample from the top of the test sample; a lateral limit pressure control system is respectively arranged on the rock-soil mass outside each lateral surface of the sample to provide lateral limit pressure for the lateral surface of the sample; the measuring equipment system is used for measuring the displacement change of the test sample under the vertical test load.
Preferably, the loading equipment system and the side limit pressure control system respectively comprise a force transmission column and a hydraulic device positioned below the force transmission column, a pressure gauge for testing pressure is arranged on the hydraulic device, and the bottom surface of the hydraulic device is a plane which can be attached to the upper surfaces of the sample and the peripheral rock-soil body thereof.
Preferably, the top end of the force transmission column is provided with a reverse cross beam, the lower end of the force transmission column is provided with a pressure transmission plate and a base plate, and the hydraulic device is positioned between the pressure transmission plate and the base plate.
Preferably, the hydraulic device is at least one hydraulic jack.
Preferably, the reverse cross beam, the pressure transmission plate and the base plate are arranged concentrically with the force transmission column, and the side edges of the reverse cross beam, the pressure transmission plate and the base plate are positioned on the outer side of the edge of the end part of the force transmission column.
Preferably, a cement mortar layer is paved on the sample and the upper surface of the rock-soil body positioned on the outer peripheral side of the sample, a roller row is paved on the cement mortar layer, and the loading equipment system and the lateral pressure limiting control system are respectively arranged on the roller row.
Preferably, the roller row comprises two horizontal base plates which are parallel up and down, and a plurality of rows of rollers which are horizontally arranged are arranged between the horizontal base plates in parallel.
The invention also provides a load test method for providing lateral limitation by using the load test device, which comprises the following steps:
and 4, applying a load for testing: firstly, applying side limit pressure to a rock-soil body through a side limit pressure control system, and then gradually applying load to a sample through a loading equipment system; the sample sedimentation data is measured by a throughput instrumentation system.
Preferably, in step 1, after the sample and the rock-soil mass around the sample are rolled, a layer of cement mortar is paved on the upper surface of the sample and the rock-soil mass.
Preferably, in the step 2, a layer of roller row is laid on the cement mortar layer, the loading equipment system and the side limit pressure control system are installed on the roller row, and the tops of the loading equipment system and the side limit pressure control system are abutted against the top of the test hole; the loading equipment system is positioned in the center area of the top of the sample, and the side limit pressure control system is positioned on the rock-soil body right opposite to the side surface of the sample.
Preferably, in step 3, the load F to be loaded of the side limiting pressure control system is calculated by back-stepping through the following two formulas:
wherein F is the load applied by the side limit pressure control system, the height of the z sample and the volume weight of the gamma sample,
the coefficient of friction in the sample was,
k is the lateral pressure coefficient of the sample, which is the lateral limiting pressure borne by the test.
Preferably, in step 4, the loading equipment system applies loads to the sample in 5 stages; observing the settlement under each level of load at time intervals of 10, 15 and 15min, and then observing once every 30-60 min until the settlement at the interval of 1h is not more than 0.1mm, and then applying the next level of load until the test is finished; when the settlement is increased sharply, the soil layer around the base plate is obviously extruded laterally, cracks or bulges, and the test is stopped.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention can realize the control of the lateral limit pressure of the sample by controlling the large main stress of the surrounding rock-soil mass.
(2) The invention can match the stress of the sample with the indoor test by controlling the lateral limit pressure of the sample, and the indoor test result can be better applied to the engineering practice.
(3) The invention can apply various test schemes, save cost, improve efficiency, ensure precision, attach the real mechanical behavior of the sample, solve the value problem of strength and deformation parameters, and has simple and quick engineering application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic elevation view of the test apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic top view of the testing apparatus of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For the above technical solution, a preferred embodiment is specifically described with reference to the drawings, and refer to fig. 1 and 2.
The invention discloses a load test device for providing lateral limitation by large main stress, which comprises a loading equipment system, at least four lateral limitation pressure control systems and a measuring equipment system; the loading equipment system provides vertical test load for the test sample; the side limit pressure control systems are uniformly distributed on the periphery of the loading equipment system and provide side limit pressure for four side surfaces of the sample; the measuring equipment system is used for measuring the displacement change of the test sample under the vertical test load.
The loading equipment system comprises a force transmission column 7, wherein a reverse cross beam 8 is arranged on the force transmission column 7, and the reverse cross beam 8 can be fixedly or detachably arranged on the force transmission column 7, such as a welding mode or a bolt connection mode. The area of the reverse cross beam 8 is larger than that of the force transmission column 7, the center of the reverse cross beam is overlapped with that of the force transmission column 7 and is used for propping against the top of the test tunnel and applying reverse acting force downwards through the top of the tunnel. The purpose that the area of the reverse cross beam 8 is larger than that of the end part of the force transfer column 7 is to disperse the bearing pressure of the tunnel roof through a larger area and protect the tunnel roof. The pressure transmission plate 6 is fixedly arranged below the force transmission column 7, the area of the pressure transmission plate 6 is larger than that of the end part of the force transmission column 7, the center of the pressure transmission plate is overlapped with that of the force transmission column 7, and the action of the pressure transmission plate is also in dispersing action force. A hydraulic device 4 is arranged below the pressure transmitting plate 6, a backing plate 3 is arranged below the hydraulic device 4, and a pressure gauge 5 for displaying pressure is arranged on the hydraulic device 4. The base plate 3 is the same as the reverse beam 8 and the pressure transmission plate 6, has an area larger than that of the end part of the force transmission column 7, and is arranged concentrically with the force transmission column 7. The hydraulic device 4 is a hydraulic jack, can be provided with one, two, three or more hydraulic jacks as required, when being larger than two, the distance and the output force which need to ensure the simultaneous jacking of more than two hydraulic jacks are the same, and the level and the stress of the base plate 3 and the pressure transmission plate 6 are even. The backing plate 3, the pressure transmission plate 6, the force transmission column 7 and the reverse beam 8 are made of high-strength metal materials, such as steel materials.
The side limit pressure control system has basically the same structure as the loading equipment system, and comprises a force transmission column 7, a reverse beam 8 and a hydraulic device 9. The hydraulic device 9 also includes a pressure transmitting plate and a backing plate (not shown) provided under the force transmitting column 7, the hydraulic device 9 is located between the pressure transmitting plate and the backing plate, and a pressure gauge (not shown) is provided on the hydraulic device 9. The hydraulic device 9 is a hydraulic jack, and can be one, two or three or even more than three. During testing, the number of the side limiting pressure control systems is generally four, the side limiting pressure control systems are respectively distributed on the outer sides of four sides of the sample 1 and are uniformly distributed around the sample 1 and the loading equipment system, and the distances from the side limiting pressure control systems to the sides of the sample 1 are the same.
The base plate, the pressure transmission plate, the force transmission column and the reverse cross beam are all made of high-strength metal materials, such as steel materials.
The measuring equipment system comprises a dial indicator and a meter holder (not shown) and is used for measuring the sinking distance of the sample 1.
The test method for testing by using the load test device comprises the following steps:
before the test, the rolling and paving of the sample 1 and the rock-soil body 10 around the sample 1 are carried out according to the size of the test sample and required raw materials. Sample 1 is a square column structure. The thickness of the sample 1 is consistent with the thickness of the surrounding rock-soil mass 10. And after the rolling and paving are finished, a layer of cement mortar is paved on the upper surfaces of the sample 1 and the surrounding rock-soil body 10, and the upper surfaces of the cement mortar are ensured to be flush.
a roller row 2 is laid on the cement mortar of the sample 1 and the rock-soil mass 10 around the sample. The roller row 2 comprises two steel horizontal base plates which are arranged in parallel from top to bottom, a plurality of rows of rollers are arranged between the two horizontal base plates at intervals in parallel, the rollers are arranged horizontally, and the rollers can rotate relative to the upper horizontal base plates and the lower horizontal base plates. Under the action of the roller row 2, when the sample 1 is laterally displaced under the action of a load, the roller row 2 can rotate along with the lateral displacement of the sample 1, so that the hydraulic devices (4 and 9) are prevented from toppling; the horizontal base plate is used for increasing the contact area between the hydraulic jack and the sample, so that the action of force is more uniform.
And then, a loading equipment system is arranged at the center position right above the sample 1, a reverse cross beam 8 at the top of the loading equipment system is tightly propped against the top of the hole, and the bottom of the loading equipment system is tightly propped against the roller row 2. Then, a side limit pressure control system is respectively arranged on the roller row 2 on the peripheral rock-soil body 10 at a certain distance from the outer sides of the four side surfaces of the sample 1, so that the reverse cross beam 8 is propped against the top of the hole, and the bottom of the reverse cross beam is propped against the roller row 2. The bottom of the side confining pressure control system faces the side of the sample 1, and the two opposite sides of the bottom of the side confining pressure control system are at the same distance from the two opposite sides of the sample 1, see fig. 2.
and obtaining the maximum load to be loaded by the loading equipment system and the side limit pressure p borne by the sample 1 according to the specification of the sample 1 and the test standard specification.
Since the lateral confining pressure p borne by the sample 1 is a horizontal force, and the load provided by the hydraulic device 9 of the lateral confining pressure control system is a vertical load, the vertical load F to be loaded by the lateral confining pressure control system needs to be calculated according to the lateral confining pressure borne by the sample 1. And reversely calculating the vertical load F of the side limit pressure control system according to the following formula.
The area of the lower surface of the bottom of the side limit pressure control system, which is in contact with the roller row 2, is set to be A, and the side limit pressure control systemThe vertical load provided by the hydraulic device 9 is F, the height of the sample 1 is z, the volume weight of the sample 1 is gamma, and the internal friction coefficient of the sample 1 is
. The major principal stress is
Controlled side limiting pressure of
And K is the lateral pressure coefficient of the sample.
The vertical load F to be provided by the hydraulic device 9 of the side confining pressure control system is calculated in reverse according to the above formula (1-1) and formula (2-2).
And 4, applying a load for testing:
during testing, according to the calculated vertical load of the lateral pressure limiting control system determined in the step 3, the hydraulic device 9 of the lateral pressure limiting control system is adjusted to output a vertical load F to act on the upper surface of the rock-soil body on the periphery of the sample 1, and lateral pressure limiting is generated on each side surface of the sample 1
。
And then dividing the maximum load of the sample 1 into 5 stages, applying the 5 stages to the sample 1 through a loading equipment system, wherein the loading adopts time control, the time interval for observing the sedimentation under each stage of load is 10 min, 15min and 15min, and then observing once every 30-60 min until the sedimentation amount at the interval of 1h is not more than 0.1mm, so that the sedimentation of the sample under the stage of load tends to be stable, and then applying the next stage of load. When one level of load is applied, the next level of load is added after the sedimentation rate is relatively stable. So as to judge that the sedimentation rate reaches a relatively steady state until the sedimentation amount at the interval of 1h is not more than 0.1 mm. When large settlement occurs, the load increment can be reduced, and the reading of each dial indicator is measured before and after each loading. When the settlement is increased sharply, the test can be stopped when the soil layer around the backing plate 3 has obvious lateral extrusion, cracks or bulges.
The load test device disclosed by the invention can be used for applying the vertical load step by step under the condition of providing the lateral limit pressure required by the test, so that the in-situ load test result is matched with the indoor load test result, and the accuracy of the in-situ load test is ensured.
Claims (12)
1. A load test device for providing lateral limitation for large main stress is characterized by comprising a loading equipment system, four lateral limitation pressure control systems and a measuring equipment system, wherein hydraulic devices are respectively arranged on the loading equipment system and the lateral limitation pressure control systems; the device comprises a square column-shaped sample and a rock-soil body positioned on the outer peripheral side of the square column-shaped sample; the loading equipment system provides vertical test load for the test sample from the top of the test sample; a lateral limit pressure control system is respectively arranged on the rock-soil mass outside each lateral surface of the sample to provide lateral limit pressure for the lateral surface of the sample; the measuring equipment system is used for measuring the displacement change of the test sample under the vertical test load.
2. The load test device according to claim 1, wherein the loading equipment system and the side limiting pressure control system respectively comprise a force transmission column and the hydraulic device positioned below the force transmission column, a pressure gauge for testing pressure is arranged on the hydraulic device, and the bottom surface of the hydraulic device is a plane which can be attached to the upper surface of the sample and the peripheral rock-soil body thereof.
3. A load testing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a counter beam is provided at the top end of said force transfer column, a pressure transfer plate and a backing plate are provided at the lower end thereof, and said hydraulic means is located between said pressure transfer plate and said backing plate.
4. A load testing device according to claim 2, wherein said hydraulic means is at least one hydraulic jack.
5. A load testing device according to claim 3, wherein said counter-beam, pressure transmitting plate and backing plate are concentrically disposed with said force-transmitting column, and the sides of said counter-beam, pressure transmitting plate and backing plate are located outside the edges of the ends of said force-transmitting column.
6. The load test device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein a cement mortar layer is laid on the upper surface of the sample and the rock-soil body on the outer peripheral side of the sample, a roller row is laid on the cement mortar layer, and the loading equipment system and the lateral pressure limiting control system are respectively arranged on the roller row.
7. A load testing device according to claim 6, wherein said roller row comprises two horizontal pads parallel up and down, and a plurality of rows of horizontally arranged rollers are arranged in parallel between said horizontal pads.
8. A load test method for providing lateral limitation to a large principal stress, which is realized by the load test device of any one of claims 1 to 7, and comprises the following steps:
step 1, laying a sample and a surrounding rock-soil body;
step 2, installing test equipment;
step 3, determining the maximum load to be loaded by the loading equipment system and the load to be loaded by the side limit pressure control system;
and 4, applying a load for testing: the method comprises the steps of firstly applying lateral limit pressure to a rock-soil body through a lateral limit pressure control system, then gradually applying load to a sample through a loading equipment system, and measuring sample settlement data through the loading equipment system.
9. A load testing method according to claim 8, wherein in step 1, after the sample and the surrounding rock-soil mass are rolled, a layer of cement mortar is applied to the sample and the upper surface of the rock-soil mass.
10. The load test method of claim 8, wherein in step 2, a layer of roller row is laid on the cement mortar layer, and the loading equipment system and the lateral pressure limiting control system are installed on the roller row, and the tops of the loading equipment system and the lateral pressure limiting control system are abutted against the top of the test hole; the loading equipment system is positioned in the center area of the top of the sample, and the side limit pressure control system is positioned on the rock-soil body right opposite to the side surface of the sample.
11. A load test method as claimed in claim 8, wherein in step 3, the load F to be loaded of the side limit pressure control system is calculated by reverse extrapolation according to the following two formulas:
wherein F is the load applied by the side limit pressure control system, the height of the z sample and the volume weight of the gamma sample,
the coefficient of friction in the sample was,
k is the lateral pressure coefficient of the sample, which is the lateral limiting pressure borne by the test.
12. The load testing method according to claim 8, wherein in step 4, the loading equipment system applies the load to the test sample in 5 stages; observing the settlement under each level of load at time intervals of 10, 15 and 15min, and then observing once every 30-60 min until the settlement at the interval of 1h is not more than 0.1mm, and then applying the next level of load until the test is finished; when the settlement is increased sharply, the soil layer around the base plate is obviously extruded laterally, cracks or bulges, and the test is stopped.
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Cited By (1)
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| CN115929287A (en) * | 2022-10-13 | 2023-04-07 | 西南石油大学 | Crack plugging layer pressure-bearing dispersing capacity measuring device |
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