CN114286718B - 蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置 - Google Patents
蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114286718B CN114286718B CN202080046701.2A CN202080046701A CN114286718B CN 114286718 B CN114286718 B CN 114286718B CN 202080046701 A CN202080046701 A CN 202080046701A CN 114286718 B CN114286718 B CN 114286718B
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- honeycomb structure
- honeycomb
- cells
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2451—Honeycomb filters characterized by the geometrical structure, shape, pattern or configuration or parameters related to the geometry of the structure
- B01D46/2478—Structures comprising honeycomb segments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
- B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
- B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
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- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
- B01D46/2429—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material of the honeycomb walls or cells
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
- B01D46/2418—Honeycomb filters
- B01D46/2425—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material
- B01D46/2444—Honeycomb filters characterized by parameters related to the physical properties of the honeycomb structure material of the outer peripheral sealing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
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Abstract
本发明提供蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置,该蜂窝结构体能够良好地抑制压力损失,且能够利用感应加热将碳微粒等燃烧除去,或者对担载于蜂窝结构体的催化剂进行加热。一种蜂窝结构体,其是多个柱状的蜂窝单元借助接合材料层进行接合而构成的柱状的蜂窝结构体,其中,柱状的蜂窝单元具有外周壁和多孔质的隔壁,该隔壁配设于外周壁的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室,该多个隔室从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路,在接合材料层内植入有金属部件。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置。
背景技术
汽车的尾气中,通常,作为不完全燃烧的结果,包含有一氧化碳、烃、氮氧化物等有害成分、碳等微粒。从减少对人体健康的损害的观点出发,降低汽车尾气中的有害气体成分及微粒的需求提高。
然而,目前这些有害成分在发动机刚启动后这一催化温度较低、催化活性不充分的期间被排出。因此,尾气中的有害成分有可能在未达到催化剂活化温度之前没有被催化剂净化就排出了。为了应对该需求,需要尽量减少在未达到催化剂活化温度之前没有被催化剂净化就排出的排放,例如已知有利用了感应加热技术的对策。
作为上述技术,专利文献1中提出如下技术,即,在作为催化剂载体蜂窝广泛使用的堇青石蜂窝的一部分隔室中插入磁性体丝。根据该技术,能够使电流流通于蜂窝外周的线圈,利用感应加热使丝温度上升,从而利用该热使蜂窝温度上升。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:美国专利申请公开第2017/0022868号说明书
发明内容
然而,如果像专利文献1那样在蜂窝结构体的一部分隔室中插入磁性体丝,则存在如下问题,即,插入有磁性体丝的隔室牺牲了供尾气流动的流路,因此,相应地压力损失增加。
本发明鉴于上述情况,其课题在于,提供能够良好地抑制压力损失并能够利用感应加热将碳微粒等燃烧除去或对担载于蜂窝结构体的催化剂进行加热的蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置。
本发明的发明人进行了潜心研究,结果发现,在多个柱状的蜂窝单元借助接合材料层进行接合而构成的柱状的蜂窝结构体的基础上,通过采用在接合材料层内植入有金属部件的构成,能够解决上述课题。即,本发明如下确定。
(1)一种蜂窝结构体,其是多个柱状的蜂窝单元借助接合材料层进行接合而构成的柱状的蜂窝结构体,
所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,
所述柱状的蜂窝单元具有外周壁和多孔质的隔壁,该隔壁配设于所述外周壁的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室,该多个隔室从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路,
在所述接合材料层内植入有金属部件。
(2)一种蜂窝结构体,其是柱状的蜂窝结构体,该柱状的蜂窝结构体具有外周壁和多孔质的隔壁,该隔壁配设于所述外周壁的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室,该多个隔室从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路,
所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,
在所述外周壁的内部或表面配设有金属部件。
(3)一种尾气净化装置,其特征在于,具有:
(1)或(2)的蜂窝结构体;
线圈配线,该线圈配线呈螺旋状环绕所述蜂窝结构体的外周;以及
金属管,该金属管对所述蜂窝结构体及所述线圈配线进行收纳。
发明效果
可以提供能够良好地抑制压力损失并能够利用感应加热将碳微粒等燃烧除去或对担载于蜂窝结构体的催化剂进行加热的蜂窝结构体及尾气净化装置。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一个实施方式的柱状的蜂窝结构体的外观示意图。
图2是本发明的一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。
图3是示意性地表示本发明的一个实施方式的蜂窝单元的具有封孔部的隔室及隔壁处的、与隔室的轴向平行的截面的截面图。
图4是本发明的一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图5是本发明的另一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。
图6(A)是本发明的另一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图6(B)是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图7(A)是本发明的另一个实施方式的柱状的蜂窝结构体的外观示意图。
图7(B)是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。
图7(C)是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。
图8是本发明的又一个实施方式的柱状的蜂窝结构体的外观示意图。
图9是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。
图10是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图11(A)是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图11(B)是本发明的又一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的与轴向平行的剖视简图。
图12是组装有本发明的一个实施方式的蜂窝结构体的尾气净化装置的尾气流路的概要图。
图13是表示实施例的蜂窝结构体的加热试验结果的曲线图。
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图,对本发明的蜂窝结构体的实施方式进行说明,不过,本发明并不限定于此进行解释,只要不脱离本发明的范围,可以基于本领域技术人员的知识加以各种变更、修正、改良。
<1.蜂窝结构体>
图1中示出本发明的一个实施方式的柱状的蜂窝结构体10的外观示意图。图2中示出蜂窝结构体10的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。蜂窝结构体10是多个柱状的蜂窝单元17借助接合材料层18进行接合而构成的。蜂窝单元17具有外周壁11和多孔质的隔壁12,该隔壁12配设于外周壁11的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室15,该多个隔室15从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路。
蜂窝结构体10的外形没有特别限定,可以采用端面为圆形的柱状(圆柱形状)、端面为椭圆形状的柱状、端面为多边形(四边形、五边形、六边形、七边形、八边形等)的柱状等形状。另外,蜂窝结构体10的大小没有特别限定,中心轴方向长度优选为40~500mm。另外,例如,蜂窝结构体10的外形为圆筒状的情况下,其端面的半径优选为50~500mm。
关于蜂窝结构体10的外形,可以与蜂窝单元17的外形相同,也可以不同。例如,通过将端面为四边形的多个柱状的蜂窝单元17借助接合材料层18进行接合,可以制成端面同为四边形的柱状的蜂窝结构体10。另外,将端面为四边形的多个柱状的蜂窝单元17借助接合材料层18进行接合而整体形成端面为四边形的接合体后,对该接合体的外周进行磨削,由此可以制成端面为圆形的柱状的蜂窝结构体10。
蜂窝单元17的隔壁12及外周壁11的材质没有特别限制,由于需要为具有大量细孔的多孔质体,所以通常由陶瓷材料形成。例如可以举出:以堇青石、碳化硅、硅、钛酸铝、氮化硅、多铝红柱石、氧化铝、硅-碳化硅系复合材料、碳化硅-堇青石系复合材料、特别是硅-碳化硅复合材料或碳化硅为主成分的烧结体。本说明书中“碳化硅系”是指:蜂窝单元17含有蜂窝单元17整体的50质量%以上的碳化硅。蜂窝单元17以硅-碳化硅复合材料为主成分意味着:蜂窝单元17含有蜂窝单元17整体的90质量%以上的硅-碳化硅复合材料(合计质量)。此处,硅-碳化硅复合材料含有作为骨料的碳化硅粒子、以及作为使碳化硅粒子粘结的粘结材料的硅,优选多个碳化硅粒子以在碳化硅粒子间形成细孔的方式通过硅而粘结在一起。另外,蜂窝单元17以碳化硅为主成分意味着:蜂窝单元17含有蜂窝单元17整体的90质量%以上的碳化硅(合计质量)。
对于蜂窝单元17,从使其以短时间加热至单元内部的观点出发,更优选热传导率较高。作为这种材质,优选由选自由碳化硅、硅以及氮化硅构成的组中的至少1种陶瓷材料形成。蜂窝单元17的陶瓷材料的热传导率优选为3W/mK以上,更优选为10W/mK以上。
对于蜂窝单元17,从抑制加热时因陶瓷材料与金属部件之间的热膨胀系数差异而产生的热应力的观点出发,更优选陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数的值接近于金属部件的热膨胀系数。作为这种材质,优选由选自由碳化硅、硅以及氮化硅构成的组中的至少1种、多铝红柱石、氧化铝等陶瓷材料形成。蜂窝单元17的陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数优选为3×10-6以上。例如,在室温至800℃的范围内,利用热膨胀计测定该热膨胀系数。
蜂窝单元17的隔室15的形状没有特别限定,在蜂窝单元17的与中心轴正交的截面处,优选为三角形、四边形、五边形、六边形、八边形等多边形、圆形或椭圆形,也可以为其他不规则形状。
蜂窝单元17的隔壁12的厚度优选为0.10~0.50mm,就制造的容易度这一点而言,更优选为0.25~0.45mm。例如,如果为0.10mm以上,则蜂窝结构体10的强度进一步提高;如果为0.50mm以下,则将蜂窝结构体10用作过滤器的情况下,能够使压力损失进一步减小。应予说明,该隔壁12的厚度为利用对中心轴方向截面进行显微镜观察的方法测定得到的平均值。
另外,构成蜂窝单元17的隔壁12的气孔率优选为30~70%,就制造的容易度这一点而言,更优选为40~65%。如果隔壁12的气孔率为30%以上,则压力损失容易减少;如果隔壁12的气孔率为70%以下,则能够维持蜂窝结构体10的强度。
另外,多孔质的隔壁12的平均细孔径优选为5~30μm,更优选为10~25μm。如果为5μm以上,则用作过滤器的情况下,能够使压力损失减小;如果为30μm以下,则能够维持蜂窝结构体10的强度。应予说明,本说明书中称为“平均细孔径”、“气孔率”时,是指利用压汞法测定得到的平均细孔径、气孔率。
蜂窝单元17的隔室密度优选为5~93隔室/cm2的范围,更优选为5~63隔室/cm2的范围,进一步优选为31~54隔室/cm2的范围。如果蜂窝单元17的隔室密度为5隔室/cm2以上,则压力损失容易减少,如果蜂窝单元17的隔室密度为93隔室/cm2以下,则能够维持蜂窝结构体10的强度。
如图3所示,蜂窝单元17可以具备多个隔室A和多个隔室B,该多个隔室A的一个端面侧呈开口而在另一个端面具有封孔部38,该多个隔室B与隔室A分别交替配置,且另一个端面侧呈开口而在一个端面具有封孔部39。隔室A及隔室B夹着隔壁12而交替地相邻配置,两个端面形成棋盘格状。隔室A及隔室B的数量、配置、形状等没有限制,可以根据需要进行适当设计。像这样的蜂窝结构体10可以用作对尾气进行净化的过滤器(蜂窝过滤器)。应予说明,蜂窝结构体10在不用作蜂窝过滤器的情况下,可以不设置封孔部38、39。
本实施方式的蜂窝结构体10可以在隔壁12的表面和/或隔壁12的细孔内担载有催化剂。
催化剂的种类没有特别限制,可以根据蜂窝结构体10的使用目的、用途而适当选择。例如,可以举出贵金属系催化剂或贵金属系催化剂以外的催化剂。作为贵金属系催化剂,可例示:将铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)、铑(Rh)这些贵金属担载于氧化铝细孔表面并包含二氧化铈、氧化锆等助催化剂的三元催化剂、氧化催化剂、或包含碱土金属和铂作为氮氧化物(NOx)的吸储成分的NOx吸储还原催化剂(LNT催化剂)。作为不使用贵金属的催化剂,可例示:包含铜置换沸石或铁置换沸石的NOx选择还原催化剂(SCR催化剂)等。另外,可以采用选自由这些催化剂构成的组中的2种以上的催化剂。应予说明,催化剂的担载方法也没有特别限制,可以按照以往将催化剂担载于蜂窝结构体的担载方法进行。
蜂窝结构体10可以在隔壁12的表面的至少一部分具备具有通气性的表面层。此处,具有通气性是指:表面层的渗透率为1.0×10-13m2以上。从进一步降低压力损失的观点出发,渗透率优选为1.0×10-12m2以上。通过表面层具有通气性,能够抑制由表面层所引起的蜂窝结构体10的压力损失。
另外,本说明书中“渗透率”是指利用下式(1)计算出的物性值,且是成为表示规定的气体从该物(隔壁12)通过时的通过阻力的指标的值。此处,下式(1)中,C表示渗透率(m2),F表示气体流量(cm3/s),T表示试样厚度(cm),V表示气体粘性(dynes·sec/cm2)、D表示试样直径(cm),P表示气体压力(PSI)。应予说明,下式(1)中的数值为:13.839(PSI)=1(atm),68947.6(dynes·sec/cm2)=1(PSI)。
[数学式1]
在测定渗透率时,切出附带有表面层的隔壁12,在该附带有表面层的状态下,测定渗透率后,进行削去表面层的状态下的渗透率测定,根据表面层与隔壁基材的厚度比率以及这些渗透率测定结果,计算出表面层的渗透率。
表面层的气孔率优选为50%以上,更优选为60%以上,进一步优选为70%以上。通过具有50%以上的气孔率,能够抑制压力损失。不过,如果气孔率过高,则表面层变脆,容易剥落,因此,优选设为90%以下。
作为利用压汞法测定表面层的气孔率的方法,将具有表面层和基材的样品的压汞曲线与仅有仅削去了表面层的基材的压汞曲线之差视为表面层的压汞曲线,根据削去的质量和压汞曲线,计算出表面层的气孔率。进行SEM图像拍摄,通过表面层部分的图像解析,根据空隙部与固体部的面积比率,也可以计算出表面层的气孔率。
另外,表面层的平均细孔直径优选为10μm以下,更优选为5μm以下,进一步优选为4μm以下,特别优选为3μm以下。通过使平均细孔直径为10μm以下,能够实现较高的粒子捕集效率。不过,如果表面层的平均细孔直径过小,则压力损失增加,因此,优选设为0.5μm以上。
作为利用压汞法测定表面层的平均细孔直径的方法,采用压汞仪中的峰值,将附带有表面层的压汞曲线(孔容频率)与仅有仅削去了表面层的基材的压汞曲线之差设为表面层的压汞曲线,将其峰作为平均细孔直径。另外,对蜂窝结构体10的截面的SEM图像进行拍摄,通过表面层部分的图像解析,进行空隙部和固体部的二值化,可以随机选择20个以上的空隙,将其内接圆的平均值作为平均细孔直径。
另外,表面层的厚度没有特别限定。不过,为了更显著地得到表面层的效果,表面层的厚度优选为10μm以上。另一方面,从避免压力损失增加的观点出发,表面层的厚度优选为80μm以下。表面层的厚度更优选为50μm以下。作为表面层的厚度的测定方法,例如可以将形成有表面层的蜂窝结构体10在与隔室15延伸的方向垂直的方向上切断,从其截面测定表面层的厚度,取任意5点厚度的测定值的平均值。
作为构成将多个蜂窝单元17接合的接合材料层18的接合材料,例如可以采用通过将陶瓷粉末、陶瓷纤维、分散介质(例如水等)、以及根据需要添加的无机粘合剂、有机粘合剂、胶溶剂、发泡树脂等添加剂混合而制备的材料。作为陶瓷,优选为含有选自由堇青石、多铝红柱石、锆石、钛酸铝、碳化硅、氮化硅、氧化锆、尖晶石、印度石、假蓝宝石、刚玉、以及二氧化钛构成的组中的至少一种的陶瓷,更优选为与蜂窝单元17相同的材质。陶瓷纤维的添加对赋予缓和应力的功能有效,从应对REACH限制的观点出发,优选采用氧化铝纤维、硅酸镁纤维等。作为无机粘合剂,可以举出胶体二氧化硅;作为有机粘合剂,可以举出:聚乙烯醇、甲基纤维素、CMC(羧甲基纤维素)等。
在蜂窝结构体10的接合材料层18内植入有金属部件21。根据该构成,能够使电流流通于蜂窝结构体10外周的线圈配线,利用感应加热使金属部件21的温度上升,并利用其热使蜂窝结构体10的温度上升。另外,对于蜂窝结构体10,金属部件21植入于接合材料层18内而不是隔室15内,因此,不会对压力损失造成影响。
金属部件21的形状没有特别限定,优选为丝状、箔状或网状等。如果金属部件21形成为丝状、箔状或网状等,则容易将金属部件21植入于接合材料层18内,另外,能够有效率地配置于蜂窝单元17的周围。
将金属部件21形成为丝状而制成金属丝的情况下,该金属丝优选在接合材料层18内与沿着蜂窝单元17的外周环绕的方式设置。根据像这样的构成,能够使金属部件21更有效率地配置于蜂窝单元17的周围。另外,金属丝优选在接合材料层18内设置于蜂窝单元17的表面。根据像这样的构成,能够更好地对蜂窝单元17进行加热。
将金属部件21形成为箔状而制成金属箔的情况下,该金属箔优选在接合材料层18内设置于蜂窝单元17的表面。另外,该金属箔更优选在接合材料层18内以将蜂窝单元17整面覆盖的方式设置。根据像这样的构成,能够更好地对蜂窝单元17进行加热。
将金属部件21形成为网状而制成金属网的情况下,该金属网优选在接合材料层18内设置于蜂窝单元17的表面。另外,该金属网优选在接合材料层18内以将蜂窝单元17整面覆盖的方式设置。根据像这样的构成,能够更好地对蜂窝单元17进行加热。
图2中示出将金属部件21形成为丝状而制成金属丝22的例子。另外,将图2所示的蜂窝结构体10的与轴向平行的剖视简图示于图4。金属丝22以沿着蜂窝单元17的外周进行环绕的方式设置,在蜂窝结构体10的与轴向垂直的截面中,构成沿着蜂窝单元17的外周进行环绕的回路电流的流路。根据像这样的构成,利用感应加热,使得电流以环绕金属丝22的方式流通,容易产生回路电流。因此,即便是数十kHz以下的比较低的频率,也能够充分进行感应加热。另外,由于通过金属丝22的配置就容易产生回路电流,因此,金属丝22没有必须使用强磁性体等由材料的居里点带来的限制,能够得到加热速度良好的蜂窝结构体10。金属丝22的大小没有特别限定,例如可以形成为0.3~2mm直径。
图2及图4所示的蜂窝结构体10中,相对于1个蜂窝单元17,设置有多个金属丝22。各金属丝22彼此空开间隔地形成为环绕蜂窝单元17的环状。根据像这样的构成,即便在一部分金属丝22发生断裂等损伤时,由于其他金属丝22作为环绕蜂窝单元17的环状的金属部件21残留下来,所以,能够避免对蜂窝单元17整体的加热停止。各金属丝22在接合材料层18内可以卷绕于蜂窝单元17,也可以设置成与蜂窝单元17的表面之间具有间隔。
以环绕方式设置有金属丝22的蜂窝单元17的数量没有特别限定,可以根据期望的感应加热效率进行适当调整。图2的蜂窝结构体10中,纵横各4个、合计16个蜂窝单元17以接合材料层18进行接合,其中,位于外周的12个蜂窝单元17在制造工序中被磨削而未保持当初的形状。在除了该12个蜂窝单元17以外的、中央的4个蜂窝单元17的周围分别设置有金属丝22。像这样,对位于蜂窝结构体10外周的蜂窝单元17以外的蜂窝单元17全部在其周围设置金属丝22,此时,感应加热效率进一步提高,故优选。
图2及图4所示的蜂窝结构体10中,金属丝22以相对于1个蜂窝单元17沿着其外周进行环绕的方式设置,但不限于此,如图5所示,可以将纵横相邻的各2个、合计4个蜂窝单元17作为1个单元,以相对于其外周进行环绕的方式设置。根据像这样的构成,能够使其产生更大的回路电流,即便是更低的频率,也能够充分进行感应加热。图5中,将4个蜂窝单元17作为1个单元,以沿着其外周环绕金属丝23的方式设置,不过,只要构成回路电流的流路即可,不限定于此。例如,可以将2个、3个或5个以上蜂窝单元17汇总作为1个单元,以沿着其外周环绕金属丝23的方式设置。
图2及图4所示的蜂窝结构体10中,相对于1个蜂窝单元17,多个金属丝22分别彼此空开间隔地形成为环绕蜂窝单元17的环状,不过,如图6(A)所示,可以为:相对于1个蜂窝单元17,1条金属丝24以呈螺旋状环绕蜂窝单元17的方式设置。像这样,以1条金属丝24使其呈螺旋状环绕蜂窝单元17,因此,仅以1条金属丝24就能够沿着蜂窝单元17的轴向将各处环绕。根据像这样的构成,能够将金属部件21效率良好地植入于接合材料层18内。金属丝24在接合材料层18内可以卷绕于蜂窝单元17,也可以设置成与蜂窝单元17的表面之间具有间隔。
对于蜂窝结构体10,如图6(B)所示,金属丝25可以在接合材料层18内以与蜂窝单元17的轴向平行地延伸的方式设置。金属丝25可以在彼此相邻的2个蜂窝单元17之间的接合材料层18内设置1条,不过,如果设置2条以上,则蜂窝单元17的加热效率良好,故优选。
金属部件21在蜂窝单元17的轴向上,可以设置于整体,也可以设置于一部分区域。如果将金属部件21设置于蜂窝单元17的轴向上的整体,则蜂窝单元17的加热效率更好。将金属部件21设置于蜂窝单元17的轴向上的一部分区域的情况下,例如,如果设置于蜂窝单元17的气体流路的入口侧的区域,则在气流的开始位置被加热的气体行进至蜂窝单元17的出口侧,因此,能够将蜂窝单元17整体效率良好地加热。另外,蜂窝单元17的气体流路的出口侧容易积存烟灰,因此,如果将金属部件21设置于该出口侧的区域,则能够更有效地将蜂窝单元17内积存的烟灰除去。另外,如果将金属部件21设置于蜂窝单元17的轴向上的一部分,则将蜂窝结构体10用作尾气净化装置时,能够使在蜂窝结构体10的外周设置的线圈变得紧凑。
金属部件21可以由选自由铜、铁、铝、镍、铬以及钴构成的组中的一种或二种以上构成。根据像这样的构成,可得到由电流流通于导体所产生的涡流损耗带来的加热效果。作为金属部件采用金属丝的情况下,由于能够增加供涡电流流通的路径的长度,所以存在如下优点,即,即便频率低至数10kHz,也能够进行良好的加热。
金属部件21优选至少一部分由磁性体材料构成。根据像这样的构成,蜂窝单元17的加热效率因对涡流损耗带来影响的磁场密度、磁导率增大的效果而变得更好。金属部件21中的磁性体材料的含有比例可以考虑蜂窝结构体10的加热效率而适当设计。优选相对于金属部件21含有20体积%以上的构成金属部件21的磁性体材料,更优选金属部件21全部由磁性体材料构成。另外,对于金属部件21,由磁性体材料构成的金属部件21和由磁性体材料以外的金属材料构成的金属部件21可以分别设置于接合材料层18内。
金属部件21的磁性体材料优选具有450℃以上的居里点。如果磁性体材料具有450℃以上的居里点,则能够对担载于蜂窝结构体10的催化剂进行加热,不仅如此,还容易将隔室15内所捕集到的PM(粒子状物质)燃烧除去而使蜂窝结构过滤器再生。作为具有450℃以上的居里点的磁性体材料,例如有:余量Co-20质量%Fe、余量Co-25质量%Ni-4质量%Fe、余量Fe-15~35质量%Co、余量Fe-17质量%Co-2质量%Cr-1质量%Mo、余量Fe-49质量%Co-2质量%V、余量Fe-18质量%Co-10质量%Cr-2质量%Mo-1质量%Al、余量Fe-27质量%Co-1质量%Nb、余量Fe-20质量%Co-1质量%Cr-2质量%V、余量Fe-35质量%Co-1质量%Cr、纯钴、纯铁、电磁软铁、余量Fe-0.1~0.5质量%Mn、余量Fe-3质量%Si、余量Fe-6.5质量%Si、余量Fe-18质量%Cr、余量Ni-13质量%Fe-5.3质量%Mo、余量Fe-45质量%Ni等。此处,磁性体材料的居里点是指:失去强磁性的特性的温度。
金属部件21的磁性体材料优选具有25℃下为20μΩcm以上的电阻率。根据像这样的构成,能够使感应加热的发热量进一步提高。作为具有25℃下为20μΩcm以上的电阻率的磁性体材料,例如有:余量Fe-18质量%Cr、余量Fe-13质量%Cr-2质量%Si、余量Fe-20质量%Cr-2质量%Si-2质量%Mo、余量Fe-10质量%Si-5质量%Al、余量Fe-18质量%Co-10质量%Cr-2质量%Mo-1质量%Al、余量Fe-36质量%Ni、余量Fe-45质量%Ni、余量Fe-49质量%Co-2质量%V、余量Fe-18质量%Co-10质量%Cr-2质量%Mo-1质量%Al、余量Fe-17质量%Co-2质量%Cr-1质量%Mo等。
金属部件21的磁性体材料优选具有1000以上的最大磁导率。根据像这样的构成,在对蜂窝结构体10进行介电加热时,能够使温度以短时间上升至水分汽化的温度(约100℃),进而上升至催化剂活化的温度(约300℃)。作为具有1000以上的最大磁导率的磁性体材料,例如有:余量Fe-10质量%Si-5质量%Al、49质量%Co-49质量%Fe-2质量%V、余量Fe-36质量%Ni、余量Fe-45质量%Ni、余量Fe-35质量%Cr、余量Fe-18质量%Cr等。
金属部件21的磁性体材料通过磁场而被磁化,磁化的状态也根据磁场的强度而变化。表示该变化的曲线为“磁化曲线”。磁化曲线具有:横轴设为磁场H、纵轴设为磁通密度B的情形(B-H曲线)。将磁性体材料完全没有被施加磁场的状态称为消磁状态,以原点O表示。若施加磁场,则从原点O开始描画磁束密度增加并饱和的曲线。该曲线为“起始磁化曲线”。将起始磁化曲线上的点和原点连结的直线的斜率为“磁导率”。磁导率具有磁场渗透这样的含义,其成为磁性体材料的磁化难易度的标准。原点附近的磁场较小处的磁导率为“起始磁导率”,起始磁化曲线上最大的磁导率为“最大磁导率”。
如图7(A)及图7(B)所示,蜂窝结构体10可以在外周表面具备涂层32。构成涂层32的材料没有特别限定,可以适当使用各种公知的涂层材料。涂层材料可以进一步含有胶体二氧化硅、有机粘合剂、粘土等。应予说明,有机粘合剂的用量优选为0.05~0.5质量%,更优选为0.1~0.2质量%。另外,粘土的用量优选为0.2~2.0质量%,更优选为0.4~0.8质量%。
如图7(C)所示,可以在涂层32的内部进一步配设有金属部件31。根据像这样的构成,能够对蜂窝结构体10进行更好的加热。金属部件31也可以配设于涂层32的表面。另外,金属部件31可以以将蜂窝结构体10的最外周环绕的方式设置,也可以以与蜂窝结构体10的轴向平行地延伸的方式设置。
图8中示出本发明的另一个实施方式的柱状的蜂窝结构体20的外观示意图。图9中示出蜂窝结构体20的与轴向垂直的剖视简图。蜂窝结构体20具有外周壁11和多孔质的隔壁12,该隔壁12配设于外周壁11的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室15,该多个隔室15从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路。在外周壁11的内部配设有金属部件41。金属部件也可以配设于外周壁11的表面。根据该构成,能够使电流流通于蜂窝结构体20外周的线圈,利用感应加热使金属部件41的温度上升,并利用其热使蜂窝温度上升。另外,对于蜂窝结构体20,金属部件41配设于外周壁11的内部而不是隔室15内,因此,能够良好地抑制压力损失。
蜂窝结构体20的金属部件41可以采用与上述的蜂窝结构体10的金属部件21同样的形态及材料。例如,如图9及图10所示,可以将金属部件41形成为丝状而制成金属丝42。金属丝42以沿着蜂窝结构体20的外周进行环绕的方式设置,在蜂窝结构体20的与轴向垂直的截面中,构成沿着蜂窝结构体20的外周进行环绕的回路电流的流路。另外,图9及图10所示的蜂窝结构体20中,相对于蜂窝结构体20设置有多个金属丝42。各金属丝42彼此空开间隔地形成为环绕蜂窝结构体20的环状。对于蜂窝结构体20的金属部件41,如图11(A)所示,可以为:1条金属丝44以呈螺旋状环绕蜂窝结构体20的方式设置。对于蜂窝结构体20,如图11(B)所示,可以为:金属丝45在外周壁11内以与蜂窝结构体20的轴向平行地延伸的方式设置。
<2.蜂窝结构体的制造方法>
对本发明的实施方式中的蜂窝结构体10的制造方法详细地进行说明。首先,制作具有多孔质的隔壁且通过隔壁而区划形成多个隔室的蜂窝结构体。例如,在制作包含堇青石的蜂窝结构体的情况下,首先,作为坯料用材料,准备堇青石化原料。关于堇青石化原料,由于按堇青石结晶的理论组成将各成分配合,所以将二氧化硅源成分、氧化镁源成分、以及氧化铝源成分等进行配合。其中,作为二氧化硅源成分,优选采用石英、熔融二氧化硅,进而,优选将该二氧化硅源成分的粒径设为100~150μm。
作为氧化镁源成分,例如可以举出:滑石、菱镁矿等。其中,优选为滑石。滑石在堇青石化原料中的含量优选为37~43质量%。滑石的粒径(平均粒径)优选为5~50μm,更优选为10~40μm。另外,氧化镁(MgO)源成分可以含有作为杂质的Fe2O3、CaO、Na2O、K2O等。
作为氧化铝源成分,就杂质较少这一点而言,优选含有氧化铝及氢氧化铝中的至少一种。另外,堇青石化原料中,氢氧化铝的含量优选为10~30质量%,氧化铝的含量优选为0~20质量%。
接下来,准备向堇青石化原料中添加的坯料用材料(添加剂)。作为添加剂,至少采用粘合剂和造孔剂。并且,除了粘合剂和造孔剂以外,还可以采用分散剂、表面活性剂。
作为造孔剂,可以采用在堇青石的烧成温度以下能够与氧发生反应而氧化除去的物质或者在堇青石的烧成温度以下的温度具有熔点的低熔点反应物质等。作为能够氧化除去的物质,例如可以举出:树脂(特别是粒子状的树脂)、石墨(特别是粒子状的石墨)等。作为低熔点反应物质,可以采用选自由铁、铜、锌、铅、铝以及镍构成的组中的至少一种金属、以这些金属为主成分的合金(例如铁的情况下为碳钢、铸铁、不锈钢)、或者以二种以上为主成分的合金。其中,低熔点反应物质优选为粉粒状或纤维状的铁合金。此外,其粒径或纤维径(平均直径)优选为10~200μm。低熔点反应物质的形状可以举出:球状、卷菱形状、金平糖状等,如果是这些形状,则容易控制细孔的形状,故优选。
作为粘合剂,例如可以举出:羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、聚乙烯醇等。另外,作为分散剂,例如可以举出:糊精、多元醇等。另外,作为表面活性剂,例如可以举出脂肪酸皂。应予说明,添加剂可以一种单独使用或者二种以上组合使用。
接下来,相对于堇青石化原料100质量份,按粘合剂3~8质量份、造孔剂3~40质量份、分散剂0.1~2质量份、水10~40质量份的比例,混合粘合剂、造孔剂、分散剂以及水,对这些坯料用材料进行混炼,制备坯料。
接下来,将所制备的坯料利用挤出成型法、注射成型法、压制成型法等成型为蜂窝形状,得到生的蜂窝成型体。从连续成型容易、例如能够使堇青石结晶取向方面考虑,优选采用挤出成型法。可以采用真空练泥机、柱式挤出成型机、双螺杆式连续挤出成型机等装置来进行挤出成型法。
接下来,使蜂窝成型体干燥,调整为规定的尺寸,得到蜂窝干燥体。可以利用热风干燥、微波干燥、介电干燥、减压干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥等来进行蜂窝成型体的干燥。应予说明,从能够使整体迅速且均匀地干燥方面考虑,优选将热风干燥和微波干燥或介电干燥组合来进行干燥。
接下来,将蜂窝干燥体烧成,制作蜂窝烧成体。接下来,将该蜂窝烧成体分别用作蜂窝单元,并将多个蜂窝单元的侧面彼此以接合材料层进行接合,实现一体化,制成多个蜂窝单元接合的状态的蜂窝结构体。蜂窝单元接合的状态的蜂窝结构体例如可以如下制造。
首先,以在各蜂窝单元的两个底面粘贴有防止接合材料附着用掩膜的状态,在接合面(侧面)涂布接合材料。接下来,将这些蜂窝单元以蜂窝单元相互的侧面彼此对置的方式相邻配置,并将相邻的蜂窝单元彼此压接,然后,进行加热干燥。像这样,制作出相邻的蜂窝单元的侧面彼此通过接合材料层而接合的蜂窝结构体。
防止接合材料附着用掩膜的材料没有特别限制,例如可以优选使用聚丙烯(PP)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚酰亚胺或特氟龙(注册商标)等合成树脂。另外,掩膜优选具有粘结层,粘结层的材料优选为丙烯酸系树脂、橡胶系(例如以天然橡胶或合成橡胶为主成分的橡胶)或硅系树脂。作为防止接合材料附着用掩膜,例如可以优选使用厚度为20~50μm的粘结膜。
在如上所述将相邻的蜂窝单元的侧面彼此利用接合材料层进行接合之前,通过将金属丝卷绕于蜂窝单元的外周面等方式而预先设置金属部件后,将接合材料以覆盖金属部件的方式涂布于蜂窝单元的外周面,由此制作在接合材料层内植入有金属部件的蜂窝结构体。
另外,对于得到的蜂窝结构体,在以其外周面形成有外周壁的状态制作的情况下,可以对其外周面进行磨削,使其成为去除了外周壁的状态。后续工序中,在像这样去除了外周壁的蜂窝结构体的外周涂布涂层材料,形成涂层。另外,对外周面进行磨削的情况下,可以将外周壁的一部分磨削去除,在该部分通过涂层材料而形成涂层。
制备涂层材料的情况下,例如可以采用双轴旋转式的纵型混合机进行制备。另外,涂层材料中可以进一步含有胶体二氧化硅、有机粘合剂、粘土等。应予说明,有机粘合剂的用量优选为0.05~0.5质量%,更优选为0.1~0.2质量%。另外,粘土的用量优选为0.2~2.0质量%,更优选为0.4~0.8质量%。
在蜂窝结构体的外周面涂布涂层材料,使所涂布的涂层材料干燥,形成涂层。通过像这样构成,能够有效地抑制干燥、热处理时涂层发生开裂。另外,通过将金属丝卷绕于蜂窝结构体的外周面等方式而预先设置金属部件后,将涂层材料以将金属部件覆盖的方式涂布于蜂窝结构体的外周面,由此可以制作在涂层内植入有金属部件的蜂窝结构体。
作为涂层材料的涂布方法,例如可以举出如下方法,即,将蜂窝结构体载放于旋转台之上,使其旋转,在使涂层材料从叶片状的涂布喷嘴喷出的状态下,以沿着蜂窝结构体的外周部的方式按压涂布喷嘴进行涂布。通过像这样进行构成,能够将涂层材料以均匀的厚度进行涂布。另外,所形成的外周涂层的表面粗糙度变小,外观优异,并且,能够形成不易因热冲击而破损的外周涂层。
将所涂布的涂层材料干燥的方法没有特别限制,例如,从防止干燥开裂的观点出发,可以优选采用以下方法,即,通过于室温保持24小时以上而使涂层材料中的水分的25%以上干燥,然后,通过在电炉中于600℃保持1小时以上来除去水分及有机物。
将催化剂担载于蜂窝结构体的情况下,该催化剂的担载方法没有特别限制,可以按照以往的蜂窝结构体的制造方法中进行的催化剂担载方法来进行。
<3.尾气净化装置>
可以采用上述的本发明的实施方式所涉及的蜂窝结构体来构成尾气净化装置。图12中,作为例子,示出了组装有蜂窝结构体10的尾气净化装置50的尾气流路的概要图。尾气净化装置50具有蜂窝结构体10和线圈配线54,该线圈配线54呈螺旋状环绕蜂窝结构体10的外周。另外,尾气净化装置50具有对蜂窝结构体10及线圈配线54进行收纳的金属管52。可以在金属管52的扩径部52a配置尾气净化装置50。线圈配线54可以通过固定部件55而固定于金属管52内。固定部件55优选为陶瓷纤维等耐热性部件。蜂窝结构体10可以担载有催化剂。
线圈配线54呈螺旋状卷绕于蜂窝结构体10的外周。还假设采用2个以上的线圈配线54的形态。与开关SW的接通(ON)相应地从交流电源CS供给来的交流电流流通于线圈配线54,结果在线圈配线54的周围产生周期性变化的磁场。应予说明,开关SW的接通及断开由控制部53进行控制。控制部53可以与发动机的启动同步地使开关SW接通,从而使交流电流流通于线圈配线54。应予说明,还假设控制部53与发动机的启动无关地(例如与司机按下的加热开关的工作相对应地)将开关SW接通的形态。
本发明中,与流通于线圈配线54的交流电流所引起的磁场变化相对应地,蜂窝结构体10进行升温。据此,由蜂窝结构体10捕集到的碳微粒等燃烧。另外,蜂窝结构体10担载有催化剂的情况下,蜂窝结构体10的升温提高了蜂窝结构体10中包含的催化剂载体所担载的催化剂的温度,促进催化反应。概括来说,一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)、烃(CH)被氧化或还原为二氧化碳(CO2)、氮(N2)、水(H2O)。
实施例
以下,例示用于更好地理解本发明及其优点的实施例,但是,本发明并不限定于实施例。
<实施例1>
准备42mm见方、长度85mm、隔壁厚度为0.1mm、隔壁间距离为约1mm的柱状的堇青石制蜂窝单元。在该蜂窝单元的外周表面卷绕材质为余量Fe-17质量%Cr且线径0.45mm的金属丝。在卷绕有金属丝的蜂窝单元的周围,将未卷绕金属丝的相同尺寸的堇青石制蜂窝彼此以接合材料进行接合,由此制作接合体。作为接合材料,采用将平均粒径15μm的堇青石粉末、平均长度200μm的氧化铝纤维、胶体二氧化硅、以及羧甲基纤维素混合而制备的接合材料。以卷绕有金属丝的蜂窝单元为接合体的中心,将外周加工成直径82mm的圆柱形状,得到蜂窝结构体。
接下来,采用感应加热装置,利用直径100mm的感应加热线圈,进行该蜂窝结构体的加热试验,并利用红外线温度计对蜂窝结构体的端面的温度进行测定。投入电力设为14kW,感应加热频率为30kHz,对蜂窝结构体的升温性能进行测定。图13中示出表示时间(秒)-温度(℃)的关系的曲线图。
符号说明
10、20 蜂窝结构体
11 外周壁
12 隔壁
15 隔室
17 蜂窝单元
18 接合材料层
21、31、41 金属部件
22、23、24、25、42、44、45 金属丝
32 涂层
38、39 封孔部
50 尾气净化装置
52 金属管
53 控制部
54 线圈配线
55 固定部件
Claims (12)
1.一种蜂窝结构体,其是多个柱状的蜂窝单元借助接合材料层进行接合而构成的柱状的蜂窝结构体,
所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,
所述柱状的蜂窝单元具有外周壁和多孔质的隔壁,该隔壁配设于所述外周壁的内侧,并区划形成多个隔室,该多个隔室从一个端面贯通至另一个端面而形成流路,
在所述接合材料层内植入有金属部件,
所述金属部件的至少一部分由磁性体材料构成,
所述金属部件为金属丝,
所述金属丝在所述接合材料层内以沿着所述蜂窝单元的外周进行环绕的方式设置,
以沿着所述柱状的蜂窝单元的外周进行环绕的方式设置的所述金属丝在所述柱状的蜂窝结构体的与轴向垂直的截面中,构成沿着所述柱状的蜂窝单元的外周进行环绕的回路电流的流路。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述柱状的蜂窝结构体还在外周表面具备涂层,
在所述涂层的内部或表面配设有所述金属部件。
3.根据权利要求1所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述金属丝在所述接合材料层内以与所述蜂窝单元的轴向平行地延伸的方式设置。
4.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述金属部件由选自由铜、铁、铝、镍、铬以及钴构成的组中的一种或二种以上构成。
5.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述金属部件全部由磁性体材料构成。
6.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述磁性体材料具有450℃以上的居里点。
7.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述磁性体材料具有25℃下为20μΩcm以上的电阻率。
8.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述磁性体材料具有1000以上的最大磁导率。
9.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述隔壁及外周壁由陶瓷材料构成,
所述陶瓷材料的热传导率为3W/mK以上。
10.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述隔壁及外周壁由陶瓷材料构成,
所述陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数为3×10-6以上。
11.根据权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,
所述隔壁及外周壁由陶瓷材料构成,
所述陶瓷材料为选自由堇青石、碳化硅、硅、钛酸铝、氮化硅、多铝红柱石以及氧化铝构成的组中的至少1种。
12.一种尾气净化装置,其特征在于,具有:
权利要求1~11中的任一项所述的蜂窝结构体;
线圈配线,该线圈配线呈螺旋状环绕所述蜂窝结构体的外周;以及
金属管,该金属管对所述蜂窝结构体及所述线圈配线进行收纳。
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