CN114223815A - 一种虾饲料及其制备方法和在南美白对虾养殖中的应用 - Google Patents
一种虾饲料及其制备方法和在南美白对虾养殖中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种虾饲料及其制备方法和在南美白对虾养殖中的应用，按重量份数计，所述虾饲料包括以下组分：鱼粉20‑40份，豆粕15‑25份，花生粕7‑15份，面粉15‑25份，脱壳素1‑2份，鱼油1‑4份，磷脂油1‑4份，矿物质1‑4份，维生素0.5‑4份，氨基酸0.6‑1.0份，添加剂0.01‑0.2份；所述添加剂由E‑10‑羟基‑2‑癸烯酸、E‑10‑羟基‑2‑癸烯酸盐类或E‑10‑羟基‑2‑癸烯酸酯类组成。上述虾饲料在低盐度和/或高密度条件下养殖南美白对虾中的应用。本发明虾饲料显著提高了南美白对虾低盐度、高密度养殖条件下的成活率和环境适应能力。对对虾养殖领域具有重要的意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产养殖饲料技术领域，具体地说是涉及一种虾饲料及其制备方法和在南美白对虾养殖中的应用。
背景技术
南美白对虾对盐度和温度的适应范围较广，其虾肉品质好，生长迅速，是我国乃至世界上养殖产量最高的对虾之一，占全国对虾总产量的80％。2018年我国南美白对虾产量176万吨，2019年185万吨，预计2021年将达到200万吨。
南美白对虾具有广盐性(0.5～50)的特点，已在全球海水、咸水和淡水等水域广泛养殖。沿海养殖资源的局限性和环境污染问题促进了南美白对虾的低盐度养殖。在我国南美白对虾淡水养殖总量，占全部总量的三分之一。然而，低盐度对南美白对虾的生长存活、能量代谢和抗逆抗病能力的负面影响已被广泛证实，如存活率下降、生长缓慢、免疫受损等。这些变化大大增加了低盐度养殖中南美白对虾的易感性和病害暴发的可能性。
水体环境复杂多变，环境平衡不易维持，养殖密度大也是影响对虾成活率的重要因素之一。在养殖过程中，由于养殖观念和技术水平的不同，容易造成养殖密度过大，如错误估计池塘容量、虾苗出问题导致多次下苗、不根据自身实际情况盲目从众、未获得高产量急于就成等。
因此，亟需找到提高南美白对虾抗应激的有效手段，以保障低盐度、提高密度后对虾的健康养殖。
王浆酸是从蜂王浆中分离出的一种有机酸，其分子式为C10H18O3，化学名称为E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(简称10-HDA)，是蜂王浆的重要成分之一，王浆酸的结构式如下：
目前，没有关于将王浆酸应用于虾养殖的报道，本申请通过对王浆酸应用进行研究，旨在寻求一种能够解决对虾低盐度、高密度养殖技术障碍的途径，对对虾的健康养殖具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种虾饲料及其制备方法和在南美白对虾养殖中的应用，以解决现有技术中低盐度、高密度养殖时存在的对虾抗应激能力较弱、存活率下降、生长缓慢等问题。
本发明技术方案为：一种虾饲料，按重量份数计，包括以下组分：鱼粉20-40份，豆粕15-25份，花生粕7-15份，面粉15-25份，脱壳素1-2份，鱼油1-4份，磷脂油1-4份，矿物质1-4份，维生素0.5-4份，氨基酸0.6-1.0份，添加剂0.01-0.2份；
所述添加剂由E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸、E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸盐类或E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸酯类组成。
所述矿物质包括磷酸二氢钙、七水磷酸亚铁、氯化钾、氯化钠，所述维生素包括维生素B、维生素C、维生素D，所述氨基酸包括蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸。
所述E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸由化学合成或从蜂王浆中提取得到或直接使用蜂王浆或蜂王浆制品。
上述虾饲料的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(a)按配比称取各原料，将矿物质、维生素、氨基酸和添加剂进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
(b)将鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
(c)将基础饲料预混料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
(d)将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，即制成含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的虾饲料。
上述虾饲料在南美白对虾养殖中的应用。
上述虾饲料在低盐度和/或提高密度条件下养殖南美白对虾中的应用。
所述低盐度条件指养殖水体盐度为3-15度(1‰是1度)。
上述虾饲料在降低南美白对虾死淘率养殖技术中的应用。
本发明虾饲料制备简便，通过添加E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸或其衍生物，显著提高了南美白对虾的成活率和环境适应能力。在低盐度、高密度养殖南美白对虾时，其成活率、增重率显著优于对照组，饵料系数显著低于对照组，很好地解决了现有技术中对虾低盐度、高密度养殖中存在的问题，对对虾养殖领域具有重要的意义。
本申请所用的E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸性质稳定，制备方法简单，成本低廉，本发明包含E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的虾饲料具有确实有效的生理活性，无副作用，拥有广阔的市场前景。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步的阐述，在下述实施例中未详细描述的过程和方法是本领域公知的常规方法，实施例中所用原料或试剂除另有说明外均为市售品，可通过商业渠道购得。实施例中所用矿物质预混料、维生素预混料和氨基酸预混料均购自石家庄飞龙饲料有限公司。
实施例1
虾饲料制备：
(1)按下列配方称取各原料：
鱼粉300g，黄豆粕200g，花生粕100g，小麦面粉200g，脱壳素15g，鱼油20g，磷脂油20g，矿物质预混料20g，维生素预混料20g，氨基酸预混料8g，E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸1g。
(2)将上述矿物质、维生素、氨基酸预混料和E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
(2)将鱼粉、黄豆粕、花生粕、小麦面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
(3)将基础饲料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
(4)将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，制成含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的南美白对虾饲料。
实施例2
虾饲料制备：
(1)按下列配方称取各原料：
鱼粉200g，黄豆粕150g，花生粕70g，小麦面粉150g，脱壳素10g，鱼油10g，磷脂油10g，矿物质预混料10g，维生素预混料5g，氨基酸预混料6g，E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸0.1g。
(2)将上述矿物质、维生素、氨基酸预混料和E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
(2)将鱼粉、黄豆粕、花生粕、小麦面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
(3)将基础饲料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
(4)将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，制成含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的南美白对虾饲料。
实施例3
虾饲料制备：
(1)按下列配方称取各原料：
鱼粉400g，黄豆粕250g，花生粕150g，小麦面粉250g，脱壳素20g，鱼油40g，磷脂油40g，矿物质预混料40g，维生素预混料40g，氨基酸预混料10g，E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸2g。
(2)将上述矿物质、维生素、氨基酸预混料和E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
(2)将鱼粉、黄豆粕、花生粕、小麦面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
(3)将基础饲料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
(4)将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，制成含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的南美白对虾饲料。
对比例1
虾饲料制备：
(1)按下列配方称取各原料：
鱼粉300g，黄豆粕200g，花生粕100g，小麦面粉200g，脱壳素15g，鱼油20g，磷脂油20g，矿物质预混料20g，维生素预混料20g，氨基酸预混料8g。
(2)将上述矿物质、维生素和氨基酸预混料进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
(2)将鱼粉、黄豆粕、花生粕、小麦面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
(3)将基础饲料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
(4)将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，制成不含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的南美白对虾饲料。
实施例4
挑选体质量为(0.47±0.01)g的幼虾480尾，在0.3m3的玻璃纤维桶中饲养8周，水体盐度控制在15度。设3个处理组(对照组投喂对比例1制备的虾饲料，试验1组投喂实施例1制备的虾饲料，试验2组投喂实施例2制备的虾饲料)，每个处理4个重复组。实验前3周每日按照幼虾初始体质量的9％，以3∶2∶2∶3的比例(每个点投料量的比例)分别在7:30、12:00、16:30、21:00投料，隔天换水1/3～1/2。后5周采用饱食投喂的原则根据对虾摄食情况调整投食量，每天换水1/3～2/3。试验结束后，计算增重率、成活率、饵料系数。结果见表1所示。
表1：
由表1可知，试验组在投喂含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的饲料后增重率、成活率显著提高，饵料系数明显降低。
实施例5
在正式实验前，将幼虾暂养2周，每天用淡水调低盐度，直至养殖水体盐度为3。待调至目标盐度后，随机挑选活力强的幼虾(0.47±0.01)g开始正式实验。设2个处理组(对照组投喂对比例1制备的虾饲料，试验组投喂实施例1制备的虾饲料)，4个重复组，每个饲养水缸(110cm×80cm×40cm)随机放入幼虾320尾。每日投喂3次，投喂时间分别为7:00、12:00和20:00，采用饱食投喂原则根据对虾摄食情况调整投喂量，记录饲料用量。养殖周期为8周，前3周隔天换水1/3～1/2，后5周每天换水1/3～2/3，补充调好盐度且充分曝气的养殖用水。试验结束后，计算增重率、成活率。结果见表2所示。
表2：
由表2可知，在水体盐度降为3后，试验组投喂含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的饲料，其增重率、成活率均提高，饵料系数降低，说明试验组对低盐的环境适应力更强。
实施例6
挑选体质量为(0.47±0.01)g的幼虾在0.3m3的玻璃纤维桶中饲养8周，水体盐度控制在15度。设3个处理组(对照组投喂对比例1制备的虾饲料，试验1组和2组投喂实施例1制备的虾饲料)，每个处理4个重复组。对照组养殖密度控制在400尾/m3，试验1组600尾/m3，试验2组800尾/m3。实验前3周每日按照幼虾初始体质量的9％，以3∶2∶2∶3的比例(每个点投料量的比例)分别在7:30、12:00、16:30、21:00投料，隔天换水1/3～1/2。后5周采用饱食投喂原则根据对虾摄食情况调整投喂量，每天换水1/3～2/3。试验结束后，计算增重率、成活率、饵料系数。结果见表3所示。
表3：
由表3可知，试验组增重率、成活率显著提高、饵料系数有所降低，说明试验组在投喂含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的饲料后，提高养殖密度，对南美白对虾无影响，提高了南美白对虾的环境适应力。
Claims (8)
1.一种虾饲料，其特征在于，按重量份数计，包括以下组分：鱼粉20-40份，豆粕15-25份，花生粕7-15份，面粉15-25份，脱壳素1-2份，鱼油1-4份，磷脂油1-4份，矿物质1-4份，维生素0.5-4份，氨基酸0.6-1.0份，添加剂0.01-0.2份；
所述添加剂由E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸、E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸盐类或E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸酯类组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的虾饲料，其特征在于，所述矿物质包括磷酸二氢钙、七水磷酸亚铁、氯化钾、氯化钠，所述维生素包括维生素B、维生素C、维生素D，所述氨基酸包括蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸。
3.据权利要求1所述的虾饲料，其特征在于，所述E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸由化学合成或从蜂王浆中提取得到或直接使用蜂王浆或蜂王浆制品。
4.一种权利要求1-3任一虾饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
（a）按配比称取各原料，将矿物质、维生素、氨基酸和添加剂进行预混合，得到添加剂预混料；
（b）将鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和面粉进行预混合，得到基础饲料预混料；
（c）将基础饲料预混料进行超细粉碎，过筛，得到基础饲料；
（d）将基础饲料、添加剂预混料、脱壳素、鱼油和磷脂油混合均匀，即制成含有E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的虾饲料。
5.权利要求1-3任一虾饲料在南美白对虾养殖中的应用。
6.权利要求1-3任一虾饲料在低盐度条件下和/或提高养殖密度后养殖南美白对虾中的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用，其特征在于，所述低盐度条件指养殖水体盐度为3-15度。
8.权利要求1-3任一虾饲料在降低南美白对虾死淘率养殖技术中的应用。
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