CN114208619A - 满天星花卉的快速育成方法 - Google Patents
满天星花卉的快速育成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114208619A CN114208619A CN202111610184.XA CN202111610184A CN114208619A CN 114208619 A CN114208619 A CN 114208619A CN 202111610184 A CN202111610184 A CN 202111610184A CN 114208619 A CN114208619 A CN 114208619A
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Abstract
本发明涉及花卉栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法。该满天星花卉的快速育成方法，包括以下步骤：S1选种及沙藏处理：选择饱满、无病虫害种子，进行沙藏处理；S2种子翻晒：将种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒；S3电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理；S4浸种：将种子置于浸种液中浸泡，再冲洗干净表面；S5催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，进行催芽；S6穴盘播种：将种子播种于多孔育苗盘的孔穴内；S7苗期管理：包括控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；S8出圃。本发明提供一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，能够提高种子发芽率，且成苗率较高，出苗快，生长情况好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及花卉栽培技术领域，具体涉及一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法。
背景技术
满天星，原名圆锥石头花，别名锥花丝石竹、圆锥花丝石竹、丝石竹、锥花霞草、满天星。石竹科石头花属多年生草本。我国新疆阿尔泰山区和塔什库尔干等地区有野生资源分布，根、茎可供药用。满天星其清丽高雅，切花是插花上等花材。市场上将满天星多作为配花使用，需求量较大。一般植株越大的满天星价格越高。满天星在云南年种植面积约6000亩，种植面积和产量均占全国总量的90％以上。
现有的满天星种苗生产主要通过扦插繁殖和种子繁殖两条途径，扦插繁殖途径存在以下扦插生根较困难，扦插成活率和成苗率低下等缺点，而且繁殖成本较高。而种子繁殖成本较低，其实生苗根系发达、生长健壮、株型优美，具有无性系种苗难以比拟的优势，但目前种子直播发芽率低，同时常规育苗方法易出现苗期各类虫害病，成苗率低。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的不足，提供一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，能够提高种子发芽率，且成苗率较高，出苗快，生长情况好。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选种及沙藏处理：每年10月，选择饱满、无病虫害的满天星种子，进行沙藏处理，将选好的种子和湿沙按照1:3～6的重量比例混合均匀后，贮藏于1～4℃的湿沙中庇荫储藏；
S2)、种子翻晒：第二年4月，将完成沙藏处理的种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒4～10小时，期间每隔1小时使用拌种液喷洒，保证种子表面湿润；
S3)、电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理，电场处理时间为20min～35min；
S4)、浸种：将处理过的种子置于浸种液中浸泡45～60min，再用清水冲洗干净表面；
S5)、催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，于温度为24～26℃、光照强度为1500～2500Lx条件下，进行催芽，催芽期间保持海绵垫湿润；
S6)、穴盘播种：将催芽裂口后的种子播种于填充有栽培基质的多孔育苗盘的孔穴内，将多孔育苗盘放置于大棚内，在遮荫并保持栽培基质湿润条件下，培养种子至出苗；
S7)、苗期管理：主要措施包括，控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；
S8)、出圃：当苗高4～5厘米，有9～12片叶时，即为生产的满天星穴盘苗。
所述拌种液包括以下重量份的成分：赤霉素0.003～0.005份、多菌灵5～8份、黄腐酸1～3份、萘乙酸0.04～0.06份，纯化水100～200份。
所述浸种液包括以下重量份的成分：萘乙酸0.02～0.08份、三七多糖0.02～0.05份、硫酸镁0.04～0.06份、芸苔素0.02～0.07份、谷氨酸0.001～0.003份、硼酸0.03～0.07份、3％尿素水溶液150～200份，将上述成分充分混合均匀，得浸种液。
所述的电场处理，需先行在电场强度为1.2～1.5kV/cm、电场频率为12～14kHz的条件下处理10～20min，而后在电场强度为2.5～3.5kV/cm、电场频率为22～24kHz的条件下再处理10～15min。
所述栽培基质，使用腐殖土、珍珠岩、蛭石和草木灰，按质量比7：2：1：1配制。
所述步骤S7中，包括每天对苗喷水，并每隔3～4天喷一次杀菌剂，出苗一周后，喷施液体复合肥至栽培基质湿透，之后每隔5～7天喷施一次液体复合肥至基质湿透。
所述杀菌剂为百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津、矽藻土或代森锰锌，各个杀菌剂交替使用。
所述步骤S7中，光照控制包括采用人工照明灯进行光照处理，光照处理为前1月为每隔2天进行光照12小时，1个月后即可每天光照6小时。
本发明解决了背景技术中存在的缺陷,具有以下有益效果：
本发明提供一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，能够提高种子发芽率，且成苗率较高，出苗快，生长情况好。具体有以下优点：
1.将种子进行电场处理，以此进一步激化种子内部活力，使多种酶的活性得到提高，以提高种子的抗性。通过浸种催芽，打破满天星种子的休眠，增强种子中的酶的活性，增加种皮的透气和透水能力，避免了因CO2累积过多和代谢失调产生并积累抑制发芽的物质而导致的不发芽现象,可显著提高发芽率。
2.种子在低温环境中,种子内部的脱落酸等含量显著减少,其抑制种子萌发的作用大大减弱,于是打破了休眠。在这种低温条件下,还能促进产生刺激生长的赤霉素,能促进种子内部酶的活化,使营养物质开始转化，激活种子发芽活力。
3.本发明配置的浸种液，含有萘乙酸、三七多糖、芸苔素和硼酸等多种可以促进满天星种子打破休眠的物质，避免了使用单一催芽剂产生的负效应，使用该浸种液还具有催芽时间短的优点。
4.本发明通过芽苗移栽入多孔育苗盘内，并放于大棚内，可提高满天星芽苗水下叶的光合作用效率，加速长叶发育。在育苗阶段，采取适当的温度和光照处理，使苗相健壮、节间短而粗壮、叶色浓绿，质量优,移栽成活率高。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选种及沙藏处理：每年10月，选择饱满、无病虫害的满天星种子，进行沙藏处理，将选好的种子和湿沙按照1:3～6的重量比例混合均匀后，贮藏于1～4℃的湿沙中庇荫储藏；
S2)、种子翻晒：第二年4月，将完成沙藏处理的种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒8小时，期间每隔1小时使用拌种液喷洒，保证种子表面湿润；所述拌种液包括以下重量份的成分：赤霉素0.004份、多菌灵7份、黄腐酸2份、萘乙酸0.05份，纯化水160份。
S3)、电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理，电场处理时间为30min；所述的电场处理，需先行在电场强度为1.2～1.5kV/cm、电场频率为12～14kHz的条件下处理15min，而后在电场强度为2.5～3.5kV/cm、电场频率为22～24kHz的条件下再处理15min。
S4)、浸种：将处理过的种子置于浸种液中浸泡50min，再用清水冲洗干净表面；浸种液包括以下重量份的成分：萘乙酸0.05份、三七多糖0.03份、硫酸镁0.05份、芸苔素0.05份、谷氨酸0.002份、硼酸0.04份、3％尿素水溶液180份，将上述成分充分混合均匀，得浸种液。
S5)、催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，于温度为24～26℃、光照强度为1500～2500Lx条件下，进行催芽，催芽期间保持海绵垫湿润；
S6)、穴盘播种：将催芽裂口后的种子播种于填充有栽培基质的多孔育苗盘的孔穴内，将多孔育苗盘放置于大棚内，在遮荫并保持栽培基质湿润条件下，培养种子至出苗；栽培基质，使用腐殖土、珍珠岩、蛭石和草木灰，按质量比7：2：1：1配制。
S7)、苗期管理：主要措施包括，控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；包括每天对苗喷水，并每3～4天喷一次杀菌剂，出苗一周后，喷施液体复合肥至栽培基质湿透，之后每隔5～7天喷施一次液体复合肥至基质湿透。杀菌剂为百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津、矽藻土或代森锰锌，各杀菌剂交替使用。光照控制包括采用人工照明灯进行光照处理，光照处理为前1月为每隔2天进行光照12小时，1个月后即可每天光照6小时。
S8)、出圃：当苗高4～5厘米，有9～12片叶时，即为生产的满天星穴盘苗。
本发明的实施过程是：本发明方法通过将满天星种子低温沙藏完成后熟后，种子在低温环境中,种子内部的脱落酸等含量显著减少,其抑制种子萌发的作用大大减弱,于是打破了休眠。在这种低温条件下,还能促进产生刺激生长的赤霉素,能促进种子内部酶的活化,使营养物质开始转化，激活种子发芽活力。通过在阳光下翻晒，并使用拌种液喷洒种子表面，将种子表面的病菌和害虫杀死，一定程度减轻种子的病害。此外通过翻晒处理，使得种子能够更好的与后续拌种液、电场处理进行配合，使得后续的催芽工作效果得到提升。将种子进行电场处理，以此进一步激化种子内部活力，使多种酶的活性得到提高，以提高种子的抗性。通过浸种催芽，打破满天星种子的休眠，增强种子中的酶的活性，增加种皮的透气和透水能力，避免了因CO2累积过多和代谢失调产生并积累抑制发芽的物质而导致的不发芽现象,可显著提高发芽率。配置的浸种液，含有萘乙酸、三七多糖、芸苔素和硼酸等多种可以促进满天星种子打破休眠的物质，避免了使用单一催芽剂产生的负效应，使用该浸种液还具有催芽时间短的优点。经过处理后的种子育苗后幼苗植株健壮、叶片多且大，满天星病害发生程度明显减轻。本发明通过芽苗移栽入多孔育苗盘内，并放于大棚内，可提高满天星芽苗水下叶的光合作用效率，加速长叶发育。在育苗阶段，采取适当的温度和光照处理，使苗相健壮、节间短而粗壮、叶色浓绿，质量优,移栽成活率高。此外本发明所配制的栽培基质，增加了栽培基质的透气性，进而有利于种子的呼吸，加快了种子萌发及出苗的过程。
实施例2
一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选种及沙藏处理：每年10月，选择饱满、无病虫害的满天星种子，进行沙藏处理，将选好的种子和湿沙按照1:3～6的重量比例混合均匀后，贮藏于1～4℃的湿沙中庇荫储藏；
S2)、种子翻晒：第二年4月，将完成沙藏处理的种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒4小时，期间每隔1小时使用拌种液喷洒，保证种子表面湿润；所述拌种液包括以下重量份的成分：赤霉素0.003份、多菌灵5份、黄腐酸1份、萘乙酸0.04份，纯化水100份。
S3)、电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理，电场处理时间为20min；所述的电场处理，需先行在电场强度为1.2～1.5kV/cm、电场频率为12～14kHz的条件下处理10min，而后在电场强度为2.5～3.5kV/cm、电场频率为22～24kHz的条件下再处理10min。
S4)、浸种：将处理过的种子置于浸种液中浸泡45min，再用清水冲洗干净表面；浸种液包括以下重量份的成分：萘乙酸0.02份、三七多糖0.02份、硫酸镁0.04份、芸苔素0.02份、谷氨酸0.001份、硼酸0.03份、3％尿素水溶液150份，将上述成分充分混合均匀，得浸种液。
S5)、催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，于温度为24～26℃、光照强度为1500～2500Lx条件下，进行催芽，催芽期间保持海绵垫湿润；
S6)、穴盘播种：将催芽裂口后的种子播种于填充有栽培基质的多孔育苗盘的孔穴内，将多孔育苗盘放置于大棚内，在遮荫并保持栽培基质湿润条件下，培养种子至出苗；栽培基质，使用腐殖土、珍珠岩、蛭石和草木灰，按质量比7：2：1：1配制。
S7)、苗期管理：主要措施包括，控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；包括每天对苗喷水，并每3～4天喷一次杀菌剂，出苗一周后，喷施液体复合肥至栽培基质湿透，之后每5～7天喷施一次液体复合肥至基质湿透。所述杀菌剂为百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津、矽藻土或代森锰锌，各杀菌剂交替使用。光照控制包括采用人工照明灯进行光照处理，光照处理为前1月为每隔2天进行光照12小时，1个月后即可每天光照6小时。
S8)、出圃：当苗高4～5厘米，有9～12片叶时，即为生产的满天星穴盘苗。
实施例3
一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选种及沙藏处理：每年10月，选择饱满、无病虫害的满天星种子，进行沙藏处理，将选好的种子和湿沙按照1:3～6的重量比例混合均匀后，贮藏于1～4℃的湿沙中庇荫储藏；
S2)、种子翻晒：第二年4月，将完成沙藏处理的种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒10小时，期间每隔1小时使用拌种液喷洒，保证种子表面湿润；所述拌种液包括以下重量份的成分：赤霉素0.005份、多菌灵8份、黄腐酸3份、萘乙酸0.06份，纯化水200份。
S3)、电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理，电场处理时间为35min；所述的电场处理，需先行在电场强度为1.2～1.5kV/cm、电场频率为12～14kHz的条件下处理20min，而后在电场强度为2.5～3.5kV/cm、电场频率为22～24kHz的条件下再处理15min。
S4)、浸种：将处理过的种子置于浸种液中浸泡60min，再用清水冲洗干净表面；浸种液包括以下重量份的成分：萘乙酸0.08份、三七多糖0.05份、硫酸镁0.06份、芸苔素0.07份、谷氨酸0.003份、硼酸0.07份、3％尿素水溶液200份，将上述成分充分混合均匀，得浸种液。
S5)、催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，于温度为24～26℃、光照强度为1500～2500Lx条件下，进行催芽，催芽期间保持海绵垫湿润；
S6)、穴盘播种：将催芽裂口后的种子播种于填充有栽培基质的多孔育苗盘的孔穴内，将多孔育苗盘放置于大棚内，在遮荫并保持栽培基质湿润条件下，培养种子至出苗；栽培基质，使用腐殖土、珍珠岩、蛭石和草木灰，按质量比7：2：1：1配制。
S7)、苗期管理：主要措施包括，控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；包括每天对苗喷水，并每隔3～4天喷一次杀菌剂，出苗一周后，喷施液体复合肥至栽培基质湿透，之后每隔5～7天喷施一次液体复合肥至基质湿透。所述杀菌剂为百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津、矽藻土或代森锰锌，各杀菌剂交替使用。光照控制包括采用人工照明灯进行光照处理，光照处理为前1月为每隔2天进行光照12小时，1个月后即可每天光照6小时。
S8)、出圃：当苗高4～5厘米，有9～12片叶时，即为生产的满天星穴盘苗。
对比试验：
随机选取3000粒满天星种子，平均分成三组，采用实施例1，2，3相同的栽培方法，处理完成后统计发芽率及观察幼苗长势。
对照例1：随机选取1000粒满天星种子，按传统方法，用5％的次氯酸钠溶液浸泡种子后，采用常规的IAA溶液浸种催芽处理，后续直接播种在大棚内的苗床上，苗期管理与实施例1相同，完成后统计发芽率及观察幼苗长势。
对照例2：与实施例1不同的是，采用常规的3mg/L的IAA溶液浸种催芽处理，完成后统计发芽率及观察幼苗长势。
对照例3：与实施例1不同的是，不采用步骤S2翻晒处理，完成后统计发芽率及观察幼苗长势。
对照例4：与实施例1不同的是，不采用步骤S3电场处理，完成后统计发芽率及观察幼苗长势。
所得结果汇总如表1所示。幼苗发病以常见的叶斑病和茎腐病进行统计。
表1满天星种子发芽率及幼苗长势
由表1可知，经过本发明处理后的满天星种子发芽率和种苗成活率相比于对照例大幅提高了，种子发芽率到达88％以上，种苗成活率达到91％以上，且育苗效果好，所得幼苗更加健壮、叶色浓绿、节间短而粗叶片大，这说明通过应用本发明技术中的种子处理方法和栽培方法将获得更好的效果。同时，对照例2效果不如实施例1，也可看出，本发明配置的满天星浸种液，对满天星种子催芽效果较佳。对照例3效果不如对照例1，说明翻晒处理和喷拌种液，能提高种子发芽率，对照例4效果不如对照例1，说明电场处理，能够提高种子抗病性、抗虫害能力，减少幼苗发病率。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1)、选种及沙藏处理：每年10月，选择饱满、无病虫害的满天星种子，进行沙藏处理，将选好的种子和湿沙按照1:3～6的重量比例混合均匀后，贮藏于1～4℃的湿沙中庇荫储藏；
S2)、种子翻晒：第二年4月，将完成沙藏处理的种子从湿沙中筛出，用清水洗净，在阳光下翻晒4～10小时，期间每隔1小时使用拌种液喷洒，保证种子表面湿润；
S3)、电场处理：将与拌种液混合后的种子进行电场处理，电场处理时间为20min～35min；
S4)、浸种：将处理过的种子置于浸种液中浸泡45～60min，再用清水冲洗干净表面；
S5)、催芽：将所得种子用海绵垫包裹，于温度为24～26℃、光照强度为1500～2500Lx条件下，进行催芽，催芽期间保持海绵垫湿润；
S6)、穴盘播种：将催芽裂口后的种子播种于填充有栽培基质的多孔育苗盘的孔穴内，将多孔育苗盘放置于大棚内，在遮荫并保持栽培基质湿润条件下，培养种子至出苗；
S7)、苗期管理：主要措施包括，控制温度、湿度、光照控制及浇水、施肥管理和病虫害防治；
S8)、出圃：当苗高4～5厘米，有9～12片叶时，即为生产的满天星穴盘苗。
2.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述拌种液包括以下重量份的成分：赤霉素0.003～0.005份、多菌灵5～8份、黄腐酸1～3份、萘乙酸0.04～0.06份，纯化水100～200份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述浸种液包括以下重量份的成分：萘乙酸0.02～0.08份、三七多糖0.02～0.05份、硫酸镁0.04～0.06份、芸苔素0.02～0.07份、谷氨酸0.001～0.003份、硼酸0.03～0.07份、3％尿素水溶液150～200份，将上述成分充分混合均匀，得浸种液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述的电场处理，需先行在电场强度为1.2～1.5kV/cm、电场频率为12～14kHz的条件下处理10～20min，而后在电场强度为2.5～3.5kV/cm、电场频率为22～24kHz的条件下再处理10～15min。
5.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述栽培基质，使用腐殖土、珍珠岩、蛭石和草木灰，按质量比7：2：1：1配制。
6.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述步骤S7中，包括每天对苗喷水，并每隔3～4天喷一次杀菌剂，出苗一周后，喷施液体复合肥至栽培基质湿透，之后每隔5～7天喷施一次液体复合肥至基质湿透。
7.根据权利要求6所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述杀菌剂为百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津、矽藻土或代森锰锌，各个杀菌剂交替使用。
8.根据权利要求1所述的满天星花卉的快速育成方法，其特征在于：所述步骤S7中，光照控制包括采用人工照明灯进行光照处理，光照处理为前1月为每隔2天进行光照12小时，1个月后即可每天光照6小时。
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